Bakar Rayuwa Matter: Yanke ɓoyayyen wariyar launin fata
Abstract
Tashin hankali na Black Rayuwa Matter motsi ya mamaye maganganun jama'a a Amurka. Kungiyar da ta hada kai don nuna adawa da kashe bakaken fata da ba su dauke da makamai, kungiyar da masu goyon bayansu sun gabatar da jerin bukatu na tabbatar da adalci da mutunci ga bakar fata. Sai dai da yawa daga cikin masu suka sun nuna damuwarsu kan sahihancin wannan magana. baƙar fata rayuwa tun duk rayuwa ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba, ya kamata ya zama mahimmanci. Wannan takarda ba ta da niyya don ci gaba da muhawarar da ake yi game da amfani da ma'anar bakar rayuwa or duk rayuwa. Madadin haka, takardar tana neman yin nazari, ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ka'idoji masu mahimmanci na Ba'amurke (Tyson, 2015) da sauran ka'idodin rikice-rikice na zamantakewar al'umma da suka dace, sau da yawa rashin kulawa amma muhimmin canjin da ya faru a cikin dangantakar kabilanci a Amurka, canji daga a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata ga sigar sa ta sirri - rufaffen wariyar launin fata. Takaddamar wannan takarda ce kamar yadda kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta taka rawa wajen kawo karshen a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata, nuna bambanci da wariya, da Black Rayuwa Matter motsi ya kasance da ƙarfin hali decrypting rufaffen wariyar launin fata a Amurka.
Gabatarwa: Tunani na Farko
Kalmomin "Black Lives Matter," wani fitowar "Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Baƙar fata" na 21st karni, ya mamaye duka jawabai na jama'a da na sirri a Amurka. Tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2012 bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa wani ɗan Ba’amurke ɗan shekara 17, Trayvon Martin, da wani ɗan banga a Sanford, Florida, George Zimmerman, wanda alkalai suka tuhume shi bisa tushen kariyar kai a ƙarƙashin Florida's " Stand Your Ground statute, bisa doka da aka sani da "Justifiable Use of Force" (Florida Legislature, 1995-2016, XLVI, Ch. 776), kungiyar Black Lives Matter ta tara miliyoyin jama'ar Afirka da masu goyon bayansu don yakar kisan gilla. Baƙin Amurkawa da ƴan sanda na zalunci; don neman adalci, daidaito, daidaito da gaskiya; da kuma tabbatar da ikirarinsu na kare hakkin dan adam da mutunci.
Ikirarin da kungiyar nan ta Black Lives Matter ta gabatar, duk da cewa masu goyon bayan kungiyar sun amince da ita, sun gamu da suka daga wadanda suka yi imani da cewa dukkanin rayuwa, ba tare da la’akari da kabila, launin fata, addini, jinsi ko matsayinsu ba. Masu fafutuka na "All Lives Matter" suna jayayya cewa ba daidai ba ne a mai da hankali kan al'amuran Afirka na Amurka kawai ba tare da amincewa da gudummawar da sadaukarwar da mutane daga sauran al'ummomi suke bayarwa don kare dukkan 'yan ƙasa da dukan ƙasar ba, ciki har da sadaukarwar jaruntaka. na 'yan sanda. Bisa ga wannan, jimlolin Duk Rayuwar Matter, Rayuwar 'Yan Asalin Halitta, Rayuwar Latino Matter, Blue Lives Matter, da 'Yan Sanda Rayuwa Matter, sun taso kai tsaye a mayar da martani ga "masu fafutuka da suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da zaluncin 'yan sanda da hare-hare a kan bakar fata" (Townes, 2015, sakin layi na 3).
Ko da yake muhawarar masu goyon bayan duk wani al'amari na rayuwa na iya zama kamar haƙiƙa kuma na duniya, da yawa daga cikin manyan shugabanni a Amurka sun yi imanin cewa maganar "baƙar fata al'amura" wani halal ne. Da yake bayyana halaccin “baƙar fata al’amura” da kuma dalilin da ya sa ya kamata a ɗauke shi da muhimmanci, Shugaba Barack Obama, kamar yadda aka ambata a Townes (2015), ya ce:
Ina tsammanin dalilin da ya sa masu shirya taron suka yi amfani da kalmar 'baƙar fata ba ta da matsala' ba don suna ba da shawarar cewa rayuwar kowa ba ce. Abin da suke ba da shawara shi ne, akwai wata matsala ta musamman da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummar Afirka-Amurka wacce ba ta faruwa a wasu al'ummomi. Kuma wannan lamari ne na halal da ya kamata mu magance. (shafi na 2)
Wannan matsala ta musamman ga al’ummar Amurkawa ‘yan Afirka da shugaba Obama ke magana akai na da alaka da zaluncin ‘yan sanda, da kashe bakaken fata da ba su da makami, da kuma wani mataki na daure matasan Ba’amurke ba bisa ka’ida ba bisa wasu kananan laifuffuka. Kamar yadda yawancin masu sukar 'yan Afirka na Amurka suka nuna, akwai "yawan fursunonin launin fata a cikin wannan ƙasa [Amurka]" (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 351) wanda suka yi imanin ya faru ne saboda "ayyukan nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin tsarin doka da tilasta bin doka” (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 352). Don waɗannan dalilai, wasu marubuta suna jayayya cewa "ba mu ce 'dukkan rayuwa ba ne,' domin idan ya zo ga zalunci na 'yan sanda, ba duk jikin ba ne ke fuskantar matakan wulakanci da tashin hankali da baƙar fata ke yi" (Brammer, 2015, para. . 13).
Wannan takarda ba ta da niyya don ci gaba da muhawarar jama'a kan ko Black Lives Matter ya halatta ko kuma ya kamata All Lives Matter ya sami kulawa daidai kamar yadda yawancin marubuta da masu sharhi suka yi. Bisa la'akari da nuna wariya da gangan ga al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu bisa kabilanci ta hanyar rashin tausayi na 'yan sanda, ayyukan kotu da sauran ayyukan da suka shafi launin fata, da sanin cewa waɗannan ayyuka na nuna wariya da gangan, sun saba wa Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu da sauran dokokin tarayya. , wannan takarda na neman yin nazari da tabbatar da cewa al'amarin da ke tattare da kungiyar Black Lives Matter motsi da yaki da shi ne. rufaffen wariyar launin fata. Ajalin rufaffen wariyar launin fata Restrepo and Hincapíe's (2013) "Tsarin Tsarin Mulki: Sabon Tsarin Zalunci," wanda ke jayayya cewa:
Dalilin farko na boye-boye shine ɓata duk girman iko. Tare da ɓoyayyen harshe na fasaha da kuma, don haka, matakai, ladabi da yanke shawara, bayyanar da hankali na iko ya zama wanda ba a iya gano shi ga duk wanda ba shi da ilimin harshe don karya ɓoyewar. Don haka, boye-boye ya dogara ne da samuwar kungiyar da ke da damar yin amfani da dabarun boye-boye da kuma wata kungiya da ta yi watsi da su gaba daya. Na ƙarshe, kasancewar masu karatu marasa izini, suna buɗe don magudi. (shafi na 12)
Rushewar wariyar launin fata kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan takarda ya nuna cewa rufaffen wariyar launin fata ya san kuma ya fahimci ka'idodin da ke cikin tushe tsarin wariyar launin fata da tashin hankali amma ba za su iya nuna wariya a fili da nuna wariya ga al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu ba saboda bayyani na nuna wariyar launin fata da tsarin wariyar launin fata an haramta su kuma an haramta su ta Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 da sauran Dokokin Tarayya. Babban hujjar wannan takarda ita ce Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 ta wuce ta Majalisa ta 88 (1963-1965) kuma ta sanya hannu kan doka a Yuli 2, 1964 ta Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ƙare. a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata amma, rashin alheri, bai ƙare ba rufaffen wariyar launin fata, wanda shine rufe nau'in wariyar launin fata. A maimakon haka, da hukuma haramcin a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata ta haifar da wannan sabon nau'i na wariyar launin fata wanda aka boye da gangan rufaffen wariyar launin fata, amma an ɓoye daga waɗanda aka zalunta, waɗanda aka lalatar da su, waɗanda aka firgita da su da kuma cin gajiyar al'ummar Afirka ta Amurka.
