Complexity in Action: Interfaith Tattaunawa da Zaman Lafiya a Burma da New York
Gabatarwa
Yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummar warware rikice-rikice su fahimci hulɗar abubuwa da yawa da ke haɗuwa don haifar da rikici tsakanin da tsakanin al'ummomin bangaskiya. Binciken sauƙaƙan da aka yi game da matsayin addini ba shi da amfani.
A cikin Amurka wannan kuskuren bincike yana nunawa a cikin jawabai na kafofin watsa labarai game da ISIS da kuma zaluncinta na tsirarun addinai. Hakanan ana iya ganin shi a cikin ƙarar siyasa (na kwanan nan a watan Yuni 2016) yana ba wa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun damar yin magana a gaban 'yan majalisar dokokin ƙasa. Nazarin irin su "Fear Inc." [1] ya ci gaba da nuna yadda bangaren dama na siyasa ke fadada hanyar sadarwa ta tankunan tunani don inganta irin wannan "ƙwarewa" a cikin kafofin watsa labaru da siyasa, har ma da kai ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Jawabin jama'a yana ƙara gurɓatar da ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin kyamar baki, ba kawai a Turai da Amurka ba har ma a wasu sassan duniya. Misali, a Kudu da Gabashin Asiya Kiyayyar Islama ta zama wani karfi na siyasa mai lalata musamman a Myanmar/Burma, Sri Lanka da Indiya. Yana da mahimmanci ga masu bincike kada su ba da dama ga kwarewar 'Yamma' na rikici, jayayya ko addini; Hakanan yana da mahimmanci kada a ba wa addinan Ibrahim gata ga addinai guda uku zuwa ware wasu al'adun addini waɗanda masu kishin ƙasa ko wasu muradun siyasa za su iya sace su.
Tare da barazanar rikice-rikice da ta'addanci da ake ci gaba da gudana, tsare maganganun jama'a da manufofin jama'a na iya haifar da karkatacciyar ra'ayi game da tasirin akidun addini. Wasu masu shiga tsakani na iya shiga sane ko ba da saninsu ba ga ra'ayi na karo na wayewa ko muhimmiyar adawa tsakanin abin duniya da na hankali da addini da rashin hankali a daya bangaren.
Ba tare da yin amfani da rikice-rikice da binaries na shahararrun maganganun tsaro ba, ta yaya za mu iya bincika tsarin imani - da sauran' da namu - don fahimtar rawar "addini" dabi'u wajen tsara hasashe, sadarwa, da tsarin samar da zaman lafiya?
A matsayina na mai haɗin gwiwar Flushing Interfaith Council, tare da shekaru na aikin adalci na zamantakewa a cikin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin addinai, na ba da shawarar yin nazarin nau'ikan haɗin gwiwar addinai daban-daban a cikin birnin New York. A matsayina na Daraktan Shirye-shiryen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Task Force na Burma, na ba da shawarar yin bincike idan waɗannan samfuran za a iya canza su zuwa wasu abubuwan al'adu, musamman a Burma da Kudancin Asiya.
Complexity in Action: Interfaith Tattaunawa da Zaman Lafiya a Burma da New York
Jawabin jama'a yana ƙara gurɓata ta da ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin kyamar baki, ba kawai a Turai da Amurka ba har ma da sauran sassan duniya. Misali da za a tattauna a wannan takarda, a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya Kiyayyar Islama ta zama wani karfi mai lalata musamman a Myanmar/Burma. A can, wani mummunan yunkuri na kyamar addinin Islama karkashin jagorancin sufaye masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da hadin gwiwar wasu tsoffin mulkin kama-karya na soji sun mayar da tsirarun musulmin Rohingya marasa kasa da kuma kyama.
Na yi aiki a Burma Task Force na tsawon shekaru uku a matsayin Daraktan Shirye-shiryen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na New York. Burma Task Force wani shiri ne na kare hakkin bil'adama musulmi na Amurka wanda ke ba da ra'ayin kare hakkin bil'adama na Rohingya da ake zalunta ta hanyar tattara membobin al'umma, yin aikin watsa labarai mai yawa da kuma ganawa da masu tsara manufofi.[2] Wannan takarda wani yunƙuri ne na fahimtar halin da ake ciki na cudanya tsakanin addinai a Burma da kuma tantance yuwuwarta na samar da zaman lafiya mai adalci.
Tare da girka sabuwar gwamnatin Burma a watan Afrilun 2016 karkashin jagorancin mai ba da shawara na Jiha Aung San Suu Kyi, hakika akwai sabbin fata na sake fasalin manufofi na ƙarshe. Duk da haka, ya zuwa Oktoba 2016 babu wani takamaiman matakai don mayar da duk wani yancin ɗan adam ga Rohingya miliyan 1, waɗanda aka hana su tafiya a cikin Burma, samun ilimi, samar da iyali kyauta ba tare da tsangwama ko kuri'a ba. (Akbar, 2016) Dubban daruruwan maza da mata da yara ne aka raba su da gidajen gudun hijira da sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira. Tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan ya jagoranci kwamitin ba da shawara a watan Agustan 2016 don nazarin wannan "rikitaccen halin da ake ciki" kamar yadda Daw Suu Kyi ya kira shi, amma Hukumar ba ta ƙunshi 'yan Rohingya ba. A halin da ake ciki an kira shirin zaman lafiya na kasa don magance wasu munanan rikice-rikice na kabilanci na dogon lokaci a fadin kasar - amma bai hada da tsirarun Rohingya ba. (Myint 2016)
Idan aka yi la’akari da Burma musamman, a lokacin da jam’i ke fuskantar kawanya, ta yaya dangantakar addinai ke shafar a matakin gida? Lokacin da gwamnati ta fara nuna alamun dimokuradiyya, wadanne abubuwa ne suka fito? Wadanne al'ummomi ne ke kan gaba wajen sauya rikici? Shin tattaunawar tsakanin addinai tana kan hanyar samar da zaman lafiya, ko kuma akwai wasu nau'ikan gina aminci da haɗin gwiwa ma?
Bayani ɗaya akan hangen nesa: asalina a matsayina na Ba'amurke Ba'amurke a birnin New York yana tasiri yadda na fahimta da tsara waɗannan tambayoyin. Kiyayyar Islama ta yi mummunan tasiri kan maganganun siyasa da kafofin watsa labarai a cikin post 9/11 Amurka. Tare da ci gaba na haƙiƙanin barazanar rikice-rikice da ta'addanci, tsare maganganun jama'a da manufofin jama'a na iya haifar da karkatar da kimanta tasirin akidun addini. Amma a maimakon dalili guda - Musulunci - yawancin al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu suna haɗuwa don haifar da rikici tsakanin al'ummomin addini. Binciken sauƙaƙan game da rawar koyarwar addini ba ta da fa'ida, ko ta shafi Musulunci ko Buddha ko wani addini. (Jerryson, 2016)
A cikin wannan gajeriyar takarda na ba da shawarar farawa ta hanyar yin nazarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a halin yanzu a cikin haɗin kai tsakanin addinai na Burma, sannan kuma a ɗan taƙaitaccen duba nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin addinai a birnin New York, wanda aka bayar a matsayin firam ɗin kwatanta da tunani.
Saboda a halin yanzu akwai ƙananan bayanai da za a iya ƙididdige su daga Burma, wannan binciken na farko ya dogara ne akan tattaunawa da abokan aiki daban-daban waɗanda aka tabbatar ta labarai da rahotannin kan layi. Dukansu suna wakiltar al'ummomin Burma da suke gwagwarmaya, waɗannan maza da mata suna gina tushen ginin zaman lafiya na gaba, a cikin ma'ana mafi mahimmanci.
Masu Baftisma a Burma: Shekara ɗari biyu na Zumunci
A cikin 1813 Baftisma na Amurka Adoniram da Ann Judson sun zama mishan na farko na Yamma don zama da yin tasiri a Burma. Adoniram ya kuma haɗa ƙamus na yaren Burma kuma ya fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki. Duk da rashin lafiya, kurkuku, yaƙi, da rashin sha'awa a tsakanin yawancin mabiya addinin Buddha, a cikin shekaru arba'in Judsons sun sami damar kafa kasancewar Baptist mai ɗorewa a Burma. Shekaru 63 bayan mutuwar Adoniram, Burma tana da majami’u Kiristoci 163, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje 7,000, da kuma waɗanda suka tuba fiye da XNUMX da suka yi baftisma. Myanmar yanzu tana da matsayi na uku a yawan masu Baptist a duniya, bayan Amurka da Indiya.
Judson ya ce sun yi nufin “wa’azin bishara, ba adawa da addinin Buddha ba.” Duk da haka, yawancin girma na garken su ya fito ne daga kabilun masu ra'ayin ra'ayi, maimakon yawancin mabiya addinin Buddha. Musamman, waɗanda suka tuba sun fito ne daga mutanen Karen, ’yan tsirarun da aka tsananta musu tare da al’adun gargajiya da yawa waɗanda suka yi kama da tsohon alkawari. Al'adun su na baka sun shirya su su karɓi almasihu yana zuwa da koyarwa don ya cece su.[3]
Gadon Judson yana ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin dangantakar mabiya addinin Burma. A yau a Burma Cibiyar Bincike ta Judson a Makarantar Tauhidi ta Myanmar tana zama dandali ga malamai daban-daban, shugabannin addini, da ɗaliban tauhidi "don haɓaka tattaunawa da ayyuka don magance matsalolin yau da kullun don ci gaban al'ummarmu." Tun daga shekara ta 2003 JRC ta gudanar da jerin tarurrukan tarurrukan da suka hada mabiya addinin Buddah, musulmi, mabiya addinin Hindu da kiristoci, domin kulla abota, fahimtar juna, amincewa da juna da hadin gwiwa. (Labarai da Ayyuka, gidan yanar gizo)
Taron sau da yawa yana da fage mai amfani kuma. Misali, a cikin 2014 Cibiyar ta shirya wani horo don shirya 19 masu fafutukar addinai daban-daban don zama 'yan jarida ko kuma zama tushen kafofin watsa labarai. Kuma a kan Agusta 28, 2015 fiye da malamai 160 da dalibai sun shiga cikin Tattaunawar Ilimi tsakanin ITBMU (Jami'ar Buddhist Buddhist International) da MIT (Cibiyar Tauhidi ta Myanmar) a kan taken "Mahimman Kima na Sulhu daga Buddhist da Kiristanci." Wannan Tattaunawar ita ce ta uku a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don zurfafa fahimtar juna tsakanin al'ummomi.
Ga mafi yawan 20th karnin Burma ya bi tsarin ilimi da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniyya ta girka kuma akasari har zuwa samun ‘yancin kai a shekara ta 1948. A cikin shekaru da dama masu zuwa tsarin ilimi wanda akasarin kasa da talauci ya raba wasu Burma ta hanyar wulakanta kabilanci amma ya sami damar jurewa, musamman ga manyan kungiyoyi. Duk da haka, bayan 1988 Democracy Movement tsarin ilimi na kasa ya lalace sosai a tsawon lokaci na danniya da dalibai. A cikin shekarun 1990s an rufe jami'o'i na tsawon lokaci wanda ya kai akalla shekaru biyar sannan a wasu lokutan an takaita shekarar karatu.
Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 1927, ƙungiyar iyayen JRC ta Myanmar Institute of Theology (MIT) ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na tauhidi kawai. Sai dai a shekara ta 2000, a matsayin martani ga kalubale da bukatu na ilimi a kasar, makarantar Seminary ta kaddamar da wani shiri na koyar da fasaha na sassaucin ra'ayi mai suna Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies (BARS) wanda ya jawo hankalin musulmi da mabiya addinin Buddah da ma kiristoci. Wannan shirin ya biyo bayan wasu sabbin shirye-shirye da dama da suka hada da MAID (Mai Jagoran Fasaha a cikin Nazarin Addini da Tattaunawa).
Rev. Karyn Carlo Kyaftin 'yan sandan birnin New York mai ritaya ya zama mai wa'azi, malami, kuma mai wa'azi na Baptist wanda ya shafe watanni da yawa a tsakiyar 2016 yana koyarwa a Makarantar Tauhidi ta Pwo Karen kusa da Yangon a Burma. (Carlo, 2016) Idan aka kwatanta da ɗalibai 1,000 a Makarantar Tauhidin tauhidi na Myanmar, makarantar hauza ita ce girmanta ɗaya na biyar, amma kuma an kafa ta sosai, da aka soma a 1897 a matsayin “Makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Karen Woman.” Bayan ilimin tauhidi, azuzuwan sun haɗa da Ingilishi, ƙwarewar kwamfuta da Al'adun Karen.[4]
Kimanin mutane miliyan 7, ƙabilar Karen su ma sun sha wahala sosai daga rikice-rikice da keɓancewa a ƙarƙashin manufofin "Burmanization" da aka tsara don mayar da su saniyar ware. Wahalhalun sun dade sama da shekaru arba'in, tare da tasiri mai yawa akan zamantakewa. Misali, da kakarsa ta taso a wannan lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya, an koya wa Shugaban Makarantar Sakandare na yanzu Rev Dr. 'yan hatsi a kowace rana. (Sadarwar sirri da K. Carlo)
Tsakanin 1968 zuwa 1988 ba wani baƙon da aka yarda a Burma, kuma wannan keɓance ya haifar da tiyolojin Baptist da aka daskare cikin lokaci. Rigingimun tauhidi na zamani kamar al'amuran LGBT da Tiyolojin 'Yanci ba a san su ba. Koyaya, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata an sami ci gaba da yawa a tsakanin masu karatu idan ba a matakin cocin gida ba, wanda ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Da yake tabbatar da cewa "Tattaunawa tana da mahimmanci ga bangaskiyar Kirista," Rev. Carlo ya kawo tattaunawar zaman lafiya da bayan mulkin mallaka zuwa tsarin karatun Seminary.
Rev. Carlo ya fahimci yanayin mulkin mallaka na labarin Adoniram Judson amma ya rungumi rawar da ya taka wajen kafa coci a Burma. Ta ce mini, “Na gaya wa ɗalibana: Yesu ɗan Asiya ne. Kuna iya yin bikin Judson - yayin da kuke dawo da tushen bangaskiyar Kiristanci na Asiya. " Ta kuma koyar da wani darasi na "karba mai kyau" kan bambancin addini kuma ɗalibai da yawa sun nuna sha'awar yin tattaunawa da Musulmai. A matakin addini sun yarda cewa, "Idan Ruhu Mai Tsarki ba zai iya ɗaure shi da addini ba, Ruhu Mai Tsarki a cikin magana da Musulmai kuma."
Rev. Carlo ya kuma koyar da masu karatun ta daga ayyukan Reverend Daniel Buttry, sanannen marubuci kuma mai horar da ma'aikatun kasa da kasa, wanda ke balaguro a duk duniya don horar da al'ummomi kan sauya rikici, rashin tashin hankali da gina zaman lafiya. Aƙalla tun daga 1989, Rev. Buttry ya ziyarci Burma don ba da zaman rukuni akan nazarin rikice-rikice, fahimtar salon rikice-rikice na mutum, sarrafa canji, sarrafa bambance-bambance, karfin iko da warkar da rauni. Yakan yi saƙa a cikin Tsohon Alkawari da nassosin Sabon Alkawari don jagorantar tattaunawar, kamar 2 Sama’ila 21, Esther 4, Matta 21 da Ayyukan Manzanni 6: 1-7. Duk da haka, ya kuma yi amfani da basirar yin amfani da nassosi daga al'adu daban-daban, kamar yadda a cikin kundin littafinsa da aka buga a kan "Cikin Zaman Lafiya Tsakanin Addinai" tare da nau'o'in 31 na jagorancin adalci na zamantakewa daga ko'ina cikin duniya. (Buttry, 2008)
Daniel Buttry ya bayyana addinan Ibrahim a matsayin ƴan uwan juna da ke cikin rikici, Daniel Buttry ya yi hulɗa da al'ummar Musulmi daga Najeriya zuwa Indiya, da Detroit zuwa Burma. A shekara ta 2007, sama da malaman musulmi 150 sun ba da sanarwar “Kalmar gama gari tsakaninmu da ku” suna neman gano abubuwan gama gari don gina alakar addinai ta lumana[5]. Cocin Baptist na Amurka kuma ta shirya jerin tarurrukan Musulmai da Baftisma a kusa da wannan takarda. Baya ga hada wannan abu, Buttry ya yi daidai da rubutun Kirista da Musulmi kan samar da zaman lafiya a lokacin horon sa na Disamba 2015 a Masallacin IONA da ke Detroit, a cikin “nasara sosai” tare da Imam El Turk na Majalisar Jagoranci tsakanin addinai na Metro Detroit. A cikin kwanaki goma na horar da Amirkawa dabam-dabam daga Bangladesh zuwa Ukraine sun raba rubutun da suka mai da hankali kan adalci na zamantakewa, har ma da "Wa'azin kan Dutse" a matsayin "Jihadin Yesu." (Buttry 2015 A)
An tsara tsarin Buttry na "Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru Glen Stassen, wanda ya tsara takamaiman ayyuka da za su iya taimakawa wajen gina zaman lafiya a kan tushe mai tushe, kuma ba kawai don adawa da yaki ba. (Stassen, 10)
A lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa a matsayin mai ba da shawara, Daniel Buttry ya yi sharhi game da kokarinsa a yankuna daban-daban na rikici. Ɗaya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyensa na 2011 na iya kasancewa ya ziyarci Rohingya[6]; An goge duk takamaiman bayanai daga asusun, kodayake bayanin ya yi daidai sosai. Wannan ita ce hasashe; amma a wasu lokuta, ya fi dacewa a cikin rahotanninsa na jama'a daga Burma. A cikin Babi na 23 ("Abin da kuke faɗa ba shi da daraja," in Mu ne Safa) mai neman zaman lafiya ya ba da labarin wani atisaye da aka yi a Arewacin Burma, inda sojoji ke kashe masu tayar da kayar baya (kabilanci da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba). Yawancin ɗaliban Burma suna mutuƙar mutunta malaminsu har ya zuwa ba su kuskura su faɗi ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu. Har ila yau, kamar yadda ya rubuta, "akwai tsoron sojoji sosai don haka yawancin mutane za su yi shakkar cewa komai a cikin bitar. Mahalarta suna da ƙaramin "yankin ta'aziyya" kuma bai yi nisa ba zuwa "yankin ƙararrawa" inda kawai abin damuwa shine kiyaye kai." Koyaya, Buttry ya faɗi game da ɗalibin ɗaya wanda ya ƙalubalance shi sosai kuma ya ce dabarun rashin tashin hankali kawai za su kashe su duka. Bayan an yi tunani, masu horarwa sun sami damar juyar da hakan ta hanyar nuna bajintar mai tambayar; "Me ya baka irin wannan iko?" Suka tambaya. Sun ƙarfafa mai tambaya, suna haɗawa da fushinsa a kan zalunci kuma ta haka ne suka shiga cikin zurfafa tunani. Lokacin da suka koma yankin bayan watanni da yawa sun gano cewa an yi nasarar gwada wasu dabaru na rashin tashin hankali tare da kwamandan sojojin wanda ya amince da wasu masauki. Mahalarta taron bitar sun ce wannan ne karo na farko da suka taba samun kowace irin nasara tare da sojojin Burma da suka mamaye. (Buttry, 2015)
Duk da manufofin hukuma, rikici da talauci na iya taimakawa wajen dorewar dogaro da kai, idan ba haɗin kai ba. Ƙungiyoyi sun buƙaci juna don tsira. Shugabannin Rohingya da na yi hira da su duka suna tunawa da shekaru 30 da suka wuce lokacin da auratayya da hulɗar juna suka fi yawa (Carroll, 2015). Karyn Carlo ya shaida min cewa akwai wani masallaci kusa da kofar shiga garin Alone a garin Yangon, kuma har yanzu kungiyoyi daban-daban suna kasuwanci da cudanya a kasuwannin bude ido. Ta kuma bayyana cewa malaman addinin Kirista da dalibai daga Makarantar Sakandare za su ziyarci cibiyar ja da baya ta addinin Buddah don yin tunani. An bude wa kowa.
Akasin haka, ta bayyana cewa abokan aiki a yanzu suna fargabar cewa tare da sauye-sauyen siyasa, rugujewar dunkulewar duniya na iya kalubalantar wannan ra'ayi na hadin kan al'umma, saboda yana tarwatsa tsarin iyali na gidaje masu yawa. Bayan shekaru da yawa na gwamnati da zalunci na soja, daidaito tsakanin kiyaye al'adu da bude kofa ga duniya da alama ba shi da tabbas kuma har ma yana tsoratar da Burma da yawa, duka a Burma da kuma a cikin kasashen waje.
Yan kasashen waje da Gudanar da Canji
Tun 1995 Cocin Baptist na Myanmar [7] yana zaune a cikin wani faffadan ginin Tudor akan titin ganye a Glendale, NY. Akwai iyalai Karen sama da 2,000 da ke halartar Cocin Tabernacle Baptist (TBC) a sama a Utica, amma MBC na New York City ya cika don sallar Lahadi a watan Oktoba 2016. Ba kamar Cocin Utica ba, ikilisiyar MBC tana da bambancin kabila, tare da Mon da Kachin. har ma da iyalan Burman suna cuɗanya cikin sauƙi da Karen. Wani matashi ya gaya mani cewa mahaifinsa Kirista ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Kirista ce, kuma duk da ƴan ɓacin rai mahaifinsa ya sulhunta da zaɓin da ya yi wajen zabar Cocin Baptist. Ikilisiya tana rera waƙoƙin “We Gather Together” da “Amazing Grace” a ƙasar Burma, kuma wazirinsu mai suna Rev. U Myo Maw ya soma wa’azinsa na dogon lokaci a gaban wani shiri na shuke-shuken fari guda uku.
Abubuwan da aka ba da mahimmanci a cikin Turanci sun ba ni damar bin wa'azin har zuwa wani lokaci, amma wani ɗan ikilisiya da Fasto da kansa ya bayyana ma'anarsa. Batun wa'azin shine "Daniyel da Zakoki" wanda Fasto Maw yayi amfani da shi wajen fayyace kalubalen tsayawa tsayin daka ga al'adu da imani, ko a karkashin zaluncin soji a Burma ko kuma a nutse cikin rugujewar al'adun yammacin duniya. Wani abin sha'awa shi ne, kiran da aka yi na riko da al'ada ya kuma kasance tare da jawabai da dama na nuna godiya ga jam'in addini. Rabaran Maw ya bayyana muhimmancin “Qibla” a gidajen Musulman Malaysia, domin tunatar da su a kowane lokaci na alkiblar karkatar da addu’o’insu ga Allah. Ya kuma yaba wa Shaidun Jehobah fiye da sau ɗaya don sadaukarwarsu ga bangaskiyarsu. Saƙon a fakaice shi ne cewa dukanmu za mu iya girmama juna kuma mu koya daga juna.
