Rikicin Biafra
makasudin
- Menene: Gano Rikicin Biafra.
- Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya: Ku san manyan bangarorin wannan rikici.
- inda: Fahimtar wuraren da abin ya shafa.
- Me: Gano abubuwan da ke cikin wannan rikici.
- Lokacin: Fahimtar tushen tarihin wannan rikici.
- Yaya: Fahimtar hanyoyin rikice-rikice, daɗaɗɗa, da direbobi.
- Wanne: Gano irin ra'ayoyin da suka dace don warware rikicin Biafra.
Gano Rikicin Biafra
Hotunan da ke ƙasa suna ba da labari na gani game da rikicin Biafra da ci gaba da fafutukar neman yancin Biafra.
Sanin Manyan Jam'iyyun Rikici
- Gwamnatin Burtaniya
- Tarayyar Najeriya
- Masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra (IPOB) da zuriyarsu wadanda ba a cinye su a yakin da aka yi tsakanin Najeriya da Biafra daga (1967-1970).
Mutanen Biafra (IPOB)
Ragowar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra (IPOB) da zuriyarsu da ba a cinye su a yakin Najeriya da Biyafara daga (1967-1970) suna da bangarori da dama:
- Ohaneze Ndi Igbo
- Shugabannin Igbo
- Kungiyar Sahayoniya ta Biafra (BZF)
- Kungiyar fafutukar tabbatar da kafa kasar Biafra (MASSOB)
- Radio Biafra
- Majalisar koli ta dattawan masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra (SCE)
Gane Matsalolin da ke cikin Wannan Rikicin
Hujjar Biafra
- Biafra kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta kafin zuwan Birtaniya a Afirka
- Hadakar 1914 wadda ta hada Arewa da Kudu ta kuma samar da sabuwar kasa da ake kira Najeriya haramun ne domin an yanke shi ne ba tare da amincewar su ba (hadin kan tilas ne).
- Kuma sharuɗɗan shekaru 100 na gwajin haɗin gwiwar sun ƙare a cikin 2014 wanda ya rushe Ƙungiyar ta atomatik.
- Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da siyasa a Najeriya
- Rashin ayyukan ci gaba a kasar Biafra
- Matsalar tsaro: kashe-kashen masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra a Arewacin Najeriya
- Tsoron gaba ɗaya
Hujjar Gwamnatin Najeriya
- Duk sauran yankunan da suka zama wani yanki na Najeriya su ma sun kasance a matsayin kasashe masu cin gashin kansu kafin zuwan Turawan Ingila
- Haka kuma an tilastawa wasu yankuna shiga cikin kungiyar, duk da haka, iyayen da suka kafa Najeriya baki daya sun amince da ci gaba da kungiyar bayan samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960.
- A karshen shekaru 100 na hadewar gwamnatin da ta shude ta gudanar da taron tattaunawa na kasa inda dukkanin kabilun Najeriya suka tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi kungiyar da suka hada da kiyaye kungiyar.
- Duk wani yunƙuri ko ƙoƙarin hambarar da gwamnatin tarayya ko na jiha ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin cin amanar kasa ko cin amanar kasa.
Bukatun Biafra
- Yawancin 'yan Biafra ciki har da ragowar su da ba a cinye su a yakin 1967-1970 sun yarda cewa Biafra dole ne a sami 'yanci. "Amma yayin da wasu 'yan Biafra ke son 'yanci a cikin Najeriya kamar yadda ake yi a Burtaniya inda kasashe hudu na Ingila, Scotland, Ireland, da Wales ke gudanar da mulkin kansu a cikin Burtaniya, ko kuma a Kanada inda yankin Quebec yake kuma. masu mulkin kai, wasu suna son ‘yanci kai tsaye daga Nijeriya” (Gwamnatin IPOB, 2014, shafi na 17).
A ƙasa akwai taƙaitaccen buƙatun su:
- Sanarwa da haƙƙinsu na cin gashin kansu: ƴancin kai sarai daga Nijeriya; ko
- Ƙaddamar da kai a cikin Nijeriya kamar yadda aka amince da shi a taron Aburi a 1967; ko
- Rushewar Najeriya bisa kabilanci maimakon a bar kasar ta wargaje a zubar da jini. Wannan zai sauya hadewar 1914 ta yadda kowa zai koma kasarsu ta asali kamar yadda suke kafin zuwan Turawan Ingila.
