Dangantaka Tsakanin Rikicin Kabilanci da Addini da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki: Nazarin Adabin Malamai.
Abstract:
Wannan bincike ya ba da rahoto kan nazarin binciken masana da ke mayar da hankali kan alakar da ke tsakanin rikicin kabilanci da na addini da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Takardar ta sanar da mahalarta taron, malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci, da membobin al'umma game da wallafe-wallafen masana da tsarin bincike da aka yi amfani da su wajen tantance dangantakar dake tsakanin rikicin kabilanci da addini da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wannan binciken ita ce kimantawa na masana, labaran jarida da aka yi bita na tsarawa waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan rikicin kabilanci da addini da ci gaban tattalin arziki. An zaɓi wallafe-wallafen bincike daga ƙwararrun masana, bayanan bayanan kan layi kuma duk labaran dole ne su dace da abin da ake buƙata na sake duba takwarorinsu. An kiyasta kowane ɗayan labaran bisa ga bayanai da / ko masu canji waɗanda suka haɗa da rikici, tasirin tattalin arziki, hanyar da aka yi amfani da su wajen nazarin dangantakar dake tsakanin rikicin kabilanci da tattalin arziki, da tsarin ka'idar. Da yake ci gaban tattalin arziki yana da mahimmanci ga tsare-tsare na tattalin arziki da bunƙasa manufofi, nazarin wallafe-wallafen masana yana da mahimmanci ga wannan tsari. Rikice-rikice da kashe kudi ga wadannan rikice-rikice suna shafar ci gaban tattalin arziki a kasashe masu tasowa, kuma ana yin nazari a kasashe da yanayi daban-daban, ciki har da al'ummomin bakin haure na kasar Sin, Sin-Pakistan, Pakistan, Indiya da Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Najeriya, Isra'ila, rikice-rikicen Osh, NATO. hijira, kabilanci da yakin basasa, da yaki da kasuwar hannayen jari. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da tsari don tantance labaran mujallolin masana game da dangantakar dake tsakanin rikicin kabilanci da addini da kuma bayanan ci gaban tattalin arziki game da alkiblar dangantakar. Bugu da ƙari, yana ba da misali don kimanta alaƙar rikice-rikice na kabilanci da addini ko tashin hankali da haɓakar tattalin arziki. Sashe huɗu suna nuna takamaiman ƙasashe don manufar wannan bincike.
Zazzage Wannan Labari
Shawarwarin Kira:
Kominkiewicz, FB (2022). Dangantaka tsakanin rikicin kabilanci da addini da ci gaban tattalin arziki: Nazarin wallafe-wallafen masana. Jaridar Rayuwa Tare, 7(1), 38-57.
Bayanin Labari:
@Labarai{Kominkiewicz2022}
Take = {Dangantaka Tsakanin Rikicin Kabilanci da Addini da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki: Nazari na Adabin Malamai}
Marubuci = {Faransa Bernard Kominkiewicz}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/relationship-between-ethno-religious-conflict-and-economic-growth-analysis-of-the-scholarly-literature/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Bugu); 2373-6631 (Kan layi)}
Shekara = {2022}
Kwanan wata = {2022-12-18}
Jarida = {Jarida ta Rayuwa Tare}
girma = {7}
Lamba = {1}
Shafuka = {38-57}
Mawallafi = {Cibiyar Duniya don Sasancin Kabilanci-addini}
Adireshi = {White Plains, New York}
Bugu = {2022}.