Ko da yake Rev Maw ba zai iya kwatanta duk wani aiki na haɗin kai da ikilisiyarsa ta yi ba, ya yarda cewa a cikin shekaru 15 da ya yi a birnin New York, ya ga yadda ayyukan Interfai suka tashi a matsayin martani ga 9/11. Ya yarda cewa zan iya kawo waɗanda ba Kiristoci ba su ziyarci Coci. Game da Burma, ya bayyana kyakkyawan fata. Ya lura cewa Ministan Harkokin Addini shi ne sojan da ya yi aiki a gwamnatocin baya, amma da alama kwanan nan ya canja ra’ayi, inda ya daidaita aikin ma’aikatarsa ya haɗa da ba mabiya addinin Buddha kaɗai ba har ma da sauran addinai a Burma.
Masu Baptist da Zaman Lafiya
Makarantun tauhidi na Burma, musamman masu bautar Baftisma, da alama sun ƙulla alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin gina amana tsakanin addinai da samar da zaman lafiya. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin kabilanci da asalin addinin Baptist na iya taimakawa wajen daidaita bangarorin biyu, tare da ingantacciyar sakamako ga jagoranci na tushen bangaskiya a tsarin samar da zaman lafiya.
Mata sun ƙunshi kashi 13 cikin 2016 na Burma da ke da hannu a cikin shirin zaman lafiya na ƙasa, wanda kuma ya keɓe musulmin Rohingya. (Duba Josephson, 2015, Win, XNUMX) Amma tare da goyon baya daga gwamnatin Ostiraliya (musamman AUSAid) N Peace Network, cibiyar sadarwa ta kasashe da yawa na masu neman zaman lafiya, ta yi aiki don haɓaka jagorancin mata a duk Asiya. (duba N Peace Fellows a http://n-peace.net/videos ) A cikin 2014 cibiyar sadarwa ta girmama 'yan gwagwarmayar Burma biyu tare da abokantaka: Mi Kun Chan Non (wata kabila Mon) da Wai Wai Nu (shugaban Rohingya). Bayan haka, cibiyar sadarwa ta karrama wata kabila Rakhine da ke ba da shawara ga rundunar 'yantar da Arakan da Kachin da ke da alaka da Coci da dama da suka hada da mata biyu Burma da ke jagorantar kabilu ta hanyar samar da zaman lafiya na kasa da kuma alaka da gidauniyar Shalom, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Burma wadda Babban Fasto Baptist Rev. Dr. Saboi Jum kuma Ofishin Jakadancin Norway, UNICEF da Mercy Corps ne suka tallafa.
Bayan bude cibiyar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin Japan ta dauki nauyinta, gidauniyar Shalom ta kafa kungiyar masu shiga tsakani na kabilun Myanmar a shekarar 2002, kuma ta kira kungiyoyin hadin gwiwar addinai a shekarar 2006. An mai da hankali sosai kan bukatun jihar Kachin, a cikin 2015 Gidauniyar ta mai da hankali ga farar hula. Aikin sa ido kan tsagaita wuta, a wani bangare na aiki ta hanyar shugabannin addinai daban-daban, da kuma aikin Space for Dialogue don samar da tallafi ga tsarin zaman lafiya. Wannan yunƙuri ya ƙunshi 400 ƴan ƙasar Burma daban-daban da suka halarci Sallar Interfaith a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2015 a kusan kowane yanki na Burma ban da jihar Rakhine. Rahoton shekara-shekara na gidauniyar na waccan shekara ya ƙidaya ayyukan 45 na ƙungiyoyin addinai kamar bukukuwa da sauran al'amuran zamantakewa tare da jimlar 526 abubuwan da suka faru na haɗin gwiwar matasa na Buddhist, da 457 da 367 ga Kiristoci da Musulmai bi da bi, tare da kusancin jinsi. [8]
A bayyane yake cewa masu bautar Baftisma sun dauki nauyin jagoranci a tattaunawar tsakanin addinai da samar da zaman lafiya a Burma. Sai dai kuma sauran kungiyoyin addini suma suna ci gaba.
Jama'a ko Haɗa Tattaunawar Tsakanin Addinai a Duniya?
A yayin da suke mayar da martani tare da firgitarwa game da karuwar kyamar baki da kuma zaluncin addini da ake yiwa 'yan Rohingya a cikin 2012, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama sun kai ga shugabannin yankin. A wannan shekarar, Religions for Peace ya buɗe 92nd babi a Burma.[9] Wannan ya haifar da hankali da goyon bayan sauran sassan yanki, tare da tuntuɓar kwanan nan a Japan. "Taron Duniya na Addinai don Zaman Lafiya an haife shi a Japan,” in ji Dokta William Vendley, babban sakataren RfP Ƙasashen Duniya "Japan tana da gado na musamman na taimakon shugabannin addini a ƙasashen da ke fama da rikici." Tawagar har ma ta hada da 'yan kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addinin Buddah mai suna Ma Ba Tha. (ASG, 2016)
Wanda ke da alaƙa da Cibiyar Musulunci ta Myanmar, memba mai kafa Al Haj U aye Lwin ya gaya mani a cikin Satumba 2016 game da ƙoƙarin da RFP Myanmar Myint Swe ya jagoranta; Musulmi da mabiya addinin Buddah sun yi ta aiki tare da al’ummominsu don ba da agajin jin kai ga jama’a masu rauni, musamman yaran da rikici ya shafa.
U Myint Swe, ta sanar da cewa "a matsayin mayar da martani ga karuwar kishin kasa da tashe-tashen hankula a Myanmar, RfP Myanmar ta kaddamar da wani sabon shiri na maraba da sauran" a yankunan da aka yi niyya." Mahalarta sun shirya warware rikici da ayyukan ginin gada na al'umma. A ranakun 28-29 ga Maris, 2016, U Myint Swe, Shugaban RfP Myanmar da Rev. Kyoichi Sugino, Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na RfP International, sun ziyarci Sittwe, Jihar Rakhine, Myanmar, "wurin da ake fama da tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummomi."
Yaƙe-yaƙe game da "rikicin al'umma" ba yawanci musulmin Burma ne ke goyon bayansu ba, suna la'akari da zaluncin da 'yan Buda masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka yi da gangan ga tsirarun Rohingya. Al Haj U Aye Lwin, ya kara da cewa.RfP Myanmar ta fahimci cewa 'yan Rohingya sun cancanci a yi musu ba kawai bisa dalilai na jin kai ba har ma da adalci da adalci bisa ga dokokin da suka yi daidai da ka'idoji da ka'idoji na kasa da kasa. RfP Myanmar za ta goyi bayan gwamnatin Daw Aung San Suu Kyi wajen tabbatar da doka da kuma 'yancin ɗan adam. Sannu a hankali, a sakamakon haka, haƙƙin ɗan adam da rashin nuna bambanci kan kabilanci da addini zai biyo baya.”
Irin waɗannan bambance-bambance na hangen nesa da saƙon ba su dakatar da Addinai don Zaman Lafiya a Myanmar ba. Tare da ma’aikaci daya mai biya amma babu tallafin gwamnati, a cikin 2014 reshen karfafa mata ya kaddamar da “Women of Faith Network” mai alaka da Global Women of Faith Network. A shekarar 2015 kungiyoyin matasa da na mata sun shirya daukin agajin sa kai na ambaliyar ruwa a Mektila, a jihar Rakhine da ke da kabilanci. Mambobin sun gudanar da taron karawa juna sani da Cibiyar Tauhidi ta Myanmar ta shirya, sannan kuma sun halarci bukukuwan addini na juna, ciki har da Maulidin Annabi da Diwali na Hindu.
Tare da abokin aikinsa U Myint Swe, an bukaci Al Haj U Aye Lwin da ya shiga cikin sabuwar Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari mai cike da cece-kuce da aka dora wa alhakin tantance "Batun Rakhine" ciki har da Tambayar Rohingya" kuma wasu sun yi zargin rashin matsawa batun. Matsalolin Kabilanci da Dokokin Addini waɗanda suka shafi 'yancin Rohingya. (Akbar 2016) Duk da haka, Aye Lwin ya gaya mani cewa ya rubuta kuma ya rarraba a kan kansa littafin da ke karyata Dokokin Race da Addini masu matsala. Don wargaza wasu akidar da ke haifar da karuwar kyamar Islama, ya duba ya tabbatar wa abokan aikinsa mabiya addinin Buddah. Da yake gasa da mahanga ta tarihi da musulmi ba makawa sun mamaye al'ummomin addinin Buddha, ya nuna yadda aka fahimta sosai, "dawah" na Musulunci ko aikin mishan ba zai iya haɗawa da tilastawa ba.
Mahalarta Addinai don Zaman Lafiya suma sun taimaka wajen kafa haɗin gwiwa da dama. Misali, a shekarar 2013 a madadin kungiyar ’yan addinin Buddah ta kasa da kasa (INEB), kungiyar International Movement for a Just World (JUST), da Religions for Peace (RfP) Mr. Aye Lwin sun taimaka wajen kiran hadakar shugabannin musulmi da mabiya addinin Buddah daga sassan yankin da suka hadu domin amincewa da sanarwar Dusit na 2006. Sanarwar ta yi kira ga 'yan siyasa, kafofin watsa labarai da malamai su kasance masu gaskiya da mutunta bambancin addini. (Blogin Majalisa 2013)
A cikin 2014 Interfaith for Children ta taru don tallafawa kare yara, rayuwa da ilimi. Kuma tare da goyon baya daga Religions for Peace Abokiyar Ratana Metta Organisation (RMO) mabiya addinin Buddah, Kiristanci, Hindu da Musulmai na wannan kungiya suma sun ba da sanarwa gabanin zaben 2015 suna ganin al'umma mai hakuri da mutunta bambancin addini da kabilanci. Bertrand Bainvel na UNICEF ya yi sharhi: “Yawancin makomar Myanmar ya dogara ne akan abin da al’ummar Myanmar za su iya yi wa yara yanzu. Zaben da ke tafe shi ne lokacin da ya dace ba kawai don sadaukar da sabbin manufofi, manufofi da albarkatu ga yara ba, har ma da jaddada dabi'un zaman lafiya da juriya wadanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gabansu mai jituwa."
Matasan Burma sun shiga cikin Addinai don Aminci "Network Interfaith Youth Network", suna kira ga ƙirƙirar wuraren shakatawa na zaman lafiya, ilimin 'yancin ɗan adam, da kuma damar musayar matasa a matsayin abin hawa don haɗin kai na duniya da motsin zamantakewa. Membobin matasan Asiya sun ba da shawarar "Cibiyar Nazarin Kwatancen Addinai da Al'adu na Asiya." [10]
Wataƙila musamman ga matasa, buɗewar al'ummar Burma yana ba da lokacin bege. Amma a martanin da su ka yi, shugabannin addinai daban-daban su ma suna ba da manufofinsu na zaman lafiya, adalci da ci gaba. Yawancinsu suna kawo ra'ayoyin duniya tare da albarkatun don saka hannun jari a cikin gwagwarmayar tattalin arzikin Burma. Wasu misalai sun biyo baya.
