Tsattsauran ra'ayi da ta'addanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya da yankin Saharar Afirka
Abstract
Tawagar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin addinin Musulunci a cikin 21st Karni ya bayyana yadda ya kamata a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, musamman tun daga karshen shekarun 2000. Somaliya, Kenya, Najeriya, da Mali, ta hanyar Al Shabab da Boko Haram, sun durkusar da ayyukan ta'addancin dake nuni da wannan tsattsauran ra'ayi. Al Qaeda da ISIS suna wakiltar wannan motsi a Iraki da Siriya. Masu kishin Islama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi amfani da tsarin mulki mai rauni, gazawar cibiyoyin gwamnati, yaduwar talauci, da sauran munanan yanayin zamantakewa don neman kafa Musulunci a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Tabarbarewar shugabanci, shugabanci, da sake farfado da tsarin dunkulewar duniya, shi ne ya haifar da sake farfado da tsarin Musulunci a wadannan yankuna tare da babbar illa ga tsaron kasa da gina kasa musamman a tsakanin kabilu da addinai daban-daban.
Gabatarwa
Tun daga Boko Haram, kungiyar masu fafutukar Islama da ke aiki a yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, Kamaru, Nijar da Chadi zuwa ga Al Shabaab a Kenya da Somaliya, Al Qaeda da ISIS a Iraki da Siriya, Afirka kudu da Sahara da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya sun shiga mawuyacin hali. Musulunci tsattsauran ra'ayi. Hare-haren ta'addanci a kan cibiyoyin gwamnati da fararen hula da cikakken yakin Iraki da Siriya da kungiyar Da'esh a Iraki da Siriya (ISIS) ta kaddamar ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da rashin tsaro a wadannan yankuna shekaru da yawa. Tun daga farkon rashin fahimta, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka sun kasance masu tushe a matsayin muhimmin ginshiƙi na tada hankali ga gine-ginen tsaro na Gabas ta Tsakiya da yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.
Tushen waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kunno kai cikin matsananciyar aƙidar addini, waɗanda suka haifar da mummunan yanayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin ƙasa, raunana da cibiyoyi na ƙasa, da kuma rashin ingantaccen shugabanci. A Najeriya, rashin iya shugabanci na siyasa ya ba da damar sanya kungiyar ta zama wata gaggarumar kungiyar tsageru da ke da alaka ta waje da kuma cikin gida mai karfi don kalubalantar kasar Najeriya cikin nasara tun daga 2009 (ICG, 2010; Bauchi, 2009). Batutuwa masu jurewa na talauci, rashi tattalin arziki, rashin aikin yi na matasa da karkatar da albarkatu na tattalin arziki sun kasance dalilai masu kyau don haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya (Padon, 2010).
Wannan takarda ta yi nuni da cewa, raunin cibiyoyin gwamnati da munanan yanayin tattalin arziki a wadannan yankuna, da kuma ga dukkan alamu rashin shiri na shugabancin siyasa don kawar da tsarin mulki, da karfin hadin gwiwar kasashen duniya, Musulunci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi zai iya kasancewa a nan na tsawon lokaci. Abubuwan da ke tattare da hakan shi ne cewa tsaron kasa da zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya na iya kara tabarbarewa, yayin da rikicin bakin haure ke ci gaba da tabarbarewa a Turai. An raba takardar zuwa sassa masu alaƙa. Tare da gabatar da gabatarwar da ke da alaƙa da bincike kan ra'ayi game da tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama, sashe na uku da na huɗu sun bayyana ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a yankin Saharar Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya bi da bi. Sashi na biyar ya yi nazari kan abubuwan da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ke da shi kan tsaro na yanki da na duniya. Zaɓuɓɓukan manufofin ƙasashen waje da dabarun ƙasa suna da alaƙa a ƙarshe.
Menene Ra'ayin Musulunci?
Kone-kone na zamantakewa da siyasa da ke faruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya ko Duniyar Musulmi da Afirka wani tabbaci ne na hasashen Huntington (1968) game da rikicin wayewa a cikin 21.st Karni. Gwagwarmayar tarihi tsakanin Yamma da Gabas sun ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya haɗa duniyoyin biyu ba (Kipling, 1975). Wannan gasa tana game da dabi'u: Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ko masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Hujjoji na al'adu a wannan ma'ana suna ɗaukar musulmi a matsayin rukuni na gamayya yayin da suka bambanta. Misali, nau’o’i irin su Sunna da Shi’a ko Salafawa da Wahabbiya sun nuna karara kan rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kungiyoyin Musulmi.
An sami yunƙurin ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, waɗanda galibi sukan zama masu fafutuka a waɗannan yankuna tun cikin 19.th karni. Radicalization kanta wani tsari ne da ke tattare da mutum ko ƙungiya da aka ɗora wa wani tsari na akida da ke goyan bayan ayyukan ta'addanci waɗanda za su iya bayyana cikin ɗabi'a da halayen mutum (Rahimullah, Larmar & Abdalla, 2013, shafi na 20). Duk da haka radicalism bai dace da ta'addanci ba. Yawanci, tsattsauran ra'ayi ya kamata ya rigaye ta'addanci amma, 'yan ta'adda na iya ma kaucewa tsarin tsattsauran ra'ayi. A cewar Rais (2009, shafi na 2), rashin tsarin tsarin mulki, 'yancin ɗan adam, rashin daidaiton rabon dukiya, tsarin zamantakewar al'umma da kuma ƙayyadaddun doka da yanayi na iya haifar da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin kowace al'ummar da ta ci gaba ko tasowa. Amma ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi bazai zama ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci ba. Don haka tsattsauran ra'ayi na kin amincewa da hanyoyin shiga siyasa da ake da su da kuma cibiyoyin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa saboda rashin isashen warware matsalolin al'umma. Don haka, tsattsauran ra'ayi yana ƙididdigewa ko kuma yana motsa shi ta hanyar roƙon sauye-sauye na asali a cikin kowane fanni na rayuwar al'umma. Wadannan na iya zama dangantakar siyasa da tattalin arziki. A cikin wadannan kwatance, tsattsauran ra'ayi ya sanya shahararren sabbin akidoji, ya kalubalanci halayyar da mahimmancin ayyukan akidu da imani. Sannan tana ba da shawarwari ga sauye-sauye masu tsauri a matsayin hanya mai inganci da ci gaba nan take na sake tsara al'umma.
Tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ta kowace hanya ba ce ta addini ba. Yana iya faruwa a kowane yanayi na akida ko na duniya. Wasu ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na taimakawa wajen bullowar lamarin kamar cin hanci da rashawa. Dangane da rashi da cikakkiyar bukata, baje kolin ɗimbin jama'a da aka yi imanin ya samo asali ne daga cin zarafi, almubazzaranci da almubazzaranci da dukiyar jama'a don keɓancewar manyan mutane na iya haifar da martani mai tsauri daga wani ɓangaren jama'a. Don haka, takaici a tsakanin waɗanda aka hana a cikin tsarin al'umma na iya haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi. Rahman (2009, shafi na 4) ya taqaitar da abubuwan da ke taimaka wa tsattsauran ra’ayi kamar haka:
Lalacewa da dunkulewar duniya da dai sauransu su ma abubuwa ne da ke haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin al'umma. Sauran abubuwan sun haɗa da rashin adalci, ɗabi'a na ɗaukar fansa a cikin al'umma, manufofin gwamnati / jaha na rashin adalci, yin amfani da mulki na rashin adalci, da tunanin rashi da tasirinsa na tunani. Bambancin aji a cikin al'umma kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga abin da ya faru na tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Wadannan abubuwa gaba daya za su iya haifar da wata kungiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kan dabi'u da al'adu da ayyuka na Musulunci wadanda za su nemi kawo sauyi na asali ko na gaske. Wannan nau'i na addini na tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci ya samo asali ne daga taƙaitaccen fassarar Alƙur'ani da wata ƙungiya ko wani mutum ta yi don cimma manufa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi (Pavan & Murshed, 2009). Tunanin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi shine haifar da gagarumin sauyi a cikin al'umma saboda rashin gamsuwa da wani tsari da ake da shi. Don haka tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci wani tsari ne na haifar da sauye-sauye kwatsam a cikin al'umma a matsayin mayar da martani ga karancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da al'adu na talakawan musulmi da nufin kiyaye tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin dabi'u da ayyuka da al'adu sabanin zamani.
Tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci ya sami cikakken bayani a cikin haɓaka munanan ayyukan ta'addanci wajen haifar da sauyi. Wannan shi ne ban mamaki mai ban mamaki da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci da ke neman komawa ga tushen Musulunci ta fuskar fasadi ba tare da amfani da tashin hankali ba. Tsarin tsattsauran ra'ayi yana yin amfani da yawan al'ummar musulmi, talauci, rashin aikin yi, jahilci da wariya.
Abubuwan haɗari ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a tsakanin Musulmai suna da sarƙaƙiya kuma sun bambanta. Daya daga cikin wadannan yana da alaka da samuwar kungiyar Salafiyya/Wahabi. Kungiyar Salafiyya ta jihadi tana adawa da azzaluman kasashen yammaci da soja a duniyar Musulunci da kuma gwamnatocin kasashen yammacin Afirka da ke mara wa baya. Wannan rukunin yana ba da shawarar yin gwagwarmaya da makamai. Duk da cewa 'yan kungiyar Wahabi suna kokarin bambanta da Salafiyya, amma sun saba yarda da wannan matsananciyar rashin hakurin kafirai (Rahimullah, Larmar da Abdalla, 2013; Schwartz, 2007). Abu na biyu kuma shi ne tasirin jiga-jigan musulmi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi irin su Syeb Gutb, wani fitaccen malamin Masar da aka yi imanin cewa shi ne majagaba wajen aza harsashin addinin Musulunci na zamani. Koyarwar Osama bin Laden da Anwar Al Awlahi na cikin wannan rukuni. Abu na uku na hujjar ta'addanci ya samo asali ne daga mummunan tashin hankalin da gwamnatocin kasashe masu cin gashin kansu, masu cin hanci da rashawa da danniya suka yi a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata.th karni a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (Hassan, 2008). Matsakaicin alaƙa da tasirin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi shine dalilin fahimtar ikon ilimi wanda yawancin Musulmai za a iya yaudare su zuwa yarda da tafsirin Alqur'ani na gaske (Ralumullah, et al, 2013). Zamantakewar duniya da zamanantar da jama'a su ma sun yi tasiri mai yawa wajen mayar da musulmi tsattsauran ra'ayi. Akidun Musulunci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun bazu cikin sauri a duk duniya suna isa ga musulmi cikin sauki ta hanyar fasaha da intanet. Tunani masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun ci gaba da wannan cikin sauri tare da tasiri mai yawa akan radicalization (Veldhius da Staun, 2009). Zamantakewa ya rikitar da Musulmai da yawa wadanda suke ganin hakan a matsayin dora al'adu da dabi'u na Yamma a kan duniyar Musulmi (Lewis, 2003; Huntington, 1996; Roy, 2014).
Hujjar al'adu a matsayin tushen tushen tsattsauran ra'ayi yana gabatar da al'ada a matsayin matsayi kuma addini a matsayin monolithic (Murshed da Pavan & 20009). Huntington (2006) ya bayyana karon wayewar kai a fafatawar da ba ta da kyau tsakanin Yamma da Musulunci. A wannan ma'anar, tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci yana neman kalubalantar rashin karfinsu ta hanyar tsayar da al'adun da suke ganin mafi girma da al'adun Yammacin Turai ke mamaye da su, wadanda ake ganin sun fi su. Lewis (2003) ya lura cewa musulmi suna kyamar mamayar al'adunsu ta hanyar tarihi ko da a matsayin al'adu mafi girma kuma don haka ƙiyayya ga yammaci da ƙudurin yin amfani da tashin hankali don gabatar da sauye-sauye. Musulunci a matsayinsa na addini yana da fuskoki da dama a cikin tarihi kuma an bayyana shi a wannan zamani a cikin nau'o'in siffofi a matakin musulmi guda daya da kuma haduwarsu. Don haka, kasancewar musulmi guda ɗaya ba ya wanzu kuma al'ada tana da ƙarfi, tana canzawa tare da yanayin abin duniya yayin da suke canzawa. Yin amfani da al'adu da addini a matsayin abubuwan haɗari ga tsattsauran ra'ayi dole ne a yi la'akari da su don dacewa.
Ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna ɗaukar mambobi ko mujahada daga wurare da wurare daban-daban. Ana tattara babban rukuni na abubuwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga cikin matasa. Wannan nau'in shekarun yana cike da akida da imani na utopian don canza duniya. Ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi amfani da wannan ƙarfin wajen ɗaukar sabbin mambobi. An fusata da maganganun farfaganda a cikin masallaci ko makarantu, kaset na bidiyo ko na sauti ko intanet har ma a gida, wasu matasa sun saba da kalubalantar kyawawan dabi'u na iyayensu, malamansu da al'ummarsu, suna amfani da lokacin da za a yi watsi da su.
Yawancin masu jihadi ƴan kishin addini ne waɗanda tsauraran tsarin tsaro ya tilasta musu barin ƙasashensu. A cikin kasashen waje, suna gano hanyoyin sadarwa na Musulunci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ayyukansu sannan kuma suna shiga tsarin mulkin musulmi a kasashensu.
