Haɗa Rikicin Tsari, Rigingimu da Lalacewar Muhalli
Abstract:
Labarin yayi nazarin yadda rashin daidaituwa a tsarin zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki da al'adu ke haifar da rikice-rikicen tsarin da ke nuna alamun duniya. A matsayinmu na al'ummar duniya, muna da haɗin kai fiye da kowane lokaci. Tsarin zamantakewa na ƙasa da na duniya waɗanda ke haifar da cibiyoyi da manufofin da ke mayar da mafi rinjaye yayin da suke amfana da tsirarun ba su da dorewa. Rushewar al'umma ta dalilin warewar siyasa da tattalin arziki yana haifar da tsawaita rikice-rikice, ƙaura da kuma gurɓacewar muhalli wanda tsarin siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi ya kasa warwarewa. A yayin da take mai da hankali kan Afirka, takardar ta tattauna kan musabbabin tashe-tashen hankula na tsarin tare da nuna yadda za a iya rikidewa zuwa zaman tare. Zaman lafiya mai dorewa a duniya yana buƙatar sauyi ga: (1) maye gurbin tsarin tsaro na ƙasa da tsaro na gama gari, yana mai da hankali kan ci gaban ɗan adam ga dukkan mutane, manufa ta ɗan adam guda ɗaya da makoma guda; (2) Ƙirƙirar tattalin arziƙi da tsarin siyasa waɗanda ke fifita mutane da jin daɗin duniya sama da riba.
Zazzage Wannan Labari
Shawarwarin Kira:
Mayanja, ENB (2022). Haɗin tashin hankali na tsari, rikice-rikice da lalacewar muhalli. Jaridar Rayuwa Tare, 7(1), 15-25.
Bayanin Labari:
@Labarai{Mayanja2022}
Take = {Haɗa Rikicin Tsari, Rikici da Lalacewar Muhalli}
Author = {Evelyn Namakula B. Mayanja}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/linking-structural-violence-conflicts-and-ecological-damages/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Bugu); 2373-6631 (Kan layi)}
Shekara = {2022}
Kwanan wata = {2022-12-10}
Jarida = {Jarida ta Rayuwa Tare}
girma = {7}
Lamba = {1}
Shafuka = {15-25}
Mawallafi = {Cibiyar Duniya don Sasancin Kabilanci-addini}
Adireshi = {White Plains, New York}
Bugu = {2022}.
Gabatarwa
Zalunci na tsari shine tushen yawancin rikice-rikice na ciki da na duniya. An cusa su a cikin tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa da tattalin arziki marasa daidaituwa da tsarin ƙasa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa cin zarafi da tilastawa ta jiga-jigan siyasa, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa (MNCs), da jihohi masu ƙarfi (Jeong, 2000). Turawan mulkin mallaka, da dunkulewar duniya, da tsarin jari-hujja, da kwadayi, sun haifar da rugujewar cibiyoyi da dabi'u na al'adu na gargajiya wadanda suka kare muhalli, da hanawa da magance rikice-rikice. Gasa ta siyasa, tattalin arziki, soja da fasaha na hana raunana bukatunsu na yau da kullun, yana haifar da zubar da mutunci da keta mutuncinsu da hakkinsu. Bangaren kasa da kasa, cibiyoyi da tsare-tsare marasa aiki na manyan kasashe suna karfafa cin gajiyar kasashen da ke gefe. A matakin kasa, mulkin kama-karya, kishin kasa mai halakarwa, da siyasar ciki, da tilastawa da manufofin da za su amfanar da masu fada aji kawai, suna haifar da takaici, ya bar masu rauni ba su da wani zabi face amfani da tashin hankali a matsayin hanyar fadar gaskiya. iko.