'Yan kasuwa na Aminci: Buddhist da Musulmi Initiatives
Dharma Master Hsin Tao
An haifi Master Hsin Tao ga iyayen 'yan kabilar Sinawa a Upper Burma amma ya koma Taiwan tun yana yaro. Yayin da ya zama Jagoran addinin Buddah tare da babban aiki shine Chan, ya ci gaba da dangantaka da al'adun Theravāda da Vajrayāna, wanda babban sarki na Burma da zuriyar Nyingma Kathok na addinin Buddah na Tibet suka gane. Ya jaddada haɗin kai na dukkanin makarantun Buddha, wani nau'i na aikin da ya kira "haɗin kai na motoci uku."
Tun da ya fito daga tsawaita koma baya a cikin 1985 Master Tao ba wai kawai ya sami gidan sufi ba amma kuma ya ƙaddamar da ɗimbin ayyukan gina zaman lafiya na hangen nesa, wanda aka tsara don haɓaka haɗin kai tsakanin al'umma. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a shafinsa na yanar gizo, “Bayan na girma a yankin yaki, dole ne in sadaukar da kai don kawar da wahalhalun da rikici ke haddasawa. Yaƙi ba zai taɓa kawo zaman lafiya ba; zaman lafiya mai girma ne kawai ke iya magance manyan rikice-rikice." [11]
Cike da natsuwa, amincewa da tausayi, Jagora Tao da alama yana aiki ne kawai don yin abokai. Ya yi balaguro sosai a matsayin Jakadan haɗin kai tsakanin addinai kuma yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Iliya. Rabbi Dr. Alon Goshen-Gottstein ya kafa shi a cikin 1997 Iliya "ya kusantar da aiki tsakanin addinai daga dandalin ilimi", tare da tsarin sama-sama ga adalci na zamantakewa, "farawa da shugabannin addinai, ci gaba da malamai da kuma isa ga al'umma gaba daya. ” Jagora Tao kuma ya jagoranci tattaunawa a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Addinai. Na sadu da shi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a lokacin jerin tattaunawa tsakanin addinai a ƙarshen bazara na 2016.
Ya kaddamar da jerin tattaunawa tsakanin musulmi da Buddha, wanda a cewar shafin yanar gizonsa "an gudanar da shi sau goma a garuruwa daban-daban guda tara." [12]Yana samun musulmai "mutane masu tawali'u idan ba siyasa ba" kuma yana da abokai a Turkiyya. Ya gabatar da "Sharuɗɗa biyar na addinin Buddha" a Istanbul. Jagora Tao ya lura cewa duk addinai za a iya lalata su ta hanyar siffofi na waje. Ya kara da cewa ga Burma, kishin kasa bai da muhimmanci fiye da kabilanci.
A cikin 2001 Master Tao ya buɗe "Museum of World Religions" a Taiwan, tare da manyan manhajoji don haɓaka "ilimin rayuwa." Ya kuma inganta ayyukan agaji; Iyalinsa na Duniya na Ƙauna da Aminci ya kafa gidan marayu a Burma da kuma "international eco farm" a cikin Jihar Shan ta Burma, wanda ke noman amfanin gona masu daraja kamar citronella da vetiver, ta amfani da iri da tsire-tsire ba GMO ba. [13]
Jagora Hsin Tao a halin yanzu yana ba da shawarar haɗakar addinai "Jami'ar Addinai na Duniya" don koyar da jituwa da zamantakewa da ruhaniya cikin ka'ida da aiki. Kamar yadda ya gaya mani, "Yanzu fasaha da tasirin yammacin duniya suna ko'ina. Kowa akan wayoyin salula koyaushe. Idan muna da kyawawan halaye na al'ada zai tsarkake hankali. Idan sun rasa al'adu sun rasa ɗabi'a da kuma tausayi. Don haka za mu koyar da dukkan nassosi masu tsarki a makarantar Jami'ar Peace."
A cikin bangarori da yawa, ayyukan Dharma Master suna tafiya daidai da aikin Cibiyar Bincike na Judson na Makarantar Tauhidi ta Myanmar, tare da ƙarin ƙalubalen farawa daga farko.
Imam Malik Mujahid
Imam Malik Mujahid shi ne shugaban kamfanin Soundvision. An kafa shi a cikin 1988 a Chicago, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke haɓaka abubuwan da ke cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Musulunci, gami da shirye-shiryen Rediyo Islama, tare da haɓaka zaman lafiya da adalci. Imam Mujahid yana ganin tattaunawa da hadin kai a matsayin kayan aiki na kwarai. A Chicago ya shiga majami'u, masallatai da majami'u suna aiki tare don sauyin jama'a. Ya ce "Illinois ya kasance yana matsayi na 47 a cikin jihohi a fannin kiwon lafiya. A yau, ta kasance matsayi na biyu a cikin al'ummar kasar, godiya ga ikon tattaunawa tsakanin addinai… a aikace." (Mujahid 2011)
Dangane da wannan kokari na cikin gida, Imam Mujahid shi ne shugaban kungiyar ta Burma wanda shi ne babban shirin kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta Justice for All. Ya haɓaka kamfen na ba da shawarwari don taimaka wa tsirarun musulmi a Burma, wanda aka yi misali da ƙoƙarin da ya yi a baya a madadin Bosniya a lokacin “tsarkake ƙabilanci” na 1994.
Dangane da yancin tsiraru a kasar Burma, da kuma sukar sabuwar gwamnati a watan Afrilun 2016 ga masu tsatsauran ra'ayi, Imam Malik ya yi kira da a ba da cikakken goyon baya ga jam'i da 'yancin addini; "Wannan shine lokacin da Burma zai kasance a buɗe ga duk Burma." (Mujahid 2016)
Imam Mujahid ya kasance mai fafutuka tare da hadakar kungiyoyin addinai na kasa da kasa tun bayan da aka farfado da Majalisar Addinai ta Duniya a shekarar 1993. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar na tsawon shekaru biyar, har zuwa Janairu 2016. Majalisar tana aiki don "kula da addinai da al'ummai da ke aiki tare cikin jituwa don amfanin bil'adama" da kuma tarurruka na shekara-shekara yana jawo kusan mahalarta 10,000 daban-daban, ciki har da Master Hsin. Tao, kamar yadda muka gani a sama.
A watan Mayun 2015 Majalisar ta karrama wasu ’yan addinin Burma uku a taron yini uku da aka yi a Oslo don kawo karshen zaluncin da Myanmar ke yi wa ‘yan Rohingya.” Masu shirya lambar yabo ta Duniya mai jituwa da nufin bayar da ingantaccen ƙarfafawa ga mabiya addinin Buddah da ƙarfafa su don ƙin yarda da motsin Musulmi Ma Ba Tha na sufa U Wirathu. Sufayen su ne U Seindita, wanda ya kafa gidauniyar Asia Light Foundation, U Zawtikka, da U Withudda, wadanda suka ba da mafaka ga daruruwan musulmi maza da mata da yara a gidan sufi a lokacin harin watan Maris na 2013.
Bayan ya yi aiki a bayan fage na shekaru da yawa don tabbatar da cewa shugabannin addinin Buddha irin su Dalai Lama za su yi magana game da gurguwar addinin Buddah da kuma zaluncin Rohingya, a cikin Yuli 2016 ya yi farin ciki da ganin Sangha (Majalisar Buddhist ta Jiha) a karshe ta musanta. kuma ya yi watsi da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Ma Ba Tha.
Kamar yadda ya lura a wurin bikin bayar da kyaututtukan, “Buda ya yi shelar cewa dole ne mu kauna da kula da dukkan halittu. Manzon Allah Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallama ya ce, ba xayan ku da gaske yake ba, face sai kun yi wa wani abin da kuke so wa kanku. Waɗannan koyarwar su ne jigon dukan imaninmu, inda kyawun addini ya samo asali.” (Labaran Mizzima Yuni 4, 2015)
Cardinal Charles Maung Bo
A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2015 Charles Maung Bo ya zama Cardinal na farko na Burma, bisa umarnin Paparoma Francis. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya gaya wa Wall Street Journal cewa yana so ya zama "murya ga marasa murya." Ya nuna adawa da Dokokin Kabilanci da Addini da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 a bainar jama’a, yana mai cewa “Muna bukatar zaman lafiya. Muna bukatar sulhu. Muna buƙatar ainihin asali da aminci a matsayin ƴan ƙasa na bege…
Sama da shekara guda bayan haka, Cardinal Bo ya yi rangadin kasa da kasa a lokacin rani na 2016 don jawo hankali ga fata da dama bayan zaben sabuwar gwamnatin NLD. Ya sami labari mai daɗi: Sa’ad da ake tsananta wa, ya ce Cocin Katolika a Myanmar ta zama “coci mai matasai da ƙwazo.” "Cocin ya girma daga majami'u uku kacal zuwa dioceses 16," in ji Cardinal Bo. "Daga mutane 100,000, mu fiye da 800,000 masu aminci ne, daga firistoci 160 zuwa 800, daga masu addini 300 yanzu muna addini 2,200 kuma kashi 60 cikin 40 nasu ba su kai shekaru XNUMX ba."
Duk da haka, ko da yake bai haifar da irin wahalhalun da ake yi wa 'yan Rohingya ba, an kai hari kan wasu kungiyoyin Kirista a Burma tare da kona majami'u a cikin shekaru da dama da suka wuce. A cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara na 2016 Hukumar Amurka kan 'Yancin Addinai ta Duniya ta ba da rahoton cin zarafi da dama, musamman a jihar Kachin, da manufofin kafa giciye a kan majami'u. USCIRF ta kuma lura cewa rikice-rikicen kabilanci da aka dade ana fama da su, “ko da yake ba na addini ba ne, sun yi tasiri sosai ga al’ummomin Kirista da na sauran addinai, gami da tauye hanyoyin samun ruwa mai tsafta, kula da lafiya, tsafta da tsaftar muhalli, da sauran abubuwan bukatu.” Cardinal Bo ya kuma yi tir da cin hanci da rashawa.