Bayan harin da aka kai wa Amurka a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, da dama daga cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun fusata saboda rashin adalci, tsoro da fushi da Amurka, kuma a cikin ruhin yaki da Musulunci da Bin Laden ya haifar, al'ummomin kasashen waje sun zama babbar hanyar daukar ma'aikata. kamar yadda gida girma radicals. An dauki Musulmi a Turai da Kanada aiki don shiga kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don hukunta jihadin duniya. Musulman kasashen waje suna jin wulakanci daga rashi da wariya a Turai (Lewis, 2003; Murshed da Pavan, 2009).
An yi amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na abota da dangi a matsayin ingantattun hanyoyin daukar ma'aikata. An yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin "hanyoyin gabatar da ra'ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kiyaye sadaukarwa ta hanyar abokantaka a cikin jihadi, ko samar da amintattun lambobin sadarwa don dalilai na aiki" (Gendron, 2006, shafi 12).
Wadanda suka Musulunta su ma babbar hanyar daukar ma'aikata ne a matsayin sojan kafa ga Al Qaeda da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwa. Sanin Turai yana sa masu tuba su zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da sadaukarwa da sadaukarwa ga kwas. Haka kuma mata sun zama ainihin tushen daukar ma'aikata don kai harin kunar bakin wake. Daga Chechnya zuwa Najeriya da Falasdinu, an samu nasarar daukar mata aiki tare da tura su wajen kai hare-haren kunar bakin wake.
Fitowar ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da tsattsauran ra'ayi a yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a kan tushen waɗannan abubuwan gabaɗaya na buƙatar yin nazari na kut da kut kan takamaiman abubuwan da ke nuna keɓancewar kowane rukuni. Wannan ya zama dole don kafa hanyar da rarrabuwar kawuna na Musulunci ke aiki a cikin wadannan yanayi da kuma yuwuwar tasiri ga kwanciyar hankali da tsaro a duniya.
Ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a yankin Saharar Afirka
A shekarar 1979, mabiya Shi'a sun hambarar da mulkin Shah na Iran. Wannan juyin juya halin Iran shi ne mafarin tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci na wannan zamani (Rubin, 1998). Musulmi sun kasance da haɗin kai ta hanyar samar da damammaki na maido da daular Musulunci tsantsa tare da gurɓatattun gwamnatocin Larabawa suna samun goyon bayan ƙasashen yamma. Juyin juya halin ya yi tasiri mai yawa a kan fahimtar musulmi da fahimtar su (Gendron, 2006). Kusan bayan juyin juya halin Shi'a shi ma sojojin Soviet suka mamaye Afganistan a 1979. Dubban musulmi sun koma Afghanistan don fatattakar kafirai 'yan gurguzu. Afganistan ta zama babbar dama ta horar da masu jihadi. Masu fafutukar jihadi sun sami horo da kwarewa a cikin ingantaccen muhalli don gwagwarmayar su na cikin gida. A Afganistan ne aka yi tunanin jihadi a duniya tare da renon kungiyar Salafiyya ta Usama bin Laden.
Afganistan ko da yake wani babban fage ne inda ra'ayoyin Musulunci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka samo asali tare da kwarewar aikin soja da aka samu; Sauran fage kamar Aljeriya, Masar, Kashmir da Chechnya su ma sun fito. Somaliya da Mali su ma sun shiga wannan fafutuka kuma sun zama mafakar horar da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Kungiyar Al Qaeda ta jagoranci hare-haren da aka kai wa Amurka a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001 ita ce haifuwar Jihadi a duniya kuma martanin da Amurka ta yi ta shiga tsakani a Iraki da Afganistan ya kasance tabbataccen tushe ga al'ummar duniya baki daya don tunkarar makiyansu. Ƙungiyoyin gida sun shiga gwagwarmaya a waɗannan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da ma fiye da haka don yunƙurin fatattakar abokan gaba daga yamma da gwamnatocin Larabawa masu goyon bayansu. Suna hada kai da wasu kungiyoyi da ke wajen Gabas ta Tsakiya domin yunkurin kafa Musulunci tsantsa a sassan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara. Tare da rugujewar Somaliya a farkon shekarun 1990, an bude wani fili mai albarka don haifuwar Musulunci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a yankin kahon Afirka.
Musulunci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a Somaliya, Kenya da Najeriya
Somaliya, dake yankin kahon Afirka (HOA) tana iyaka da Kenya a gabashin Afirka. HOA yanki ne mai mahimmanci, babban jijiya da kuma hanyar jigilar ruwa ta duniya (Ali, 2008, p.1). Kenya, wacce ita ce kasa mafi karfin tattalin arziki a gabashin Afirka ita ma tana da dabarun zama cibiyar tattalin arzikin yankin. Wannan yanki gida ne ga al'adu daban-daban, al'ummai da addinai daban-daban waɗanda suka zama al'umma mai ƙarfi a Afirka. HOA ta kasance hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Asiya, Larabawa da Afirka ta hanyar kasuwanci. Saboda sarkakkiyar al'adu da addini da yankin ke da shi, yana cike da rikice-rikice, rikice-rikice na yankuna, da yakin basasa. Somalia a matsayin kasa misali ba ta da zaman lafiya tun bayan mutuwar Siad Barrre. An wargaza kasar ta hanyar kabilanci tare da gwagwarmayar makamai na cikin gida na ikirarin yankuna. Ba a sake samun rugujewar hukumar ta tsakiya da kyau ba tun farkon shekarun 1990.
Yawaitar hargitsi da rashin zaman lafiya ya samar da kyakykyawan yanayi na tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci. Wannan lokaci ya samo asali ne a cikin tarihin mulkin mallaka na tashin hankali da kuma lokacin yakin cacar baka, wanda ya ba da damar tashin hankali na zamani a yankin. Ali (2008) ya bayar da hujjar cewa abin da ya bayyana a matsayin al’adar tashin hankali da aka cusa a yankin, ya samo asali ne daga sauye-sauyen da ake samu a harkokin siyasar yankin musamman a fafutukar neman mukaman siyasa. Don haka ana ganin tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama a matsayin tushen samun mulki nan da nan kuma ya sami gindin zama ta hanyar kafaffen hanyoyin sadarwa na kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Rashin shugabanci na gari ne ke tafiyar da tsarin tsattsauran ra'ayi a kahon Afirka. Jama’a da kungiyoyi da aka jefa cikin yanke kauna sun juya zuwa ga karbar tsattsauran tsarin Musulunci ta hanyar tayar da kayar baya ga kasar da ke damun ‘yan kasa da kowane irin zalunci, fasadi da take hakkin dan Adam (Ali, 2008). An karkatar da daidaikun mutane ta manyan hanyoyi biyu. Da farko, ana koyar da matasa tafsirin Alqur'ani mai tsauri daga ƙwararrun malaman Wahabiyawa waɗanda aka horar da su a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Don haka wadannan matasa sun yi kaurin suna a cikin wannan akida ta tashin hankali. Na biyu, yin amfani da yanayin da mutane ke fuskantar zalunci, da raunata da kuma lalatar da sarakunan yaƙi, Al Qaeda na wannan zamani ya ƙarfafa masu jihadi da aka horar da su a Gabas ta Tsakiya ya koma Somaliya. Tabbas, daga Habasha, Kenya Jibuuti da Sudan, rashin shugabanci na demokraɗiyya ya ingiza 'yan ƙasa zuwa ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu wa'azin tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama don gabatar da sauye-sauye da haƙƙoƙi da kuma tabbatar da adalci.
