Hindutva a Amurka: Fahimtar Haɓaka Rikicin Kabilanci da na Addini

Tarihi

Indiya kasa ce mai bambancin kabila mai yawan biliyan 1.38. Tare da nata tsirarun musulmin da aka kiyasta kimanin miliyan 200, ana iya tsammanin siyasar Indiya za ta rungumi jam'iyyar jama'a a matsayin wani bangare na asalinta a matsayin "dimokiradiyya mafi girma a duniya." Abin takaici, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, siyasar Indiya ta zama mai rarraba da kyamar Musulunci.

Don fahimtar rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa da al'adu mutum yana iya tunawa da shekaru 200 na mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, na farko daga Kamfanin British East India sannan kuma ta Burtaniya Crown. Haka kuma, Rarrabuwar Indiya da Pakistan da aka zubar da jini a shekara ta 1947 ya raba yankin bisa tushen addini, wanda ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Indiya da makwabciyarta, Pakistan, al'ummar da ke da kusan musulmi gaba daya miliyan 220.

"Hindutva" akidar kishin kasa ce mai kamanceceniya da kishin kishin Hindu masu tasowa da ke adawa da tsarin addini da kuma tunanin Indiya a matsayin "Hindu Rashtra (al'umma)." Hindutva ita ce ka'idar jagorar Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), reshe na dama, Hindu kishin kasa, kungiyar da aka kafa a 1925 wanda ke da alaƙa da babbar hanyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyin dama, gami da Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) wanda ke da Ya jagoranci gwamnatin Indiya tun daga 2014. Hindutva ba wai kawai kira ga babban jam'iyyar Brahmin na neman ci gaba da gata ba amma an tsara shi a matsayin populist motsi mai jan hankali ga "matsakaicin da aka yi watsi da su. ^[1]. "

Duk da kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya bayan mulkin mallaka ya haramta wariya dangane da asalin kabila, tsarin kabilanci ya kasance mai karfin al'adu a Indiya, alal misali an tattara shi zuwa kungiyoyin matsin lamba na siyasa. Har yanzu ana yin bayani game da tashin hankalin al'umma har ma da kisan kai, har ma an daidaita su ta fuskar kabilanci. Marubuci dan kasar Indiya, Devdutt Pattanaik, ya bayyana yadda "Hindutva ta samu nasarar karfafa bankunan kuri'un Hindu ta hanyar amincewa da gaskiyar kabilanci da kuma kyamar Islama da rashin kunya da daidaita shi da kishin kasa." Kuma Farfesa Harish S. Wankhede ya kammala^[2], “Yankin hannun dama na yanzu baya so ya dagula tsarin zamantakewa na aiki. Madadin haka, masu goyon bayan Hindutva suna siyasantar da rarrabuwar kawuna, suna karfafa dabi'un zamantakewa na uba da kuma bikin kadarorin al'adun Brahmanical."

Daɗaɗawa, ƙananan al'ummomi sun sha fama da rashin haƙuri na addini da son zuciya a ƙarƙashin sabuwar gwamnatin BJP. An yi niyya mafi yawa, Musulman Indiya sun ga yadda zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ke ta ɗokin zazzafar zaɓen daga tallata kamfen ɗin cin zarafi ta yanar gizo da kauracewa tattalin arziƙin kasuwancin musulmi zuwa ga kiraye-kirayen kisan kiyashi da wasu shugabannin Hindu suka yi. Rikicin ƴan tsiraru ya haɗa da zage-zage da taka tsantsan.^[3]

A matakin siyasa, keɓance kishin Hindu na keɓancewa a cikin Dokar Canjin zama ɗan ƙasa ta Indiya ta 2019 (CAA), wacce ke barazanar ba da izini ga miliyoyin Musulmai na asalin Bengali. Kamar yadda Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Duniya ta Amurka ta lura, "CAA tana ba da hanya mai sauri ga baƙi waɗanda ba musulmi ba daga Afghanistan, Bangladesh da Pakistan da ke da rinjayen musulmi don neman izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Indiya. Dokar da gaske tana ba wa mutane zaɓaɓɓu, al'ummomin da ba musulmi ba a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a Indiya kuma ta tanadi nau'in 'baƙin haure' ga Musulmai kaɗai."^[4] Musulman Rohingya da ke tserewa kisan kiyashi a Myanmar da kuma zama a Jammu sun fuskanci barazanar tashin hankali da kuma korar shugabannin BJP.^[5] An ci zarafin masu fafutukar yaki da CAA, 'yan jarida da dalibai da kuma tsare su.

Akidar Hindutva tana yaduwa ta kungiyoyi da yawa a akalla kasashe 40 na duniya, karkashin jagorancin magoya bayan jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki a Indiya da na Firayim Minista Narendra Modi. Sangh Parivar ("Iyalin RSS") kalma ce ta tarin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Hindu waɗanda suka haɗa da Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, ko "Ƙungiyar Hindu ta Duniya,") waɗanda CIA ta ware a matsayin ƙungiyar addini mai fafutuka a cikin Duniyar ta. Factbook ta 2018 shigarwa^[6] don Indiya. Da'awar "kare" addinin Hindu da al'adu, reshen matasa na VHP Bajrang Dal ya aiwatar da ayyuka masu yawa na tashin hankali.^[7] harin da aka kai wa Musulman Indiya kuma an lasafta shi a matsayin mayaka. Kodayake littafin Factbook a halin yanzu bai yanke irin wannan shawarar ba, an sami rahotanni a cikin watan Agusta 2022 cewa Bajrang Dal yana shirya "horar da makamai ga mabiya addinin Hindu."^[8]

Koyaya, wasu kungiyoyi da yawa kuma sun yada ra'ayin kishin kasa na Hindutva a Indiya da kuma duniya baki daya. Misali, Vishwa Hindu Parishad na Amurka (VHPA) na iya kasancewa bisa doka ta bambanta da VHP a Indiya wanda ya tunzura lalata Masallacin Babri mai tarihi a 1992 da kuma tashin hankalin tsakanin jama'a da ya biyo baya.^[9] Koyaya, a fili ta goyi bayan shugabannin VHP waɗanda ke haɓaka tashin hankali. Misali, a cikin 2021 VHPA ta gayyaci Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, babban limamin Haikali na Dasna Devi a Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, kuma shugaban Hindu Swabhiman (Mutunta Kai na Hindu), don a karrama mai magana a wani bikin addini. Daga cikin wasu tsokana, Saraswati ya yi kaurin suna wajen yabon masu kishin addinin Hindu na kashe Mahatma Gandhi, da kiran musulmi aljanu.^[10] An tilasta wa VHPA soke gayyata tasu ne biyo bayan wata takarda ta #RejectHate, amma wasu da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar, kamar Sonal Shah, kwanan nan an nada su zuwa mukamai masu tasiri a cikin Gwamnatin Biden.^[11]

A Indiya, Rashtrasevika Samiti tana wakiltar reshen mata, ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar maza ta RSS. Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) ta yi aiki a cikin Amurka, ta fara aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a ƙarshen 1970s sannan aka haɗa ta cikin 1989, yayin da take aiki a cikin wasu ƙasashe sama da 150 waɗanda ke da rassa 3289 da aka kiyasta.^[12]. A {asar Amirka, Ƙungiyar Hindu American Foundation (HAF), wata ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara da ke nuna sukar Hindutva kamar yadda Hindu ta ƙi.^[13]

Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin galibi suna haɗuwa, suna samar da cibiyar sadarwa ta shugabannin Hindutva da masu tasiri. Wannan alaƙar ta bayyana a watan Satumba na 2019 yayin gangamin Howdy Modi a Houston, Texas, lokacin da damar siyasa ta al'ummar Amurkawa ta Hindu ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labarai a Amurka. A gefe guda, Shugaba Trump da Firayim Minista Modi sun yaba wa juna. Amma 'Howdy, Modi' sun taru ba kawai Shugaba Trump da Amurkawa Indiyawa 50,000 ba, amma 'yan siyasa da yawa, ciki har da Shugaban masu rinjaye na Democrat Steny Hoyer da Sanata John Cornyn na Republican Texas da Ted Cruz.