Bo ya kara da cewa a cikin wa’azin shekarar 2016, “Kasa ta na fitowa daga dogon dare na kuka da bakin ciki zuwa sabuwar alfijir. Bayan shan wuyar gicciye a matsayin al'umma, muna fara tashin mu. Amma dimokuradiyyar matasanmu ba ta da karfi, kuma ana ci gaba da cin zarafi da take hakkin dan Adam. Mu al'umma ce mai rauni, al'umma mai zubar da jini. Ga ‘yan tsiraru na kabilanci da addini, wannan gaskiya ce ta musamman, shi ya sa na karkare da jaddada cewa, babu wata al’umma da za ta iya zama damokradiyya ta gaskiya, ‘yanci da zaman lafiya idan ba ta mutunta – har ma da bikin – bambancin siyasa, kabilanci da addini, da kuma bambancin addini. kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na kowane mutum ɗaya, ba tare da la’akari da kabila, addini ko jinsi ba… Na yi imani, da gaske, mabuɗin jituwa tsakanin addinai da zaman lafiya shine mafi mahimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ’yancin addini ko imani ga kowa.” (WorldWatch, Mayu 2016)
Cardinal Bo shine wanda ya kafa Religions for Peace Myanmar. A cikin faduwar 2016 ya shiga tare da Alissa Wahid, 'yar tsohon shugaban Indonesia, don haɗin gwiwar marubucin Op Ed mai karfi da aka buga a Wall Street Journal (9/27/2016) yana kira ga 'yancin addini a Burma da Indonesia. Sun yi gargadi game da muradun soji da ke neman iko da kasashensu, kuma sun yi kira da a cire “addini” daga takardun shaida. A matsayinsu na hadin gwiwar Kirista da Musulmi, sun yi kira da a gyara ma’aikatunsu na Addini domin kare dukkan al’adu daidai gwargwado. Bugu da kari, sun kara da cewa, “Hukumar tabbatar da doka ta ba da fifiko ga zaman lafiya ko da kuwa yana nufin zaluntar tsiraru. Ya kamata a maye gurbin wannan ra'ayi da sabon fifiko don kare 'yancin addini a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam..." (Wall Street Journal, Satumba 27, 2016)
Haɗin kai da Tallafawa
Cibiyar tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da al'adu ta kasa da kasa ta Sarki Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz (KAICIID) ta kafa Ostiriya, Spain da Saudi Arabiya, ta tallafawa shirye-shiryen da Majalisar Addinai da Addinai ta Duniya ta shirya. Sun kuma tallafa wa “Shirin horar da matasa na watanni uku a Myanmar, wanda ya kunshi ziyarar wuraren ibada” tare da taruka da yawa kamar Tattaunawar da aka yi tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista a watan Satumba na 2015 a Girka. A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Arya Samaj, KAICIID ya gabatar da wani taro a kan "Hoton Sauran" a Indiya wanda ya ba da shawarar haɗakar da shirye-shirye na Interfaith tare da ilimin zaman lafiya da ci gaba, don kauce wa "tsarin gasa." Mahalarta taron sun kuma yi kira da a samar da ƙamus na kalmomin addini don taimakawa sadarwa da ƙarin tarjama da horar da malamai.
A watan Afrilun 2015 KAICIID ta shirya taron ASEAN da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin agaji na yanki da na kare hakkin dan adam, 'yan kasuwa na yanki, da shugabannin addini na yanki, da suka taru a Malaysia don "tattauna hanyoyin da kungiyoyin fararen hula da shugabannin addini za su ba da gudummawa ga A cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar, taron ya tunatar da cewa, tun da "Sanarwar kare hakkin bil'adama ta ASEAN ta hada da kare hakkin 'yancin yin addini, akwai bukatar a ci gaba da gudanar da cudanya tsakanin addinai da kuma tattaunawa. a cikin Myanmar da sauran yankuna." (KAIICID, Afrilu 17, 2015)
KAICIID ta tallafa wa malaman addini masu zaman kansu ta hanyar zumunci da kyaututtuka. Game da Burma, wannan yana nufin amincewa da shugabannin addinin Buddah matasa a shirye don inganta jam'iyyar addini.[14] (Alal misali, an ba da haɗin gwiwa ga malamin Buddhist na Burma Ven Acinna, yana karatun digirinsa na digiri a Cibiyar Nazarin Buddhist da Pali ta Postgraduate, Jami'ar Kelaniya a Sri Lanka. "A lokacin karatunsa, ya shiga cikin tarurrukan bita da yawa da suka shafi zamantakewa. Ya himmatu sosai ga ayyukan zamantakewa da addini da kuma samar da yanayi na lumana a cikin al'ummarsa, inda mabiya addinin Buddha da yawa da kuma wani kaso mai yawa na al'ummar musulmin Myanmar ke rayuwa tare."
An ba da wani haɗin gwiwa ga Ashin Mandalarlankara wani matashi mai koyar da addinin Buddha a cikin gidan sufi na Burma. Bayan halartar wani taron karawa juna sani kan addinin Musulunci da Fr Tom Michael, wani limamin darikar Katolika kuma masani kan nazarin addinin Islama daga Amurka ya jagoranta, ya gana da shugabannin musulmi tare da “ kulla abota da yawa. Ya kuma dauki kwas na iPACE kan Canjin Rikici da Turanci a Cibiyar Jefferson da ke Mandalay." (Yan uwa KAIICID)
An ba da ƙarin haɗin gwiwa ga wanda ya kafa Theravada Dhamma Society of America, Venerable Ashin Nyanissara Malamin addinin Buddha kuma mai ba da agaji, shi ne "wanda ya kafa Kwalejin BBM a Lower Myanmar kuma shi ne alhakin gina tsarin samar da ruwa. wanda yanzu haka ya samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga mazauna sama da dubu takwas da kuma wani ingantaccen asibiti na zamani a Burma wanda ke kula da mutane sama da 250 a rana.”
Domin KAICIID tana ba da zumunci da yawa ga Musulmai a wasu ƙasashe, ƙila fifikonta shine neman ƙwararrun mabiya addinin Buddah a Burma. Duk da haka, ana iya tsammanin cewa nan gaba za a amince da karin musulmin Burma a wannan cibiya da Saudiyya ke jagoranta.
Tare da wasu ƴan abubuwan da aka ambata, shigar musulmin Burma cikin ayyukan haɗin kai ba shi da ƙarfi. Akwai dalilai da yawa da zasu iya haifar da hakan. An haramta wa Musulman Rohingya yin tafiya a cikin kasar Burma, kuma sauran musulmin sun kosa su ci gaba da yin kaurin suna. Hatta a yankin Yangon na duniya an kona wani masallaci a cikin watan Ramadan na 2016. An dade ana haramtawa kungiyoyin agaji na musulmi yin aiki a Burma, kuma har ya zuwa hada wannan rahoto ba a aiwatar da yarjejeniyar ba da ofishin kungiyar hadin kan kasashen musulmi ta OIC ba, duk da cewa hakan ya faru. ana sa ran canji. Kungiyoyin agaji da ke son taimakawa musulmin Rohingya dole ne su hada kai da sauran kungiyoyin agaji da aka ba su dama. Haka kuma, a Jihar Rakhine, ya zama wajibi a siyasance a yi wa al’ummar Rakhine hidima. Duk wannan yana kawar da albarkatu daga gina cibiyoyin musulmi.
Wani takarda da aka leka daga shirye-shiryen OSF na George Soros, wanda ya ba da tallafi ga Cibiyar Bayar da Agaji ta Burma don sadarwar tsakanin ƙungiyoyin farar hula, ya nuna taka tsantsan don magance son zuciya kodayake horar da ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labarai da haɓaka tsarin ilimi mai zurfi; da kuma sanya ido kan kamfen na kyamar musulmi a shafukan sada zumunta da kawar da su idan ya yiwu. Takardar ta ci gaba da cewa, “Muna yin kasadar duk matsayinmu na kungiyarmu a Burma da kuma tsaron lafiyar ma’aikatanmu ta hanyar bin wannan ra’ayi na (anti Magana). Ba ma ɗaukar waɗannan haɗarin da sauƙi kuma za mu aiwatar da wannan ra'ayi tare da taka tsantsan. " (OSF, 2014) Ko la'akari da Soros, Luce, 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya kadan kudade ya tafi kai tsaye ga kungiyoyin fararen hula na Rohingya. Babban bangaran, Wai Wai Nu ta Wai Wai Nu na sha'awar Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Mata-Arakan, tana hidimar Rohingya amma kuma ana iya rarraba ta azaman hanyar sadarwar yancin mata.
Akwai dalilai da yawa da ya sa masu ba da agaji na duniya ba su ba da fifiko ga ƙarfafa cibiyoyin musulmin Burma ba, ko kuma samun damar shiga shugabannin musulmi. Da farko dai, raunin ƙaura yana nufin ba za a iya adana bayanai ba kuma ba za a iya rubuta rahotanni ga masu ba da tallafi ba. Na biyu, zama cikin rikici ba koyaushe yana da amfani don ƙarfafa amincewa ko da a cikin ƙungiyar da ake tsanantawa ba. Za a iya shigar da zalunci a ciki. Kuma kamar yadda na lura a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata, shugabannin Rohingya galibi suna takara da juna. Ba a yarda da asalinsu a hukumance ba, ko kuma aƙalla yana da cece-kuce, don maganganun jama'a. Duk da ‘yancin bayyana kansu, Aung San Suu Kyi da kanta ta nemi hukumomin agaji da gwamnatocin kasashen waje da kada su ma amfani da sunan su. Sun kasance ba mutane ba.
Kuma a shekarar zabe tabarbarewar ta yadu zuwa ga dukkan musulmin Burma. Kamar yadda USCIRF ta sanya shi, a cikin 2015, "Masu kishin addinin Buddah sun sanyawa 'yan takara da jam'iyyun siyasa suna 'pro-Muslim' don bata sunan su da zaɓensu." Sakamakon haka hatta jam'iyyar NLD da ta yi nasara a zaben ta ki amincewa da kowane dan takara musulmi kwata-kwata. Don haka, hatta ga musulmin da ba ‘yan kabilar Rohingya ba, an yi ta fama da tashe-tashen hankula wanda watakila ya sanya da yawa daga cikin shugabannin musulmi cikin taka-tsantsan da rikon sakainar kashi. (USCIRF, 2016)
A cikin sadarwar sirri (Oktoba 4, 2016) Mana Tun, abokin aikin da ke koyarwa a Makarantar Koyon Tauhidi ta Myanmar ta bayyana cewa Shirin Sabis ɗin su na Arts yana karɓar ɗalibai ba tare da la'akari da addini, ƙabila da jinsi ba kuma yana da adadin ɗaliban Buddha - na iya zama 10-20% na kungiyar dalibai – amma kadan ne dalibai musulmi, dalibai 3-5 cikin dalibai 1300.
Me yasa kadan? An koya wa wasu musulmi su guje wa yanayin zamantakewa wanda zai iya lalata tunanin kunya ko tsarki. Wasu za su iya guje wa shiga makarantar Kirista don tsoron ‘rasa addininsu. Haƙiƙa Ƙaunar Musulmi na iya haifar da tafsiri na musamman na Musulunci. Duk da haka, tun da al'ummar Musulmi a Burma su kansu suna da bambancin ra'ayi, ba wai kawai na kabilanci ba, amma a cikin addininsu, yana iya zama mafi kyau a yi la'akari da kalubalen zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa a matsayin mafi mahimmanci.
The New York City Comparison
Zan kawo karshen wannan takarda da nazari na kwatankwacin aikin Interfaith a New York, tare da mai da hankali kan shigar musulmi bisa gogewar kai. Manufar ita ce yin karin haske kan tasirin kyamar Musulunci a nau'ikansa daban-daban, da kuma wasu abubuwa kamar al'adu da fasaha.
Tun bayan hare-haren ta'addanci na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, haɗin gwiwar tsakanin addinai da haɗin gwiwa sun faɗaɗa a birnin New York, duka a matakin jagoranci da kuma ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ayyukan sa kai da ayyukan adalci na zamantakewa. Mahalarta da yawa sun kasance suna samun ci gaba a siyasance, aƙalla kan wasu batutuwa, kuma Kiristocin Ikklesiyoyin bishara, Yahudawan Orthodox da Musulmai na Salafi gabaɗaya sun fice.