Al-Shabaab, ma'ana 'Matasa' an halicce su ne ta hanyar waɗannan matakai biyu. Ta hanyar bullo da matakan da suka shafi jama'a kamar cire shingaye, samar da tsaro da hukunta wadanda ke cin karensu babu babbaka, ana ganin kungiyar tana biyan bukatun talakawan Somaliya, matakin da ya isa ya samu goyon bayansu. An kiyasta kungiyar a sama da mambobi 1,000 dauke da makamai tare da wurin ajiyar sama da matasa da masu tausayawa sama da 3000 (Ali, 2008). Tare da saurin fadada musulmi a cikin al'ummar da ke fama da talauci a matsayin Somaliya, munanan yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ya yi kokarin kara kaimi ga al'ummar Somaliya. Lokacin da shugabanci nagari ba ya da damar yin tasiri a cikin HoA, an saita tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama zai kasance da ƙarfi kuma yana ƙaruwa kuma yana iya zama haka na ɗan lokaci zuwa nan gaba. Jihadin duniya ya ba da ƙwarin guiwa kan aiwatar da tsattsauran ra'ayi. Tashar talabijin ta tauraron dan adam wata dama ce ta tasiri ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na yankin ta hanyar hotunan yakin Iraki da Siriya. Intanet a yanzu ita ce babbar hanyar da za ta haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hanyar ƙirƙira da kuma kula da wuraren da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ke yi. Kuɗaɗen kuɗi na lantarki sun haifar da haɓakar radicalization, yayin da sha'awar ikon ƙasashen waje a cikin HoA ya ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto na dogaro da zalunci da Kiristanci ke wakilta. Wadannan hotuna sun yi fice a kahon Afirka musamman a kasashen Ogaden, Oromia da Zanzibar.
A cikin Kenya rundunonin tsattsauran ra'ayi wani hadadden tsari ne na tsari da abubuwan hukumomi, korafe-korafe, manufofin kasashen waje da na soja, da jihadi na duniya (Patterson, 2015). Da kyar waɗannan rundunonin ba za su iya yin ma'ana ba game da labari mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba tare da yin la'akari da kyakkyawar hangen nesa na tarihi ba game da yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu na Kenya da kusancin yanki da Somaliya.
Musulman Kenya kusan miliyan 4.3 ne. Wannan shine kusan kashi 10 na al'ummar Kenya miliyan 38.6 bisa ga ƙidayar 2009 (ICG, 2012). Yawancin Musulman Kenya na zaune ne a yankunan gabar ruwa na Lardunan Gabas da Gabas da kuma Nairobi musamman unguwar Eastleigh. Musulman Kenya babban gauraya ne na Swahili ko Somaliya, Larabawa da Asiyawa. Rikicin tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama na zamani a Kenya yana samun kwakkwarar kwarjini daga al-Shabaab ta yi fice a kudancin Somaliya a shekarar 2009. Tun daga nan ta dada nuna damuwa game da halin da ake ciki da kuma lokaci na tsattsauran ra'ayi a Kenya da kuma mafi mahimmanci, a matsayin barazana ga tsaro da kwanciyar hankali na HoA. A Kenya, wata kungiyar Salafi Jihadi mai tsatsauran ra'ayi kuma mai fafutuka da ke aiki kafada da kafada da Al-Shabaab ta bulla. Cibiyar Matasan Musulmi ta Kenya (MYC) wani yanki ne mai ban mamaki na wannan hanyar sadarwa. Wannan kungiya mai fafutuka a gida tana kai hare-hare kan tsaron cikin gida na Kenya tare da goyon bayan kungiyar Al-Shabaab.
Al-Shabaab ta fara ne a matsayin kungiyar mayaka a cikin Tarayyar kotunan Islama kuma ta yi kaurin suna wajen kalubalantar mamayar da Habasha ke yi a Kudancin Somalia daga 2006 zuwa 2009 (ICG, 2012). Bayan janyewar sojojin Habasha a shekara ta 2009, kungiyar cikin sauri ta cike gibin da ta mamaye yawancin kudanci da tsakiyar Somaliya. Bayan da kungiyar ta kafa kanta a Somaliya, kungiyar ta mayar da martani ga yanayin siyasar yankin tare da fitar da tsattsauran ra'ayin ta zuwa Kenya wanda ya barke a shekarar 2011 bayan tsoma bakin sojojin Kenya a Somaliya.
Tsattsauran ra'ayi na zamani a Kenya ya samo asali ne daga zato na tarihi waɗanda suka haifar da al'amarin a cikin yanayin da yake da haɗari a halin yanzu tun daga farkon 1990s zuwa 2000s. Musulman Kenya sun damu da tarin korafe-korafe wadanda galibinsu na tarihi ne. Misali, mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya ya mayar da musulmi saniyar ware kuma ba su dauke su a matsayin Swahili ko wadanda ba ’yan asalin kasar ba. Wannan manufar ta bar su a kan iyakokin Kenya da tattalin arziki, siyasa da zamantakewa. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai Daniel Arab Moi ya jagoranci gwamnati ta hannun kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kenya (KANU), a matsayin kasa mai jam’iyya daya tak ta ci gaba da mayar da ‘yan siyasa saniyar ware a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Don haka, saboda rashin samun wakilci a siyasa, da rashin samun damammaki na tattalin arziki, ilimi da sauran abubuwan da ake haifar da wariya na tsari, tare da tauye hakkin jama'a, da kuma tauye hakkin bil'adama da dokokin yaki da ta'addanci, wasu musulmi sun tada wani mummunan martani ga Kenya. jiha da al'umma. Lardunan gabar teku da arewa maso gabas da kuma yankin Eastleigh a cikin unguwannin Nairobi ne ke dauke da mafi yawan marasa aikin yi, wadanda galibinsu Musulmai ne. Musulman gundumar Lamu da kuma yankunan bakin teku suna jin bacewarsu da takaicin tsarin da ya shafe su kuma a shirye suke su rungumi ra'ayin tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Kenya, kamar sauran ƙasashe a cikin HoA, tana da tsarin mulki mai rauni. Mahimman cibiyoyin gwamnati suna da rauni kamar tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Rashin hukunta shi wuri ne na kowa. Tsaron kan iyaka yana da rauni kuma isar da sabis na jama'a ma gabaɗaya yana da rauni sosai. Cin hanci da rashawa ya mamaye cibiyoyin gwamnati cikin tsari wanda ba sa iya gudanar da ayyukan jama'a da suka hada da tsaro a kan iyaka da sauran abubuwan amfani ga 'yan kasa. Mafi muni shine ɓangaren al'ummar musulmi na al'ummar Kenya (Patterson, 2015). Yin amfani da tsarin zamantakewa mai rauni, tsarin ilimin musulmi na Madrassas yana koya wa matasa a cikin matsanancin ra'ayi waɗanda suka zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Don haka matasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna amfani da ayyukan tattalin arziƙin Kenya da ababen more rayuwa don tafiye-tafiye, sadarwa da samun damar albarkatu da hanyoyin sadarwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don ayyukan tsattsauran ra'ayi. Tattalin arzikin Kenya yana da mafi kyawun ababen more rayuwa a cikin HoA wanda ke ba da damar cibiyoyin sadarwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don amfani da damar intanet don tattarawa da tsara ayyuka.