Kodayake duka tsarin wariyar launin fata da kuma rufaffen wariyar launin fata ya ƙunshi matsayi na iko ko iko, kamar yadda za a yi dalla-dalla a cikin surori na gaba, abin da ya sa rufaffen wariyar launin fata daban daga tsarin wariyar launin fata shi ne cewa karshen da aka kafa kuma an dauke shi a matsayin doka kafin a amince da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, yayin da tsohon yake boye daban-daban kuma ana iya ganinsa a matsayin doka kawai lokacin, ko kuma idan kawai, an yanke shi kuma ya tabbatar da shi daga manyan hukumomi. Rushewar wariyar launin fata zuba jari wani nau'i na pseudopower zuwa rufaffen wariyar launin fata wanda kuma ke amfani da shi wajen sarrafa marasa ƙarfi, masu rauni, da marasa gata na Amurkawa na Afirka. "Makullin iko a matsayin mamayewa a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyyar mu, duniyar duniya shine boye-boye. Aikinmu shine samar da dabaru don ɓatar da shi” (Restrepo da Hincapíe, 2013, shafi na 1). Ta hanyar kwatanta tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a karkashin jagorancin Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. da Black Lives Matter motsi karkashin jagorancin Patrisse Cullors, Opal Tometi, da Alicia Garza, wannan takarda ta tabbatar da cewa kamar yadda Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta kasance kayan aiki a ƙarewa a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata, nuna wariya da wariya a cikin Amurka, ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter ta kasance da ƙarfin hali wajen ɓoye bayanan. rufaffen wariyar launin fata a Amurka - wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata wanda mutane da yawa da ke da iko ciki har da jami'an tsaro ke yi.
Wani bincike kan tashin hankalin Black Lives Matter motsi ba zai zama cikakke ba tare da nazarin tunanin tunanin da ke tattare da dangantakar launin fata a Amurka ba. Don haka, wannan takarda tana neman zana wahayi daga ra'ayoyi huɗu masu dacewa. Na farko shine "Suka da Amurkawa na Afirka," ka'ida mai mahimmanci wanda ke nazarin batutuwan launin fata da suka nuna tarihin tarihin Afirka ta Kudu tun "Tsarin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: jigilar fursunoni na Afirka a fadin Tekun Atlantika" (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 344) zuwa {asar Amirka, inda aka yi ta zama bayi na tsawon shekaru aru-aru. Na biyu shine Kymlicka's (1995) "Cibiyar al'adu da yawa: A Liberal Theory of 'Yan tsiraru" wanda ya yarda kuma ya amince da "hakkoki daban-daban na rukuni" ga wasu ƙungiyoyin da suka fuskanci wariyar launin fata na tarihi, wariya da wariya (misali, al'ummar Afirka ta Amurka). Na uku shine ka'idar Galtung (1969). tashin hankali na tsari wanda za'a iya fahimta daga bambance-bambance tsakanin "tashin hankali da kai tsaye". Yayin da tashe-tashen hankulan kai tsaye ke ɗaukar bayanan marubutan game da tashin hankali na zahiri, tashin hankali kai tsaye yana wakiltar tsarin zalunci wanda ke hana wani yanki na ƴan ƙasa samun dama ga ainihin bukatunsu da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam wanda hakan ya tilasta wa mutane “gaskiya na zahiri da tunani na zahiri su kasance ƙasa da abubuwan da za su iya gane su” (Galtung, 1969, shafi na 168). Kuma na hudu shine sukar Burton (2001) na "tsarin iko na gargajiya" - tsarin da aka kwatanta a cikin tunanin "mu-su" - wanda ke ƙunshe da cewa mutane waɗanda cibiyoyi da ƙa'idodin da ke cikin tsarin Tsarin iko-fitattu ba shakka zai amsa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da tashin hankali da rashin biyayyar zamantakewa.
Ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na waɗannan ka'idodin rikice-rikice na zamantakewa, takardar ta yi nazari sosai kan muhimmin sauyi da ya faru a tarihin Amurka, wato, sauyi daga. a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata to rufaffen wariyar launin fata. A yin wannan, ana ƙoƙarin nuna mahimman dabaru guda biyu waɗanda ke cikin nau'ikan wariyar launin fata. Ɗayan ita ce bautar, nuna wariya a fili da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke nuna wariyar launin fata. Na biyu kuma shi ne zaluncin ‘yan sanda da kuma kashe bakaken fata da ba su da makami, kasancewar misalai ne na boye wariyar launin fata. A ƙarshe, ana nazarin rawar Black Lives Matter motsi a cikin ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar wariyar launin fata da bayyana.
Tsarin wariyar launin fata
Shawarwari na ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter ta wuce irin ta'asar da 'yan sanda ke ci gaba da yi da kashe-kashen jama'ar Amirka na Amirka da baƙi na Afirka. Wadanda suka kafa wannan yunkuri sun bayyana a gidan yanar gizon su, #BlackLivesMatter a http://blacklivesmatter.com/ cewa "Yana ci gaba da wadanda aka mayar da su saniyar ware a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da Baƙar fata, yana mai da shi dabarar (sake) gina ƙungiyar 'yantar da Baƙar fata..” Bisa kima na, kungiyar Black Lives Matter na yaki da ita rufaffen wariyar launin fata. Duk da haka, mutum ba zai iya fahimta ba rufaffen wariyar launin fata a Amurka ba tare da la'akari da shi ba tsarin wariyar launin fata, domin tsarin wariyar launin fata haifar rufaffen wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙarnuka masu yawa na gwagwarmayar rashin tashin hankali na Baƙin Amurkawa da kuma hulɗar da wannan gwagwarmayar ta yi tare da dokoki, yin rufaffen wariyar launin fata zuriyar ta tsarin wariyar launin fata.