An ci gaba da mayar da martani na kyamar Musulunci, har ma ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda wasu kafafen yada labarai da kungiyoyi masu ra'ayin siyasa ke samun tallafi. Juya baya yana da tashe-tashen hankula na geopolitical da bacin rai game da haɓakar ISIS, haɓakar ra'ayin jama'a na dama, da kuma rashin fahimtar ƙa'idodin Musulunci. (KAIR, 2016)
Ra'ayin Musulunci a matsayin barazanar wanzuwa ya yadu a Turai, da kuma Amurka, yana mai da martani na hukunci da mayar da martani ga kasancewar ɗimbin tsirarun musulmi. Har ila yau zanga-zangar kyamar musulmi ta yadu a Indiya, mahaifar mafi yawan musulmin duniya masu tsiraru miliyan 150, da kuma Thailand da Sri Lanka. Wannan yanayin kyamar baki yana kuma bayyana a wasu yankuna na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da China. Shugabannin siyasa sun yi ta tozarta tsirarun musulmi da sunan tsaftar addini, rashin fahimtar jama'a game da matsayin kasa, da ikirarin tsaron kasa.
A cikin birnin New York, matsalolin tsaro sun "rufe" sauran hanyoyin kai hare-hare, kodayake an kuma yi ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙa'idodin ladabi na gargajiya a matsayin zaluncin jinsi da cin zarafi ga 'yanci. Masallatai da sauran kungiyoyin musulmi sun yi tir da kamfen na batanci a shafukan sada zumunta da na jaridu, tare da sanya ido sosai daga jami'an tsaro da ke fafatawa da juna.
A cikin wannan mahallin, tattaunawar tsakanin addinai da haɗin kai sun ba da muhimmiyar budewa a cikin yarda da zamantakewar jama'a, da barin shugabannin musulmi da masu fafutuka su fito daga tilasta warewa kuma a kalla daga lokaci zuwa lokaci sun wuce matsayin "wanda aka azabtar" ta hanyar aikin haɗin gwiwar jama'a. Ayyukan tsakanin addinan sun haɗa da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don gina amana ta hanyar tattaunawa ta rubutu akan dabi'u ɗaya; zamantakewa a lokacin bukukuwan addini; ƙirƙirar wurare masu aminci, tsaka tsaki kamar ƙungiya don taimakon juna tsakanin maƙwabta daban-daban; da ayyukan sabis don ciyar da masu fama da yunwa, don ba da shawara ga zaman lafiya, kare muhalli da sauran matsalolin adalci na zamantakewa.
Don misalta (idan ba taswira ba) yanayin haɗin gwiwar addinai na gida, zan ɗan bayyana ayyuka guda biyu da aka haɗa ni da su. Ana iya fahimtar duka biyu a matsayin martani ga harin 9/11.
Aikin farko shine haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin addinai akan martanin bala'i na 9/11, da farko da aka sani da haɗin gwiwar NYDRI da ke da alaƙa da Majalisar Ikklisiya ta New York, sannan New York Disaster Interfaith Services (NYDIS) ta maye gurbinsa. Matsala ɗaya da ke tattare da maimaitawar farko ita ce rashin fahimtar bambancin tsarin shugabancin musulmi, wanda ya haifar da wasu keɓancewa da ba dole ba. Siga na biyu, wanda Peter Gudaitis daga Cocin Episcopal ya jagoranta kuma yana da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru. NYDIS ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin birni don tabbatar da cewa mutane da ƙungiyoyi masu rauni (ciki har da baƙi marasa izini) ba za su shiga cikin gibin ayyukan agaji ba. NYDIS ta kira taron "Tsarin Bukatun Bukatun da ba a biya ba" wanda ya ba da agajin dala miliyan 15 ga membobin al'umma daban-daban, wadanda ma'aikatan shari'a daga al'ummomin addinai daban-daban suka gabatar da bukatunsu. NYDIS kuma ta goyi bayan sabis na limamin coci kuma ta magance "lalata da ke da alaƙa da bala'i." Bayan rage ma'aikatanta, ta sake sake farfado da ayyuka bayan guguwar Sandy a 5, tana ba da taimako sama da miliyan 2012.
Ni mamba ne na hukumar NYDIS tun farkon sa, mai wakiltar Islamic Circle (ICNA Relief USA) tare da dogon tarihinta na taimakon bala'i. Bayan barin ICNA a karshen 2005 na wakilci Muslim Consultative Network na shekaru da yawa, kuma na taimaka a takaice ayyukan NYDIS al'umma data bayan Guguwar Sandy. A cikin wannan lokacin, na ga ingantaccen tasiri na haɗa kai tare da shugabannin bangaskiya daga ingantattun al'adun bangaskiya da ƙarin shirye-shirye na ƙasa. Duk da matsin lamba a kan wasu abokan tarayya, musamman kungiyoyin Yahudawa na Amurka, na ficewa daga kungiyoyin musulmi, gina amana da ayyukan shugabanci nagari sun ba da damar hadin gwiwa ya ci gaba.
Daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2007 shirin "Livingroom Project," ƙoƙari na haɓaka dangantaka tsakanin manyan ƙungiyoyin kafa yahudawa da NYC na ƙungiyoyin farar hula na NYC, ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi har ma da wasu ɓarna. An fadada irin wannan gibin a shekarar 2007 a lokacin da kafafen yada labarai suka kai hari kan abokan aikinsu musulmi irin su Debbie Almontaser, shugabar makarantar Kahlil Gibran, lokacin da abokan tattaunawar suka kasa kare ta a bainar jama'a ko kuma su fito fili su kalubalanci karya da karya. Martanin addinai game da hare-haren 2010 a Park 51 (wanda ake kira "masallaci a kasa zero") ya fi kyau amma har yanzu gauraye. Rahotonni a cikin 2007 game da kurakuran da 'yan sanda suka yi game da tsattsauran ra'ayin musulmi sun biyo bayan wahayi a cikin 2011-12 game da irin yadda 'yan sanda ke sa ido kan shugabannin musulmi na birnin New York da cibiyoyin al'umma. Dangantaka da masu sasantawar ikon siyasa da al'adu na birnin New York sun sha wahala.
Dangane da wannan yunƙuri, shugabancin Musulmi a New York ya kasu kashi biyu. Yawancin sansani na siyasa yana jaddada haɗin kai, yayin da mafi yawan sansanin masu fafutuka ke ba da fifiko. Mutum na iya gane haduwar limamai Ba’amurke masu ra’ayin adalci na zamantakewa da ’yan gwagwarmayar Larabawa a gefe guda, da kuma ’yan gudun hijira iri-iri a daya bangaren. Duk da haka, bambance-bambancen siyasa da na mutumci ba saɓo ba ne. Haka kuma wani sansani ba shi da ra'ayin mazan jiya na zamantakewa ko addini fiye da ɗayan. Amma duk da haka, aƙalla a matakin jagoranci alakar musulmi cikin aminci ta yi tuntuɓe kan zaɓin dabarun da ke tsakanin “faɗin gaskiya zuwa mulki” da al’adar nuna girmamawa da gina ƙawance a bangarorin biyu na siyasa. Shekaru biyar baya, wannan ciwon bai warke ba.
Bambance-bambancen ɗabi'a ya taka rawa a wannan baraka. Ko da yake ainihin bambance-bambancen ra'ayi da akidu sun bayyana dangane da alakar da ta dace da ikon gwamnatin Amurka. Rashin amincewa ya taso game da dalilan waɗanda suka sanya kansu kusa da ’yan sanda kuma da alama sun yarda da buƙatar sa ido sosai. A cikin 2012 wata ƙungiya ta shirya kauracewa abincin karin kumallo na tsakanin mabiya addinai na shekara-shekara na magajin garin NY Bloomberg, [16] don nuna rashin amincewa da goyon bayansa ga manufofin NYDP masu matsala. Yayin da hakan ya jawo hankalin kafafen yada labarai, musamman a shekarar farko ta kauracewa taron, sauran sansanonin sun ci gaba da halartar taron, kamar yadda akasarin shugabannin addinai daban-daban na birnin suka yi.
Wasu shugabannin musulmi da masu fafutuka sun fahimci al'adunsu a matsayin masu adawa da ikon duniya da ikon duniya da kuma zabin manufofin kasashen waje na yammacin Turai. Wannan hasashe ya haifar da dabarun kiyaye iyakoki da sauran al'ummomi, tare da mai da hankali kan laifukan ƙiyayya da kare muradun musulmi a lokacin farmaki. Ba a kawar da haɗin kai tsakanin addinai ba - amma an fi son idan an yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da adalci na zamantakewa.
Ni kuma memba ne na Majalisar Flushing Interfaith Council [17], wanda ya ci gaba a matsayin ci gaba na Flushing Interfaith Unity Walk. Tafiya da kanta ta dogara ne akan Yaran Ibrahim Interfaith Peace Walk, wanda Rabbi Ellen Lippman da Debbie Almontaser suka kafa a cikin 2004 don gina gadoji na fahimta tsakanin mazauna Brooklyn a yankuna daban-daban. Manufar ita ce daidaita tsarin gidan buɗe ido, tare da ziyara, tattaunawa da abubuwan ciye-ciye a gidajen ibada daban-daban a kan hanya. A cikin 2010 Walk na Brooklyn ya ƙare a wurin da ake shirin gina wani masallaci a Sheepshead Bay wanda ya jawo hankalin masu zanga-zangar kyamar musulmi, kuma mahalarta Walk sun ba da furanni ga mutanen da suka fusata. Don yin hidima ga gundumar Queens, Flushing Walk ya fara a cikin 2009 kuma ya sami tserewa da yawa daga jayayya, saboda yana daidaita tsarin bambance-bambancen addini don haɗawa da ɗimbin bambance-bambance kuma galibin al'ummar Asiya ciki har da Hindu, Sikhs da Buddhists na Flushing. Yayin da ya kai ga wannan bambancin don Tafiya da sauran ayyuka, a lokaci guda, Majalisar ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta hanyar halartar membobin "cocin zaman lafiya" - Quakers da Unitarians.
A cikin gundumar Queens, Flushing, NY kuma shine wurin 1657 Flushing Remonstrance, takaddar kafa 'yancin addini a Amurka. A lokacin, Peter Stuyvesant, wanda shi ne Gwamna na New Netherlands a lokacin, ya haramta duk wani addini da ke wajen Cocin Dutch Reformed Church a hukumance. An kama Baptists da Quakers saboda ayyukansu na addini a yankin Flushing. A mayar da martani, gungun mazauna Ingila sun taru don rattaba hannu kan Remonstrance, kira na yin haƙuri ba kawai Quakers ba amma "Yahudawa, Turkawa da Masarawa, kamar yadda ake ɗaukar su 'ya'yan Adamu." kuma an kai wani Bature John Bowne zuwa ƙasar Holland, ko da yake ba ya jin yaren Holland. A ƙarshe dai wannan murkushewar ya ci tura a kan Stuyvesant lokacin da Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya goyi bayan 'yan adawa.