Koyi game da Tarihin Tarihi na wannan Rikicin
- Tsohuwar taswirorin Afirka, musamman taswirar 1662, ta nuna masarautu uku a Afirka ta Yamma daga inda turawan mulkin mallaka suka kirkiro sabuwar kasa mai suna Najeriya. Masarautun guda uku sun kasance kamar haka.
- Masarautar Zamfara a Arewa;
- Masarautar Biafra a Gabas; kuma
- Masarautar Benin a Yamma.
- Wadannan masarautu guda uku sun kasance a Taswirar Afirka sama da shekaru 400 kafin a kirkiro Najeriya a shekarar 1914.
- Masarautar ta huɗu da aka fi sani da Oyo Empire ba ta cikin tsohuwar taswirar Afirka a 1662 amma kuma babbar masarauta ce a Yammacin Afirka (Gwamnatin IPOB, 2014, shafi na 2).
- Taswirar Afirka da Turawan Portugal suka yi daga 1492-1729 ya nuna Biafra a matsayin babban yanki da aka rubuta a matsayin "Biafara", "Biafar" da "Biafar" yana da iyaka da dauloli kamar Habasha, Sudan, Bini, Kamerun, Kongo, Gabon, da Gabon. wasu.
- A cikin 1843 ne Taswirar Afirka ta nuna kasar da aka rubuta a matsayin "Biafra" tana da wasu sassan Kamaru na zamani a cikin iyakarta ciki har da yankin Bakassi da ake takaddama a kai.
- Asalin yankin Biafra bai takaita a Gabashin Najeriya na yanzu kadai ba.
- Taswirorin sun nuna cewa matafiya na Portugal sun yi amfani da kalmar "Biafara" wajen kwatanta daukacin yankin kogin Neja ta Kudu da kuma gabas har zuwa tsaunin Kamaru da kuma zuwa ga kabilun gabar tekun Gabas, wanda ya hada da wasu sassan Kamaru da Gabon (Gwamnatin IPOB). , 2014, shafi na 2).
Biafra - Dangantakar Burtaniya
- Turawan Ingila sun yi huldar diflomasiyya da ‘yan Biafra kafin a kirkiro Najeriya. John Beecroft shi ne karamin jakadan Burtaniya na kungiyar fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra daga ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 1849 zuwa 10 ga watan Yunin 1854 tare da hedikwatarsa a Fernando Po a yankin Biafra.
- Yanzu ana kiran birnin Fernando Po Bioko a Equatorial Guinea.
- Daga Fannin Biyafara ne John Beecroft, ya ke da muradin kula da harkokin kasuwanci a yankin Yamma, tare da goyon bayan ’yan mishan Kirista a Badagry, ya kai harin bam a Legas wadda ta zama ‘yan mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1851 kuma aka ba da ita ga Sarauniya Victoria, Sarauniyar Ingila a hukumance. 1861, wanda aka sanya sunan Victoria Island Lagos.
- Don haka Turawan mulkin mallaka sun kafa kasar Biafra kafin su mamaye Legas a 1861 (Gwamnatin IPOB, 2014).
Biafra ta kasance kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta
- Biafra wata kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta wacce aka nuna ta a taswirar Afirka a fili kafin zuwan Turawa kamar yadda tsoffin kasashen Habasha, Masar, Sudan, da sauransu.
- Ƙasar Biafra ta yi mulkin demokraɗiyya mai cin gashin kai a tsakanin danginta kamar yadda ake yi a tsakanin Igbo a yau.
- A haƙiƙa, Jamhuriyyar Biyafara wadda Janar Odumegwu Ojukwu ya ayyana a 1967 ba sabuwar ƙasa ba ce, amma yunƙurin dawo da ƙasar Biyafara da ta wanzu kafin Nijeriya, Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka ƙirƙiro su.” (Emekesri, 2012, shafi na 18-19). .
Fahimtar Tsarin Rikici, Ƙarfafawa, da Direbobi
- Wani muhimmin abu a cikin wannan rikici shine doka. Shin 'yancin cin gashin kansa ya halatta ko kuma ya sabawa tsarin mulki?
- Dokar ta bai wa ’yan asalin ƙasar damar riƙe sunayensu na asali duk da cewa an ba su izinin zama ɗan ƙasar sabuwar ƙasarsu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar 1914.