Kamar yadda Intercept ta ruwaito a lokacin^[14], “Shugaban kwamitin shirya taron ‘Howdy, Modi’, Jugal Malani, shi ne surukin mataimakin shugaban HSS na kasa.^[15] da kuma mai ba da shawara ga gidauniyar Ekal Vidyalaya ta Amurka^[16], ƙungiyar sa-kai ta ilimi wacce takwararta ta Indiya ke da alaƙa da kashe kashe RSS. Yayan Malani, Rishi Bhutada*, shi ne babban mai magana da yawun taron kuma mamba ne na kungiyar Hindu American Foundation.^[17], sananne ne da dabarun da ya dace don yin tasiri ga maganganun siyasa a Indiya da Hindu. Wani mai magana da yawun, Gitesh Desai, shi ne shugaban kasa^[18] na babin Houston na Sewa International, ƙungiyar sabis da ke da alaƙa da HSS."

A cikin takarda mai mahimmanci da cikakken bayani na 2014 bincike^[19] Taswirar yanayin yanayin Hindutva a cikin Amurka, masu bincike na yanar gizo na Jama'ar Kudancin Asiya sun riga sun bayyana Sangh Parivar (iyali na Sangh), cibiyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyi a sahun gaba na motsin Hindutva, kamar yadda ke da kiyasin adadin membobin da ke cikin miliyoyin, kuma tara miliyoyin daloli ga ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a Indiya.

Ciki har da dukkanin kungiyoyin addini, yawan al'ummar Indiyawan Texas ya ninka sau biyu a cikin shekaru 10 da suka wuce zuwa kusan 450,000, amma yawancinsu suna da alaka da Jam'iyyar Democrat. Tasirin lokacin Howdy Modi^[20] ya nuna karin nasarorin da Firayim Minista Modi ya samu wajen misalta muradin Indiya fiye da duk wani abin jan hankali ga Shugaba Donald Trump. Al'ummar sun fi goyon bayan Modi fiye da jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), kamar yadda yawancin baƙi Indiya.^[21] a Amurka sun fito ne daga Kudancin Indiya inda Modi mai mulki BJP ba ya da wani tasiri. Haka kuma, ko da yake wasu shugabannin Hindutva a Amurka sun nuna kakkausar suka ga katangar kan iyaka da Trump ya yi a Texas, yawan bakin haure na Indiya na ketare iyakar kudancin kasar.^[22], da kuma manufofin gwamnatinsa masu tsaurin ra'ayi kan shige da fice - musamman iyaka kan visar H1-B, da shirin cire masu buƙatun biza na H-4 (ma'auratan masu riƙe da bizar H1-B) na haƙƙin yin aiki - ya ware wasu da dama a cikin al'umma. "Masu kishin addinin Hindu a Amurka sun yi amfani da matsayinsu na 'yan tsiraru don kare kansu yayin da suke goyon bayan wani yunkuri na masu kishin kasa a Indiya," in ji Dieter Friedrich, wani manazarci kan harkokin Kudancin Asiya da Intercept ya nakalto.^[23] A cikin Indiya da Amurka, shugabannin masu ra'ayin kishin kasa masu raba kan jama'a suna inganta siyasar masu rinjaye don yin kira ga masu jefa kuri'a.^[24]

Kamar yadda 'yar jarida Sonia Paul ta rubuta a cikin The Atlantic,^[25] "Radha Hegde, farfesa a Jami'ar New York kuma babban editan littafin Littafin Jagora na Ƙwararrun Indiyawan Indiya, ya tsara gangamin Modi na Houston a matsayin wanda ke haskaka ƙungiyar masu jefa ƙuri'a mafi yawan Amurkawa ba sa la'akari da shi. 'A wannan lokacin na addinin Hindu,' ta gaya mani, 'Ana tashe su a matsayin 'yan Hindu Amurkawa.' "Wataƙila yawancin 'yan Hindu Amurkawa na ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da RSS ba su da cikakkiyar koyarwa, amma kawai suna da alaƙa da Indiyawan masu tasowa. kishin kasa. Kuma duk da haka yana da matukar damuwa cewa wannan "farkawa" ya faru ne makonni kadan bayan gwamnatin Modi ta kori Jammu da Kashmir daga cin gashin kansu tare da sanya musulmai miliyan biyu cikin hadarin rashin kasa a jihar Assam.^[26]

Yakin Al'adu na Littafin Karatu

Kamar yadda Amirkawa suka rigaya suka sani daga ci gaba da "haƙƙin iyaye" da Muhawara ta Critical Race Theory (CRT), fadace-fadacen manhaja na makaranta suna da tsari da yaƙe-yaƙe na al'adu mafi girma na al'umma. Tsarin sake rubuta tarihi wani muhimmin bangare ne na akidar kishin kasa ta Hindu kuma Hindutva kutsawa cikin manhajoji ya zama abin damuwa na kasa duka a Indiya da Amurka. Duk da yake ana iya buƙatar wasu gyare-gyare a cikin hoton Hindu, tsarin ya kasance da siyasa tun farko.^[27]

A cikin 2005 masu fafutukar Hindutva sun shigar da kara [wanda] don hana "hotuna mara kyau" na kabilanci daga shigar da su cikin manhajar karatu.^[28]. Kamar yadda Labs Equality ya bayyana a cikin binciken su na 2018 na caste a Amurka, "gyaran su sun haɗa da ƙoƙarin shafe kalmar "Dalit", shafe asalin Caste a cikin nassi na Hindu, yayin da a lokaci guda kuma yana rage ƙalubalen da Sikh ya yi wa Caste da Brahmanism. Buda, da al'adun Islama. Bugu da ƙari, sun yi ƙoƙarin gabatar da cikakkun bayanai na tatsuniyoyi a cikin tarihin wayewar kwarin Indus yayin da suke ƙoƙarin ɓata Musulunci a matsayin addinin kawai na cin zali a Kudancin Asiya."^[29]

Ga masu kishin addinin Hindu, abin da ya gabata na Indiya ya ƙunshi wayewar Hindu mai ɗaukaka wanda ya biyo bayan mulkin ƙarni na musulmi wanda Firayim Minista Modi ya bayyana a matsayin shekaru dubu na "bautar."^[30] Masana tarihi masu mutuntawa waɗanda suka dage wajen bayyana ra'ayi mai rikitarwa sun sami tsangwama ta kan layi don ra'ayoyin "anti-Hindu, anti-Indiya". Misali, ’yar shekara 89 fitacciyar ’yar tarihi, Romila Thapar, tana karɓar rafi na yau da kullun na hotunan batsa daga mabiyan Modi.^[31]

A cikin 2016 Jami'ar California (Irvine) ta ƙi bayar da tallafin dala miliyan 6 daga Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Dharma (DCF) bayan ƙwararrun masana ilimi da yawa sun sanya hannu kan takardar koke suna lura cewa ƙungiyoyin DCF sun yi ƙoƙarin gabatar da sauye-sauye na gaskiya ga littattafan karatu na California na shida. game da addinin Hindu^[32], kuma ya nuna damuwa game da rahoton kafofin watsa labarai da ke nuna gudummawar ya dogara ne akan jami'ar da ke zabar wadanda DCF ke so. Kwamitin malamai ya sami tushe "mafi tsananin akida" tare da "matsanancin ra'ayi na dama."^[33] Bayan haka, hukumar ta DCF ta bayyana shirin tara dala miliyan daya^[34] don Jami'ar Hindu ta Amurka^[35], wanda ke ba da tallafin cibiyoyi ga mutane a fagen ilimi wanda Sangh ya ba da fifiko, a matsayin reshen ilimi na VHPA.