Kafin mu yi nazarin abubuwan tarihi na tarihi da ke tattare da wariyar launin fata a Amurka, yana da muhimmanci mu yi la'akari da ka'idodin rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da aka ambata a sama yayin da suke nuna muhimmancin su ga batun. Za mu fara da bayyana sharuɗɗan: wariyar launin fata, tsarin, Da kuma boye-boye. An bayyana wariyar launin fata a matsayin "dangantakar ikon da ba ta dace ba wanda ke girma daga mulkin zamantakewar siyasa na wata kabila ta wani kuma yana haifar da ayyuka na nuna bambanci (misali, rarrabuwa, mulki, da zalunci)" (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 344). Ana iya bayyana wariyar launin fata da aka yi tunani ta wannan hanya daga imani na akida a cikin “wasu” mafi girma, wato, fifikon jinsin da ke da rinjaye a kan jinsin da ke da rinjaye. Saboda wannan dalili, yawancin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Amurkawa na Afirka sun bambanta wasu kalmomin da ke da alaƙa da wariyar launin fata, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga wariyar launin fata, dan wariyar launin fata da kuma wariyar launin fata. Wariyar launin fata ita ce "imani da fifikon launin fata, rashin ƙarfi, da tsabta bisa ga tabbacin cewa halaye na dabi'a da hankali, kamar halaye na jiki, sune abubuwan da suka bambanta da jinsi" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Dan wariyar launin fata shine duk wanda ya rike irin wannan akidar a cikin fifikon launin fata, kaskanci, da tsarki. Kuma mai wariyar launin fata shi ne duk wanda ke cikin "matsayin iko a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar masu rinjaye na siyasa" wanda ke shiga cikin ayyukan nuna wariya na tsari, "misali, hana ƙwararrun mutanen da suka cancanta na aikin launi, gidaje, ilimi, ko wani abu da suka dace da su. 'yana da hakki' (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 344). Tare da waɗannan ma'anoni na ra'ayi, zai zama sauƙi a gare mu mu fahimta tsarin wariyar launin fata da kuma rufaffen wariyar launin fata.
Maganar, tsarin wariyar launin fata, ya ƙunshi kalma mai mahimmanci wanda jarrabawar tunani za ta taimaka mana fahimtar kalmar. Kalmar da za a bincika ita ce: tsarin. Za a iya fayyace tsari ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma saboda manufar wannan takarda, ma'anar ƙamus na Oxford Dictionary da Learners Dictionary za su isa. Domin na farko, tsarin yana nufin “Gina ko shirya bisa tsari; don ba da tsari ko ƙungiya ga wani abu” (Definition of tsarin cikin Turanci, nd A cikin ƙamus na kan layi na Oxford); kuma bisa ga na ƙarshe shine “hanyar gina wani abu, tsarawa, ko tsara shi” (Ma'anar tsarin ɗalibi, nd A cikin ƙamus na koyan kan layi na Merriam-Webster). Ma’anoni biyun da aka haxa sun nuna cewa kafin a samar da wani tsari, akwai wani shiri, da tsayuwar hankali don tsarawa ko tsara wani abu bisa ga wannan shirin, sannan a aiwatar da tsarin sannan a hankali, tilasta bin doka wanda ya haifar da samuwar tsarin. tsari. Maimaita wannan tsari zai ba wa mutane abin da alama ƙarya ce ta tsari - madawwami, maras canzawa, maras canzawa, tsayayyen tsari, tsayayyen tsari, tsarin rayuwa mai dorewa kuma karɓuwa a duk faɗin duniya wanda ya wanzu ba za a iya sokewa ba - hanyar da aka yi wani abu. Dangane da wannan ma'anar, za mu iya fahimtar yadda tsararrakin mutanen Turai suka yi gini, suka ilmantar da zuriyarsu a ciki, Tsarin wariyar launin fata ba tare da sanin matakin barna, rauni da rashin adalci da suke yi wa sauran jinsi ba, musamman bakar fata.
Zaluncin da aka tara da aka shirya Tsarin wariyar launin fata A kan Baƙin Amurkawa su ne tushen tashin hankali na Black Lives Matter motsi don yin adalci da daidaito. Ta hanyar hangen nesa, ana iya fahimtar tashin hankalin Black Lives Matter motsi daga "Cikin zargi na Afirka," ka'idar mahimmanci da ke nazarin batutuwan launin fata da suka nuna tarihin Afirka ta Amirka tun "Tsarin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: jigilar fursunoni na Afirka a fadin duniya. Tekun Atlantika” (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 344) zuwa Amurka inda aka yi musu bauta a matsayin bayi na ƙarni da yawa. Domin bayyana ƙalubalen da 'yan Afirka na Amirka ke fuskanta a sakamakon bauta, wariyar launin fata, da wariya, masu sukar Afirka na yin amfani da "The Critical Race Theory" (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 352-368). Wannan ka'idar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan nazarin mu'amalar mu ta fuskar kabilanci tare da neman yadda wadannan cudanya ke shafar rayuwar tsiraru ta yau da kullum, musamman al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu. Ta hanyar nazarin sakamakon fayyace da ɓoyayyiyar hulɗar da ke tsakanin Baƙin Amurkawa da ƙwararrun jama'ar Turai (waɗanda suke kiran kansu fararen fata) a cikin Amurka, Tyson (2015) ya tabbatar da cewa:
Ka'idar tsere mai mahimmanci tana nazarin hanyoyin da cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun ke da alaƙa da tsere, kodayake ba za mu iya gane shi ba, da kuma nazarin hadaddun imani waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin abin da ya zama mai sauƙi, zato na yau da kullun game da tseren don nuna inda kuma yadda wariyar launin fata. har yanzu yana bunƙasa a cikin kasancewarsa 'a ɓoye'. (shafi na 352)
Tambayoyin da ke zuwa a zuciya su ne: Ta yaya mahimmancin ka'idar tsere ta dace da motsin rayuwar Black Lives Matter? Me yasa nuna bambancin launin fata har yanzu batu ne a Amurka idan aka yi la'akari da cewa ayyukan nuna wariyar launin fata da aka yi wa Baƙin Amurkawa a lokacin fafutukar kare haƙƙin farar hula an kawo ƙarshen shari'a ta Ayyukan 'Yancin Bil'adama na 1964, kuma la'akari da cewa halin yanzu shugaban kasar Amurka kuma dan asalin Afirka ne? Don amsa tambaya ta farko, yana da mahimmanci a bayyana gaskiyar cewa duka masu goyon baya da masu adawa da motsi na Black Lives Matter ba su da sabani a kan batutuwan launin fata da suka haifar da bayyanar motsin. Rashin jituwarsu ta kasance kan hanya ko hanyar da masu fafutuka na Black Lives Matter suke kokarin cimma burinsu. Don nuna cewa ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter tana da haƙƙin da'awar daidaito, daidaito da sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, masu sukar su, musamman masu goyon bayan All Lives Matter motsi ta hanyar ma'ana sun haɗa da Amurkawa na Afirka a cikin rukunin "Duk Rayuwa" waɗanda ke da mahimmanci kamar yadda suke. mai ba da shawara ga daidaito da daidaito ga kowane ɗan ƙasa ba tare da la’akari da launin fata, jinsi, addini, iyawa, ɗan ƙasa, da dai sauransu ba.