- Amma shin dokar ta ba wa ’yan asalin ƙasar ’yancin cin gashin kai?
- Misali, 'yan Scotland na neman yin amfani da 'yancinsu na cin gashin kansu da kuma kafa Scotland a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta daga Burtaniya; kuma Kataloniya na neman ballewa daga Spain don kafa yankin Kataloniya mai cin gashin kanta a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta. Hakazalika, masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra suna neman yin amfani da ‘yancinsu na cin gashin kansu da sake kafa kasarsu, ta maido da kasar Biafra ta da, a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta daga Najeriya (Gwamnatin IPOB, 2014).
Shin tayar da zaune tsaye da 'yancin kai na doka ne ko kuma ya sabawa doka?
- Sai dai wata muhimmiyar tambaya da ke bukatar amsa ita ce: Shin yunkurin neman yancin kai da yancin kai ya zama doka ko kuma ya sabawa tanadin kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya?
- Shin za a iya daukar ayyukan masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra a matsayin cin amanar kasa ko cin amanar kasa?
Cin amanar kasa da cin amanar kasa
- Sashe na 37, 38 da 41 na kundin laifuffuka, dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, sun bayyana ma’anar cin amanar kasa da cin amanar kasa.
- Cin amanar kasa: Duk mutumin da ya dauki nauyin yaki da gwamnatin Najeriya ko gwamnatin wani yanki (ko jiha) da nufin tursasa ko hambarar da shugaban kasa ko Gwamna, ko kuma ya hada baki da wani mutum a ciki ko ba tare da Najeriya ba don yakar Najeriya ko gaba. wani yanki, ko kuma ya tunzura wani baƙo ya mamaye Nijeriya ko yankin da ke da rundunar sojan ƙasa ya aikata laifin cin amanar kasa kuma yana da alhakin hukuncin kisa idan aka same shi da laifi.
- Laifin cin amanar kasa: A daya bangaren kuma, duk mutumin da ya yi niyyar hambarar da Shugaban kasa ko Gwamna, ko ya yi yaki a kan Najeriya ko jiha, ko kuma ya tunzura wani bako ya kai hari da makami a Najeriya ko Jihohi, kuma ya nuna irin wannan niyya. ta hanyar wani aiki a bayyane yana da laifin cin amanar kasa kuma yana da alhakin daurin rai da rai idan aka yanke masa hukunci.
Aminci Mara Kyau da Aminci Mai Kyau
Aminci mara kyau - Dattawa a Biyafara:
- Don jagora da sauƙaƙe hanyar samun 'yancin kai ta hanyar rashin zaman lafiya, hanyoyin doka, Dattawan Biafra waɗanda suka shaida yakin basasa na 1967-1970 sun ƙirƙiri Dokar Al'ada ta 'Yan asalin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Dattawa (SCE).
- Domin nuna rashin amincewarsu da tashe-tashen hankula da yaki da gwamnatin Najeriya, da kuma azama da aniyarsu ta yin aiki a cikin dokokin Najeriya, Majalisar Dattawa ta yi watsi da Mista Kanu da mabiyansa ta hanyar wata sanarwa mai dauke da kwanan wata 12.th Mayu 2014 ƙarƙashin Dokar Al'ada.
- A tsarin dokar al’ada, idan dattijai suka yi wa mutum saniyar ware, ba za a sake yarda da shi a cikin al’umma ba, sai ya tuba ya yi wasu ayyuka na al’ada don faranta wa dattawa da ƙasa rai.
- Idan ya kasa tuba ya farantawa dattawan kasar rai ya mutu, ana ci gaba da nuna kyama ga zuriyarsa (Gwamnatin IPOB, 2014, shafi na 5).
Aminci Mai Kyau - Biafra Matasa
- Sabanin haka, wasu matasan kasar Biafra karkashin jagorancin Daraktan Rediyon Biafra, Nnamdi Kanu, sun yi ikirarin cewa suna fafutukar tabbatar da adalci ta hanyar amfani da duk wata hanya da za ta haifar da tashin hankali da yaki ba za su damu ba. A gare su, zaman lafiya da adalci ba kawai rashin tashin hankali ko yaƙi ba ne. Galibi aikin ne na canza halin da ake ciki har sai an ruguza tsari da manufofin zalunci, aka maido da ‘yanci ga wadanda aka zalunta. Wannan sun kuduri aniyar cimma ta ta kowace hanya ko da kuwa ta hanyar amfani da karfi, tashin hankali da yaki.