A cikin 2020, iyayen da ke da alaƙa da iyaye mata a kan Koyar da Kiyayya a Makarantu (Project-MATHS) sun tambayi dalilin da yasa app ɗin karatun Epic, wanda makarantun jama'a a duk faɗin Amurka ke da su a cikin karatunsu, sun nuna tarihin rayuwar Firayim Minista Modi wanda ke nuna da'awar sa na karya game da nasa. nasarorin ilimi, da kuma hare-haren da ya kaiwa Jam'iyyar Congress Party na Mahatma Gandhi.^[36]

Ana ci gaba da samun tashin hankali. A cikin faɗuwar shekarar 2021 masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da masu sukar gwamnatin Modi sun shirya wani taron kan layi, Rushe Global Hindutva, gami da bangarori kan tsarin kabilanci, kyamar Islama da bambance-bambance tsakanin addinin Hindu addinin da Hindutva akidar masu rinjaye. Sassan jami'o'in Amurka sama da 40 ne suka dauki nauyin taron, ciki har da Harvard da Columbia. Gidauniyar Hindu American Foundation da sauran mambobin kungiyar Hindutva sun yi tir da taron da cewa ya haifar da yanayi mai kyama ga daliban Hindu.^[37] Kusan saƙon imel miliyan ɗaya ne aka aika don nuna adawa ga jami'o'i, kuma gidan yanar gizon taron ya tafi layi kwana biyu bayan wani korafi na ƙarya. A lokacin da taron ya gudana a ranar 10 ga Satumba, masu shirya shi da masu magana sun fuskanci barazanar kisa da fyade. A Indiya, tashoshin labarai na Pro-Modi sun inganta zargin cewa taron ya ba da "rufin basira ga Taliban."^[38]

Kungiyoyin Hindutva sun yi iƙirarin cewa taron ya yaɗa "Hinduphobia". Gyan Prakash, wani masanin tarihi a Jami'ar Princeton wanda ya kasance mai jawabi a taron Hindutva ya ce "Suna amfani da yaren al'adu daban-daban na Amurka don sanya duk wani zargi a matsayin Hindu mai kyama."^[39] Wasu malaman jami'o'in sun janye daga taron ne saboda tsoron iyalansu, amma wasu kamar Audrey Truschke, farfesa a tarihin Kudancin Asiya a jami'ar Rutgers, tuni ta samu barazanar kisa da fyade daga masu kishin addinin Hindu saboda aikin da ta yi kan sarakunan musulmin Indiya. Sau da yawa tana buƙatar tsaro da makamai don abubuwan da ke magana da jama'a.

Wasu dalibai mabiya addinin Hindu daga Rutgers sun kai karar gwamnatin kasar, inda suka bukaci a hana ta koyar da kwasa-kwasan addinin Hindu da Indiya.^[40] An kuma ambaci Farfesa Audrey Truschke a cikin karar HAF don yin tweeting^[41] game da labarin al Jazeera da kuma Hindu American Foundation. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2021, ta kuma ba da shaida a cikin Briefing na Majalisa, "Harin Hindu akan 'Yancin Ilimi."^[42]

Ta yaya kishin addinin Hindu na hannun dama ya bunkasa isarsa a fannin ilimi?^[43] A farkon 2008 Gangamin Dakatar da Tallafin Kiyayya (CSFH) ya fitar da rahotonsa, "Ba tare da kuskure Sangh: The National HSC da Hindutva Agenda," yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka reshen ɗaliban Sangh Parivar a Amurka - Majalisar Daliban Hindu (HSC) ).^[44] Dangane da bayanan haraji na VHPA, yin rajista tare da Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Amurka, bayanan rajistar yankin Intanet, wuraren adana kayan tarihi da wallafe-wallafe na HSC, rahoton ya rubuta “dogon hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin HSC da Sangh daga 1990 zuwa yanzu.” An kafa HSC a cikin 1990 a matsayin aikin VHP na Amurka.^[45] HSC ta inganta masu magana da rarrabuwar kawuna da bangaranci kamar Ashok Singhal da Sadhvi Rithambara da adawa da ƙoƙarin ɗalibai na haɓaka haɗa kai.^[46]

Koyaya, matasan Ba'amurke na iya shiga HSC ba tare da sanin alaƙar “marasa ganuwa” tsakanin HSC da Sangh ba. Misali, a matsayinsa na memba mai ƙwazo na ƙungiyar ɗaliban Hindu a Jami'ar Cornell, Samir ya duba don ƙarfafa al'ummarsa don shiga cikin tattaunawar adalci na zamantakewa da launin fata tare da haɓaka ruhaniya. Ya gaya mani yadda ya kai ga Majalisar Hindu ta kasa don shirya babban taron dalibai da aka yi a MIT a cikin 2017. A cikin magana da abokan aikinsa, ba da daɗewa ba ya ji daɗi kuma ya yi takaici lokacin da HSC ta gayyaci marubuci Rajiv Malhotra a matsayin babban mai magana.^[47] Malhotra babban mai goyon bayan Hindutva ne, mai adawa da masu sukar Hindutva da kuma kan layi. mai ba da labari a kan malaman ilimi bai yarda da su ba^[48]. Misali, Malhotra ta ci gaba da kai hari kan school Wendy Doniger, inda ta kai mata hari ta hanyar jima'i da kuma na sirri wanda daga baya aka maimaita a cikin zarge-zargen cin nasara a Indiya cewa a cikin 2014 ta sami littafinta, "Hindus," an dakatar da ita a kasar.

Duk da hadarin, wasu mutane da kungiyoyi sun ci gaba da ja da baya a kan Hindutva a bainar jama'a^[49], yayin da wasu ke neman mafita. Tun da gwanintarsa ​​tare da HSC, Samir ya sami mafi sassaucin ra'ayi da budaddiyar al'ummar Hindu kuma yanzu yana aiki a matsayin memba na Sadhana, ƙungiyar Hindu mai ci gaba. Ya ce: “Bangaskiya tana da girman kai. Koyaya, a cikin Amurka akwai layukan kabilanci da na kabilanci waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa, amma a Indiya waɗannan galibi suna kan layin addini, kuma ko da kun fi son a ware bangaskiya da siyasa, yana da wuya a yi tsammanin wasu sharhi daga shugabannin addini na gida. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kowace jam'iyya, kuma wasu gidajen ibada suna nesanta duk wani sharhi na "siyasa", yayin da wasu ke nuna kyakkyawar al'adar kishin kasa, ta hanyar tallafawa ginin Temple na Ram Janmabhoomi akan wurin da masallacin Ayodhya da aka lalata ya ke alal misali. Ba na jin rarrabuwar Hagu/dama a Amurka daidai suke da na Indiya. Hindutva a cikin mahallin Amurka suna haɗuwa tare da Haƙƙin Ikklesiyoyin bishara akan Islama, amma ba akan duk batutuwa ba. Dangantaka na dama yana da sarkakiya."