Gabatarwa
Muhimmancin nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin rikicin kabilanci da addini da ci gaban tattalin arziki ba shi da wata takaddama. Samun wannan ilimin yana da mahimmanci wajen yin aiki tare da jama'a don shafar gina zaman lafiya. Ana ganin rikice-rikice a matsayin "ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya" (Ghadar, 2006, shafi na 15). Ana ɗaukar rikice-rikice na kabilanci ko na addini a matsayin muhimman halayen rikice-rikice na cikin gida na ƙasashe masu tasowa amma suna da wuyar yin nazari a matsayin rikici na addini ko na kabilanci (Kim, 2009). Tasirin ci gaban tattalin arziki yana da mahimmanci don tantancewa a gaba tare da gina zaman lafiya. Tasirin rikice-rikice ga jari na zahiri da samarwa, da kuma tsadar tattalin arziki na ainihin fada, na iya zama farkon abin da ya biyo bayan duk wani sauyi na yanayin tattalin arziki da rikici ya haifar wanda zai iya yin tasiri ga tasirin tattalin arziki na rikice-rikice ga ci gaban kasa. Shein, 2017). Tantance waɗannan abubuwan yana da mahimmanci wajen tantance tasirin tattalin arzikin fiye da idan ƙasar ta ci nasara ko ta yi rashin nasara a rikicin (Schein, 2017). Ba koyaushe daidai ba ne cewa cin nasara a rikici na iya haifar da canje-canje masu kyau a yanayin tattalin arziki, da rasa rikici yana haifar da mummunan tasiri akan yanayin tattalin arziki (Schein, 2017). Ana iya cin nasara a rikici, amma idan rikici ya haifar da mummunan tasiri a kan yanayin tattalin arziki, tattalin arzikin zai iya cutar da shi (Schein, 2017). Rasa rikici na iya haifar da ingantuwa a yanayin tattalin arziki, don haka ci gaban kasar yana taimakawa ta hanyar rikici (Schein, 2017).
Ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda suke ganin kansu a matsayin mambobi ne na al'ada ɗaya, na addini ko kabilanci, suna iya shiga cikin rikici don ci gaba da mulkin kai (Swart, 2002). Tasirin tattalin arziki yana nunawa a cikin bayanin cewa rikici da yaki suna shafar yawan jama'a (Warsame & Wilhelmsson, 2019). Babban rikicin 'yan gudun hijira a kasashen da ke da saurin karyewar tattalin arziki kamar Tunisia, Jordan, Lebanon, da Djibouti ya faru ne sakamakon yakin basasa a Iraki, Libya, Yemen, da Syria (Karam & Zaki, 2016).
Hanyoyi
Domin a tantance tasirin rikice-rikicen kabilanci da addini kan ci gaban tattalin arziki, an fara yin nazari kan adabin ilimi da ake da su wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wannan kalma. An samo kasidu da suka yi magana game da sauye-sauye kamar ta'addanci, yaki da ta'addanci, da rikice-rikice a wasu ƙasashe masu alaka da rikicin kabilanci da addini, kuma kawai waɗancan labaran mujallolin da masana suka yi nazari akan dangantakar kabilanci da / ko addini tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki. kunshe a cikin binciken wallafe-wallafen bincike.
Yin nazarin illolin tattalin arziki na abubuwan da ke tattare da kabilanci da addini na iya zama babban aiki ganin cewa akwai wallafe-wallafe da yawa da ke magance batutuwa a wannan fanni. Yin bitar babban adadin bincike a kan wani batu yana da wahala ga masu bincike da ke nazarin wallafe-wallafen (Bellefontaine & Lee, 2014; Glass, 1977; Light & Smith, 1971). Don haka an tsara wannan bincike don magance tambayar bincike game da dangantakar kabilanci da/ko rikicin addini tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar gano masu canji. Binciken da aka yi bitar ya haɗa da hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da ƙididdiga, ƙididdiga, da hanyoyin gauraye (mai inganci da ƙididdiga).