Zalunci na tsari da tashin hankali suna da yawa tun da kowane matakin rikici ya haɗa da tsarin tsarin da aka sanya a cikin tsarin da tsarin ƙasa inda aka tsara manufofi. Maire Dugan (1996), mai binciken zaman lafiya kuma masanin ka'idar, ya tsara tsarin 'nested paradigm' kuma ya gano matakai hudu na rikici: batutuwan da ke cikin rikici; dangantakar da ke ciki; ƙananan tsarin da matsala ke ciki; da kuma tsarin tsarin. Dugan ya lura:
Rikicin matakin tsarin sau da yawa yana nuna rikice-rikice na tsarin mafi girma, yana kawo rashin daidaito kamar wariyar launin fata, jima'i, bangaranci, da ƙiyayya ga ofisoshin da masana'antu da muke aiki a ciki, gidajen ibada da muke addu'a, kotuna da rairayin bakin teku waɗanda muke wasa a kansu. , titunan da muke haduwa da makwabtanmu, har da gidajen da muke zaune. Matsalolin matakin ƙananan tsarin na iya kasancewa da kansu, ba ta hanyar gaskiyar al'umma ba. (shafi na 16)
Wannan labarin ya shafi rashin adalci na kasa da kasa da na kasa a Afirka. Walter Rodney (1981) ya lura da tushe guda biyu na tashe-tashen hankula na tsarin Afirka da ke hana ci gaban nahiyar: “ayyukan tsarin mulkin mallaka” wanda ke kwashe arzikin Afirka, wanda hakan ya sa nahiyar ta kasa bunkasa albarkatunta cikin sauri; da "waɗanda suke yin amfani da tsarin da kuma waɗanda ke aiki ko dai a matsayin wakilai ko kuma wadanda ba su sani ba na wannan tsarin. ’Yan jari-hujja na yammacin Turai su ne suka himmatu wajen faɗaɗa cin zarafi daga cikin Turai don su mamaye dukan Afirka.” (shafi na 27).
Tare da wannan gabatarwar, takarda ta yi nazarin wasu ra'ayoyin da ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa na tsari, sannan kuma nazarin batutuwa masu mahimmanci na tashin hankali na tsarin da dole ne a magance su. Takardar ta ƙare da shawarwari don sauya tashin hankali na tsari.
La'akari da ka'idar
Johan Galtung (1969) ne ya kirkiro kalmar tashin hankali dangane da tsarin zamantakewa: siyasa, tattalin arziki, al'adu, addini, da tsarin shari'a wanda ke hana daidaikun mutane, al'ummomi, da al'ummomi daga cimma cikakkiyar damarsu. Rikicin tsari shine "lalacewar da ba za a iya kaucewa ba na ainihin bukatun ɗan adam ko ... nakasawar rayuwar ɗan adam, wanda ya rage ainihin matakin da wani zai iya biyan bukatun su a ƙasa da abin da zai yiwu" (Gultung, 1969, shafi 58). . Wataƙila, Galtung (1969) ya samo kalmar daga tauhidin 'yanci na 1960s na Latin Amurka inda aka yi amfani da "tsarin zunubi" ko "zunubi na zamantakewa" don yin nuni ga tsarin da ke haifar da rashin adalci na zamantakewa da kuma ware talakawa. Masu goyon bayan tiyolojin 'yanci sun hada da Archbishop Oscar Romero da Father Gustavo Gutiérrez. Gutiérrez (1985) ya rubuta: “Talauci yana nufin mutuwa… ba kawai na zahiri ba amma tunani da al’ada kuma” (shafi na 9).
Tsarin da ba daidai ba shine "tushen tushen" rikice-rikice (Cousens, 2001, shafi 8). Wani lokaci, ana kiran tashin hankali na tsari a matsayin tashin hankali na hukumomi wanda ya samo asali daga "tsarin zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki" wanda ke ba da izinin "rabawar iko da albarkatu" (Botes, 2003, shafi na 362). Rikicin tsari yana amfanar ƴan kaɗan masu gata kuma yana zaluntar mafi rinjaye. Burton (1990) ya danganta tashin hankali na tsari tare da rashin adalci na cibiyoyi na zamantakewa da manufofin da ke hana mutane biyan bukatun su. Tsarin zamantakewa yana haifar da "harshen harshe, ko hulɗar juna, tsakanin ƙungiyoyin tsari da kasuwancin ɗan adam na samarwa da kuma tsara sababbin abubuwan da suka faru" (Botes, 2003, shafi na 360). An gina su a cikin "tsarin zamantakewa na ko'ina, wanda aka daidaita ta hanyar cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu da abubuwan kwarewa na yau da kullum" (Gultung, 1969, shafi na 59). Domin irin waɗannan tsarin suna bayyana na yau da kullun kuma kusan ba masu barazana bane, sun kasance kusan ganuwa. Turawan mulkin mallaka, yadda yankin arewa ke cin gajiyar albarkatun Afirka da sakamakon rashin ci gaba, gurɓacewar muhalli, wariyar launin fata, farar fata, necolonialism, masana'antun yaƙi waɗanda ke cin riba kawai idan akwai yake-yaƙe mafi yawa a Kudancin Duniya, keɓe Afirka daga yanke shawara na duniya da 14 West. Kasashen Afirka da ke biyan harajin mulkin mallaka ga Faransa, su ne kadan daga cikin misalan. Amfani da albarkatu misali, yana haifar da lalacewar muhalli, rikice-rikice da ƙaura mai yawa. Duk da haka, da dogon durée Ba a la'akari da yin amfani da albarkatun Afirka a matsayin wani muhimmin dalilin da ya sa ake fama da matsalar ƙaura na mutanen da tasirin jari hujjar duniya ta lalata rayuwarsu. Yana da kyau a lura cewa cinikin bayi da mulkin mallaka sun lalata arzikin ɗan adam da albarkatun ƙasa na Afirka. Saboda haka, tashin hankali na tsarin a Afirka yana da alaƙa da bautar da zalunci na tsarin mulkin mallaka, tsarin jari-hujja na launin fata, amfani, zalunci, abu da kuma commodification na Baƙar fata.