Tura Baya

Ayyukan shari'a na baya-bayan nan sun sa batun kabilanci ya kara fitowa fili. A cikin Yuli 2020, masu kula da California sun kai karar kamfanin Cisco Systems bisa zargin nuna wariya ga wani injiniyan Indiya da abokan aikinsa na Indiya suka yi a yayin da dukkansu ke aiki a jihar.^[50]. Shari'ar ta yi iƙirarin cewa Cisco bai isa ya magance damuwar ma'aikacin Dalit da ya fusata ba cewa abokan aikin Hindu na manyan ɓangarorin sun ci zarafinsa. Kamar yadda Vidya Krishnan ta rubuta a cikin Tekun Atlantika, “Batun Sisiko alama ce ta tarihi. Kamfanin-kowane kamfani-ba zai taɓa fuskantar irin wannan tuhume-tuhumen ba a Indiya, inda nuna wariyar launin fata, ko da yake ba bisa ka'ida ba, gaskiya ce da aka yarda da ita… hukuncin zai kafa misali ga duk kamfanonin Amurka, musamman waɗanda ke da ɗimbin ma'aikata ko ayyuka na Indiya. a Indiya."^[51] 

A shekara mai zuwa, a cikin Mayu na 2021, wata ƙarar tarayya ta yi zargin cewa wata ƙungiyar Hindu, Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, wanda aka fi sani da BAPS, ta yaudari ma'aikatan ƙananan yara sama da 200 zuwa Amurka don gina babban haikalin Hindu a New Jersey. , biyan su kadan kamar $1.20 awa daya na shekaru da yawa.^[52] Shari’ar ta ce ma’aikatan na zaune ne a wani shingen katanga inda na’urorin daukar hoto da masu gadi ke lura da motsin su. BAPS yana ƙirga sama da mandirs 1200 a cikin hanyar sadarwar sa da kuma sama da haikali 50 a cikin Amurka da Burtaniya, wasu manyan gaske. Duk da yake an san shi da hidimar al'umma da taimakon jama'a, BAPS ta fito fili ta tallafawa tare da ba da tallafi ga Ram Mandir a Ayodhya, wanda aka gina a wurin wani masallaci mai tarihi da 'yan kishin Hindu suka rushe, kuma Firayim Minista Modi na Indiya yana da kusanci da kungiyar. BAPS ta musanta zargin cin zarafin ma'aikata.^[53]

Kusan lokaci guda, babban haɗin gwiwar masu fafutuka na Ba’amurke Ba’amurke da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a sun yi kira ga Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Amurka (SBA) da ta binciki yadda ƙungiyoyin dama na Hindu suka karɓi ɗaruruwan dubban daloli a cikin asusun tallafi na COVID-19 na tarayya, kamar yadda aka ruwaito. ta Al Jazeera a watan Afrilu 2021.^[54] Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da RSS sun karɓi sama da $833,000 a cikin biyan kuɗi kai tsaye, da lamuni. Al Jazeera ya nakalto John Prabhudoss, shugaban kungiyar Kungiyoyin Kiristocin Amurkawa ta Indiya: "Kungiyoyi masu sa ido na gwamnati da kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suna bukatar yin la'akari da yadda ake karkatar da tallafin COVID daga kungiyoyin masu kishin Hindu a Amurka."

Addinin Islama

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, a Indiya tallata maganganun Anti-Musulmi ya yadu. Pogrom anti-Musulmi a Delhi^[55] ta zo daidai da ziyarar farko da Donald Trump ya kai Indiya^[56]. Kuma a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata kamfen na kan layi sun inganta tsoro game da "jihadi soyayya"^[57] (Yin kulla abota da auratayya tsakanin addinai), Coronajihad”^[58], (suna zargin yaduwar cutar a kan musulmi) da kuma "Spit Jihad" (watau "Thook Jihad") suna zargin cewa musulmi masu sayar da abinci sun tofa a cikin abincin da suke sayarwa.^[59]

A cikin Disamba 2021, shugabannin Hindu a "Majalisar Addini" a Haridwar sun yi kira da a yi kisan kare dangi a kan Musulmi.^[60], ba tare da la'akari daga Firayim Minista Modi ko mabiyansa ba. Watanni kawai a baya, VHP na Amurka^[61] ya gayyaci Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, babban limamin Haikali na Dasna Devi a matsayin babban mai magana.^[62]. An soke taron da aka shirya bayan korafe-korafe da dama. Yati ya riga ya yi suna saboda "fadar kiyayya" tsawon shekaru kuma an tsare shi bayan ya yi kira da a yi kisan gilla a watan Disamba.

Tabbas akwai babban jawabin kyamar Musulunci a Turai^[63], Amurka, Kanada da sauran ƙasashe. An shafe shekaru da yawa ana adawa da gina masallaci a Amurka^[64]. Irin wannan adawa yawanci ana bayyana shi ne dangane da karuwar damuwar zirga-zirga amma a cikin 2021 an lura da yadda mabiya addinin Hindu suka kasance masu adawa da wani shirin fadada masallaci a Naperville, IL.^[65].

A Naperville 'yan adawa sun nuna damuwa game da tsayin minaret da kuma yiwuwar watsa kiran sallah. Kwanan nan a Kanada, Ravi Hooda, mai ba da agaji ga reshen yankin Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS)^[66] kuma memba na Hukumar Makarantar Peel District da ke yankin Toronto, ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa ba da damar watsa kiran sallar musulmi yana bude kofa ga "hanyoyi daban-daban na mahayin rakumi da akuya" ko kuma dokoki "wanda ke bukatar dukkan mata su rufe kansu daga kai zuwa kafa a cikin tanti. .”^[67]

Irin wannan kalaman ƙiyayya da wulakanci sun haifar da tashin hankali da goyon bayan tashin hankali. Sanannen abu ne cewa a cikin 2011, dan ta'adda na hannun dama Anders Behring Breivik ya samu wani bangare na ra'ayin Hindutva ya kashe mambobin matasa 77 da ke da alaka da Jam'iyyar Labour ta Norway. A cikin Janairu 2017^[68], wani harin ta'addanci da aka kai a wani masallaci a birnin Quebec ya kashe musulmi 'yan ci-rani 6 tare da jikkata 19^[69], wahayi ta hanyar kasancewar reshen dama mai ƙarfi a cikin gida (ciki har da babi na ƙungiyar ƙiyayya ta Nordic^[70]) da kuma ƙiyayya ta kan layi. Haka kuma a kasar Canada, a shekarar 2021 kungiyar kare hakkin addinin Hindu ta kasar Canada karkashin jagorancin mai kishin Islama Ron Banerjee, ta shirya wani gangami na nuna goyon baya ga mutumin da ya kashe musulmi hudu da babbar motarsa ​​a birnin Landan na kasar Canada.^[71]. Ko da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura kuma ya yi Allah wadai da wannan harin da aka kai^[72]. Banarjee sananne ne. A cikin wani faifan bidiyo da aka saka a asusun Youtube na Rise Canada a watan Oktoban 2015, ana iya ganin Banerjee rike da Alkur'ani a lokacin da yake tofa shi yana goge shi a karshensa. A cikin wani faifan bidiyo da aka ɗora akan asusun YouTube na Rise Canada a cikin Janairu 2018, Banerjee ya bayyana Musulunci a matsayin "a matsayin ƙungiyar fyade."^[73]

Yada Tasiri

Babu shakka yawancin mabiya addinin Hindu a Amurka ba sa goyon bayan tunzura jama'a ko irin wannan tashin hankali. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin Hindutva sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su a kan gaba wajen yin abokai da kuma yin tasiri ga mutane a cikin gwamnati. Ana iya ganin nasarar da suka samu a kokarinsu na gazawar majalisar dokokin Amurka wajen yin Allah wadai da soke cin gashin kan yankin Kashmir a shekarar 2019 ko kuma tauye hakkin musulmi a jihar Assam. Ana iya lura da shi a cikin gazawar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na ayyana Indiya a matsayin Kasa ta Musamman (CPC), duk da kwakkwaran shawarar da Hukumar Yancin Addinai ta Amurka ta bayar.