Manufofin sojojin Kenya da na ketare sun fusata al'ummar musulmi. Misali, alakar kut-da-kut da kasar ke da ita da Amurka da Isra'ila ba ta amince da al'ummarta musulmi ba. Ana kallon shigar Amurka a Somaliya alal misali a matsayin hari ga al'ummar musulmi (Badurdeen, 2012). A lokacin da sojojin Kenya suka hada kai da Faransa da Somaliya da Habasha domin kai wa kungiyar Al-Shabab mai alaka da Al Qaeda hari a 2011 a kudanci da tsakiyar Somaliya, kungiyar ta dauki alhakin kai hare-hare a Kenya (ICG, 2014). Tun a watan Satumban 2013 da aka kai harin ta'addanci a kan kasuwar Westgate da ke Nairobi zuwa jami'ar Garrisa da gundumar Lamu, an saki Al-Shabaab kan al'ummar Kenya. Matsakaicin kusancin Kenya da Somaliya yana ba da sha'awa sosai. A bayyane yake cewa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci a Kenya na karuwa kuma mai yiwuwa ba za su ragu nan ba da dadewa ba. Dabarun yaki da ta'addanci sun keta hakkin bil'adama tare da haifar da tunanin cewa musulmin Kenya ne ake hari. Raunin cibiyoyi da na tsari tare da korafe-korafe na tarihi suna buƙatar kulawa da gaggawa ta cikin kayan aikin da za a canza yanayin da ya dace don tayar da musulmi. Haɓaka wakilcin siyasa da faɗaɗa sararin tattalin arziƙin ta hanyar samar da damammaki suna riƙe da alƙawarin sauya yanayin.
Al Qaeda da ISIS a Iraki da Siriya
Halin rashin aiki na gwamnatin Iraqi karkashin jagorancin Nuri Al Maliki da mayar da al'ummar Sunni saniyar ware da kuma barkewar yaki a kasar Siriya wasu muhimman abubuwa biyu ne da ake ganin sun kai ga sake bullar kungiyar IS mai tsatsauran ra'ayi. da Siriya (ISIS) (Hashim, 2014). Tun asali yana da alaƙa da Al Qaeda. ISIS kungiya ce ta Salafist- jihadi kuma ta samo asali daga kungiyar da Abu Musab al-Zarqawi ya kafa a Jordan (AMZ). Asalin manufar AMZ ita ce yakar gwamnatin Jordan, amma ya kasa, sannan ya koma Afganistan don yakar mujahidin yakar Soviet. Bayan janyewar Soviets, komawar sa Jordan ya kasa farfado da yakin da ya yi da masarautar Jordan. Har ila yau, ya koma Afghanistan don kafa sansanin horar da mayakan Islama. Yunkurin mamayar da Amurka ta yi a Iraki a shekarar 2003 ya jawo AMZ ta koma kasar. Rikicin Saddam Hussein daga karshe ya haifar da tawaye da ya shafi kungiyoyi daban-daban guda biyar ciki har da Jamaat-al-Tauhid Wal-Jihad na AMZ (JTJ). Manufarta ita ce tinkarar dakarun hadin gwiwa da sojojin Iraki da mayakan Shi'a sannan su kafa daular Musulunci. Mummunan dabarun AMZ ta amfani da 'yan kunar bakin wake sun auna kungiyoyi daban-daban. Wannan mugunyar dabarar ta ta kai hari ga mayakan Shi'a, cibiyoyin gwamnati da kuma haifar da bala'in jin kai.
A shekara ta 2005, kungiyar AMZ ta shiga kungiyar al Qaeda a Iraki (AQI) kuma ta yi tarayya da akidar karshen ta kawar da shirka. Dabarunsa na zalunci duk da haka sun kunyata da kuma kawar da al'ummar Sunni wadanda suka kyamaci matakin kisan gilla da hallakasu. A karshe sojojin Amurka sun kashe AMZ a shekara ta 2006 sannan aka ba Abu Hamza al-Muhajir (wanda aka fi sani da Abu Ayub al-Masri) mukamansa. Jim kadan bayan wannan lamarin ne kungiyar AQI ta sanar da kafa daular Musulunci ta Iraki karkashin jagorancin Abu Omar al-Baghdadi (Hassan, 2014). Wannan ci gaban ba ya cikin ainihin manufar ƙungiyar. Idan aka yi la’akari da yadda ake da hannu wajen wadatar da kokarin da ake yi wajen tabbatar da manufar ba ta da isassun kayan aiki; da rashin kyawun tsarin kungiya ya haifar da shan kashi a cikin 2008. Abin takaici, an yi farin ciki da murnar nasarar ISI na ɗan lokaci. Ficewar sojojin Amurka daga Iraki, tare da barin babban alhakin tsaron kasa ga sojojin Irakin da aka yi wa gyaran fuska ya zama aiki mai yawa kuma ISI ta sake komawa, ta hanyar amfani da raunin da ficewar Amurkan ya haifar. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2009, ISI ta lalata ababen more rayuwar jama'a yadda ya kamata ta hanyar tsarin hare-haren ta'addanci.
Amurka ta yi nasarar kalubalantar sake bullar ISI a lokacin da aka bi ta kuma kashe shugabanninta. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, an kashe Abu Ayub-Masri da Abu Umar Abdullal al Rashid al Baghdadi a wani farmakin hadin gwiwa da Amurka da Iraki suka kai a Tikrit (Hashim, 2014). An kuma bi sauran membobin ISI tare da kawar da su ta hanyar ci gaba da kai hare-hare. Wani sabon shugabanci a karkashin Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al Samarrai (aka Dr. Ibrahim Abu Dua) ya fito. Abu Dua ya hada kai da Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi don saukaka sake bullar ISI.