Matsalar yin amfani da "Dukkan Rayuwa Matter" ita ce ta kasa amincewa da tarihin tarihi da kabilanci da kuma rashin adalci na baya wanda ke nuna Amurka. A saboda wannan dalili, da yawa m theorists na hakkin tsiraru da kuma dimbin yawa suna jayayya cewa irin wannan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na "Dukkan Rayuwa" yana yin hukunci a kan "haƙƙin ƙayyadaddun ƙungiyoyi" ko kuma, sanya daban-daban, "haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi" (Kymlicka, 1995). Domin gane da kuma ba da "hakkoki daban-daban na rukuni" ga wasu ƙungiyoyin da suka fuskanci wariyar launin fata na tarihi, wariya da wariyar launin fata (misali, al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka), Will Kymlicka (1995), ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana a kan dimbin yawa, ya kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin nazarin falsafa, bincike na masana da tsara manufofi kan batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin ƙungiyoyin tsiraru. A cikin littafinsa, "Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights," Kymlicka (1995), kamar yawancin masu ra'ayin kabilanci, ya yi imanin cewa sassaucin ra'ayi kamar yadda aka fahimta da kuma amfani da shi wajen tsara manufofin gwamnati ya gaza wajen ingantawa da kare haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. 'yan tsirarun da ke zaune a cikin al'umma mafi girma, misali, al'ummar Amurkawa na Afirka a Amurka. Tunani na al'ada game da sassaucin ra'ayi shine "ƙaddamar da sassaucin ra'ayi ga 'yancin kai yana adawa da yarda da haƙƙin gama kai; da kuma cewa sadaukar da kai ga haƙƙin duniya ya saba wa yarda da haƙƙin takamaiman ƙungiyoyi” (Kymlicka, 1995, shafi na 68). Domin Kymlicka (1995), wannan "siyasa na rashin kulawa" (shafi na 107-108) wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da mayar da 'yan tsiraru saniya ya kamata a gyara.
Hakazalika, masu ra'ayin kabilanci masu mahimmanci sun yi imanin cewa ka'idodin sassaucin ra'ayi kamar yadda aka tsara su kuma an fahimta suna da iyaka idan aka yi amfani da su a cikin al'ummar al'adu daban-daban. Manufar ita ce tun da ra'ayin mazan jiya ya yi kakkausar suka ga duk wata shawara ta siyasa da ake ganin za ta amfana wa tsirarun tsirarun da ake zalunta, bai kamata a ci gaba da samun sassaucin ra'ayi ba. sulhu or tsakaita kamar yadda ya kasance a kan batutuwan launin fata. gaskiya ne cewa sassaucin ra'ayi ya taimaka a, alal misali, ƙaddamar da lissafin da ya lalata makarantu, amma masu ra'ayin kabilanci masu mahimmanci sun yi imanin cewa bai yi wani abu ba don magance gaskiyar cewa makarantu har yanzu ba a raba su ba ta hanyar doka amma ta talauci" (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 364). Har ila yau, ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da dama ga duk 'yan ƙasa, har yanzu ana nuna wariya a kowace rana a wuraren aiki da gidaje. Kundin Tsarin Mulki bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa boye wariyar launin fata da kuma ayyukan nuna wariya ga Baƙin Amurkawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da kasancewa cikin wahala, yayin da mutanen Turai (fararen fata) ke ci gaba da jin daɗi. gata a kusan dukkanin bangarorin al'umma.
Za a iya siffanta wariyar launin fata a matsayin baiwa wani sashe na al'umma fifiko akan wani - tsiraru. Mambobin kungiyar masu gata - farar fata - ana ba su damar shiga cikin sauki don samun rabon mulkin dimokuradiyya yayin da wasu tsirarun marasa galihu ake takurawa da gangan, a boye ko a bayyane daga samun rabon rabon da mulkin dimokradiyya ya samar. Menene to farin gata? Ta yaya zai iya marasa gata Yaran Ba’amurke waɗanda, ba zaɓe na kansu ba, an haife su cikin talauci, ƙauyuka marasa ƙarfi, makarantu marasa kayan aiki, da yanayin da ke tabbatar da son zuciya, sa ido, tsayawa da rashin ƙarfi, wani lokacin kuma ‘yan sanda na zalunci, ana taimakon su don yin gogayya da takwarorinsu farare?
"Farin gata," a cewar Delgado & Stefancic (2001, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin Tyson, 2015) za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin "yawan fa'idodin zamantakewa, fa'idodi, da ladabi waɗanda suka zo tare da kasancewa memba na tseren rinjaye" (shafi na 361) ). A wasu kalmomi, "farin gata wani nau'i ne na wariyar launin fata na yau da kullum saboda dukkanin ra'ayi na dama ya dogara ne akan ra'ayi na rashin amfani" (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 362). Don barin gata fari, Wildman (1996, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin Tyson, 2015) ya gaskanta shine "don daina yin kama da cewa tseren ba shi da mahimmanci" (shafi na 363). Tunanin gata yana da matukar dacewa ga fahimtar halin da ake ciki na Afirka ta Kudu. Haihuwa a cikin dangin Ba'amurke Ba'amurke bai dogara da zaɓin ɗan Ba'amurke ba. Watau ana yin sa’a ne ba bisa zabi ba; kuma saboda wannan dalili, bai kamata a hukunta yaron Ba’amurke ba saboda wani zaɓi ko shawarar da bai yanke ba. Daga wannan hangen nesa, Kymlicka (1995) ya yi imani da cewa "takamaiman haƙƙoƙin ƙungiya" ko "haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban" sun sami barata "a cikin ka'idar daidaitawa mai sassaucin ra'ayi… wanda ke jaddada mahimmancin gyara rashin daidaiton da ba a zaɓa ba" (shafi na 109). Tsayawa wannan layin na tunani kadan kuma zuwa ga ƙarshe na ma'ana, mutum zai iya jayayya cewa da'awar motsin "Black Lives Matter" ya kamata a yi la'akari daidai da abin da ya dace, domin waɗannan ikirari suna da mahimmanci wajen fahimtar yadda wadanda ke fama da wariyar launin fata na tsari ko hukumomi. da tashin hankali ji.