Amfani da Bayanan Bincike na Kan layi
An yi amfani da bayanan bincike na kan layi da ke cikin ɗakin karatu na marubucin a cikin binciken don gano abubuwan da suka danganci ilimi, labaran mujallolin da aka yi bita na tsara. Sa’ad da ake gudanar da binciken wallafe-wallafen, an yi amfani da ƙayyadaddun “Jaridun Nazari (Masu Bita na Tsara)”. Saboda bangarori daban-daban da kuma bangarori daban-daban na rikice-rikice na kabilanci da addini da ci gaban tattalin arziki, an binciko mabambantan rumbun adana bayanai na kan layi. Rubutun bayanan kan layi da aka bincika sun haɗa, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, masu zuwa:
- Binciken Ilimin Ƙarshe
- Amurka: Tarihi da Rayuwa tare da Cikakken Rubutu
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- Fonte Acadêmica
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- Cibiyar Magana ta Tarihi
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- Littafin Littattafai na Duniya na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo & Rawa tare da Cikakken Rubutu
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Ma'anar Sauyawa
Tasirin tattalin arziki na rikice-rikice na kabilanci da addini yana kira ga ma'anar ma'anoni daban-daban da aka magance a cikin wannan bitar wallafe-wallafen bincike. Kamar yadda Ghadar (2006) ya bayyana, "Ma'anar rikici kanta yana canzawa yayin da abubuwan da suka faru na rikice-rikice na kasa da kasa ke ci gaba da raguwa yayin da yakin basasa da ta'addanci ke karuwa" (shafi na 15). An bayyana ma'anar binciken ta masu canji, sabili da haka ma'anar kalmomin bincike yana da mahimmanci ga nazarin wallafe-wallafe. A cikin nazarin wallafe-wallafe, an kasa gano ma'anar gama gari na "rikicin kabilanci da addini" da "ci gaban tattalin arziki" da se tare da wannan ainihin kalmar, amma an yi amfani da kalmomi daban-daban waɗanda za su iya nuna ma'ana iri ɗaya ko makamancin haka. Kalmomin binciken da aka yi amfani da su da farko wajen gano wallafe-wallafen sun haɗa da "kabila", "kabila", "addini", "addini", "tattalin arziki", "tattalin arziki", da "rikici". Waɗannan an haɗa su a cikin sauye-sauye daban-daban tare da wasu sharuɗɗan bincike azaman kalmomin bincike na Boolean a cikin bayanan bayanai.
A cewar ƙamus na Ingilishi na Oxford, “ethno-” an bayyana shi azaman mai zuwa tare da “rarewa”, “archaic”, da “rare” rarrabuwa da aka cire don dalilan wannan bincike: “Ana amfani da su cikin kalmomin da suka shafi nazarin mutane ko al’adu. , prefixed zuwa (a) hada nau'i (kamar ethnography n., ethnology n., da dai sauransu), da (b) sunaye (kamar ethnobotany n., ethnopsychology n., da dai sauransu), ko abubuwan da aka samo daga waɗannan" ( Oxford English Dictionary , 2019 e). “Kabilanci” an bayyana shi a cikin waɗannan kwatancin, yana sake kawar da rarrabuwa ba a amfani da shi gabaɗaya ba, “a matsayin suna: asali da babba. Tsohuwar Tarihin Girka. Kalmar da ke nuna ƙasa ko wurin asali”; kuma “asali Amurka Memba na rukuni ko rukuni wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin na ƙarshe na zuriya ɗaya, ko kuma yana da al'adar ƙasa ko al'ada gama gari; leken asiri dan kabilar tsiraru.” A matsayin sifa, “kabila” an bayyana shi da “asali Tsohuwar Tarihin Girka. Na wata kalma: da ke nuna ƙasa ko wurin asali”; da kuma “Asali: na ko alaƙa da mutane dangane da zuriyarsu ta gama-gari. Yanzu yawanci: na ko alaƙa da asalin ƙasa ko al'ada ko al'ada”; “Zayyana ko alaƙa da alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a daban-daban na wata ƙasa ko yanki, esp. inda akwai gaba ko rikici; wanda ke faruwa ko akwai tsakanin irin wadannan kungiyoyi, na kabilu”; "Na ƙungiyar jama'a: ana ɗaukarsu azaman tushen zuriya ɗaya, ko al'adar ƙasa ko al'ada gama gari"; “Zayyana ko alaƙa da fasaha, kiɗa, sutura, ko wasu abubuwan al'adu waɗanda ke da alaƙar wata ƙungiya ko al'ada ta ƙasa ko al'ada (wanda ba na yamma ba); ƙirƙira akan ko haɗa abubuwan waɗannan. Don haka: (na magana) na waje, m”; Zayyana ko alaƙa da ƙungiyar jama'a (a cikin babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa ko al'adu) waɗanda ake ɗaukarsu azaman tushen zuriya ko al'adar ƙasa ko al'ada. A Amurka wani lokacin tabarau. nada mambobin kungiyoyin tsiraru wadanda ba bakar fata. Yanzu sau da yawa ana la'akari m"; "Zayyana asali ko asalin ƙasa ta haihuwa ko zuriya maimakon ta ƙasar yanzu" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019d).