- Don kara himma, wannan kungiya ta tattara kansu miliyoyi, gida da waje ta hanyar amfani da kafafen sada zumunta;
- kafa gidajen rediyo da talabijin na kan layi; kafa Gidajen Biafra, Ofishin Jakadancin Biafra a kasashen waje, gwamnatin Biafra a cikin Najeriya da kuma na gudun hijira, sun samar da fasfo na Biafra, tutoci, alamomi, da takardu da dama; ya yi barazanar mika mai a Biafra ga wani kamfani na kasashen waje; kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Biafra, da sauran kungiyoyin wasanni da suka hada da gasar Biafra; ya tsara tare da samar da taken Biafra, kiɗa, da sauransu;
- ya yi amfani da farfaganda da maganganun ƙiyayya; zanga-zangar da aka shirya wadda a wasu lokutan ta rikide zuwa tashin hankali - musamman zanga-zangar da ta faro tun a watan Oktoban 2015 bayan kama Daraktan Rediyon Biafra da kuma shugaban da ya kira kansa Jagora kuma Kwamandan kungiyar IPOB. miliyoyin 'yan Biafra sun ba da cikakken mubaya'a.
Gano Wadanne Ra'ayoyin Ne Suka Dace Don Magance Rikicin Biafra
- Rashin ƙarfi
- Aminci na zaman lafiya
- Zaman lafiya
- Gina zaman lafiya
Rashin ƙarfi
- Menene irredentism?
Maidowa, maidowa, ko sake mamaye wata ƙasa, ƙasa ko ƙasar mahaifa wadda ta kasance ta mutane a da. Sau da yawa jama'a suna warwatse a wasu ƙasashe da dama sakamakon mulkin mallaka, tilastawa ko hijira ba tare da tilastawa ba, da kuma yaƙi. Irredentism yana neman dawo da aƙalla wasu daga cikinsu zuwa ƙasar kakanninsu (duba Horowitz, 2000, shafi na 229, 281, 595).
- Irredentism za a iya gane ta hanyoyi biyu:
- Ta tashin hankali ko yaki.
- Ta hanyar bin doka ko ta hanyar doka.
Irredentism ta hanyar tashin hankali ko yaki
Majalisar Koli ta Dattawa
- Yakin Najeriya da Biafra na 1967-1970 misali ne mai kyau na yakin da aka yi don ‘yantar da al’ummar kasa duk da cewa an tilastawa ‘yan Biafra yin yaki domin kare kai. A bayyane yake daga abin da ya faru tsakanin Najeriya da Biafra cewa yaki wata iska ce da ba ta da wani amfani.
- An yi kiyasin cewa sama da mutane miliyan 3 ne suka rasa rayukansu a lokacin wannan yaki da suka hada da kananan yara da mata a sakamakon hadewar abubuwa: kisa kai tsaye, toshewar jin kai wanda ya haifar da wata mummunar cuta da ake kira kwashiorkor. “Dukkan Najeriya baki daya da ragowar Biafra da ba a cinye su a wannan yakin har yanzu suna fama da illar yakin.
- Kasancewar sun dandana, kuma sun yi yaƙi a lokacin yaƙin, Majalisar Koli ta Dattawan Biyafara ba ta yarda da akida da tsarin yaƙi da tashin hankali a fafutukar neman ‘yancin kan Biafra (Gwamnatin IPOB, 2014, shafi na 15).
Radio Biafra
- Masu fafutukar fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra karkashin jagorancin Rediyon Biafra London da Daraktanta, Nnamdi Kanu, sun fi fuskantar tashin hankali da yaki saboda wannan na daga cikin maganganunsu da akidunsu.
- Ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryensu ta yanar gizo, wannan kungiya ta tara miliyoyin masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra da masu goyon bayansu a Najeriya da kasashen waje, kuma an ruwaito cewa “sun yi kira ga ‘yan Biafra a duk fadin duniya da su ba su gudunmuwar miliyoyin daloli da fam domin sayen makamai da alburusai. domin yakar Najeriya musamman musulmin Arewa.