Bikin wannan gadon, a cikin 2013 Majalisar Flushing Interfaith Council ta sabunta Remonstrance don magance manufofin sa ido kan Musulmi da Hagu a cikin birnin New York. An fassara shi zuwa harsunan gida guda 11, sabuwar takardar ta yi magana da magajin gari Michael Bloomberg kai tsaye tare da korafe-korafen da suka shafi sa ido da tsayawa da manufofin sa ido.[19] Majalisar na ci gaba da nuna goyon bayanta ga Musulman Queens, wadanda aka yi wa aikata laifukan kiyayya da kisa a shekarar 2016. A lokacin rani na 2016 Majalisar ta dauki nauyin tattaunawar marubuta Musulmi da kungiyar karatu. The Pluralism Project a Harvard ya gane Flushing interfaith Council's "ayyukan alƙawarin" don sabuwar hanyar haɗin gwiwa zuwa ga muhimmin al'adun jama'a na Flushing.[20]
Bayan waɗannan misalan guda biyu yanayin haɗin gwiwar addinai na birnin New York ya haɗa da hukumomi da shirye-shiryen da ke da alaƙa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (kamar Alliance of Civilizations, Religions for Peace, Temple of Understanding) da kuma ƙawancen gida tsakanin gidajen ibada har ma da kulab ɗin ɗalibai. Mafi mahimmanci, tun lokacin da aka taso a cikin 1997 daga Rev James Parks Morton da aka yi wahayi zuwa shirye-shirye na addinai a Cathedral na St John the Divine, Cibiyar Interfaith ta New York ta ba da tarurrukan karawa juna sani da horarwa kan batutuwan zamantakewa iri-iri don "limamai, malaman addini, shugabanni masu zaman kansu. , masu ba da sabis na zamantakewa, da duk wanda ke taka rawar jagoranci don hidimar al'ummomin imaninsu."
A cikin Birnin New York, Ƙungiyar tauhidin tauhidi da sauran makarantun hauza, Cibiyar Tanenbaum na Fahimtar Ma'anar Addini, Gidauniyar Fahimtar Kabilanci (FFEU), Cibiyar Kabilanci, Addini da Fahimtar Kabilanci (CERRU) Adalci na Ma'aikatan Addini, da Intersections International duk sun shiga cikin shirye-shirye tare da al'ummar bangaskiya. mambobi.
Yawancin wadannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ja da baya a kan yaduwar kyamar Musulunci, suna goyon bayan ayyukan kasa kamar "Kafada da kafada." amma samar da kayan albarkatu irin su Maƙwabcina Musulmi ne, jagorar nazari mai kashi bakwai da Lutheran Social Service na Minnesota ya samar a cikin ƙasa, da kuma tsarin koyarwar Peace and Unity Bridge wanda Cocin Unitarian Universalist na Vermont ya shirya.[21] A cikin Satumba 22 Ikilisiyar Unitarian Universalist (UUSC) ta kuma haɗa da "Muslim Solidarity Event" a cikin aikin aikin su wanda aka haɗa da fim ɗin Ken Burns game da ƙoƙarin Unitarian don ceton mutane daga Nazis. Haɗin kai a fakaice ya kasance mai tasiri a tarihi. Ya yi wuri a san nawa ne za su yi amfani da waɗannan albarkatun.
Duk da halin da ake ciki a duk lokacin zaɓe na 2016, a fili akwai ci gaba da haɗin kai tare da Musulmai, masu zurfi da zurfi, a tsakanin al'ummomin addini. Amma kuma, kamar yadda a kasar Burma, musulmi ba su da wadata da tsari da kuma kila ba su da ra'ayin daukar nauyin jagoranci a dangantakar addinai. Salon shugabancin musulmi har yanzu yana cikin nau'in ''mai kwarjini'', wanda ke gina alaƙa amma baya ba da wakilci ko haɓaka ƙarfin cibiyoyi masu dorewa. Yawancin mutane iri ɗaya suna da hannu sosai a tattaunawar tsakanin addinai amma ba za su iya ko ba su kawo sabbin mahalarta ba. Akwai ƴan ingantattun masu magana da musulmi fiye da nagartattun masu gudanarwa don samun tallafi da ci gaba da sa hannu. Halartan masallatai ba su da yawa, kuma ko da sun rungumi addini ta hanya mai ƙarfi, matasa musulmi masu ƙaura musamman sun ƙi bin tafarkin iyayensu.
Haƙiƙanin ɗan adam yana da sarƙaƙiya kuma mai nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, amma maganganun siyasa da shahararru game da kabilanci, tattalin arziki, addini da jinsi sau da yawa suna wuce gona da iri. Tallafin kuɗi yana biye da yanayin sha'awa, kamar Black Lives Matter, amma ba koyaushe yana ƙarfafa waɗanda abin ya shafa kai tsaye ba.
A cikin 2008 Kusumita Pederson ya lura, “Tabbas mafi ɗaukaka da mahimmancin fasalin ƙungiyoyin addinai a yau… shine haɓaka ayyukan haɗin gwiwar addinai a matakin gida. Wannan shi ne babban bambanci da farkon shekarun da ƙungiyoyin suka yi, kuma da alama yana nuna alamar wani sabon lokaci." Wannan gaskiya ne a cikin birnin New York kamar yadda aka gani a cikin yunƙurin gida da yawa tun daga 9/11. Wasu ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na gida sun fi “bayyane” fiye da wasu. A kowane hali, wannan al'amari na asali a yanzu yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar gurɓacewar zamantakewa na sababbin fasaha. Tare da haɓakar kafofin watsa labarun da yawa "tattaunawa" yanzu yana kan layi, tare da baƙi miliyan a ware. Rayuwar zamantakewar New York yanzu tana matsananciyar matsaya, kuma sayar da labari, labari, da'awar mulki, wani bangare ne na tattalin arzikin jari-hujja. (Pederson, 2008)
Tabbas, wayoyin hannu suna yaduwa a Burma ma. Shin ayyukan dandalin sada zumunta na facebook kamar sabon Kamfen na Abokina[23], wanda ke murnar abokantaka tsakanin Burma na kabilu daban-daban, zai yi nasara wajen gina al'adun da ke bikin kowa daidai? Shin wannan shine “ginin zaman lafiya tsakanin addinai” na nan gaba? Ko kuwa wayoyin salula za su zama makamai a hannun ’yan daba masu niyyar tayar da hankali, kamar yadda ya riga ya faru? (Baker, 2016, Holland 2014)
Ƙaunar baƙi da ƙaurawar jama'a suna haifar da mugun yanayi. Yayin da ake tattauna taron jama'a na "masu bin doka" a Amurka, kuma ana aiwatar da su a Burma, rashin tsaro da wannan jawabin ya haifar ya shafi kowa da kowa. Tare da kawar da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa masu rauni, ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta a halin yanzu ga jam'iyyar addini da na kabilanci alama ce ta ƙaurawar al'adu da ruhi da ke da alaƙa da jari-hujja ta duniya.
A shekara ta 2000, Mark Gopin ya lura: “Idan kun kuskura ku matsar da al’adar addini, ko kuma wata al’ada ta wannan al’amari, zuwa wani sabon tsarin tattalin arziki ko siyasa, kamar dimokuradiyya ko kasuwa mai ‘yanci, kar ku matsa sama ba tare da tsarin mulki ba. kasa, kasa ba sama ba, ko ma tsakiya kawai, sai dai idan kun kasance cikin shiri don zubar da jini…Al'adun addini ba kawai gudu daga sama zuwa ƙasa ba. A gaskiya ma, akwai wani gagarumin iko da ke yaduwa, wanda shi ya sa ake takura wa shugabanni. " (Gopin, 2000, shafi na 211)
Gopin kuma ya ƙara wa gargaɗinsa - don rungumar tsarin canji mai fa'ida; kada a matsar da wani addini ko kabila ba tare da daya ba; and never make a conflict worse by reinfocing one addini ko al’ada kungiyar a kan wani, “musamman ta wajen zuba jari.”
Abin takaici, Amurka - da al'ummomin duniya - sun yi daidai da haka a matsayin wani bangare na manufofin kasashen waje na tsararraki masu yawa, kuma tabbas sun ci gaba a cikin shekarun da Gopin ya rubuta waɗannan kalmomi. Ɗaya daga cikin abin da ya gada na waɗannan shisshigi na ƙasashen waje shi ne rashin aminta da juna, wanda har yanzu yana da tasiri sosai a dangantakar addinai a birnin New York a yau, mafi ƙarara a dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙungiyoyin musulmi da Yahudawa masu da'awar wakiltar muradun al'umma. Tsoron Musulmi da Larabawa na haɗin kai har ma da haɗin kai ya yi zurfi. Rashin zaman lafiyar yahudawa da damuwar rayuwa suma abubuwa ne masu rikitarwa. Kuma }warewar Ba}ar fata, na bautar da }ar}a}a, na dada girma. Kafofin watsa labaru masu yaduwa da ke kewaye da mu suna ba da damar a tattauna waɗannan batutuwa a cikin dogon lokaci. Amma kamar yadda aka gani, yana iya zama kamar yadda sauƙi ya sake ɓarnawa, ɓarna da siyasa.
Amma mene ne muke yi sa’ad da muka “yi tarayya da juna”? Shin ko yaushe yana cikin mafita, ba matsala ba? Mana Tun ya lura cewa a Burma, mahalarta tattaunawar tsakanin addinai suna amfani da kalmar Ingilishi “interfaith” a matsayin aro. Shin hakan yana nuna masu wanzar da zaman lafiya na Baptist a Burma suna shigo da su kuma suna sanya ka'idodin tattaunawa waɗanda ke fitowa daga kallon Gabatarwa, sabon tsarin mulkin mallaka na mishan na Yamma? Shin hakan yana ba da shawarar cewa shugabannin Burma (ko na New York) waɗanda suka rungumi damar samar da zaman lafiya su ne masu fa'ida? A'a; yana yiwuwa a tuna da gargaɗin Gopin game da tsangwama mai ma'ana mai kyau a cikin al'amuran al'umma amma ku yi la'akari da ƙirƙira da mahimmancin musayar ɗan adam wanda ke faruwa a cikin tattaunawa lokacin da aka watsar da lakabi da tsinkaye.
A haƙiƙa, a cikin birnin New York galibin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin addinai gabaɗaya kyauta ce ta ka'ida. Ƙimar ka'idar na iya zuwa daga baya, lokacin da aka horar da tsararraki na biyu don ci gaba da tattaunawa, ba da damar sababbin masu horarwa su kasance da masaniya game da motsin ƙungiyoyi da ka'idodin canji.
Abokan haɗin gwiwa suna buɗe kansu ga sababbin dama. Duk da irin yanayin da nake da shi na tattaunawa tsakanin Yahudawa da Musulmai a New York, daya daga cikin abokan tattaunawar ya kasance aboki kuma kwanan nan ya kafa kawancen Yahudawa don neman hakkin Musulmin Rohingya a Burma. Saboda tausayawa da ƴan gudun hijira da aljanu ƴan tsiraru, waɗanda gogewarsu ta yi kama da mafarkin Bayahude a cikin 1930s na Turai, Ƙungiyar Yahudawa ta Damuwa Kan Burma (JACOB) ta rattaba hannu kan kusan ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa na yau da kullun 20 don bayar da shawarwari ga musulmin da ake zalunta.
Muna iya fuskantar makomar dunkulewar duniya (da rashin jin daɗinta) tare da bege ko zurfafa zurfafa tunani. Ko ta yaya, akwai ƙarfi wajen yin aiki tare don manufa ɗaya. Tare da juyayi ga baƙo, da sauran mutane masu rauni, abokan addini suna ba da tsoro sosai game da bayyanar nihilism na hare-haren ta'addanci da aka yi niyya ga farar hula, gami da nau'ikan ƴan uwan yan adam waɗanda al'ummomin addinai ba koyaushe suke karɓuwa ba, kamar maza da mata LGBT. . Domin a yanzu al'ummomin addinai daban-daban suna fuskantar bukatar gaggawa na gyare-gyare da yawa a cikin bangaskiya da matsuguni tsakanin "sama" da kasa" na jagoranci, tare da yarjejeniyoyin sabani da kuma rarraba kan irin wadannan batutuwan zamantakewa, mataki na gaba na haɗin gwiwar addinai ya yi alkawarin zama. hadaddun sosai – amma tare da sabbin damammaki don tausayin juna.