Ɗaya daga cikin masu ra'ayin rikice-rikice na zamantakewa wanda aikinsa a kan "rikicin tsarin" ya kasance mai dacewa da fahimtar fahimtar tsarin wariyar launin fata or wariyar launin fata ta hukuma a Amurka shine Galtung (1969). Ra'ayin Galtung (1969) na tashin hankali na tsari wanda ya jawo kai tsaye da kuma kaikaitacce tashin hankali, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, na iya taimaka mana mu fahimci yadda tsare-tsare da cibiyoyi da aka tsara don haifar da wariyar launin fata ga jinsin Amurkawa na Afirka da sauran tsiraru ke aiki. Yayin tashin hankali kai tsaye ya kama bayanin marubutan tashin hankali na jiki, tashin hankali kai tsaye yana wakiltar tsarin zalunci wanda ke hana wani sashe na ƴan ƙasa samun dama ga ainihin bukatunsu da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam wanda hakan ya tilasta wa mutane “hakikanin fahimtar tunanin mutum da tunani su kasance ƙasa da yuwuwar fahimtarsu” (Galtung, 1969, shafi na 168).
Idan aka kwatanta da misalin, za a iya cewa kamar yadda ’yan asalin yankin Neja-Delta na Nijeriya suka sha fama da tashe-tashen hankulan da ba za a iya jurewa ba a hannun gwamnatin Nijeriya da kamfanonin mai na kasa da kasa, haka nan ma ’yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu a Amurka, tun daga farko. lokacin zuwan bayi na farko, ta lokacin da Halarci, da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam, kuma har zuwa kwanan nan bayyanar da Black Rayuwa Matter motsi, an yi masa alama sosai tashin hankali na tsari. A Najeriya, tattalin arzikin Najeriya ya dogara ne kan albarkatun kasa, musamman yadda ake hako mai a yankin Neja Delta. Ana amfani da kason da ake samu daga sayar da man da ake samu daga yankin Neja-Delta wajen bunkasa sauran manyan biranen kasar, da wadatar da ayyukan hako ‘yan kasashen waje da ma’aikatansu da ke zaune a kasashen waje, da samar da ‘yan siyasa masu biyan albashi, da gina tituna, makarantu da sauran ababen more rayuwa a sauran garuruwan. Sai dai al’ummar yankin Neja-Delta ba wai kawai suna fama da illar hako mai ba – misali gurbacewar muhalli da lalata muhallin da Allah ya ba su, amma an yi watsi da su tsawon shekaru aru-aru, an yi shiru, ana fama da matsanancin talauci da cin mutunci. Wannan misalin nan da nan ya zo zuciyata sa'ad da nake karanta bayanin Galtung (1969) na tashin hankali. Hakazalika, ƙwarewar Ba-Amurke na tashin hankalin tsarin bisa ga Tyson (2015) ya faru ne saboda:
shigar da manufofi da ayyuka na wariyar launin fata a cikin cibiyoyin da al'umma ke aiki da su: misali, ilimi; tarayya, jihohi, da kananan hukumomi; dokar, ta fuskar abin da aka rubuta a kan littattafan da yadda ake aiwatar da shi daga kotuna da jami’an ‘yan sanda; kiwon lafiya, da kuma kamfanoni na duniya. (shafi na 345)
Rushe tsare-tsaren da suka ginu bisa manufofin wariyar launin fata yana buƙatar ƙalubalen rashin tashin hankali ko wani lokacin tashin hankali da tsadar cibiyoyi da tsarin zalunci. Kamar yadda shugabannin yankin Neja-Delta, karkashin jagorancin Ken Saro-Wiwa suka yi yakin neman adalci a kan mulkin sojan Najeriya na lokacin, wanda Saro-Wiwa da wasu da dama suka ba da kyautar 'yanci da rayukansu a matsayinsu na mulkin soja. ya yanke musu hukuncin kisa ba tare da shari'a ba, Martin Luther King Jr. "ya zama shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a" (Lemert, 2013, shafi na 263) wanda ya yi amfani da hanyar da ba ta dace ba don kawo karshen wariyar launin fata a hukumance a Amurka. Abin baƙin cikin shine, Dr. King "an kashe shi a Memphis a cikin 1968 yayin da yake shirya 'takin talakawa' a Washington" (Lemert, 2013, shafi na 263). Kisan masu fafutuka da ba sa tashin hankali kamar Dokta King da Ken Saro-Wiwa ya koya mana wani muhimmin darasi game da tashin hankali. A cewar Galtung (1969):
Lokacin da aka yi barazanar tsarin, waɗanda ke cin gajiyar tashin hankali na tsarin, sama da duk waɗanda ke kan gaba, za su yi ƙoƙarin kiyaye matsayin da aka tsara sosai don kare muradun su. Ta hanyar lura da ayyukan kungiyoyi da mutane daban-daban a lokacin da aka yi barazana ga wani tsari, musamman ma ta hanyar lura da wadanda suka zo don ceto tsarin, an gabatar da gwajin aiki wanda za a iya amfani da shi don ba da matsayi ga mambobin tsarin bisa ga sha'awar su. wajen kiyaye tsarin. (shafi na 179)
Tambayar da ke zuwa a zuciya ita ce: Har yaushe ma'aikatan tashin hankali za su ci gaba da kiyaye tsarin? A game da Amurka, an ɗauki shekaru masu yawa kafin fara aikin wargaza tsarin da ke tattare da wariyar launin fata, kuma kamar yadda ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter ta nuna, akwai ayyuka da yawa da za a yi.
A cikin layi daya da ra'ayin Galtung (1969) na tashin hankali na tsari, Burton (2001), a cikin sukar sa na "tsarin iko-elite na gargajiya" - tsarin da aka kwatanta a cikin tunanin "mu-su" -, ya yi imanin cewa mutanen da cibiyoyi da ka'idojin da suka shafi tsarin mulki za su yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da tashin hankali da rashin biyayya na zamantakewa. Dangane da imani da rikicin wayewa, marubucin ya nuna gaskiyar cewa yin amfani da tilastawa bai isa ba don ci gaba da cin zarafi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Babban ci gaba a cikin fasahar sadarwa, alal misali, yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarun da ikon tsarawa da tattara magoya bayansa na iya kawo sauyi na zamantakewar da ake bukata - canji a cikin karfin iko, maido da adalci, kuma sama da duk ƙarshen tashin hankali a cikin tsarin. al'umma.