Bincike game da yadda mabambanta, "addini", ke da hannu a cikin tashin hankali yana da tambaya saboda dalilai huɗu (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Batu na farko shine cewa akwai matsaloli wajen zaɓar tsakanin ra'ayoyin da ke ƙoƙarin bayyana rikice-rikicen tashin hankali (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). A cikin fitowar ta biyu, wahalhalu sun samo asali ne daga iyakoki daban-daban dangane da tashin hankali da rikici (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Har zuwa 1990s, yaki da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali na kasa da kasa sun kasance a cikin batun dangantakar kasa da kasa da tsaro da nazarin dabarun duk da cewa rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice na cikin gida ya karu sosai bayan 1960s (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Batu na uku yana da alaƙa da sauye-sauyen tsarin game da damuwa na duniya na tashin hankali a duniya da kuma yanayin rikice-rikice na makamai na yanzu (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Batu na ƙarshe yana nufin buƙatun bambance tsakanin nau'ikan haddasawa tunda rikici na tashin hankali ya ƙunshi sassa daban-daban da haɗin kai, yana canzawa, kuma samfuri ne na abubuwa da yawa (Cederman & Gleditsch, 2009; Dixon, 2009; Duyvesteyn, 2000; Feliu & Grasa, 2013; Themnér & Wallensteen, 2012).
An fassara kalmar “addini” a matsayin sifa a cikin waɗannan kalmomi tare da rarrabuwa da ba a cire gaba ɗaya ba: “Na mutum ko rukuni na mutane: ɗaure da alkawuran addini; na cikin odar zuhudu, esp. a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika”; "Na wani abu, wuri, da dai sauransu: na ko alaƙa da tsarin zuhudu; monastic"; “Shugaban mutum: mai kishin addini; baje kolin illolin ruhi ko a aikace na addini, bin ka’idojin addini; masu taƙawa, masu tsoron Allah, masu ibada”; "Na, alaƙa da, ko damuwa da addini" da "Mai hankali, daidai, mai tsauri, mai hankali. A cikin ma’anar “addini” a matsayin suna, an haɗa rarrabuwar amfani da gabaɗaya: “Mutanen da ke ɗaure da alkawuran zuhudu ko masu sadaukar da rayuwarsu ta addini, esp. a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika” da kuma “Mutumin da aka ɗaure da alkawuran addini ko ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ta addini, esp. a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019g).
“Addini” an ayyana shi, tare da rarrabuwar amfani gabaɗaya, a matsayin “Yanayin rayuwa da ke daure da alkawuran addini; yanayin kasancewa cikin tsarin addini; “Aiki ko hali da ke nuna imani ga, biyayya ga, da kuma girmama wani allah, alloli, ko makamancin ikon da ya fi ɗan adam; gudanar da bukukuwa ko bukukuwan addini” idan aka haɗa su da “Imani da ko yarda da wani iko ko iko na ɗan adam (wato abin bautawa ko alloli) waɗanda galibi suna bayyana cikin biyayya, girmamawa, da bauta; irin wannan imani a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin da ke bayyana tsarin rayuwa, esp. a matsayin hanyar samun ci gaba ta ruhaniya ko ta zahiri”; da "Tsarin bangaskiya da bauta" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019f). An yi amfani da ma'anar ta ƙarshe a cikin wannan binciken wallafe-wallafe.