References
Akbar, T. (2016, Agusta 31) Chicago Monitor. An dawo daga http://chicagomonitor.com/2016/08/will-burmas-new-kofi-annan-led-commission-on-rohingya-make-a-difference/
Ali, Wajahat et al (2011, Agusta 26) Haɗin Tsoro Cibiyar Ci gaban Amirka. Retrieved from: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/report/2015/02/11/106394/fear-inc-2-0/
ASG, (2016, Afrilu 8) RFP Shugabannin Myanmar sun ziyarci Japan, Addinai don Aminci Asiya. http://rfp-asia.org/rfp-myanmar-shugabannin-addini-suka-ziyarci-japan-domin-ƙarfafa-haɗin gwiwa-on-peacebuilding-da-reconciliation/#more-1541
Bo, CM da Wahid, A. (2016, Satumba 27) Yin watsi da Rashin Hakuri na Addini a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya; Wall Street Journal. An dawo daga: http://www.wsj.com/articles/rejecting-religious-intolerance-in-southeast-asia-1474992874?tesla=y&mod=vocus
Baker, Nick (2016, Agusta 5) Yadda kafofin watsa labarun suka zama megaphone na kalaman ƙiyayya na Myanmar Myanmar Times. An dawo daga: http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/21787-how-social-media-became-myanmar-s-hate-speech-megaphone.html
BBC Hausa (2011, Disamba 30) Musulmai sun kauracewa buda baki na magajin Bloomberg. An dawo daga: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16366971
Buttry, D. (2015A, Disamba 15) Baptist Missionary a cikin wani Masallaci, Jaridar International Ministries. An dawo daga: https://www.internationalministries.org/read/60665
Buttry, D. (2008, Afrilu 8) Karanta Ruhu. An dawo da bidiyo daga https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2pUb2mVAFY
Buttry, D. 2013 Gadar 'Ya'yan Ibrahim daga Dan Interactive Passport Blog. An dawo daga: http://dbuttry.blogspot.com/2013/01/legacy-of-children-of-abraham.html
Buttry, D. Mu ne Safa 2015 Karanta Littattafan Ruhu (1760)
Carlo, K. (2016, Yuli 21) Jaridar International Ministries. An dawo daga https://www.internationalministries.org/read/62643
Carroll, PA (2015, Nuwamba 7) Abubuwa 7 Ya Kamata Ku Sani Game da Rikicin Burma, Watan Musulunci. An dawo daga: http://theislamicmonthly.com/7-things-you-should-know-about-crisis-in-burma/
Carroll, PA (2015) Ƙwararriyar Jagoranci: Rayuwa da Gwagwarmaya na 'Yan gudun hijirar Rohingya a Amurka, An buga shi a cikin Winter / Spring Issue na Watan Musulunci. An dawo daga: https://table32discussion.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/islamic-monthly-rohingya.pdf
Majalisar Dangantakar Musulunci ta Amurka (CAIR) (2016m Satumba) Abubuwan da suka faru a Masallaci. An dawo daga http://www.cair.com/images/pdf/Sept_2016_Mosque_Incidents.pdf
Eltahir, Nafisa (2016, Satumba 25) Ya Kamata Musulmi Su Yi watsi da Siyasar Al'ada; Atlantic. An dawo daga: http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/muslim-americans-should-reject-respectability-politics/501452/
Remonstrance, Flushing Meeting Religious Society of Friends. Duba http://flushingfriends.org/history/flushing-remonstrance/
Freeman, Joe (2015, Nuwamba 9) Ƙuri'ar Yahudawa ta Myanmar. The Tablet. An dawo daga: http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/194863/myanmars-jewish-vote
Gopin, Marc Tsakanin Adnin da Armageddon, Makomar Addinai na Duniya, Tashin hankali da Zaman Lafiya Oxford 2000
Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Duniya: Tallafin Kwanan nan http://globalhumanrights.org/grants/recent-grants/
Holland, Anan 2014 Yuni 14 Facebook a Myanmar: Ƙara kalaman ƙiyayya? Al Jazeera Bangladesh. An dawo daga: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/06/facebook-myanmar-rohingya-amplifying-hate-speech-2014612112834290144.html
Jerryson, M. Juzu'i na 4, Fitowa ta 2, 2016 Buddhism, Sabo, da Tashin hankali Shafuffuka na 119-127
Cibiyar Tattaunawar KAIICID Factsheet Factsheet Summer 2015. http://www.kaiciid.org/file/11241/download?token=8bmqjB4_
Bidiyoyin Cibiyar Tattaunawar KAIICID akan Youtube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1OLXWr_zK71qC6bv6wa8-Q/videos)
KAIICID News KAIICID tana Haɗin kai tare da Abokan Hulɗa don Inganta Dangantakar Buda da Musulmi a Myanmar. http://www.kaiciid.org/news-events/news/kaiciid-cooperates-partners-improve-buddhist-muslim-relations-myanmar
KAIICID Fellows www.kaiciid.org/file/3801/download?token=Xqr5IcIb
Ling Jiou Dutsen Buddhist Society "Tattaunawa" da "Asali" shafukan. An dawo daga: http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=136
Kuma "Jami'ar Addinai na Duniya" http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=155
Johnson, V. (2016, Satumba 15) Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Myanmar, Suu Kyi Style. Ayyukan USIP Cibiyar Aminci ta Amurka (USIP). An dawo daga: http://www.usip.org/publications/2016/09/15/qa-myanmar-s-peace-process-suu-kyi-style
Cibiyar Bincike ta Judson 2016, Yuli 5 Tattaunawar Harabar ta Fara. An dawo daga: http://judsonresearch.center/category/news-activities/
Mizzima News (2015, Yuni 4) Majalisar Addinai ta Duniya ta ba da lambar yabo ta uku daga cikin manyan Sufaye na Myanmar. An karbo daga: http://www.mizzima.com/news-international/parliament-world%E2%80%99s-religions-awards-three-myanmar%E2%80%99s-leading-monks
Mujahid, Abdul Malik (2016, Afrilu 6) Ministan Harkokin Addinin Duniya na Burma Ya Mutu Ya Yi Watsi Da Gidan Huffington. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/abdul-malik-mujahid/words-of-burmas-religious_b_9619896.html
Mujahid, Abdul Malik (2011, Nuwamba) Me yasa Tattaunawar Tsakanin Addinai? Makon Hadin Kai Tsakanin Addinai na Duniya. An dawo daga: http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/abdul_malik_mujahid.pdf
Myint, M. (2016, Agusta 25) ANP ta bukaci da a soke hukumar ta jihar Arakan karkashin jagorancin Kofi Annan. A Irrawaddy. An dawo daga: http://www.irrawaddy.com/burma/anp-demands-cancellation-of-kofi-annan-led-arakan-state-commission.html
Bude Society Foundation Burma Project 2014-2017. dcleaks.com/wp-content/uploads/…/burma-project-revised-2014-2017-strategy.pdf
Majalisar Addinin Duniya Blog 2013, Yuli 18. https://parliamentofreligions.org/content/southeast-asian-buddhist-muslim-coalition-strengthes-peace-efforts
Blog Blog 2015, Yuli 1 Majalisa ta ba Sufaye Uku Kyauta. https://parliamentofreligions.org/content/parliament-world%E2%80%99s-religions-awards-three-burma%E2%80%99s-leading-monks-norway%E2%80%99s-nobel-institute
Pederson, Kusumita P. (Yuni 2008) Halin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Addinai: Ƙimar da ba ta cika ba, Majalisar Addinin Duniya. An dawo daga: https://parliamentofreligions.org/sites/default/files/www.parliamentofreligions.org__includes_FCKcontent_File_State_of_the_Interreligious_Movement_Report_June_2008.pdf
Rahoton Taƙaitaccen Rahoton Aikin Jama'a (2012). An dawo daga: http://pluralism.org/interfaith/report/
Prashad, Prem Calvin (2013, Disamba 13) Sabbin Tunawa da Dabarun NYPD, Queens Times Ledger. http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2013/50/flushingremonstrance_bt_2013_12_13_q.html
Addinai don Aminci Asiya: Sanarwa: Bayanin Paris Nuwamba Nuwamba 2015. http://rfp-asia.org/statements/statements-from-rfp-international/rfp-iyc-2015-paris-statement/
Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Gidauniyar Shalom. An dawo daga: http://nyeinfoundationmyanmar.org/Annual-Report)
Stassen, G. (1998) Zaman Lafiya kawai; Alhazai Press. Duba kuma Taƙaice: http://www.ldausa.org/lda/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Ten-Practices-for-Just-Peacemaking-by-Stassen.pdf
Rahoton Shekara-shekara na USCIRF 2016, Babin Burma. www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF_AR_2016_Burma.pdf
UNICEF Myanmar 2015, Oktoba 21 Cibiyar Watsa Labarai. An dawo daga: http://www.unicef.org/myanmar/media_24789.html
Win, TL (2015, Disamba 31) Ina Matan Suke Cikin Shirin Zaman Lafiyar Myanmar a Myanmar Yanzu? Myanmar Yanzu. Retrieved from: http://www.myanmar-now.org/news/i/?id=39992fb7-e466-4d26-9eac-1d08c44299b5
Worldwatch Monitor 2016, 25 ga Mayu 'Yancin Addini na cikin Manyan Kalubale a Myanmar. https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2016/05/4479490/
Notes
[1] Dubi nassoshi Ali, W. (2011) Don Tsoro Inc. 2.0 duba www.americanprogress.org
[2] www.BurmaTaskForce.org
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoniram_Judson
[4] Duba gidan yanar gizon Seminary http://www.pkts.org/activities.html
[5] Duba http;//www.acommonword.org
[6] Duba Shigar Blog a Afrilu 1, 2011 http://dbuttry.blogspot.com/2011/04/from-undisclosed-place-and-time-2.html
[7] www.mbcnewyork.org
[8] Duba Rahoton Shekara-shekara don Gidauniyar Shalom
[9] Duba http://rfp-asia.org/
[10] Duba bayanan RFP don Bayanin Paris. Don hanyoyin haɗi zuwa duk ayyukan matasa na RFP duba http://www.religionsforpeace.org/
[11] "Tattaunawa" http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=136
[12] Misali, Pakistan: http://www.gflp.org/WeekofDialogue/Pakistan.html
[13] Duba www.mwr.org.tw da http://www.gflp.org/
[14] KAIICID Video Documentation https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1OLXWr_zK71qC6bv6wa8-Q/videos)
[15] www.nydis.org
[16] BBC Disamba 30, 2011
[17] https://flushinginterfaithcouncil.wordpress.com/
[18] http://flushingfriends.org/history/flushing-remonstrance/
[19] http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2013/50/flushingremonstrance_bt_2013_12_13_q.html
[20] Nazarin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Addinin Addini http://pluralism.org/interfaith/report/
[21] http://www.shouldertoshouldercampaign.org/
[22] http://www.peaceandunitybridge.org/programs/curricula/
[23] Duba https://www.facebook.com/myfriendcampaign/