Lokacin 2010-2013 ya ba da tarin abubuwan abubuwan da suka ga farfaɗowar ISI. An sake fasalin kungiyar tare da sake gina ayyukan soja da gudanarwa; karuwar rikice-rikice tsakanin shugabancin Iraki da al'ummar Sunni, raguwar tasirin al-Qaeda da barkewar yaki a Siriya sun haifar da yanayi mai kyau na sake bullar ISI. A karkashin Baghdadi, wata sabuwar manufa ga ISI ita ce bayyana hambarar da gwamnatocin da ba su da hakki musamman gwamnatin Iraki da kuma kafa daular musulunci a yankin gabas ta tsakiya. An rikitar da kungiyar a tsari cikin tsari zuwa halifancin Musulunci a Iraki sannan daga bisani ta zama Daular Musulunci wadda ta hada da Siriya. Daga nan ne aka sake fasalin ƙungiyar zuwa cikin ingantaccen horo, sassauƙa da haɗin kai.
Ficewar sojojin Amurka daga Iraqi ya haifar da tabarbarewar tsaro. Cin hanci da rashawa, rashin tsari, da gazawar aiki sun kasance a bayyane sosai. Sannan ya shiga tsaka mai wuya tsakanin mabiya Shi'a da Sunna. Hakan ya samo asali ne daga yadda shugabannin Iraqi suka mayar da Ahlus Sunna saniyar ware a matsayin wakilci na siyasa da soja da sauran jami’an tsaro. Jin cewa an mayar da su saniyar ware ne ya sa 'yan Sunni suka koma kungiyar ISIS, kungiyar da a baya suka kyamata saboda yadda take amfani da karfin tuwo a kan fararen hula domin yakar gwamnatin Iraki. Rushewar tasirin al Qaeda da yaƙin Siriya ya buɗe wani sabon yanki na ayyuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don ƙarfafa Daular Islama. Lokacin da yakin Siriya ya fara a watan Maris na 2011, an bude damar daukar ma'aikata da ci gaban cibiyar sadarwa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. ISIS ta shiga yaki da gwamnatin Bashar Assad. Baghdadi, shugaban ISIS, ya aika galibin tsoffin sojojin Siriya a matsayin membobin Jabhat al-Nusra zuwa Siriya waɗanda suka ɗauki aikin sojan Assad yadda ya kamata kuma suka kafa “tsari mai inganci da ingantaccen tsari don rarraba abinci da magunguna” (Hashim, 2014) , shafi na 7). Wannan ya jawo hankalin Siriyawa da suka kyamaci wannan zalunci na Free Syrian Army (FSA). Kokarin da Baghdadi ya yi na hada kai da al Nusra ya ci tura kuma dangantakar ta ci gaba da wanzuwa. A watan Yunin 2014, ISIS ta koma Iraki da mugunyar kai wa sojojin Iraki hari tare da tsagaita wuta. Nasarar da ta samu a Iraki da Siriya gabaɗaya ya ƙarfafa jagorancin ISIS wanda ya fara kiran kansa a matsayin ƙasar Musulunci daga 29 ga Yuni, 2014.
Rikicin Boko Haram a Najeriya
Arewacin Najeriya hadadden addini ne da al'adu. Yankunan da ke da matsananciyar arewa sun hada da jihohin Sokoto, Kano, Borno, Yobe da Kaduna wadanda dukkansu abubuwa ne masu sarkakiya da suka hada da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi. Al'ummar Musulmi ne suka fi yawa a Sokoto, Kano da Maiduguri amma sun rabu kadan a Kaduna (ICG, 2010). Waɗannan yankunan sun fuskanci tashin hankali ta hanyar rikicin addini ko da a kai a kai tun a shekarun 1980. Tun a shekarar 2009 jihohin Bauchi, Borno, Kano, Yobe, Adamawa, Niger da Plateau da kuma babban birnin tarayya Abuja ke fama da tashe-tashen hankula da ‘yan kungiyar Boko Haram masu tsatsauran ra’ayi suka shirya.
Boko Haram, kungiyar Islama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ana kiranta da sunan Larabci - Jama'tu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati Wal-Jihad ma'ana - Mutanen da suka jajirce wajen yada Koyarwar Annabi da Jihadi (ICG, 2014). A zahiri, Boko Haram na nufin “Haramcin ilimin Yamma” (Campbell, 2014). Wannan yunkuri na masu kishin Islama ya samo asali ne ta hanyar tarihin rashin shugabanci nagari da talauci a arewacin Najeriya.
A bisa tsari da tsari, Boko Haram na wannan zamani na da alaka da kungiyar Maitatsine (mai zagin) masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da suka bulla a Kano a karshen shekarun 1970. Mohammed Marwa, matashin dan kasar Kamaru mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya fito a Kano kuma ya kirkiro mabiya ta hanyar akidar Musulunci mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya daukaka kansa a matsayin mai 'yantacce mai tsaurin ra'ayi da kishin Turawa. Mabiyan Marwa babban gungun matasa ne marasa aikin yi. Rikici da 'yan sanda ya kasance wani lamari ne na alakar kungiyar da 'yan sanda. Kungiyar ta yi artabu da ‘yan sanda a shekarar 1980 a wani budaddiyar gangamin da kungiyar ta shirya wanda ya haifar da gagarumar tarzoma. Marwa ya mutu a cikin tarzomar. Wadannan tarzoma sun shafe kwanaki da dama tare da asarar rayuka da barnata dukiya (ICG, 2010). An lalata kungiyar Maitatsine bayan tarzomar kuma mai yiwuwa mahukuntan Najeriya sun dauke su a matsayin wani taro na karo na farko. An dauki shekaru da dama ana gudanar da irin wannan yunkuri na tsatsauran ra'ayi a Maiduguri a shekarar 2002 a matsayin 'Yan Taliban na Najeriya.
Asalin Boko Haram a wannan zamani za a iya danganta shi da wata kungiyar matasa masu tsatsauran ra'ayi da suka yi ibada a masallacin Alhaji Muhammadu Ndimi da ke Maiduguri karkashin Mohammed Yusuf shugabansu. Sheikh Jaffar Mahmud Adam, fitaccen malami kuma malami mai wa’azi mai tsaurin ra’ayi ne ya yi wa Yusuf tsatsauran ra’ayi. Yusuf da kansa, kasancewarsa mai wa’azi mai kwarjini, ya shahara da tafsirin Alqur’ani mai tsauri da ya qyamaci kimar Turawa ciki har da hukumomin duniya (ICG, 2014).
Babbar manufar Boko Haram ita ce kafa daular Musulunci bisa tsantsar bin ka'idoji da dabi'un Musulunci wadanda za su magance matsalolin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin shugabanci na gari. Mohammed Yusuf ya fara kai hari a cibiyar Islama a Maiduguri a matsayin "Mai cin hanci da rashawa kuma ba za a iya fansa ba" (Walker, 2012). Kungiyar Taliban ta Najeriya a lokacin da ake kiran kungiyarsa da dabara ta fice daga Maiduguri a lokacin da ta fara jan hankalin hukumomi game da tsattsauran ra'ayinsu, zuwa wani kauyen Kanama da ke jihar Yobe kusa da kan iyakar Najeriya da Nijar tare da kafa wata al'umma da ke karkashin kulawar addinin Musulunci. ka'idoji. Kungiyar dai ta samu sabani kan hakkin kamun kifi da al’ummar yankin, lamarin da ya ja hankalin ‘yan sanda. A arangamar da aka yi, jami’an soji sun yi wa kungiyar muguwar kaca-kaca, inda suka kashe shugabanta Muhammed Ali.