Kamar yadda yake da kuzari da azama kamar yadda yake kutsawa cikin tsarin ilimin Amurka, isar da sako na Hindutva yana kaiwa ga dukkan matakan gwamnati, kamar yadda suke da 'yancin yin hakan. Duk da haka, dabarun matsi na iya zama m. The Intercept^[74] ya bayyana yadda dan majalisar dokokin Indiya Ro Khanna ya fice daga wani taron manema labarai na watan Mayu na 2019 kan nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin minti na karshe saboda "matsi daga kungiyoyin Hindu masu tasiri."^[75] Abokin aikin sa Pramila Jayapal ya kasance mai daukar nauyin taron. Tare da shirya zanga-zanga a taron al'ummarsa.^[76] Masu fafutuka sun hada kungiyoyin Hindu da Indiyawan Amurka sama da 230 da kuma daidaikun mutane, ciki har da gidauniyar Hindu American Foundation, don aika wa Khanna wasika suna sukar bayaninsa kan Kashmir tare da neman ya fice daga Majalisar Pakistan Caucus, wanda ya shiga kwanan nan.

Wakilai Ilham Omar da Rashida Tlaib sun yi tsayin daka da irin wadannan dabarun matsin lamba, amma wasu da dama ba su yi ba; misali, Wakilin Tom Suozzi (D, NY), wanda ya zaɓi ja da baya kan maganganun ƙa'ida akan Kashmir. Kuma gabanin zaben shugaban kasa, Gidauniyar Hindu ta Amurka ta yi gargadi da duhu game da shugabancin jam'iyyar Democrat da ke zama "mai kallon bebe" na "karuwar kyamar Hindu" a cikin jam'iyyar.^[77].

Bayan zaben Shugaba Biden na shekarar 2020, gwamnatinsa ta bayyana cewa ta yi watsi da sukar da ya yi na zaben wakilan yakin neman zabensa.^[78]. Zaben yakin neman zabensa na Amit Jani a matsayin mai hulda da al’ummar Musulmi tabbas ya tayar da kura, saboda danginsa suna da sanannun alaka da RSS. Wasu masu sharhi sun soki "haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin musulmi, Dalit, da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi" saboda kamfen ɗin ta na intanet kan Jani, wanda mahaifinsa ya haɗu da Abokan BJP na ƙasashen waje.^[79]

An kuma taso da tambayoyi da yawa game da alaƙar Tulsi Gabbard na Wakilin Majalisa (kuma ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa) da ƴan Hindu na dama.^[80]. Yayin da saƙon Kirista na dama-dama da saƙon Hindu na hannun dama ke aiki a layi daya maimakon yin tsaka-tsaki, Rep Gabbard ba sabon abu bane wajen haɗawa da mazabun biyu.^[81]

A matakin majalisar dokokin jihar New York, ‘yar majalisar Jenifer Rajkumar ta sha suka kan masu ba da gudummawarta masu alaka da Hindutva.^[82] Kungiyar al'ummar yankin Queens Against Hindu Fascism ta kuma lura da nuna goyon bayanta ga Firayim Minista Modi. Wani wakilin yankin, Sanatan Jihar Ohio Niraj Antani ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar a watan Satumba na 2021 cewa ya yi Allah wadai da taron 'Rage Hindutva' "a cikin mafi kyawun sharuddan da zai yiwu" a matsayin "ba wani abu ba ne illa wariyar launin fata da nuna kiyayya ga Hindu."^[83] Wataƙila akwai misalai da yawa irin wannan na pandering waɗanda za a iya haƙa tare da ƙarin bincike.

A karshe, ana kokarin tuntubar masu unguwanni da kuma horar da sassan ‘yan sanda.^[84] Yayin da al'ummar Indiyawa da Hindu ke da 'yancin yin hakan, wasu masu lura da al'amura sun tada tambayoyi game da shigar Hindutva, misali dangantakar HSS tare da sassan 'yan sanda a Troy da Caton, Michigan, da Irving, Texas.^[85]

Tare da jagororin Hindutva masu tasiri, masu tunani, masu fafutuka da jami'an leken asiri suna goyon bayan yakin neman zaben gwamnatin Modi a Amurka da Kanada.^[86] Koyaya, bayan wannan, yana da mahimmanci don ƙarin fahimtar sa ido, ɓarnatar bayanai da kamfen ɗin farfaganda da ake tallatawa akan layi.

Social Media, Jarida da Yakin Al'adu

Indiya ita ce kasuwa mafi girma a Facebook, inda mutane miliyan 328 ke amfani da dandalin sada zumunta. Bugu da kari, wasu 'yan kasar Indiya miliyan 400 ne ke amfani da saƙon Facebook na WhatsApp^[87]. Abin takaici, waɗannan kafofin watsa labarun sun zama abin ƙyama da rashin fahimta. A Indiya, kashe-kashen shanu da dama na faruwa bayan jita-jita da aka yada a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman WhatsApp^[88]. Ana yawan raba faifan bidiyo na sara da duka a WhatsApp kuma.^[89] 

Mata masu ba da rahoto sun sha wahala musamman daga barazanar cin zarafin jima'i, "depfakes" da doxing. Masu sukar Firayim Minista Modi sun shigo musamman saboda cin zarafi. Misali, a cikin 2016, 'yar jarida Rana Ayub ta wallafa littafi game da yadda Firayim Minista ya hada baki da mummunan tarzoma a Gujarat 2002. Ba da jimawa ba, baya ga samun barazanar kisa da yawa, Ayub ya samu labarin wani faifan bidiyo na batsa da ake yadawa a kungiyoyin WhatsApp daban-daban.^[90] Fuskar ta na kan fuskar wani jarumin fina-finan batsa, inda ta yi amfani da fasahar Deepfake da ta yi amfani da fuskar Rana wajen daidaita kalaman sha'awa.

Ms. Ayub ta rubuta, "Mafi yawan masu amfani da Twitter da asusun Facebook da suka buga bidiyon batsa da hotunan batsa suna bayyana kansu a matsayin magoya bayan Mista Modi da jam'iyyarsa."^[91] Irin wannan barazana ga mata 'yan jarida kuma ya haifar da kisan kai. A cikin 2017, bayan cin zarafi da yawa a shafukan sada zumunta, 'yan ra'ayin dama sun kashe 'yar jarida kuma edita Gauri Lankesh a wajen gidanta.^[92] Lankesh tana gudanar da mujallu guda biyu na mako-mako kuma ta kasance mai sukar tsattsauran ra'ayin Hindu na hannun dama wanda kotunan yankin suka yanke hukunci da laifin bata suna saboda sukar da ta yi wa BJP.