- Bisa kididdigar da suka yi kan gwagwarmayar, sun yi imanin cewa, ba zai yiwu ba a samu 'yancin kai ba tare da tashin hankali ko yaki ba.
- Kuma a wannan karon suna tunanin za su ci Najeriya a yakin idan a karshe za su shiga yaki don samun ‘yancin kai da samun ‘yanci.
- Wadannan galibi matasa ne da ba su shaida ba kuma ba su fuskanci yakin basasa na 1967-1970 ba.
Rashin hankali ta hanyar Tsarin Shari'a
Majalisar Koli ta Dattawa
- Bayan da aka sha kashi a yakin 1967-1970, Majalisar koli ta Dattawan 'yan asalin Biafra ta yi imanin cewa tsarin doka shi ne kawai hanyar da Biafra za ta iya samun 'yancin kai.
- A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2012, Majalisar Koli ta Dattawa ta masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra ta rattaba hannu kan wata takardar doka ta shigar da ita ga babbar kotun tarayya dake Owerri a kan gwamnatin Najeriya.
- Har yanzu dai shari’ar tana gaban kotu. Tushen hujjar su shine ɓangaren dokokin kasa da kasa da na ƙasa waɗanda ke ba da tabbacin yancin cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin ƙasar "bisa ga sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin 'yan asalin 2007 da Articles 19-22 Cap 10 Dokokin Tarayya. Najeriya, 1990, wanda sashi na 20 (1) (2) ya ce:
- “Dukan al’ummai za su sami ‘yancin rayuwa. Suna da haƙƙin ƴancin kai da babu kokwanto a ciki. Za su tantance matsayinsu na siyasa cikin 'yanci kuma su ci gaba da ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu da zamantakewa bisa tsarin da suka zaba cikin 'yanci."
- "Al'ummar da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka ko wadanda ake zalunta za su sami 'yancin 'yantar da kansu daga kangin mulkin mallaka ta hanyar amfani da duk wata hanyar da kasashen duniya suka amince da su."
Radio Biafra
- A daya hannun kuma, Nnamdi Kanu da kungiyarsa ta Rediyon Biafra suna jayayya cewa “yin amfani da tsarin doka don samun ‘yancin kai bai taba faruwa ba” kuma ba zai yi nasara ba.
- Suna cewa "ba shi yiwuwa a sami 'yancin kai ba tare da yaki da tashin hankali ba" (Gwamnatin IPOB, 2014, shafi 15).
Aminci na zaman lafiya
- A cewar Ramsbotham, Woodhouse & Miall (2011), "wanzar da zaman lafiya ya dace a maki uku akan sikelin haɓaka: don ɗaukar tashin hankali da hana shi daga haɓaka zuwa yaƙi; don iyakance ƙarfi, yaɗuwar ƙasa da tsawon lokacin yaƙi da zarar ya barke; da kuma tabbatar da tsagaita bude wuta da samar da sararin sake ginawa bayan karshen yaki” (shafi na 147).
- Domin samar da sarari ga sauran nau'ikan magance rikice-rikice - sasantawa da tattaunawa misali-, akwai buƙatar ɗaukar, rage ko rage ƙarfi da tasirin tashin hankali a ƙasa ta hanyar wanzar da zaman lafiya da ayyukan jin kai.
- Ta haka ne ake sa ran dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya su samu horon da ya kamata da kuma jagoranci bisa ka’idojin da’a ta yadda ba za su cutar da al’ummar da ake sa ran za su kare ba ko kuma zama wani bangare na matsalar da aka tura su gudanar da su.
Zaman Lafiya & Gina Zaman Lafiya
- Bayan tura dakarun kiyaye zaman lafiya, ya kamata a yi ƙoƙari don amfani da nau'o'i daban-daban na shirye-shiryen samar da zaman lafiya - shawarwari, sasantawa, sasantawa, da kuma hanyoyin diplomasiyya (Cheldelin et al., 2008, shafi 43; Ramsbotham et al., 2011, p. 171; Pruitt & Kim, 2004, shafi na 178, Diamond & McDonald, 2013) don warware rikicin Biafra.
- An gabatar da matakai uku na hanyoyin samar da zaman lafiya a nan:
- Tattaunawar Ƙungiya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka na Biafra ta hanyar amfani da tsarin diflomasiyya na hanya 2.
