Al'amarin Mass-tunani
Dr. Basil Ugorji tare da wasu Malaman Cibiyar Clark a yayin Shirin Komawar Addinin Addini na Shekara-shekara na 1st na Asabar wanda aka gudanar a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2022 a Kwalejin Manhattanville, Siyayya, New York.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rikice-rikice na kabilanci da addini a cikin ƙasashe na duniya ana iya danganta su da mummunan al'amari na yawan tunani, makantar imani da biyayya. A ƙasashe da yawa, wasu mutane suna da ra’ayin cewa ’yan wasu ƙabilu ko addinai makiyansu ne kawai. Suna tsammanin babu wani abin kirki da zai taɓa fitowa daga gare su. Waɗannan su ne sakamakon daɗaɗɗen koke-koke da son zuciya. Kamar yadda muke lura, irin waɗannan korafe-korafen a koyaushe suna bayyana ta hanyar rashin yarda da rashin haƙuri da ƙiyayya. Har ila yau, akwai wasu ’yan wasu kungiyoyin addini da ba tare da wani dalili ba, ba za su so yin cudanya, ko zama, ko musa hannu da mutanen wasu addinai ba. Idan aka tambayi waɗannan mutanen su bayyana dalilin da yasa suke yin haka, ƙila ba su da takamaiman dalilai ko bayani. Za su gaya maka kawai: “Abin da aka koya mana ke nan”; "sun bambanta da mu"; "ba mu da tsarin imani ɗaya"; "suna magana da harshe daban kuma suna da al'adu daban-daban".
Duk lokacin da na saurari waɗannan kalaman, nakan ji takaici. A cikin su, ana ganin yadda mutum ya kasance cikin halin kaka-nika-yi da halakar da al’ummar da yake rayuwa a cikinta.
Maimakon yin rajista da irin wannan imani, kowane mutum ya kamata ya duba cikin ciki ya tambayi: idan al'ummata ta gaya mani cewa ɗayan mugu ne, ƙanƙanta, ko maƙiyi, me nake tunani ni mai hankali? Idan mutane suna faɗin munanan maganganu a kan wasu, a kan wane dalili zan kafa nawa hukunci? Shin abin da mutane suke faɗa ne ya ɗauke ni, ko kuwa na yarda da mutunta wasu a matsayina na mutane, ba tare da la’akari da addini ko ƙabila ba?
A cikin littafinsa mai suna. Kai Wanda Ba A Gano Ba: Dilemma na Mutum A Cikin Zamani, Carl Jung [i] ya tabbatar da cewa "yawancin rayuwar mutane a cikin al'umma sun kasance ƙarƙashin al'ada ta hanyar al'adu zuwa tunanin taro da tarawa." Jung ya bayyana ra'ayin jama'a a matsayin "raguwar mutane zuwa rukunoni masu tunani iri-iri na bil'adama, don yin amfani da su ta hanyar farfaganda da talla don cika duk wani aiki da ake bukata daga gare su daga masu mulki." Ruhun yawan tunani zai iya rage darajar mutum kuma ya rage shi, 'yana sa shi ko ita ba ta da amfani ko da ’yan Adam gabaki ɗaya suna samun ci gaba. Mass-mutum bashi da tunanin kansa, yaro ne a cikin halayensa, "marasa hankali, rashin alhaki, motsin rai, rashin fahimta da rashin dogaro." A cikin taro, mutum ya rasa darajarsa kuma ya zama wanda aka azabtar da "-isms." Ba tare da nuna ma'anar alhakin ayyukansa ba, mai yawan jama'a yana samun sauƙin aikata munanan laifuka ba tare da tunani ba, kuma yana ƙara dogaro ga al'umma. Irin wannan hali zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako da rikici.
Me yasa yawan tunanin jama'a ke haifar da rikice-rikicen kabilanci da addini? Wannan shi ne saboda al’ummar da muke rayuwa a cikinta, kafafen yada labarai, da wasu kabilu da addinai suna ba mu ra’ayi daya kawai, hanyar tunani daya, kuma ba sa karfafa yin tambayoyi da tattaunawa a fili. Wasu hanyoyin tunani-ko fassarorin-an yi watsi da su ko kuma a raina su. Hankali da sheda sukan zama watsi da makauniyar imani da biyayya. Don haka, fasahar tambayar, wacce ke da mahimmanci ga ci gaban mahimmin koyarwa, ta lalace. Wasu ra'ayoyi, tsarin imani ko hanyoyin rayuwa waɗanda suka saba wa abin da ƙungiya ta yi imani da su an ƙi su da ƙarfi. Irin wannan tunani yana bayyana a cikin al'ummominmu na wannan zamani kuma ya haifar da rashin fahimta tsakanin kabilu da addinai daban-daban.