A yau, ana ci gaba da tsokana na “marasa kunya”. A cikin 2021, wata manhaja mai suna Bulli Bai da aka shirya a dandalin GitHub ta yanar gizo ta raba hotunan mata musulmi sama da 100 suna cewa suna kan "sayarwa."^[93] Me kafafen sada zumunta ke yi don shawo kan wannan ƙiyayya? A fili bai kusan isa ba.

A cikin labarin 2020 mai wahala, Dangantakar Facebook da Jam'iyyar da ke mulki a Indiya ta dagula yakin da take yi da kalaman kiyayya, Wakilin Mujallar Time Tom Perrigo ya bayyana dalla-dalla yadda Facebook Indiya ta jinkirta daukar kalaman kyamar ant-Musulmi a lokacin da manyan jami'ai suka aikata ta, ko da bayan Avaaz da sauran kungiyoyin fafutuka sun yi korafin kuma ma'aikatan Facebook sun rubuta koke-koke na cikin gida.^[94] Perrigo ya kuma rubuta alaƙar da ke tsakanin manyan ma'aikatan Facebook a Indiya da jam'iyyar BJP ta Modi.^[95] A tsakiyar watan Agustan 2020, jaridar Wall Street Journal ta ruwaito cewa manyan ma'aikata sun yi jayayya cewa hukunta 'yan majalisa zai cutar da kasuwancin Facebook.^[96] Mako mai zuwa, Reuters ya bayyana yadda, a mayar da martani, ma'aikatan Facebook sun rubuta budaddiyar wasika na cikin gida suna kira ga shugabannin zartarwa da su yi Allah wadai da kyamar musulmi da kuma amfani da ka'idojin kalaman kiyayya akai-akai. Wasikar ta kuma yi zargin cewa babu wani musulmi ma'aikaci a cikin tawagar manufofin Indiya.^[97]

A cikin Oktoba 2021 New York Times ta dogara da labarin kan takaddun ciki, wani ɓangare na babban ma'ajin kayan da ake kira Takardun Facebook Frances Haugen, tsohon manajan samfurin Facebook ne ya tattara.^[98] Takardun sun hada da rahotanni kan yadda bots da asusun bogi, wadanda akasarinsu ke da alaka da kungiyoyin siyasa na dama, ke tafka barna a zaben kasa, kamar yadda suka yi a Amurka.^[99] Sun kuma ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda manufofin Facebook ke haifar da ƙarin bayani a Indiya, musamman ma a lokacin bala'in.^[100] Takardun sun bayyana yadda dandalin sau da yawa ya kasa shawo kan ƙiyayya. A cewar labarin: “Facebook kuma ya yi jinkirin ayyana RSS a matsayin ƙungiya mai haɗari saboda “hankalin siyasa” da zai iya shafar ayyukan sadarwar zamantakewa a ƙasar.

A farkon 2022 mujallar labarai ta Indiya, The Waya, ya bayyana samuwar wata babbar manhaja ta sirri mai suna 'Tek Fog' wacce trolls da ke da alaka da jam'iyya mai mulki ta Indiya ke amfani da ita wajen yin garkuwa da manyan kafafen sada zumunta da kuma yin sulhu da rufaffen manhajoji kamar WhatsApp. Tek Fog na iya sace sashin 'trending' na Twitter da 'trend' akan Facebook. Hakanan ma'aikatan Tek Fog na iya canza labarun da ke akwai don ƙirƙirar labaran karya.

Bayan wani bincike na tsawon watanni 20, yana aiki tare da mai ba da labari amma yana tabbatar da yawancin zarge-zargen nasa, rahoton ya yi nazarin yadda app ɗin ke sarrafa ƙiyayya da cin zarafi da yada farfaganda. Rahoton ya lura da alaƙar ƙa'idar da wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurke da ke cinikin fasaha na jama'a kamfanin sabis na fasaha, Persistent Systems, wanda ya saka hannun jari sosai don samun kwangilar gwamnati a Indiya. Hakanan yana haɓaka ta hanyar aikace-aikacen kafofin watsa labarun #1 na Indiya, Sharechat. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar haɗi zuwa hashtags masu alaƙa da tashin hankali da kuma sadarwar COVID-19. Masu bincike sun gano cewa "a cikin jimillar posts miliyan 3.8 da aka yi bitar… kusan kashi 58% (miliyan 2.2) daga cikinsu ana iya lakafta su da '' kalaman kiyayya '.

A cikin 2019, EU DisinfoLab, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta da ke binciken kamfen ɗin ɓarna da ke niyya ga EU, ta buga rahoton da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da hanyar sadarwa sama da 260 masu goyon bayan Indiya "kafofin watsa labarai na gida na karya" waɗanda suka mamaye ƙasashe 65, gami da ko'ina cikin Yamma.^[101] Wannan yunƙurin a fili an yi niyya ne don inganta fahimtar Indiya, da kuma ƙarfafa ra'ayin Indiyawa da Pakistan (da na China). A shekara ta gaba, wannan rahoton ya biyo bayan rahoton na biyu wanda aka gano ba wai sama da gidajen watsa labarai na karya 750 kadai ba, wadanda suka shafi kasashe 119, amma satar bayanan sirri da yawa, akalla 10 da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi garkuwa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sunayen yanki 550 da aka yi rajista.^[102]

EU DisinfoLab ta gano cewa mujallar "karya", EP A Yau, masu ruwa da tsaki na Indiya ne ke sarrafa su, tare da alaƙa da babban cibiyar sadarwa na tankunan tunani, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kamfanoni daga rukunin Srivastava.^[103] Irin wannan makircin sun sami damar "jawo ɗimbin yawa na MEPs zuwa cikin maganganun goyon bayan Indiya da na adawa da Pakistan, galibi suna amfani da dalilai kamar 'yancin tsiraru da 'yancin mata a matsayin wurin shiga."

A cikin 2019 mambobi ashirin da bakwai na majalisar Turai sun ziyarci Kashmir a matsayin baƙi na wata kungiya mai ban tsoro, Matan Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa, ko WESTT, kuma da alama suna da alaƙa da wannan hanyar sadarwa ta Modi.^[104] Sun kuma gana da Firayim Minista Narendra Modi da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro Ajit Doval a New Delhi. An ba da wannan damar duk da kin amincewar gwamnatin Modi na barin Sanatan Amurka Chris Van Hollen ya ziyarci^[105] ko ma hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tura wakilanta zuwa yankin^[106]. Su wane ne waɗannan amintattun baƙi? Akalla 22 daga cikin 27 sun fito ne daga jam'iyyu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, irin su taron kasa na Faransa, Dokokin Poland da Adalci, da Alternative for Germany, wadanda aka sani da kakkausar ra'ayi kan shige da fice da kuma abin da ake kira "Musuluntar Turai".^[107] Wannan balaguron "mai sa ido na karya" ya haifar da cece-kuce, saboda ya faru ba kawai yayin da yawancin shugabannin Kashmiri suka kasance a kurkuku kuma an dakatar da ayyukan intanet amma kuma an hana 'yan majalisar Indiya da yawa ziyartar Kashmir.