Mahimman Abubuwan Tashin Hannun Tsari
Wanene ya sami abin da kuma nawa suka karɓa sun kasance tushen rikici a tarihin ɗan adam (Ballard et al., 2005; Burchill et al., 2013). Shin akwai albarkatu don biyan bukatun mutane biliyan 7.7 a duniya? Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'ar Arewacin Duniya suna cinye 80% na makamashi da karafa kuma suna fitar da babban adadin carbon (Trondheim, 2019). Misali, Amurka, Jamus, Sin, da Japan suna samar da fiye da rabin abin da ake samu na tattalin arzikin duniya, yayin da kashi 75% na al'ummar kasashe masu karancin masana'antu ke amfani da kashi 20%, amma dumamar yanayi ta fi shafa (Bretthauer, 2018; Klein, 2014) da kuma rikice-rikicen tushen albarkatu da amfani da jari hujja ya haifar. Wannan ya haɗa da cin gajiyar ma'adanai masu mahimmanci waɗanda aka zayyana azaman masu canza wasa don rage sauyin yanayi (Bretthauer, 2018; Fjelde & Uexkull, 2012). Afirka, ko da yake mafi ƙanƙanta mai samar da carbon ne sauyin yanayi ya fi shafa (Bassey, 2012), da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe da talauci, wanda ke haifar da ƙaura mai yawa. Tekun Bahar Rum ya zama makabarta ga miliyoyin matasan Afirka. Wadanda ke amfana daga tsarin da ke lalata muhalli da haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe suna ɗaukar canjin yanayi a matsayin yaudara (Klein, 2014). Amma duk da haka, ci gaba, samar da zaman lafiya, manufofin rage sauyin yanayi da kuma binciken da aka yi amfani da su duk an tsara su ne a Arewacin Duniya ba tare da shigar da hukumomin Afirka, al'adu da dabi'u waɗanda suka ci gaba da ɗorawa al'ummomin shekaru dubbai ba. Kamar yadda Faucault (1982, 1987) yayi jayayya, tashin hankalin tsarin yana da alaƙa da cibiyoyin ilimin iko.
Rushewar al'adu da kimar da aka haɓaka ta hanyar akidu na zamani da haɗin gwiwar duniya suna ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikicen tsarin (Jeong, 2000). Cibiyoyin zamani da ke goyon bayan tsarin jari-hujja, ka'idojin dimokaradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masana'antu da ci gaban kimiyya suna haifar da salon rayuwa da ci gaban da aka kwaikwayi a yammacin Afirka, amma suna lalata tushen al'adu, siyasa da tattalin arzikin Afirka. Gabaɗayan fahimtar zamani da ci gaba ana bayyana su ta fuskar amfani da jari-hujja, tsarin jari-hujja, ƙazamin birni da ɗabi'a (Jeong, 2000; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009).