Ragowar kungiyar sun koma Maiduguri suka sake haduwa a karkashin Mohammed Yusuf wanda ke da tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya kai wasu jihohi kamar Bauchi, Yobe da Neja. Ba a lura da ayyukansu ba ko kuma an yi watsi da su. Tsarin walwala na rarraba abinci, matsuguni, da sauran kayan tallafi ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa, ciki har da adadi mai yawa na marasa aikin yi. Kamar irin abubuwan da suka faru a Maitatsine a Kano a shekarun 1980, dangantakar Boko Haram da 'yan sanda ta kara tabarbarewa akai-akai a tsakanin 2003 zuwa 2008. Wadannan munanan tashe-tashen hankula sun kaure a watan Yulin 2009 lokacin da 'yan kungiyar suka ki amincewa da dokar sanya hular babur. Lokacin da aka kalubalanci shi a wani shingen binciken, an yi artabu tsakanin ‘yan sanda da kungiyar biyo bayan harbin ‘yan sandan da aka yi a shingen binciken. An ci gaba da wannan tarzoma tsawon kwanaki kuma ta bazu zuwa Bauchi da Yobe. An kai wa cibiyoyin gwamnati hari ba da gangan ba, musamman ma ofisoshin ‘yan sanda. Sojojin sun kama Mohammed Yusuf da surukinsa tare da mika su ga ‘yan sanda. Dukansu an kashe su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Buji Foi, tsohon kwamishinan harkokin addini wanda ya kai rahoto ga ‘yan sanda shi kadai an kashe shi (Walker, 2013).
Abubuwan da suka haifar da tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulunci a Najeriya, sun hada da rikice-rikice na mummunan yanayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, raunin cibiyoyin gwamnati, rashin shugabanci, cin zarafin bil'adama, tasirin waje da ingantattun hanyoyin fasaha. Tun daga shekarar 1999, jihohi a Najeriya sun karbi makudan kudade daga gwamnatin tarayya. Tare da waɗannan albarkatu, sakaci na kuɗi da almubazzaranci na jami'an gwamnati ya haɓaka. Ta hanyar amfani da kuri'un tsaro, an fadada cin zarafin kudaden jihohi da kananan hukumomi na hadin gwiwa, da kuma wadanda suka taimaka musu, lamarin da ya kara zurfafa almubazzaranci da dukiyar al'umma. Sakamakon talauci ya karu inda kashi 70 cikin 90 na ‘yan Najeriya suka fada cikin matsanancin talauci. Yankin arewa maso gabas, cibiyar ayyukan Boko Haram, ya fi fama da talauci da kusan kashi 2012 cikin XNUMX (NBS, XNUMX).
Yayin da albashi da alawus-alawus ya karu, rashin aikin yi ma ya karu. Hakan ya faru ne saboda lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, da rashin wutar lantarki da ake fama da shi da kuma arha shigo da kayayyaki da ke kawo cikas ga masana'antu. Dubban matasa ciki har da wadanda suka kammala karatunsu ba su da aikin yi kuma ba su da aikin yi, masu takaici, ba su da rai, kuma a sakamakon haka, masu saukin daukar ma’aikata ne domin tayar da zaune tsaye.
Ma’aikatun gwamnati a Najeriya sun kasance masu rauni bisa tsarin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma rashin hukunta su. Tsarin shari'a na aikata laifuka yana lalacewa na dindindin. Talakawa da tsarin cin hanci sun lalata ‘yan sanda da bangaren shari’a. Misali, sau da yawa ana kama Muhammed Yusuf amma ba a tuhume shi ba. A tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2009, Boko Haram karkashin Yusuf sun sake hada kai, sun hada kai, suka samar da tallace-tallace a wasu jihohi, haka kuma sun samu kudade da horaswa daga kasashen Saudiyya, Mauritaniya, Mali, da Aljeriya ba tare da an gano su ba, ko kuma kawai hukumomin tsaro da leken asirin Najeriya sun yi biris da su. su. (Walker, 2013; ICG, 2014). A shekara ta 2003, Yusuf ya yi tafiya zuwa Saudi Arabiya a karkashin tsarin karatu kuma ya dawo da kudade daga kungiyoyin Salafiyya don tallafawa shirin jin dadi ciki har da tsarin bashi. Tallafin da ‘yan kasuwan gida suka samu ya ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da dore wa kungiyar kuma jihar ta Najeriya ta kalli wani bangare. An sayar da wa’azinsa masu tsattsauran ra’ayi a bainar jama’a da walwala a duk fadin yankin arewa maso gabas kuma jami’an leken asiri ko gwamnatin Najeriya sun kasa daukar mataki.
Lokacin shigar kungiyar ya bayyana alakar siyasa da bullowar kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da karfin da zai iya wuce gona da iri kan jami'an tsaron kasar. Ƙungiyoyin siyasa sun rungumi ƙungiyar don cin gajiyar zaɓe. Ganin dimbin matasan da Yusuf ke bin sa, Modu Sheriff, tsohon Sanata, ya kulla yarjejeniya da Yusuf domin cin gajiyar darajar zabe na kungiyar. Sannan Sheriff ya aiwatar da Shari'a tare da ba da nadin siyasa ga mambobin kungiyar. Bayan samun nasarar zaben, Sheriff ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar, wanda ya tilastawa Yusuf ya fara kai wa Sheriff hari da gwamnatinsa a cikin wa'azinsa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi (Montelos, 2014). Halin da ake yi na kara samun tsatsauran ra'ayi ya karu kuma kungiyar ta wuce karfin gwamnatin jihar. An ba Buji Foi, almajirin Yusuf damar nada shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Al’amuran Addini kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen ba da kudi ga kungiyar amma hakan bai dade ba. An yi amfani da wannan tallafin ne ta hannun surukin Yusuf, Baba Fugu, wajen samun makamai musamman daga Chadi, kusa da iyakar Najeriya (ICG, 2014).