Kungiyar EU Disinfo Lab NGO tana da hannun Twitter @DisinfoEU. Daidaita suna mai kama da rikicewa, a cikin Afrilu 2020 abin ban mamaki "Disinfolab" ya bayyana akan Twitter a ƙarƙashin ikon @DisinfoLab. An kwatanta ra'ayin cewa kyamar Islama a Indiya na karuwa a matsayin "labaran karya" don biyan bukatun Pakistan. Maimaituwa a cikin tweets da rahotanni, da alama akwai damuwa tare da Majalisar musulmin Amurka ta Indiya (IAMC) da wanda ya kafa ta, Shaik Ubaid, ascribing zuwa gare su quite ban mamaki isa da tasiri.^[108]

A cikin 2021, DisinfoLab bikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta gaza sanya sunan Indiya a matsayin Kasa ta Musamman^[109] da kuma an sallami a cikin wani rahoto Hukumar Amurka kan 'Yancin Addinai na Duniya a matsayin "kungiyar da ta damu musamman" a cikin damuwa ga ƙungiyoyin 'yan uwa musulmi.^[110]

Wannan ya taba mawallafin wannan doguwar kasida, domin a babi na hudu na rahotonsa, “Disnfo Lab” ya bayyana kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama da muke yi wa aiki, Justice for All, inda ta bayyana kungiyar ta NGO a matsayin wani aikin wanke-wanke da alaka da kungiyar Jama’atu. /'Yan Uwa Musulmi. Wadannan zarge-zargen na karya sun sake maimaita wadanda aka yi bayan 9/11 lokacin da kungiyar Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) da sauran kungiyoyin musulmin Amurka masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka shafa a matsayin wani babban makirci na musulmi tare da tozarta su a kafafen yada labarai na dama tun bayan da hukumomi suka kammala bincikensu.

Tun daga shekarar 2013 na yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Justice for All, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a lokacin kisan kiyashin Bosnia don mayar da martani ga zaluncin tsirarun musulmi. An sake farfado da shi a cikin 2012 don mai da hankali kan kisan gillar Rohingya na "jinkirin kona", shirye-shiryen bayar da shawarwari na kare hakkin dan adam sun fadada zuwa cikin 'yan tsirarun Uyghur da Indiyawa, da kuma Musulmai a Kashmir da Sri Lanka. Da zarar an fara shirye-shiryen Indiya da Kashmir, trolling da ɓarna sun ƙaru.

Shugaban Justice for All, Malik Mujahid, an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ke da alaka da ICNA, wanda ba gaskiya ba ne, kamar yadda ya balle da kungiyar shekaru 20 da suka gabata.^[111] Aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar musulman Amurka mai ƙaƙƙarfan ɗabi'a na hidimar al'umma, ICNA ta sha zagi sosai daga tankunan tunani masu kyamar Islama tsawon shekaru. Kamar yawancin "karatun karatun su," "Binciken Disinfo" zai zama abin dariya idan ba shi da damar cutar da muhimman alakar aiki, gina rashin amincewa da rufe yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa da kudade. Taswirar "taswirar dangantaka" akan Kashmir da Indiya na iya jawo hankali amma kusan babu komai.^[112] Waɗannan suna aiki azaman kamfen ɗin raɗaɗi na gani, amma abin takaici ba a sauke su daga Twitter ba duk da abubuwan da suke bata suna da yuwuwar cutar da suna. Duk da haka, Justice for All bai karaya ba kuma ya ƙara mayar da martani ga manufofin Indiya da ke ƙara rarrabuwa da haɗari.^[113] An rubuta wannan takarda ba tare da shirye-shirye na yau da kullum ba.

Menene Gaskiya?

A matsayinmu na musulman da ke zaune a Arewacin Amurka, marubutan sun lura da abin ban mamaki cewa a cikin wannan labarin muna bin diddigin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na masu kishin addini. Muna tambayar kanmu: shin muna yin nazarinsu ta hanyoyi da suka yi kama da "binciken" masu kishin Islama na kungiyoyin musulmin Amurka? Mun tuna da sassauƙan ginshiƙi na Ƙungiyoyin Daliban Musulmai da ake zaton "hanyoyinsu" zuwa Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Arewacin Amirka. Mun san yadda ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai musulmi suka kasance masu zaman kansu (da wuya jerin umarni) kuma muna mamakin ko mu ma muna wuce gona da iri kan haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin sadarwar Hindutva da aka tattauna a shafuffuka na baya.

Shin bincikenmu na alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Hindutva yana gina taswirar alaƙa da ta wuce damuwarmu? A bayyane yake kamar sauran al'ummomin da ke gabansu, Musulmai baƙi da 'yan Hindu baƙi suna neman ƙarin tsaro da dama. Babu shakka, Hinduphobia ta wanzu, kamar yadda Islamophobia da Anti-Semitism ke faruwa da sauran nau'ikan son zuciya. Ashe, ba masu ƙiyayya da yawa ne ke motsa su da tsoro da jin haushin kowa ba, ba tare da bambancewa tsakanin Hindu, Sikh ko Musulmi ba? Shin da gaske babu wurin da ya dace?

Yayin da tattaunawar tsakanin addinai ke ba da wata hanya ta samar da zaman lafiya, mun kuma gano cewa wasu kawancen addinai sun goyi bayan da'awar Hindutva ba da gangan ba cewa sukar Hindutva ya yi daidai da Hindu. Misali, a cikin 2021 wata wasiƙar da Majalisar Interfaith Council of Metropolitan Washington ta rubuta ta bukaci jami'o'i su janye daga tallafawa taron tarwatsa Hindutva. Majalisar Interfaith gabaɗaya tana aiki don adawa da ƙiyayya da son zuciya. Amma ta hanyar yaƙin neman zaɓe, tare da babban memba da kuma shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a, ƙungiyoyin Hindutva na Amurka a fili suna ba da muradun ƙungiyoyin masu kishin ƙasa da aka tsara a Indiya suna aiki don lalata jam'i da dimokiradiyya ta hanyar haɓaka ƙiyayya.

Wasu ƙungiyoyin addinai suna ganin suna da haɗari a cikin sukar Hindutva. Har ila yau, akwai wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba: misali, a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Indiya ta toshe wasu kungiyoyin Dalit daga amincewa shekaru da yawa. Koyaya, yayin 2022 wasu ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa sun fara ba da shawara a hankali. Tuni dai kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta yaki da kisan kare dangi[114] An ƙirƙira shi ne bayan tashin hankali a Gujarat (2002) lokacin da Modi ya kasance babban minista a jihar, yana samun tallafi daga Tikkun da Gidauniyar 'Yanci ta Interfaith. Kwanan nan, ta hanyar tasirin USCIRF, da sauransu, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Addini ta Duniya ta shirya taƙaitaccen bayani, kuma a cikin Nuwamba 2022 Religions for Peace (RFPUSA) ta shirya taron tattaunawa mai ma'ana. Shawarwari na ƙungiyoyin jama'a na iya ƙarshe ƙarfafa masu tsara manufofi a Washington DC don fuskantar ƙalubalen mulkin kama-karya a tsakanin ƙawayen siyasar Amurka kamar Indiya.

Dimokuradiyyar Amurka kuma tana bayyana a karkashin kawanya - ko da kamar Ginin Capitol a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2021 - tashin hankali wanda ya hada da Vinson Palathingal, Ba'amurke Ba'amurke dauke da tutar Indiya, mai goyon bayan Trump wanda aka bayar da rahoton an nada shi a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa ta Fitarwa.^[115] Tabbas akwai 'yan Hindu da yawa da ke goyon bayan Trump kuma suna aiki don dawowarsa.^[116] Kamar yadda muke samu tare da alaƙa tsakanin 'yan bindigar dama da jami'an 'yan sanda da na ma'aikatan soja, za a iya samun ƙarin ci gaba a ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ba a iya gani.