Rufe wariyar launin fata
Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin surori da suka gabata - surori waɗanda ke magana akan abubuwan farko da kuma tsarin wariyar launin fata – daya daga cikin bambance-bambance tsakanin tsarin wariyar launin fata da kuma rufaffen wariyar launin fata shi ne cewa a lokacin tsarin wariyar launin fata, Baƙin Amurkawa sun kasance masu lakabi bisa doka waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba ne ko baƙi kuma an cire su daga haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a da kuma damar da za su yi gangami don bayar da shawarwari, aiki da adalci, yayin da suke fuskantar babban haɗari na kashe da Turawa (fararen fata). ) masu kishin kasa a Amurka, musamman a Kudu. Baƙar fata, a cewar Du Bois (1935, kamar yadda aka ambata a Lemert, 2013) sun fuskanci illar wariyar launin fata na yau da kullun a Kudancin. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin bambance-bambancen "labashin jama'a da na tunanin mutum" cewa "ƙungiyar farar fata na ma'aikata" (Lemert, 2013, shafi na 185) sun karɓa ban da ƙarancin albashinsu, sabanin "ƙungiyar baƙar fata na ma'aikata" waɗanda suka sha wahala tsarin. , nuna bambanci na tunani da na jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, kafofin watsa labaru na yau da kullum "kusan sun yi watsi da Negro sai dai a cikin laifi da ba'a" (Lemert, 2013, shafi 185). Jama'ar Turai ba su kula da bayin Afirka da suka kai zuwa Amurka ba, amma amfanin amfanin su ya kasance abin yabo da daraja sosai. Ma'aikacin ɗan Afirka ya kasance "baƙi kuma ya keɓe" daga amfanin gonarsa. Ana iya ƙara misalta wannan ƙwarewar ta amfani da ka'idar Marx (kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin Lemert, 2013) ka'idar "Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙarfafawa" wadda ke cewa:
Nisantar da ma'aikaci a cikin abin da yake samarwa yana nufin ba wai kawai cewa aikinsa ya zama wani abu ba, wani abu ne na waje, amma yana wanzuwa a wajensa, mai zaman kansa, a matsayin wani abu baƙo a gare shi, kuma ya zama wani iko na kansa yana fuskantar shi; yana nufin cewa rayuwar da ya yi a kan abin ta fuskance shi a matsayin wani abu na gaba da baƙo. (shafi na 30)
Nisantar bawa na Afirka daga amfanin gonarsa - ainihin kayan aikin nasa - yana da matukar alama wajen fahimtar kimar da 'yan Afirka masu sace su na Turai suka danganta ga 'yan Afirka. Gaskiyar cewa an cire bawan Afirka daga haƙƙinsa na amfanin gonarsa yana nuna cewa masu kama shi ba su dauke shi a matsayin mutum ba, amma a matsayin abu, a matsayin wani abu mai ƙasa, dukiya da za a iya saya da sayarwa, wanda za a iya amfani da shi. ko halaka a ga so. Koyaya, bayan kawar da bautar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 wacce ta haramta wariyar launin fata a hukumance a cikin Amurka, yanayin wariyar launin fata a Amurka ya canza. Injin (ko akidar) da ta zaburar da wariyar launin fata daga jihar kuma an rubuta su cikin tunani, kai, idanu, kunnuwa, da hannayen wasu daidaikun mutanen Turai (fararen fata). Tunda aka matsa wa jihar ta haramtawa haramtacciyar kasar a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata ba ta zama doka ba amma yanzu ba bisa doka ba.
Kamar yadda aka saba cewa, “tsofaffin halaye suna mutuwa da wuya,” yana da matukar wahala a canza kuma a daina daga al’ada ko ɗabi’a da aka saba da ita don daidaitawa zuwa sabuwar hanyar rayuwa – sabuwar al’ada, sabuwar al’ada. waltanschauung da sabuwar al'ada. Tunda ba za ku iya koya wa tsohon kare sababbin dabaru ba, yana da matukar wahala da jinkiri ga wasu mutanen Turai (fararen fata) suyi watsi da wariyar launin fata kuma su rungumi sabon tsari na adalci da daidaito. Ta hanyar dokar jiha da a ka'idar, an kawar da wariyar launin fata a cikin tsarin zalunci da aka kafa a baya. Ta hanyar al'adun gargajiya na yau da kullun, tarin al'adun gargajiya, kuma a aikace, wariyar launin fata ta miƙe daga ƙa'idodin tsarinta zuwa nau'i mai ɓoyewa; daga sa ido na kasa zuwa ga ikon mutum; daga zahirin dabi'unsa a bayyane zuwa ga wani nau'i na boye, rufaffe, boye, boye, ganuwa, lullube, lullube, da kamanni. Wannan shine haihuwar rufaffen wariyar launin fata a Amurka wanda kungiyar Black Lives Matter ke gwagwarmaya, zanga-zangar da kuma fada a cikin 21.st karni.
A cikin gabatarwar wannan takarda, na bayyana cewa amfani da kalmar, rufaffen wariyar launin fata Restrepo and Hincapíe's (2013) "Tsarin Tsarin Mulki: Sabon Tsarin Zalunci," wanda ke jayayya cewa:
Dalilin farko na boye-boye shine ɓata duk girman iko. Tare da ɓoyayyen harshe na fasaha da kuma, don haka, matakai, ladabi da yanke shawara, bayyanar da hankali na iko ya zama wanda ba a iya gano shi ga duk wanda ba shi da ilimin harshe don karya ɓoyewar. Don haka, boye-boye ya dogara ne da samuwar kungiyar da ke da damar yin amfani da dabarun boye-boye da kuma wata kungiya da ta yi watsi da su gaba daya. Na ƙarshe, kasancewar masu karatu marasa izini, suna buɗe don magudi. (shafi na 12)
Daga wannan zance, mutum zai iya fahimtar halayen ciki cikin sauƙi rufaffen wariyar launin fata. Na farko, a cikin al'ummar wariyar launin fata da aka ɓoye, akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na mutane: ƙungiyar masu gata da ƙungiyar marasa gata. Membobin ƙungiyar masu gata suna samun damar yin amfani da abin da Restrepo and Hincapíe (2013) ke kira "formulae of encryption" (shafi na 12) wanda a kan ka'idodin boye ko boye wariyar launin fata kuma ayyuka na nuna wariya sun ginu. Domin ’yan kungiyar masu gata su ne wadanda ke rike da mukaman shugabanci a ma’aikatun gwamnati da sauran bangarorin al’umma, kuma idan aka yi la’akari da cewa sun mallaki dabara na boye-boye, wato, lambobin sirrin da membobin rukunin masu gata suke rubutawa da kuma rarraba algorithm ko tsarin koyarwa da tsarin mu'amala tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu gata da marasa gata, ko sanya daban kuma a bayyane, tsakanin farare da baƙi a Amurka, fararen fata (masu gata) suna iya sauƙin nuna wariya da wariya ga Baƙin Amurkawa (baƙar fata mara gata), wani lokaci ba tare da sanin cewa suna nuna wariyar launin fata ba. Na karshen, rashin samun dama ga tsarin boye-boye, bayanan sirri, ko kuma bayanan sirrin da ke yawo a cikin rukunin masu gata, wani lokacin ma ba sa fahimtar abin da ke faruwa da su. Wannan yana bayyana yanayin ɓoye, ɓoye ko ɓoyayyiyar wariyar launin fata da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin ilimi, gidaje, aikin yi, siyasa, kafofin watsa labarai, dangantakar 'yan sanda da al'umma, tsarin adalci, da sauransu. Tyson (2015) a kaikaice ya kama ra'ayin rufaffen wariyar launin fata da kuma yadda yake aiki a Amurka ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa:
Kamar yadda yawancin Amirkawa na kowane launi suka sani, duk da haka, wariyar launin fata ba ta ɓace ba: kawai ya tafi "karkashin kasa." Wato, rashin adalci na launin fata a Amurka har yanzu babbar matsala ce kuma babba; kawai ya zama ƙasa da bayyane fiye da yadda yake a da. Ana yin rashin adalci na kabilanci a kan wayo, don a ce, don guje wa gurfanar da su a gaban shari’a, kuma ya bunƙasa ta hanyoyin da, a yawancin lokuta, waɗanda abin ya shafa kawai suka sani sosai. (shafi na 351)
Akwai misalai da yawa waɗanda mutum zai iya nuna ayyukan ɓoyayyun wariyar launin fata da su. Misali guda shi ne rashin ma'ana da rashin hankali da wasu 'yan jam'iyyar Republican suka nuna kan dukkan shawarwarin manufofin da shugaba Barack Obama, shugaban Amurka na farko na Afirka ta Kudu, ya gabatar. Ko da bayan lashe zaben shugaban kasa a 2008 da 2012, har yanzu gungun 'yan jam'iyyar Republican da Donald Trump ya yi kaka-gida suna jayayya cewa ba a haifi Shugaba Obama a Amurka ba. Duk da cewa yawancin Amurkawa ba sa daukar Trump da muhimmanci, amma ya kamata mutum ya yi tambaya kan dalilansa na tauye wa Obama hakkinsa a matsayinsa na dan Amurka ta haihuwa. Shin wannan ba wata hanya ce ta boye, ko kuma a boye ba ta cewa Obama bai cancanci zama shugaban kasar Amurka ba, domin shi bakar fata ne dan asalin Afirka, kuma bai isa ya zama shugaban kasa a kasar da mafi yawansu suke ba. fari?