Tsarin siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki yana haifar da yanayi don rashin daidaiton rarraba dukiya tsakanin da tsakanin al'ummomi (Green, 2008; Jeong, 2000; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009). Gudanar da mulkin duniya ya kasa cimma matsaya kamar yarjejeniyar Paris kan sauyin yanayi, da kafa tarihin talauci, don ba da ilimi ga duniya baki daya, ko samar da manufofin ci gaban karni, da ci gaban ci gaba mai dorewa. Wadanda ke cin gajiyar tsarin da wuya su gane cewa ba ya aiki. Bacin rai, saboda tazarar da ke tsakanin abin da mutane ke da shi da abin da suka yi imani sun cancanci haɗe da koma bayan tattalin arziki da sauyin yanayi, yana ƙara wariya, ƙaura mai yawa, yaƙe-yaƙe, da ta'addanci. Mutane, kungiyoyi, da al'ummomi suna son su kasance kan gaba a cikin tsarin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, fasaha da ikon soja, wanda ke ci gaba da gasa ta tashin hankali tsakanin kasashe. Afirka, mai arzikin albarkatun da manyan kasashe ke nema, ita ma wata kasuwa ce mai albarka ga masana'antun yaki don sayar da makamai. A fakaice, babu wani yaki da ke nuna babu riba ga masana’antun makami, lamarin da ba za su iya karba ba. Yaki shine yanayin operandi don samun damar albarkatun Afirka. Yayin da ake yaƙe-yaƙe, masana'antun makamai suna samun riba. A halin da ake ciki tun daga Mali har zuwa Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Sudan ta Kudu, da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, matasa matalauta da marasa aikin yi ne cikin sauki ake ruguza su wajen kirkiro ko shiga kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai da na ta'addanci. Rashin biyan bukatu na yau da kullun, haɗe tare da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da rashin ƙarfi, yana hana mutane aiwatar da yuwuwarsu da haifar da rikice-rikice da yaƙe-yaƙe na zamantakewa (Cook-Huffman, 2009; Maslow, 1943).
An fara saci da yin sojan gona a Afirka da cinikin bayi da mulkin mallaka, har ya zuwa yau. Tsarin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da ƙasa da imani cewa kasuwannin duniya, buɗe kasuwanci da saka hannun jari na ketare suna ci gaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya ta amfani da manyan ƙasashe da kamfanoni waɗanda ke amfani da albarkatu na ƙasashen waje, suna sanya su fitar da albarkatun ƙasa da shigo da kayan sarrafawa (Carmody, 2016; Southall & Melber, 2009 ). Tun daga shekarun 1980, a karkashin inuwar dunkulewar duniya, da sauye-sauyen kasuwanni cikin 'yanci, da shigar da Afirka cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, kungiyar ciniki ta duniya (WTO) da asusun ba da lamuni na duniya (IMF) suka sanya tsarin "tsarin daidaita tsarin" (SAPs) da kuma tilasta wa Afirka. al'ummai don ba da guraben aikin yi, 'yantar da su da kuma daidaita sashin ma'adinai (Carmody, 2016, shafi na 21). Sama da kasashen Afirka 30 ne aka tilastawa yin kwaskwarima ga ka'idojin hako ma'adinai domin saukaka saka hannun jari kai tsaye (FDI) da kuma hako albarkatun kasa. "Idan da hanyoyin da aka bi a baya na shigar da Afirka cikin tattalin arzikin duniya na da illa,… da ma'ana za a yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen yin nazari kan ko akwai wani tsarin ci gaba na dunkulewar tattalin arzikin duniya ga Afirka, maimakon bude kofa ga Afirka. karin ganima” (Carmody, 2016, shafi na 24).
Karewar manufofin duniya da ke tilastawa kasashen Afirka zuba jari kai tsaye daga ketare da kuma goyon bayan gwamnatocinsu na gida, kamfanoni na kasa da kasa (MNCs) masu cin gajiyar ma'adinai, man fetur da sauran albarkatun kasa na Afirka suna yi ne yayin da suke wawushe albarkatu ba tare da wani hukunci ba. . Suna baiwa ’yan siyasa ’yan asalin ƙasar cin hanci don sauƙaƙa guje wa biyan haraji, rufe laifukansu, lalata muhalli, rashin biyan kuɗi da kuma lalata bayanai. A cikin 2017, fitar da Afirka ya kai dala biliyan 203, inda dala biliyan 32.4 ta kasance ta hanyar damfarar manyan kamfanoni na kasa da kasa (Curtis, 2017). A cikin 2010, kamfanoni na duniya sun guje wa dala biliyan 40 kuma sun ha'inci dala biliyan 11 ta hanyar rashin farashin ciniki (Oxfam, 2015). Matakan gurɓacewar muhalli da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suka ƙirƙira wajen yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa suna ta'azzara yaƙe-yaƙe na muhalli a Afirka (Akiwumi & Butler, 2008; Bassey, 2012; Edwards et al., 2014). Kamfanoni da dama kuma suna haifar da talauci ta hanyar kwace filaye, korar al'umma da masu aikin hako ma'adinai daga kasarsu ta rangwame inda alal misali suke cin gajiyar ma'adanai, mai da iskar gas. Duk wadannan abubuwa suna mayar da Afirka cikin tarkon rikici. Mutanen da ba a ba su hakkinsu ba su da wani zaɓi sai na kafa ko shiga ƙungiyoyi masu ɗauke da makamai don tsira.