Ana buƙatar maye gurbin halin ɗabi'a mai yawa tare da yanayin tunani don yin tambaya, sake dubawa da fahimtar dalilin da yasa wasu imani ya kamata a riƙe ko a watsar da su. Dole ne daidaikun mutane su kasance da hannu sosai ba kawai su bi da kiyaye dokoki ba. Suna buƙatar ba da gudummawa ko bayarwa don amfanin gaba ɗaya, ba kawai cinyewa da tsammanin za a ba su ba.
Don canza irin wannan tunanin, akwai buƙatar haskaka kowane tunani. Kamar yadda Socrates zai ce “rayuwar da ba a bincika ba ta cancanci yin rayuwa ga ɗan adam ba,” mutane suna bukatar su sake bincika kansu, su saurari muryarsu ta ciki, kuma su kasance da ƙarfin hali su yi amfani da tunaninsu kafin su yi magana ko su yi aiki. A cewar Immanuel Kant, “Wayewa shine fitowar mutum daga rashin balaga da ya yi. Rashin balaga shine rashin iya amfani da fahimtar mutum ba tare da shiriya daga wani ba. Wannan rashin balaga na kan sa ne a lokacin da dalilinsa bai ta'allaka ga rashin fahimta ba, a'a cikin rashin azama da jajircewa wajen amfani da shi ba tare da shiriya daga wani ba. Sapere Aude! [Ku kuskura ku sani] "Ku yi ƙarfin hali don amfani da fahimtar ku!" – wato taken fadakarwa”[ii].
Yin tsayayya da wannan tunani na jama'a zai iya yin tasiri yadda ya kamata ta mutumin da ya fahimci irin nasa, in ji Carl Jung. Yana ƙarfafa bincike na 'microcosm - nunin manyan sararin samaniya a cikin ƙananan ƙananan'. Muna bukatar mu tsaftace gidanmu, mu tsara shi kafin mu ci gaba da tsara wasu da sauran kasashen duniya cikin tsari, domin “.Nemo dat quod ba habet”, “babu wanda yake bayar da abin da ba shi da shi”. Hakanan muna buƙatar haɓaka halin sauraro domin mu ƙara sauraren yanayin yanayin cikinmu ko muryar rai, kuma mu ƙara yin magana game da wasu waɗanda ba su da tsarin imani iri ɗaya tare da mu.
Ina ganin wannan Shirin Juyawar Ranar Asabar tsakanin addinai wata dama ce ta tunani. Wani abu da na taɓa kiransa Muryar Raya Bita a cikin wani littafi da na buga a cikin 2012. Ja da baya irin wannan wata dama ce ta zinare don sauyi daga ɗabi'ar ɗabi'a ta ɗabi'a zuwa ɗaiɗaicin mutumci, daga wuce gona da iri zuwa aiki, daga almajiranci zuwa jagoranci, kuma daga halin karba zuwa na bayarwa. Ta hanyarsa, an sake gayyatar mu don bincika da gano abubuwan da muke da su, arziƙin mafita da damar da ke cikinmu, waɗanda ake buƙata don magance rikice-rikice, zaman lafiya da ci gaba a ƙasashe na duniya. Saboda haka, an gayyace mu mu canza hankalinmu daga “na waje”—abin da ke can—zuwa “na ciki”—abin da ke faruwa a cikinmu. Sakamakon wannan aikin shine cimmawa metanoia, yunƙurin ruhi na kwatsam don warkar da kanta daga rikice-rikicen da ba za a iya jurewa ba ta hanyar narkewa sannan kuma a sake haifuwa ta hanyar daidaitawa [iii].
A cikin tarin abubuwan jan hankali da abubuwan ban sha'awa, zargi da zargi, talauci, wahala, mugunta, aikata laifuka da rikice-rikice a kasashe da dama na duniya, Taron Muryar Ruhi wanda wannan ja da baya ya gayyace mu zuwa, ya ba da dama ta musamman don ganowa. kyawawan halaye masu kyau da kyawawan dabi'un da kowane mutum ke ɗauka a cikinsa, da kuma ikon "rai-rai" da ke magana da mu a hankali a cikin shiru. Don haka, ina gayyatar ku da ku “zurfafa zuwa cikin Haikali na cikin jikin ku, ku nisantar duk wani gaggawa da abin da ake kira sha’awar rai na waje, ku yi shiru don sauraron muryar rai, ku ji roƙonsa. , don sanin ikonsa”[iv]. "Idan hankali ya cika da babban abin ƙarfafawa, kyawawan ka'idoji, sarauta, kyakkyawa, da ƙoƙarin haɓakawa, muryar rai tana magana da mugunta da raunin da aka haifa daga ɓangaren rashin ci gaba da son kai na yanayin ɗan adam ba zai iya shiga ba, don haka za su iya shiga. mutuwa"[v].
Tambayar da nake so in bar muku ita ce: Wace gudunmawa ya kamata mu bayar a matsayinmu na ’yan kasa masu hakki, nauyi da nauyi (ba gwamnati kadai ba, hatta shugabannin kabilarmu ko na addini ko wasu masu rike da mukaman gwamnati)? A wasu kalmomi, menene ya kamata mu yi don taimaka wa duniyarmu ta zama wuri mafi kyau?