An yi amfani da kalmomin bincike, "tattalin arziki" da "tattalin arziki" wajen binciken bayanan bayanai. Kalmar, "tattalin arziki", tana kiyaye ma'anoni goma sha ɗaya (11) a cikin ƙamus na Turanci na Oxford (2019c). Ma'anar da ta dace don aiwatar da wannan bincike ita ce kamar haka: “Ƙungiya ko yanayin al'umma ko ƙasa dangane da abubuwan tattalin arziki, esp. samarwa da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka da kuma samar da kuɗi (yanzu akai-akai tare da da); (kuma) wani tsarin tattalin arziki na musamman" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019). Game da kalmar, "tattalin arziki", an yi amfani da ma'anar mai zuwa a cikin neman labaran da suka dace: "Na, alaƙa, ko damuwa da kimiyyar tattalin arziƙi ko game da tattalin arziƙin gabaɗaya” da “dangane da haɓakawa da daidaita albarkatun al’umma ko jiha” (Kamus na Turanci na Ingilishi, 2019b).
Sharuɗɗan, "canjin tattalin arziki", da ke magana akan ƙananan canje-canje masu yawa a cikin tattalin arziki, da "canjin tattalin arziki", wanda ke nuna babban canji na kowane nau'i/nau'i zuwa tattalin arziƙin mabanbanta, kuma an ɗauke su azaman sharuɗɗan bincike a cikin bincike (Cottey, 2018, shafi na 215). Ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan, ana haɗa gudummawar da ba a saba haɗa su cikin tattalin arziki (Cottey, 2018).
An yi la'akari da wannan bincike ta hanyar yin amfani da kalmomin bincike sune farashin tattalin arziki kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye na rikici. Kudaden kai tsaye farashi ne da za a iya amfani da su nan take ga rikicin kuma sun haɗa da cutar da ɗan adam, kulawa da sake tsugunar da mutanen da aka raba da muhallansu, lalata da lalata kayan aikin jiki, da ƙarin kuɗin soja da tsaro na cikin gida (Mutlu, 2011). Kuɗaɗen kai tsaye yana nufin sakamakon rikicin kamar asarar jarin ɗan adam saboda mutuwa ko rauni, asarar kuɗin shiga sakamakon saka hannun jari da aka bari, jirgin sama, ƙaura na ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da asarar yuwuwar saka hannun jari na waje da kudaden shiga na yawon buɗe ido (Mutlu, 2011) ). Mutanen da ke cikin rikici suma suna iya fuskantar asara sakamakon damuwa na tunani da rauni da kuma katsewar ilimi (Mutlu, 2011). An lura da wannan a cikin binciken Hamber and Gallagher (2014) wanda ya gano cewa samari a Ireland ta Arewa sun fito da al'amurran da suka shafi zamantakewa da tunanin mutum, da kuma cewa adadin da ke ba da rahoton cutar da kai, fuskantar tunanin kashe kansa, shiga cikin hadarin shan hali ko yunƙurin kashe kansa. ya kasance “mai ban tsoro” (shafi na 52). A cewar mahalarta taron, waɗannan halayen da aka ruwaito sun samo asali ne daga "ɓacin rai, damuwa, damuwa, jaraba, rashin amfani, rashin girman kai, rashin yiwuwar rayuwa, jin rashin kulawa, rashin bege, damuwa da barazana da kuma tsoron hare-haren 'yan bindiga" (Hamber & Gallagher). , 2014, shafi na 52).
"Rikici" an bayyana shi azaman "gamuwa da makamai; yaƙi, yaƙi”; " gwagwarmaya mai tsawo "; fada, fada da makamai, fadace-fadace; "gwagwarmayar tunani ko ruhaniya cikin mutum"; "ci karo ko bambance-bambancen ka'idodin adawa, maganganu, muhawara, da sauransu."; “’yan adawa, a cikin mutum ɗaya, na buri ko buƙatun da ba su dace ba; har ila yau, yanayi mai ban tausayi da ke haifar da irin wannan adawa”; da "ragawa tare, karo, ko tashin hankali tasirin jikin jiki" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019a). An kuma yi amfani da "yaki" da "ta'addanci" azaman kalmomin bincike tare da kalmomin bincike da aka ambata.