- Rikici tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra ta hanyar amfani da hanyar hanya ta 1 da bin tafarkin diflomasiyya biyu.
- Diflomasiyyar Multi-Track (daga hanya ta 3 zuwa ta 9) da aka shirya musamman ga ‘yan kasa daga kabilu daban-daban na Nijeriya, musamman tsakanin Kiristocin Igbo (daga Kudu maso Gabas) da Musulmi Hausa-Fulani (daga Arewa).
Kammalawa
- Na yi imanin cewa yin amfani da karfin soja da tsarin shari’a kadai wajen magance rikice-rikicen kabilanci da addini, musamman a Nijeriya, zai fi dacewa a kara ruruta wutar rikicin.
- Dalili kuwa shi ne saboda shiga tsakani na soja da adalcin ramuwa da ya biyo baya ba su da kayan aikin da za su bijiro da ɓoyayyun ƙiyayya da ke rura wutar rikici ko basira, sanin ya kamata da haƙurin da ake buƙata don sauya rikicin “tashe mai tushe ta hanyar kawar da tashe-tashen hankula da tsarin mulki. wasu dalilai masu tushe da yanayin rikici mai zurfi” (Mitchell & Banks, 1996; Lederach, 1997, wanda aka ambata a cikin Cheldelin et al., 2008, shafi 53).
- A saboda wannan dalili, a jujjuya dabi'u daga manufofin ramuwa zuwa maido da adalci da kuma daga manufar tilastawa zuwa sulhu da tattaunawa Ana buƙata (Ugorji, 2012).
- Don cimma wannan, ya kamata a ba da ƙarin albarkatu a cikin ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya, kuma ƙungiyoyin jama'a su jagoranci su a matakin tushen ciyawa.
References
- Cheldelin, S., Druckman, D., da Fast, L. eds. (2008). Rikici, ed na 2. London: Ci gaba da Jarida.
- Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya. (1990). An dawo daga http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm.
- Diamond, L. & McDonald, J. (2013). Diplomacy Multi-Track: Tsarin Tsarin Zaman Lafiya. (3rd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Kumarian Press.
- Emekesri, EAC (2012). Biafra ko Shugabancin Najeriya: Abin da 'yan kabilar Ibo ke so. London: Al'ummar Kristi na Rock.
- Gwamnatin ƴan asalin ƙasar Biafra. (2014). Bayanin Siyasa da Umarni. (1st ed.). Owerri: Bilie Human Rights Initiative.
- Horowitz, DL (2000). Ƙungiyoyin Kabilanci a Rikici. Los Angeles: Jami'ar California Press.
- Lederach, JP (1997). Gina Zaman Lafiya: Dauwamammen Sulhu A Cikin Rarraba Al'umma. Washington DC: Cibiyar Yada Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka.
- Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya. Dokar 1990. (An sabunta shi). An dawo daga http://www.nigeria-law.org/LFNMainPage.htm.
- Mitchell, CR & Banks, M. (1996). Littafin Jagoran Magance Rikici: Hanyar Magance Matsala Na Nazari. London: Pinter.
- Pruitt, D., & Kim, SH (2004). Rikicin Al'umma: Ta'azzara, Tattaunawa da Matsala. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
- Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., da Miall, H. (2011). Tsarin Gudanar da Shawara ta yau. (Hadisi na 3). Cambridge, Birtaniya: Jaridar Siyasa.
- Taron kasa na Najeriya. (2014). Rahoton Taro Na Karshe. An dawo daga https://www.premiumtimesng.com/national-conference/wp-content/uploads/National-Conference-2014-Report-August-2014-Table-of-Contents-Chapters-1-7.pdf
- Ugorji, B. (2012) .. Colorado: Outskirt Press. Daga Adalci na Al'adu zuwa Sasanci tsakanin Kabilanci: Tunani kan Yiwuwar Sasancin Kabilanci da Addini a Afirka
- Kudirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda babban taron ya amince da shi. (2008). Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Marubucin, Dr. Basil Ugorji, shi ne Shugaba kuma Shugaba na Cibiyar Sasanci na Kabilanci da Addini ta Duniya. Ya samu digirin digirgir (Ph.D). a cikin Binciken Rikici da Ƙaddamarwa daga Sashen Nazarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Jami'ar Nova ta Kudu maso Gabas, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.