Rikicin addinin Islama a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kungiyar Boko Haram ta yi ya samu gagarumin ci gaba ta hanyar alaka da kasashen waje. Kungiyar tana da alaka da Al Qaeda da kuma Taliban Afghanistan. Bayan tawayen Yuli 2009, yawancin membobinsu sun gudu zuwa Afghanistan don horo (ICG, 2014). Osama Bin Laden ne ya dauki nauyin gudanar da ayyukan fakewa da Boko Haram ta hannun Mohammed Ali wanda ya gana a Sudan. Ali ya dawo gida daga karatu a 2002 kuma ya aiwatar da aikin samar da kwayar halitta tare da kasafin dalar Amurka miliyan 3 wanda Bin Laden ya ba shi (ICG, 2014). An kuma horar da 'yan kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a kasashen Somalia, Afghanistan, da Aljeriya. Kan iyakar Chadi da Najeriya ne ya taimaka wajen wannan yunkuri. Alakar Ansar Dine (Masu Tallafawa Imani), Al Qaeda in the Magrib (AQIM), da Movement for Oneness and Jihad (MUJAD) sun samu gindin zama sosai. Wadannan shugabannin kungiyoyin sun ba da horo da kudade daga sansanonin su na Mauritania, Mali, da Aljeriya ga 'yan kungiyar Boko-Haram. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun haɓaka albarkatun kuɗi, ƙarfin soja, da wuraren horarwa da ke akwai ga ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Najeriya (Sergie and Johnson, 2015).
Yakin da ake yi da masu tayar da kayar baya ya kunshi kafa dokar yaki da ta’addanci da kuma artabu da makamai tsakanin kungiyar da jami’an tsaron Najeriya. An gabatar da dokar yaki da ta'addanci a shekarar 2011 kuma an yi mata kwaskwarima a shekarar 2012 don samar da hadin kai ta hanyar ofishin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro (NSA). Hakan ya kasance don kawar da hukumomin tsaro a cikin fada. Wannan dokar tana ba da iko mai yawa na kamawa da tsarewa. Wadannan tanade-tanade da kuma arangamar da aka yi da makamai sun haifar da cin zarafi da cin zarafin dan Adam ciki har da kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan kungiyar da aka kama. An kashe fitattun ‘yan kungiyar da suka hada da Mohammed Yusuf, Buji Foi, Baba Fugu, Mohammed Ali, da sauransu da dama ta haka (HRW, 2012). Rundunar sojojin hadin gwiwa ta JTF da ta hada da sojoji da ‘yan sanda da jami’an leken asiri sun cafke tare da tsare wasu da ake zargin ‘yan kungiyar ne a asirce, inda suka yi amfani da karfin tuwo da kuma kashe mutane da dama ba tare da shari’a ba. Wannan tauye hakkin bil'adama ya mayar da al'ummar musulmi saniyar ware tare da fafatawa da kungiyar da akasari abin ya shafa da gwamnati. Mutuwar 'yan bindiga sama da 1,000 a hannun sojoji ya fusata mambobinsu cikin halin tsatsauran ra'ayi.
Kungiyar Boko Haram ta dauki lokaci tana kara karfi saboda korafe-korafen rashin shugabanci da rashin daidaito a arewacin Najeriya. Alamu game da fashewar tsattsauran ra'ayi sun bayyana a fili a cikin 2000. Saboda rashin fahimtar siyasa, an jinkirta martanin dabarun daga jihar. Bayan tayar da kayar baya a cikin 2009, mayar da martani na jaha ba zai iya cimma wani abu mai yawa ba kuma dabarun da dabarun da aka yi amfani da su sun kara tsananta yanayin da ya kara fadada yuwuwar dabi'ar tsattsauran ra'ayi. Sai a shekarar 2012 shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya amince da hatsarin da kungiyar ke haifarwa ga ci gaban Najeriya da yankin. Tare da karuwar cin hanci da rashawa da wadata masu fada aji, daidai da zurfafa talauci, an samar da yanayi mai kyau don ayyukan tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma Boko Haram sun yi amfani da yanayin da kyau kuma suka samo asali a matsayin wata babbar kungiyar 'yan bindiga ko masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama da ke shirya hare-haren ta'addanci a kan cibiyoyin gwamnati, coci-coci, wuraren shakatawa na motoci. da sauran kayan aiki.
Kammalawa
Tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara na da matukar tasiri ga tsaron duniya. Wannan ikirari dai ya samo asali ne daga rashin kwanciyar hankali da ayyukan ta'addanci na ISIS, Boko Haram, da Al-Shabaab ke haifarwa a duniya. Wadannan kungiyoyi ba su fito daga cikin blues ba. Mummunan yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ya haifar da su har yanzu yana nan kuma da alama ba a yi wani abu da yawa don inganta su ba. Misali, rashin shugabanci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a wadannan yankuna. Duk wani kamanni na dimokuradiyya har yanzu bai taka kara ya karya ba kan ingancin mulki. Har sai an inganta yanayin zamantakewa a cikin waɗannan yankuna, radicalization na iya kasancewa a nan na dogon lokaci.
Yana da muhimmanci kasashen yammacin duniya su nuna damuwa game da halin da ake ciki a wadannan yankuna fiye da yadda ake gani. Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira ko bakin haure a nahiyar Turai sakamakon shiga tsakani na kungiyar ISIS a Iraki da yakin Syria, wani lamari ne da ke nuni da wannan bukatar gaggawa na gaggauta daukar matakan da kasashen yammacin duniya ke dauka don magance matsalolin tsaro da rashin zaman lafiya da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci suka haifar a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Baƙi na iya zama abubuwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Mai yiyuwa ne 'yan wadannan kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na cikin 'yan ciranin da ke tafiya Turai. Da zarar sun zauna a Turai, za su iya ɗaukar lokaci don gina sel da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda za su fara ta'addancin Turai da sauran duniya.
Dole ne gwamnatocin waɗannan yankuna su fara samar da ƙarin matakan da suka haɗa da gwamnati. Musulmi a Kenya da Najeriya da kuma ‘yan Sunna a Iraki suna da tarihin korafe-korafe kan gwamnatocinsu. Wadannan korafe-korafen sun samo asali ne daga wakilta da aka ware a kowane fanni da suka hada da siyasa, tattalin arziki, da aikin soja da na tsaro. Dabarun da aka haɗa sun yi alkawarin haɓaka fahimtar kasancewa da alhakin gama kai. Matsakaicin abubuwa sai an fi sanya su don bincika halaye masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a tsakanin ƙungiyoyinsu.
A yanki, yankunan Iraki da Siriya na iya fadada karkashin ISIS. Ayyukan soji na iya haifar da raguwar sararin samaniya amma akwai yuwuwar wani yanki na yanki zai kasance ƙarƙashin ikonsu. A cikin wannan yanki, daukar ma'aikata, horarwa, da koyarwa za su bunƙasa. Daga kiyaye irin wannan yanki, ana iya samun damar shiga ƙasashe makwabta don ci gaba da fitar da abubuwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.
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By George A. Genyi. Takarda da aka mika wa taron kasa da kasa na shekara-shekara karo na 2 kan warware rikice-rikice na kabilanci da na addini da gina zaman lafiya da aka gudanar a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2015 a Yonkers, New York.