Wani misali kuma shi ne iƙirarin da masu sukar Ba’amurke Ba’amurke suka kawo game da ayyukan wariyar launin fata a cikin tsarin doka da tilasta bin doka. “Samun giram 28 na hodar Iblis (wanda galibi bakaken fata Amurkawa ke amfani da shi) yana jawo hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar na tilas kai tsaye. Duk da haka, yana ɗaukar gram 500 na hodar hodar iblis (wanda akasari farar Amurkawa ne ke amfani da shi) don haifar da wannan hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar na tilas" (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 352). Bugu da kari, wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata sun sanya 'yan sanda sanya ido a cikin unguwannin Amurkawa na Afirka da sakamakon tsayawa da fage, zaluncin 'yan sanda da harbe-harben da ba dole ba na Amurkawa na Afirka ba tare da makami ba za a iya gani daidai da asali daga ka'idodin rufaffen wariyar launin fata.
Rushewar wariyar launin fata kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan takarda ya nuna cewa rufaffen wariyar launin fata ya san kuma ya fahimci ka'idodin da ke cikin tushe tsarin wariyar launin fata da tashin hankali amma ba za su iya nuna wariya da nuna bambanci ga al'ummar Ba'amurke ba saboda bayyani na nuna bambanci da wariyar launin fata na tsari an haramta su kuma an haramta su ta Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 da sauran Dokokin Tarayya. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 ta wuce ta Majalisa ta 88 (1963-1965) kuma ta sanya hannu kan doka a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1964 ta Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ƙare. a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata amma, rashin alheri, bai ƙare ba rufaffen wariyar launin fata, wanda shine rufe nau'in wariyar launin fata. Ta hanyar ci gaba da tattara miliyoyin mutane ba kawai a cikin Amurka ba har ma a duniya baki ɗaya rufaffen manufar wariyar launin fatadaga cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kungiyar Black Lives Matter ta yi nasarar samar da wayar da kan jama'a da kuma wayar da kan mu ga gaskiyar lamarin. rufaffen wariyar launin fata bayyanar da kansa ta fuskoki da dama, tun daga bayanin martaba zuwa zaluncin 'yan sanda; tun daga ambato da kamawa zuwa kashe-kashen Ba-Amurke Baƙi da ba su da makami; haka kuma daga ayyukan yi da gidaje na nuna wariya zuwa nuna wariya da zalunci a makarantu. Waɗannan ƴan misalai ne na ɓoyayyun wariyar launin fata waɗanda ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter ta taimaka wajen yanke bayanan.
Yanke ɓoyayyen wariyar launin fata
Wannan rufaffen wariyar launin fata An warware shi ta hanyar fafutukar Black Lives Matter motsi ba ta wani tsari da aka riga aka tsara ba, amma ta rashin tausayi - Kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1754 ta Horace Walpole wanda ke nufin "bincike, ta hanyar haɗari da sagacity, na abubuwa" (Lederach 2005, shafi na 114) ba a sani ba tukuna. Ba wai irin bayanan da aka sani na wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Black Lives Matter ba, a’a, a’a, azaba da radadi da radadin matasa marasa makami da kuma daruruwan rayukan bakaken fata da aka tsinke kwatsam ta hanyar bindigogin masu kiran kansu fararen fata da ke cikin zukatansu. An ɓoye mummunar ƙiyayya ga rayuwar baƙar fata, kuma a cikin tunaninsa, kai da kwakwalwarsu an kunna shawarar kashe baƙar fata mara makami ta hanyar tunawa da tsohon. Tsarin wariyar launin fata.
Ana iya cewa rashin tausayi na 'yan sanda, son zuciya, son zuciya da ra'ayin nuna kyama ga bakar fata a duk fadin kasar su ma sun yi yawa a cikin tsohon tsarin wariyar launin fata. Amma abubuwan da suka faru a Ferguson, Missouri, sun ba masu bincike, masu tsara manufofi da sauran jama'a cikakken fahimtar yanayin rufaffen wariyar launin fata. Ƙaunar ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter ta taimaka wajen ƙara hasken bincike game da ayyukan nuna wariya da ake yi, da kuma kashe-kashen da ba su da makami, Ba-Amurkawa. Binciken da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta gudanar kuma ta buga a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2015 bayan kisan Michael Brown, Jr., ya nuna cewa ayyukan tilasta bin doka na Ferguson yana cutar da mazauna Ba'amurke Ba'amurke na Ferguson. a wani ɓangare ta hanyar nuna bambancin launin fata, ciki har da stereotyping (Rahoton DOJ, 2015, shafi na 62). Rahoton ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa ayyukan tilasta bin doka da Ferguson ya yi na haifar da wani tasiri mai ban sha'awa ga 'yan Afirka na Amurka wanda ya saba wa dokar tarayya; da kuma cewa ayyukan tilasta bin doka na Ferguson suna motsa su a wani bangare ta hanyar nuna wariya da suka saba wa Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta Goma sha hudu da sauran dokokin tarayya (Rahoton Sashen Hakkokin Bil'adama na DOJ, 2015, shafi na 63 – 70).