Tunani akan irin wannan tambayar yana kaiwa ga sani da gano wadatar ciki, iyawa, hazaka, ƙarfi, manufa, buri da hangen nesa. A maimakon mu jira gwamnati ta dawo da zaman lafiya da hadin kai, sai a yi mana kwarin guiwa mu fara daukar bijimi da kaho domin yin aikin gafara, sulhu, zaman lafiya da hadin kai. Ta yin wannan, za mu koyi zama masu haƙƙi, jajircewa, da ƙwazo, kuma mu ɓata lokaci kaɗan don magana game da kasawar wasu. Kamar yadda Katherine Tingley ta ce, “ka yi tunani na ɗan lokaci na halittar mutane masu hazaka. Idan da sun tsaya kuma suka koma cikin shakka a lokacin da sha’awar Allah ta taɓa su, da bai kamata mu kasance da kaɗe-kaɗe ba, babu zane-zane masu kyau, ba hurarrun fasaha, ko ƙirƙiro masu ban al’ajabi. Waɗannan runduna masu kyan gani, masu ɗaukaka, masu ƙirƙira sun fito ne daga ɗabi'ar Allahntakar mutum. Idan dukanmu mun rayu cikin sani da kuma tabbacin damarmu mai girma, ya kamata mu gane cewa mu rayuka ne kuma mu ma muna da gata na allahntaka fiye da wani abu da muka sani ko ma tunaninsa. Amma duk da haka mun jefar da waɗannan a gefe saboda ba su yarda da ƙayyadaddun kawukan mu ba. Ba su dace da tunaninmu da muka rigaya ba. Don haka mun manta cewa mu wani bangare ne na tsarin Allah na rayuwa, cewa ma’anar rayuwa tsattsarka ce kuma mai tsarki, kuma muna barin kanmu mu koma cikin rugujewar rashin fahimta, da rashin fahimta, da shakka, da rashin jin dadi, da yanke kauna”[vi]. .
Taron karawa juna sani na Muryar Raya zai taimaka mana wajen wuce gona da iri, da zargi, zargi, fada, banbance banbancen kabilanci, da jajircewa wajen neman gafara, sulhu, zaman lafiya, jituwa, hadin kai da ci gaba.
Don ƙarin karatu a kan wannan batu, duba Ugorji, Basil (2012). Daga Adalci na Al'adu zuwa Sasanci tsakanin Kabilanci: Tunani akan Yiwuwar Sasancin Kabilanci da Addini a Afirka. Colorado: Outskirt Press.
References
[i] Carl Gustav Jung, masanin ilimin likitancin Swiss kuma wanda ya kafa ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda aka yi la'akari da rarrabuwa, tsarin tunanin mutum na haɗa kishiyar gaba ɗaya ciki har da mai hankali tare da sume yayin da suke ci gaba da 'yancin kai na dangi, wajibi ne mutum ya zama cikakke. Don cikakken karatu a kan ka'idar Mass-mindedness, duba Jung, Carl (2006) . Kai Wanda Ba a Gano Ba: Matsalar Mutum A Zamani. Sabon Laburare na Amurka. shafi 15-16; kuma karanta Jung, CG (1989a). Tunatarwa, Mafarki, Tunani (Rev. ed., C. Winston & R. Winston, Trans.) (A. Jaffe, Ed.). New York: Random House, Inc.
[ii] Immanuel Kant, Amsar Tambaya: Menene Wayewa? Konigsberg a Prussia, 30 Satumba 1784.
[iii] Daga Girkanci μετάνοια, metanoia shine canjin tunani ko zuciya. Karanta ilimin halin dan Adam na Carl Jung, op cit.
[iv] Katherine Tingley, Girman Ruhi (Pasadena, California: Theosophical University Press), 1996, zance da aka ɗauka daga babi na ɗaya na littafin, mai suna: “Muryar Rai”, akwai a: http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/splendor/spl-1a .htm. Katherine Tingley ita ce shugabar Theosophical Society (sa'an nan mai suna Universal Brotherhood da Theosophical Society) daga 1896 zuwa 1929, kuma ana tunawa da ita musamman saboda aikinta na ilimi da sake fasalin zamantakewa wanda ya shafi hedkwatar kasa da kasa na Society a Point Loma, California.
[v] Ibid.
[vi] Ibid.
Dr. Basil Ugorji tare da wasu Malaman Cibiyar Clark a yayin Shirin Komawar Addinin Addini na Shekara-shekara na 1st na Asabar wanda aka gudanar a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2022 a Kwalejin Manhattanville, Siyayya, New York.
"Al'amari na Mass-mindedness," Jawabin Basil Ugorji, Ph.D. a Kwalejin Manhattanville Sr. Mary T. Clark Cibiyar Addini da Adalci ta Zamantakewa Shirin Komawar Ranar Asabar 1st Annual Interfaith Interfaith, wanda aka gudanar ranar Asabar, Satumba 24th, 2022, 11am-1pm a Gabas Room, Benziger Hall.