Ba a yi amfani da wallafe-wallafen launin toka ba a cikin nazarin wallafe-wallafen. Cikakkun labaran labaran da kuma labaran da ba su da cikakken rubutu, amma sun hadu da ma'anar ma'anoni masu dacewa, an sake duba su. An yi amfani da lamuni tsakanin ɗakin karatu don yin oda na masana, labaran jarida da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu waɗanda ba su da cikakken rubutu a cikin bayanan ilimi na kan layi.
Najeriya da Kamaru
Rikici a Afirka, a cewar Mamdani, misalai ne na rikicin da ya biyo bayan mulkin mallaka (2001). Mulkin mallaka ya wargaza haɗin kai tsakanin ’yan Afirka ya maye gurbinsa da ƙabilanci da iyakokin ƙasa (Olasupo, Ijeoma, & Oladeji, 2017). Kabilar da ke mulkin jihar ta fi mulki, don haka kasar bayan samun ‘yancin kai ta ruguje saboda rikicin kabilanci da na kabilanci (Olasupo et al., 2017).
Addini ya kasance muhimmiyar alama a yawancin rikice-rikice a Najeriya tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1960 (Onapajo, 2017). Kafin rikicin Boko Haram, bincike ya nuna cewa Najeriya na daya daga cikin kasashen Afirka da ke fama da rikice-rikicen addini (Onapajo, 2017). An rufe kasuwanni da dama a Najeriya saboda rikicin addini kuma akasarin su an wawashe ko lalata su tare da masu su ko dai an kashe su ko kuma aka raba su da muhallansu (Anwuluorah, 2016). Tun da yawancin kasuwancin duniya da na ƙasashe da yawa suna ƙaura zuwa wasu wurare inda tsaro ba batun ba ne, ma'aikata sun zama marasa aikin yi kuma an shafe iyalai (Anwuluorah, 2016). Foyou, Ngwafu, Santoyo, and Ortiz (2018) sun tattauna tasirin ta'addanci a Najeriya da Kamaru. Marubutan sun bayyana yadda kutsen da kungiyar Boko Haram ta yi a kan iyakokin kasar Kamaru zuwa Arewacin Kamaru “ya taimaka wajen rage durkushewar tattalin arzikin da ya addabi yankuna uku na Arewacin Kamaru (Arewa, Arewa Mai Nisa, da Adamawa) da kuma barazana ga tsaron kasar. marasa taimako a wannan yanki” (Foyou et al, 2018, shafi 73). Bayan rikicin Boko Horam ya tsallaka zuwa Arewacin Kamaru da wasu sassan Chadi da Nijar, Kamaru ta taimaka wa Najeriya (Foyou et al., 2018). Ta’addancin Boko Haram a Najeriya, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban mutane da suka hada da Musulmi da Kirista, da lalata dukiya, kayayyakin more rayuwa da ayyukan raya kasa, na barazana ga “tsaron kasa, yana haifar da bala’i na jin kai, raunin tunani, dagula ayyukan makaranta, rashin aikin yi. , da karuwar talauci, yana haifar da raunin tattalin arziki” (Ugorji, 2017, shafi na 165).
Iran, Iraki, Turkiyya, da Siriya
Yakin Iran da Iraki ya kasance daga 1980 zuwa 1988 tare da jimillar tattalin arzikin kasashen biyu na dala tiriliyan 1.097, wanda aka karanta a matsayin tiriliyan 1 da dala biliyan 97 (Mofrid, 1990). Ta hanyar mamaye Iran, Saddam Hussein ya nemi sasantawa da makwabcinsa saboda rashin adalcin yarjejeniyar Algiers, wanda ya yi shawarwari da Shah na Iran a 1975, da kuma goyon bayan Ayatollah Khomeini ga kungiyoyin adawa na Islama masu adawa da gwamnatin Iraki. (Parasiliti, 2003, shafi na 152).