In Rukunan Shock, Naomi Klein (2007) ta fallasa yadda, tun daga 1950s, manufofin kasuwa na kyauta sun mamaye duniya suna jigilar bala'i. A ranar 11 ga watan Satumba ne yakin duniya na Amurka ya kai ga mamaye kasar Iraki, inda ya kai ga cimma manufar da ta baiwa kamfanonin Shell da BP damar cin moriyar man fetur na Iraki da kuma masana'antun yakin Amurka su ci gajiyar sayar da makamansu. An yi amfani da irin wannan koyarwar ta girgiza a cikin 2007, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri rundunar Amurka ta Afirka (AFRICOM) don yaƙar ta'addanci da rikice-rikice a nahiyar. Shin ta'addanci da rikice-rikicen makamai sun karu ko raguwa tun 2007? Kawayen Amurka da abokan gaba duk suna fafatawa da karfi don sarrafa Afirka, albarkatunta da kasuwanninta. Hukumar kula da harkokin jama'a ta Africom (2016) ta amince da kalubalen Sin da Rasha kamar haka:
Sauran kasashe na ci gaba da zuba jari a kasashen Afirka don cimma manufofinsu, kasar Sin ta mai da hankali kan samun albarkatun kasa da muhimman ababen more rayuwa don tallafawa masana'antu yayin da kasashen Sin da Rasha ke sayar da tsarin makamai da neman kulla yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da tsaro a Afirka. Yayin da kasashen Sin da Rasha ke fadada tasirinsu a nahiyar Afirka, kasashen biyu na kokarin samun 'mai taushin karfi' a Afirka don karfafa karfinsu a kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. (shafi na 12)
An ba da muhimmanci ga gasar da Amurka ke yi na albarkatun Afirka a lokacin da gwamnatin Shugaba Clinton ta kafa dokar bunkasar Afirka da damammaki (AGOA), wadda aka yi hasashen za ta samar wa Afirka damar shiga kasuwannin Amurka. A zahiri, Afirka tana fitar da mai, ma'adinai da sauran albarkatu zuwa Amurka kuma tana aiki a matsayin kasuwa na samfuran Amurka. A cikin 2014, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa "man da iskar gas sun kasance tsakanin 80% da 90% na duk fitarwa a ƙarƙashin AGOA" (AFL-CIO Solidarity Center, 2014, p. 2).
Ana hakar albarkatun Afirka da tsada. Ba a taba amfani da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da suka shafi aikin hakar ma'adinai da mai a kasashe masu tasowa ba. Yaƙe-yaƙe, ƙaura, lalata muhalli, da cin zarafin mutane da mutuncinsu su ne tsarin aiki. Kasashe masu arzikin albarkatun kasa irin su Angola, Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Saliyo, Sudan ta Kudu, Mali, da wasu kasashen yammacin sahara na fama da yake-yake da ake yi wa lakabi da 'kabila' ta 'yan ta'adda. Masanin falsafar Sloveniya da masanin zamantakewa, Slavoj Žižek (2010) ya lura cewa:
A karkashin facade na yakin kabilanci, muna … gane ayyukan jari-hujja a duniya… Kowane daga cikin shugabannin yakin yana da alakar kasuwanci da wani kamfani ko kamfani na waje da ke cin gajiyar arzikin ma'adinai mafi yawa a yankin. Wannan tsari ya dace da bangarorin biyu: kamfanoni suna samun haƙƙin haƙar ma'adinai ba tare da haraji ba da sauran rikice-rikice, yayin da shugabannin yaƙi ke samun wadata. Ku manta da muguwar dabi'ar al'ummar kasar, ku cire kamfanonin kasashen waje masu fasahohin zamani daga cikin ma'auni, kuma duk wani ginin yakin kabilanci da tsohon sha'awa ke haifarwa ya wargaje… yana haifar da karya a wasu wurare, a cikin manyan ofisoshin gudanarwa na bankunanmu da kamfanoni masu fasaha. (shafi na 163-164)
Yaƙe-yaƙe da amfani da albarkatu suna tsananta canjin yanayi. Cire ma'adanai da mai, horar da sojoji, da gurɓataccen makami suna lalata halittu, gurɓata ruwa, ƙasa da iska (Dudka & Adriano, 1997; Lawrence et al., 2015; Le Billon, 2001). Lalacewar muhalli yana ƙara yaƙe-yaƙe na albarkatu da ƙaura mai yawa yayin da albarkatun rayuwa ke ƙaranci. Kididdigar da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa mutane miliyan 795 ne ke fama da yunwa sakamakon yake-yaken duniya da sauyin yanayi (Shirin Abinci na Duniya, 2019). Masu tsara manufofin duniya ba su taɓa yin la'akari da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai da masana'antun yaƙi ba. Ba sa ɗaukar amfani da albarkatu a matsayin tashin hankali. Ba a ma ambaci tasirin yake-yake da hakar albarkatu ba a cikin yarjejeniyar Paris da yarjejeniyar Kyoto.