A baya-bayan nan, wasu ’yan bishara na Amirka sun ci mutuncin al’adun Hindu, kuma a Indiya, Kiristocin Ikklesiyoyin bishara suna wariya da kai hari. Akwai rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin yunƙurin Hindutva da haƙƙin Kirista na bishara. Duk da haka, waɗannan al'ummomi sun haɗa kai don tallafawa kishin ƙasa na dama, rungumar shugaba mai mulki, da kyamar Islama. Akwai baƙon ƴan gado.

Salman Rushdie ya kira Hindutva "Crypto Fascism"^[117] kuma yayi aiki wajen adawa da harkar a kasarsa ta haihuwa. Shin muna watsi da yunƙurin shirya Steve Bannon, wanda aka yi wahayi daga ra'ayi na kishin ƙasa da ya bayyana 'Yan Gargajiya na Fascist, bisa ra'ayin wariyar launin fata na tsarkin Aryan?^[118] A wani lokaci mai hatsarin gaske a cikin tarihi, gaskiya da karya sun ruɗe da ruɗewa, kuma intanet ta tsara wani wuri na zamantakewa wanda ke da iko da haɗari. 

• Duhu ya sake faduwa; amma yanzu na sani
• Wancan karnin ashirin na dutsen barci
• Wani shimfiɗar jariri mai girgiza ya fusata da mummunan mafarki.
• Kuma wace dabbar dabba ce, sa'a ta zo dawwama.
• Slouches zuwa Baitalami da za a haife?

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[32] Megan Cole"Ba da gudummawa ga UCI ta jawo cece-kuce a duniya, " Sabuwar Jami'ar, Fabrairu 16, 2016

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[35] Satumba 19, 2021 sharhin akan Quora

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[38] Kawar da Hinduphobia, Bidiyo don Jamhuriyar TV, Agusta 24, 2021

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[40] Google Doc na wasiƙar ɗalibi

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[44] site: http://hsctruthout.stopfundinghate.org/ a halin yanzu ya ragu. Ana samun kwafin Takaitawa a: Sangh ba tare da kuskure ba, Watch Communalism, Janairu 18, 2008

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[49] Ga wasu misalai, duba Fabrairu 22, 2022 Taro akan tashar IAMC na hukuma ta youtube

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[53] Biswajeet Banerjee and Ashok Sharma,Firayim Ministan Indiya Ya Sanya Gidauniyar Haikali, " AP News, Agusta 5, 2020

[54] A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021 Gidauniyar Hindu American Foundation ta shigar da karar batanci ga wasu mutanen da aka nakalto a cikin labarin, ciki har da wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Sunita Viswanath da Raju Rajagopal. Hindu don Hakkokin Dan Adam: A Goyon Bayan Wargaza Hindutva, Daily Pennsylvania, Disamba 11, 2021 

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[56] Robert Mackey"Trump ya yabawa Modi na Indiya, " Tsarin kalma, Fabrairu 25, 2020

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[75] Mariya Salim"Tarihin Majalisar Wakilai akan Caste, " The Waya, Mayu 27, 2019

[76] Iman Malik"Zanga-zangar A Wajen Taron Majalisar Garin Ro Khanna" El Estoque, Oktoba 12, 2019

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[87] Rachel Greenspan"WhatsApp Yaki Labaran Karya, " Time Magazine, Janairu 21, 2019

[88] Shakuntala Banaji and Ram Bha,WhatsApp Vigilantes… Yana da alaƙa da Tashe-tashen hankula a Indiya," London School of Economics, 2020

[89] Mohammed Ali"Tashi na Hindu Vigilante, " The Waya, Afrilu 2020

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[92] Siddarta Deb"Kashe Gauri Lankesh, " Aikin Jarida na Columbia Columbia, Winter 2018

[93] "Bulli Bai: An Rufe App Mai Sayar Da Mata Musulmi Siyar, " BBC News, Jan 3, 2022

[94] Billy Perrigo"Dangantakar Facebook da Jam'iyyar Mulki ta Indiya, " Time Magazine, Agusta 27, 2020

[95] Billy Perrigo"Manyan Jami'an Facebook India Sun Bar Rikicin Kalaman Kiyayya, " Time Magazine, Oktoba 27, 2020

[96] Newley Purnell da Jeff Horwitz. Dokokin Kalaman Kiyayya na Facebook sun yi karo da siyasar Indiya, WSJ, Agusta 14, 2020

[97] Aditya Kalra"Manufar Tambaya ta Cikin Facebook, " Reuters, Agusta 19. 2020

[98] "Takardun Facebook da Fassararsu, " The New York Times, Oktoba 28, 2021

[99] Vindu Goel da Sheera Frenkel, "A Zaben Indiya, Rubutun Karya da Kalaman Kiyayya, " The New York Times, Afrilu 1, 2019

[100] Karan Deep Singh, Paul Mozur Indiya ta ba da umarnin a sauke Mahimman Bayanan Social Media, " New York Times, Afrilu 25, 2021

[101] Alexandre Alaphilippe, Gary Machado et al., "Ba a Gano: Sama da 265 Haɗaɗɗen Kafofin Yada Labarai na Cikin Gida, " Gidan yanar gizon Disinfo.Eu, Nuwamba 26, 2019

[102] Gary Machado, Alexandre Alaphilippe, et al:Tarihi na Indiya: Zurfafa Zurfafa Cikin Aikin Shekara 15, " Disinfo.EU, Disamba 9, 2020

[103] DisinfoEU Lab @DisinfoEU, Twitter, Oktoba 9, 2019

[104] Meghnad S. Ayush Tiwari,Wanene Ke Bayan NGO Mai Rushewa, " Aikin wanki, Oktoba 29, 2019

[105] Joanna Slater,An hana Sanatan Amurka ziyarar Kashmir, " Washington Post, Oktoba 2019

[106] Suhasini Haider"Indiya Ta Kashe Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, " The Hindu, Mayu 21, 2019

[107] "22 daga cikin 27 EU MPS An Gayyata zuwa Kashmir Daga Jam'iyyun Dama Ne, " Yawan, Oktoba 29, 2019

[108] DisnfoLab Twitter @DisinfoLab, Nuwamba 8, 2021 3:25 AM

[109] DisninfoLab @DisinfoLab, Nuwamba 18, 2021 4:43 Na safe

[110] "USCIRF: Ƙungiyar Damuwa ta Musamman, on Yanar Gizo na DisinfoLab, Afrilu 2021

[111] Muna aiki tare da Malam Mujahid na Burma Task Force, masu adawa da kyamar Islama, kuma muna ƙin jininsa ɓata.

[112] Shafukan yanar gizo sun kama intanet, DisinfoLab, Twitter, Agusta 3, 2021 & Mayu 2, 2022.

[113] Misali, tattaunawar kwamiti guda uku a JFA's Hindutva a Arewacin Amurka jerin a cikin 2021

[114] Yanar Gizo: http://www.coalitionagainstgenocide.org/

[115] Arun Kumar, "Ba'amurke Ba'amurke Vinson Palathingal mai suna zuwa Majalisar Fitarwa ta Shugaban kasa," Bazaar Amurka, Oktoba 8, 2020

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[117] Salman Rushdie Tattaunawar Ra'ayi, Shafin Youtube, Disamba 5, 2015 Bugawa

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