Don haka, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu sun fusata da ayyukan nuna wariyar launin fata na 'yan sanda da ke mamaye da su. Wata tambaya da ta zo a zuciya ita ce: Shin DOJ Civil Rights Division za ta binciki Sashen 'yan sanda na Ferguson idan ba don gwagwarmayar Black Lives Matter motsi ba? Wataƙila a'a. Watakila, idan ba don ci gaba da zanga-zangar da kungiyar Black Lives Matter ta yi ba, kisan da ‘yan sanda suka yi na nuna wariyar launin fata na bakar fata a Florida, Ferguson, New York, Chicago, Cleveland, da sauran garuruwa da jihohi da dama da ‘yan sanda suka yi, ba zai yiwu ba. an fallasa da bincike. Saboda haka za a iya fassara motsin Black Lives Matter a matsayin "muryar launi" ta musamman (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 360) - ra'ayi mai mahimmanci na tsere wanda ke riƙe da cewa "marubuta marasa rinjaye da masu tunani gabaɗaya suna cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da marubutan farar fata da masu tunani. don rubutawa da magana game da launin fata da wariyar launin fata saboda suna fuskantar wariyar launin fata kai tsaye" (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 360). Magoya bayan "muryar launi" suna gayyatar waɗanda aka azabtar da wariyar launin fata don ba da labarunsu yayin da suka fuskanci wariya. The Black Lives Matter motsi yana taka wannan muhimmiyar rawar ta ba da labari, kuma a yin haka, yana aiki azaman 21st kiran karni don ba kawai canza halin da ake ciki yanzu ba rufaffen wariyar launin fata, amma don fallasa da ɓarna abin da Restrepo and Hincapíe (2013) ke kira "formulae of encryption" (shafi na 12), lambobin sirri waɗanda membobin ƙungiyar masu gata suke da su da kuma yanke algorithm da alamu na hulɗar tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu gata da marasa gata. , ko kuma sanya daban kuma a bayyane, tsakanin turawa da baƙar fata a Amurka.
Kammalawa
Idan aka yi la’akari da sarkakiyar yanayin wariyar launin fata a Amurka, da kuma la’akari da gazawar marubucin ya ci karo da shi yayin tattara bayanai a kan yawancin laifukan cin zarafin bakar fata, yawancin masu suka na iya cewa wannan takarda ba ta da isassun bayanan filin (wato, tushen farko). ) wanda akansa ya kamata a kafa hujja da matsayin marubucin. Gaskiyar cewa binciken filin ko wasu hanyoyin tattara bayanai sune yanayin da ake bukata don ingantaccen sakamakon bincike da binciken, duk da haka, mutum zai iya jayayya cewa ba su da isasshen yanayi don nazarin rikice-rikice na zamantakewa kamar yadda aka yi a cikin wannan takarda. ta yin amfani da ka'idodin rikice-rikice na zamantakewa waɗanda suka dace da batun da ake nazari.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin gabatarwar, babban burin wannan takarda da aka dora wa alhakin shine yin nazari da kuma nazarin ayyukan kungiyar "Black Lives Matter" da kuma kokarin da suke yi na bankado boye wariyar launin fata da aka sanya a cikin cibiyoyi da tarihin Amurka don tsari. don samar da hanyar tabbatar da adalci, daidaito da daidaito ga tsiraru, musamman al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu. Don cimma wannan burin, takarda ta yi nazari akan ka'idodin rikice-rikice na zamantakewa guda hudu: "Criticism na Afirka" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344); Kymlicka's (1995) "Cibiyar al'adu da yawa: Ka'idar 'Yancin tsiraru" wanda ya yarda kuma ya amince da "hakkoki daban-daban na rukuni" ga wasu ƙungiyoyin da suka fuskanci wariyar launin fata na tarihi, wariya da wariya; Ka'idar Galtung (1969). tashin hankali na tsari wanda ke nuna tsarin zalunci da ke hana wani sashe na ƴan ƙasa samun dama ga ainihin bukatunsu da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam wanda hakan ya tilasta wa mutane “haƙiƙanin fahimtar tunanin mutum da tunani su kasance ƙasa da abin da za su iya fahimta” (Galtung, 1969, shafi na 168); kuma a ƙarshe Burton (2001) sukar "tsarin iko na gargajiya" - tsarin da aka kwatanta a cikin tunanin "mu-su" - wanda ke riƙe da cewa mutane waɗanda cibiyoyi da ƙa'idodi da suka shafi ikon- Tsarin fitattun mutane tabbas zai amsa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da tashin hankali da rashin biyayya na zamantakewa.
Binciken rikicin kabilanci a Amurka wanda wannan takarda ta samu nasarar yin hakan bisa la’akari da wadannan ka’idoji, tare da taimakon wasu misalai na hakika ya nuna sauyi ko sauyi daga. a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata to rufaffen wariyar launin fata. Wannan sauyi ya faru ne saboda bisa ga ka'idar hukuma da kuma a ka'idar, an kawar da wariyar launin fata a Amurka. Ta hanyar al'adun gargajiya na yau da kullun, tarin al'adun gargajiya, kuma a aikace, wariyar launin fata ta misaltuwa daga fayyace ka'idodinta na tsari zuwa rufaffen tsari, sifa; ya tashi daga kula da kasa zuwa ga ikon mutum; daga zahirin dabi'unsa a bayyane zuwa ga wani nau'i na boye, rufaffe, boye, boye, ganuwa, lullube, lullube, da kamanni.
Wannan ɓoyayyiyar, ɓoyayyi, tsari ko ɓoyayyiyar nau'in wariyar launin fata shine abin da wannan takarda ke nufi da ɓoyayyen wariyar launin fata. Wannan takarda ta tabbatar da cewa kamar yadda kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta taka rawa wajen kawo karshen a fili tsarin wariyar launin fata, nuna wariya da wariya a cikin Amurka, ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter ta kasance da ƙarfin hali wajen ɓoye bayanan. rufaffen wariyar launin fata a Amurka. Misali na musamman na iya zama abubuwan da suka faru a Ferguson, Missouri, waɗanda suka ba da zurfin fahimtar yanayin rufaffen wariyar launin fata ga masu bincike, masu tsara manufofi da sauran jama'a ta hanyar Rahoton DOJ (2015) wanda ya nuna cewa ayyukan tilasta bin doka na Ferguson yana cutar da mazauna Ba'amurke Ba'amurke na Ferguson kuma ana haifar da su a wani ɓangare ta hanyar nuna bambancin launin fata, ciki har da stereotyping (shafi na 62). Don haka ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta zama “muryar launi” ta musamman (Tyson, 2015, shafi na 360) tana taimaka wa ’yan Afirka masu rinjaye a tarihi da wariyar launin fata don ba da labarunsu yayin da suke fuskantar wariya.
Labarunsu sun taimaka wajen warware ɓoyayyen wariyar launin fata a Amurka. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar 21st Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama na karni na Afirka ba su yi ta da murya ba, da kuma nazarin kalubalen da suke fuskanta a fafutukarsu tare da yin nazari kan martanin gwamnati da farar fata masu rinjaye.
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Marubucin, Dr. Basil Ugorji, shi ne Shugaba kuma Shugaba na Cibiyar Sasanci na Kabilanci da Addini ta Duniya. Ya samu digirin digirgir (Ph.D). a cikin Binciken Rikici da Ƙaddamarwa daga Sashen Nazarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Jami'ar Nova ta Kudu maso Gabas, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