Afirka kuma wuri ne da ake jibgewa kuma masu amfani da ƙasashen yamma sun ƙi. A cikin 2018, lokacin da Rwanda ta ƙi shigo da tufafin hannu na biyu na Amurka, rikici ya barke (John, 2018). Amurka ta yi iƙirarin cewa AGOA na amfanar Afirka, amma duk da haka dangantakar kasuwanci tana biyan muradun Amurka kuma tana tauye yuwuwar Afirka na samun ci gaba (Melber, 2009). A karkashin AGOA, ya wajaba a kasashen Afirka kada su shiga ayyukan da za su kawo cikas ga muradun Amurka. Rashin ciniki da fitar da jari na haifar da rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki da kuma dagula yanayin rayuwar talakawa (Carmody, 2016; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009). Masu mulkin kama karya na kasuwanci a Arewacin Duniya suna yin duk abin da zai dace kuma suna kwantar da hankalinsu tare da taimakon kasashen waje, wanda Easterly (2006) ya yi wa lakabi da nauyin fararen fata.
Kamar yadda yake a zamanin mulkin mallaka, tsarin jari-hujja da cin hanci da rashawa na Afirka na ci gaba da lalata al'adu da dabi'u na asali. Misali, Ubuntu na Afirka ('yan Adam) da kula da amfanin gama gari ciki har da muhalli an maye gurbinsu da kwadayin jari hujja. Shugabannin siyasa suna bayan girman kai ne ba hidima ga mutane ba (Utas, 2012; Van Wyk, 2007). Ali Mazrui (2007) ya lura cewa har ma da tsaba na yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa "sun kasance a cikin rikice-rikicen zamantakewar al'umma wanda mulkin mallaka ya haifar a Afirka ta hanyar lalata" dabi'un al'adu ciki har da "tsofaffin hanyoyin magance rikice-rikice ba tare da samar da masu maye gurbinsu ba" (shafi. 480). Hakazalika, ana ɗaukar hanyoyin da ake bi na kariyar muhalli na al'ada da na shaiɗan, kuma an lalata su da sunan bautar Allah ɗaya. Lokacin da cibiyoyin al'adu da dabi'u suka watse, tare da talauci, rikici ba makawa ne.
A cikin matakan ƙasa, tashin hankali na tsarin a Afirka yana cikin abin da Laurie Nathan (2000) mai suna "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (shafi na 189) - mulkin kama-karya, keɓance mutane daga mulkin ƙasashensu, talauci na zamantakewar al'umma da rashin daidaituwa ya ƙarfafa ta cin hanci da rashawa da son zuciya, da kuma jahohin da ba su da inganci da cibiyoyi marasa kyau wadanda suka kasa karfafa tsarin doka. Rashin jagoranci yana da laifi don ƙarfafa 'masu doki huɗu'. A galibin kasashen Afirka, aikin gwamnati hanya ce ta kara girman kai. Baitul malin kasa da albarkatun kasa har ma da taimakon kasashen waje suna amfana ne kawai masu fada aji.
Jerin munanan rashin adalci na tsari a matakan ƙasa da ƙasa ba shi da iyaka. Kara yawan rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da siyasa da tattalin arziki ba makawa zai kara ta'azzara rikice-rikice da lalacewar muhalli. Ba wanda yake son ya kasance a kasa, kuma masu gata ba sa son raba manyan matsayi na zamantakewa don ci gaban al'umma. Waɗanda aka ware suna son samun ƙarin iko kuma su juya dangantakar. Ta yaya za a iya canza tashin hankali na tsari don samar da zaman lafiya na kasa da na duniya?
Canjin Tsarin
Hanyoyi na al'ada don gudanar da rikice-rikice, gina zaman lafiya, da rage muhalli a ƙananan matakai na al'umma suna kasawa saboda ba su magance tsarin tashin hankali ba. Bugawa, kudurorin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kayan aikin ƙasa da ƙasa, yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya da aka rattaba hannu, da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa an ƙirƙira su ba tare da wani canji na gaske ba. Tsarin ba sa canzawa. Canjin tsarin (ST) "yana kawo mayar da hankali kan yanayin da muke tafiya - gina kyakkyawar dangantaka da al'ummomi, a cikin gida da kuma na duniya. Wannan burin yana buƙatar canji na gaske a hanyoyin dangantakarmu na yanzu” (Lederach, 2003, shafi na 5). Canji yana hangen nesa da amsawa "zuwa rikice-rikice na rikice-rikice na zamantakewa a matsayin damar ba da damar rayuwa don samar da ingantattun hanyoyin sauye-sauye waɗanda ke rage tashin hankali, haɓaka adalci a cikin hulɗar kai tsaye da tsarin zamantakewa, da amsa matsalolin rayuwa na gaske a cikin dangantakar ɗan adam" (Lederach, 2003, shafi na 14).
Dugan (1996) yana ba da shawarar ƙirar ƙirar gida don canjin tsari ta hanyar magance batutuwa, alaƙa, tsarin, da tsarin ƙasa. Körppen and Ropers (2011) suna ba da shawarar "dukkanin tsarin tsarin" da "rikitaccen tunani a matsayin tsarin meta" (shafi na 15) don canza tsarin zalunci da rashin aiki da tsarin. Canjin tsarin yana nufin rage tashin hankali na tsari da haɓaka adalci game da batutuwa, alaƙa, tsarin da tsarin ƙasa waɗanda ke haifar da talauci, rashin daidaito, da wahala. Hakanan yana ƙarfafa mutane su gane iyawarsu.
Ga Afirka, ina ba da shawarar ilimi a matsayin ginshiƙan canjin tsarin (ST). Ilimantar da mutane masu basirar nazari da sanin haƙƙinsu da mutuncinsu zai ba su damar haɓaka wayewa mai mahimmanci da sanin yanayin rashin adalci. Mutanen da aka zalunta suna 'yantar da kansu ta hanyar sani don neman 'yanci da tabbatar da kansu (Freire, 1998). Canjin tsari ba dabara ba ce amma canjin yanayi “domin kallo da gani… bayan matsalolin da ake ciki zuwa zurfin tsarin dangantaka,…asali da mahallin…, da tsarin ra'ayi (Lederach, 2003, shafi. 8-9). Misali, 'yan Afirka suna buƙatar sanin yakamata game da tsarin zalunci da alaƙar dogaro da ke tsakanin Arewacin Duniya da Kudancin Duniya, amfani da mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka, wariyar launin fata, ci gaba da cin zarafi da wariya da ke ware su daga aiwatar da manufofin duniya. Idan 'yan Afirka a duk faɗin Nahiyar sun san haɗarin cin zarafi na kamfanoni da sojojin ƙasashen yamma, da gudanar da zanga-zangar gama gari a nahiyar, za a daina cin zarafi.
Yana da mahimmanci mutane a matakin ƙasa su san haƙƙinsu da nauyin da ke kansu a matsayinsu na membobin al'ummar duniya. Sanin ka'idoji na kasa da kasa da na nahiyoyi da cibiyoyi kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Afirka, Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama (UDHR) da kuma Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Afirka ya kamata ya zama ilimin gama gari wanda zai baiwa mutane damar neman daidaiton aikace-aikacen su. . Hakazalika ilimi kan shugabanci da kula da al'amuran jama'a ya zama wajibi. Rashin shugabanci yana nuni da yadda al'ummomin Afirka suka zama. Ubuntuism ('yan Adam) da kula da amfanin gama gari an maye gurbinsu da kwadayin jari-hujja, son kai da kuma rashin kima da kuma bikin al'adun Afirka da gine-ginen gida wanda ya ba wa al'ummomin Afirka damar rayuwa cikin farin ciki na dubban shekaru.
Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci don ilmantar da zuciya, "cibiyar motsin zuciyarmu, fahimta, da rayuwa ta ruhaniya ... wurin da muke fita kuma zuwa ga inda muke komawa don shiriya, abinci, da jagoranci" (Lederach, 2003, shafi na 17). Zuciya tana da mahimmanci don canza alaƙa, canjin yanayi da bala'in yaƙi. Mutane suna ƙoƙari su canza al'umma ta hanyar juyin juya hali da yaƙe-yaƙe kamar misalin abubuwan da suka faru na duniya da yakin basasa, da kuma tayar da hankali kamar Sudan da Aljeriya. Haɗin kai da zuciya zai nuna rashin dacewar tashin hankali ba wai kawai don lalata ba, amma tashin hankali yana haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali. Rashin tashin hankali yana fitowa daga zuciya mai tausayi da jin kai. Manyan shugabanni irin su Nelson Mandela sun hada kai da zuciya wajen kawo sauyi. Koyaya, a duniya muna fuskantar gurɓacewar jagoranci, ingantaccen tsarin ilimi, da abin koyi. Don haka ya kamata a kara ilimi da sake fasalin kowane fanni na rayuwa (al’adu, zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki, yadda muke tunani da rayuwa a cikin iyalai da al’umma).
Ya kamata a ba da fifiko ga neman zaman lafiya a kowane mataki na al'umma. Gina kyakkyawar alaƙar ɗan adam wani sharadi ne na gina zaman lafiya bisa la'akari da sauye-sauyen hukumomi da zamantakewa. Tun da yake ana samun rikice-rikice a cikin al'ummomin ɗan adam, ƙwarewar tattaunawa, haɓaka fahimtar juna da halin nasara a cikin gudanarwa da warware rikice-rikice suna buƙatar haɓaka tun suna yara. Ana buƙatar canjin tsari a macro da ƙananan matakan al'umma don magance matsalolin zamantakewa a manyan cibiyoyi da dabi'u. "Ƙirƙirar duniya marar tashin hankali zai dogara ne akan kawar da rashin adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da cin zarafi na muhalli" (Jeong, 2000, shafi na 370).
Canjin tsari kadai baya haifar da zaman lafiya, idan ba a bi ko a gabace shi da canji na mutum da canjin zukata ba. Canjin mutum ne kawai zai iya haifar da sauye-sauyen tsarin da ya dace don dorewar zaman lafiya da tsaro na ƙasa da na duniya. Canji daga kwadayin jari-hujja, gasa, son kai da wariyar launin fata a tsakiyar manufofi, tsari da tsarin ƙasa waɗanda ke yin amfani da ɓata mutuncin waɗanda ke kan iyakokin ƙasa da na cikin gida yana haifar da ci gaba da jin daɗin horo na bincikar ainihin kai da zahiri. In ba haka ba, cibiyoyi da tsare-tsare za su ci gaba da ɗauka da ƙarfafa cututtukanmu.
A ƙarshe, neman zaman lafiya da tsaro a duniya ya sake yin ta'adi a gaban gasar 'yan jari hujja, rikicin muhalli, yaƙe-yaƙe, wawashe albarkatun ƙasa da ƙasa, da karuwar kishin ƙasa. Ba a bar wadanda aka ware ba su da wani zabi illa yin hijira, shiga cikin fadace-fadace da ta’addanci. Halin yana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa don neman kawo ƙarshen waɗannan abubuwan ban tsoro. Har ila yau, tana buƙatar ayyukan da za su tabbatar da biyan bukatun kowane mutum, ciki har da daidaito da kuma ƙarfafa dukan mutane don gane yuwuwarsu. Idan babu jagorancin duniya da na kasa, mutanen da ke ƙasa waɗanda ke fama da rikici (SV) suna buƙatar ilmantarwa don jagorantar tsarin canji. Tuɓe kwadayin da tsarin jari-hujja da manufofin duniya ke haifarwa wanda ke ƙarfafa cin zarafi da wariyar launin fata a Afirka zai haifar da fafutuka don samun madadin tsarin duniya wanda ke kula da buƙatu da jin daɗin duk mutane da muhalli.
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