Daular Islama a Iraki da Siriya (ISIS) ta sami ƙarfi ta rikici da rashin zaman lafiya kuma ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). ISIS ta kwace iko da yankunan da ke bayan Syria, ta ci gaba a Iraki da Lebanon, kuma a cikin rikici mai tsanani, ta kashe fararen hula (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). An sami rahotannin "kisa da yawa da fyade ga 'yan Shi'a, Kiristoci, da sauran tsirarun kabilu da addinai" daga ISIS (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015. shafi na 1). An kara ganin cewa ISIS na da wata ajandar da ta wuce ajandar neman ballewa, kuma wannan ya sha bamban da sauran kungiyoyin ta'addanci a yankin Iran (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Yawancin canje-canjen baya ga matakan tsaro suna shafar haɓakar biranen birni, kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da nau'ikan matakan tsaro, haɓakar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da yiwuwar yin barazana (Falah, 2017).
Bayan Iran, Iraki ce ke da mafi yawan al'ummar Shi'a a duniya wanda ya kunshi kusan kashi 60-75% na 'yan Iraki, kuma yana da mahimmanci ga dabarun addini na Iran (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Adadin ciniki tsakanin Iraqi da Iran ya kai dala biliyan 13 (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Ci gaban kasuwanci tsakanin Iran da Iraki ya zo ne ta hanyar karfafa alaka tsakanin shugabannin kasashen biyu, Kurdawa, da kuma kananan kabilun Shi'a (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015).
Yawancin Kurdawa suna zaune a cikin yankin da ke cikin Iraki, Iran, Turkiyya, da Siriya da ake kira Kurdistan (Brathwaite, 2014). Daular Ottoman, Birtaniya, Soviet, da Faransanci sun mallaki wannan yanki har zuwa ƙarshen WWII (Brathwaite, 2014). Iraki, Iran, Turkiyya, da Siriya sun yi ƙoƙarin murkushe 'yan tsirarun Kurdawa ta hanyar manufofi daban-daban waɗanda suka haifar da martani daban-daban daga Kurdawa (Brathwaite, 2014). Al'ummar Kurdawan Siriya ba su yi tawaye ba tun daga 1961 har zuwa lokacin da 'yan PKK suka yi tawaye a 1984 kuma babu wani rikici da ya barke daga Iraki zuwa Siriya (Brathwaite, 2014). Kurdawan Siriya sun shiga cikin ƙabilunsu a yaƙin da suke yi da Iraki da Turkiyya a maimakon fara yaƙi da Siriya (Brathwaite, 2014).
Yankin Kurdistan na Iraki (KRI) ya sami sauyin tattalin arziki a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ciki har da karuwar masu dawowa daga 2013, shekarar da ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki a Kurdistan na Iraki (Savasta, 2019). Abubuwan da suka shafi ƙaura a Kurdistan tun daga tsakiyar 1980 shine ƙaura a lokacin yaƙin Anfal a 1988, komawa hijira tsakanin 1991 da 2003, da ƙaura bayan gwamnatin Iraqi ta faɗi a 2003 (Eklund, Persson, & Pilesjö, 2016). An rarraba ƙarin ƙasar noman hunturu a matsayin mai aiki yayin lokacin sake ginawa idan aka kwatanta da lokacin bayan Anfal wanda ke nuna cewa an watsar da wasu ƙasar bayan an dawo da yaƙin neman zaɓen Anfal a lokacin sake ginawa (Eklund et al., 2016). Haɓaka aikin noma ba zai iya faruwa ba bayan takunkumin kasuwanci a wannan lokacin wanda zai iya yin bayanin tsawaita aikin gonakin hunturu (Eklund et al., 2016). Wasu yankunan da ba a yi noma a baya sun zama filayen noman hunturu kuma an sami ƙaruwa a cikin rijiyoyin noman noman sanyi shekaru goma bayan ƙarshen sake ginawa kuma gwamnatin Iraqi ta faɗi (Eklund et al., 2016). Tare da rikici tsakanin Islamic State (IS) da Kurdawa da gwamnatocin Iraqi, tashin hankali a lokacin 2014 ya nuna cewa wannan yanki yana ci gaba da fuskantar rikice-rikice (Eklund et al., 2016).
Rikicin Kurdawa a Turkiyya yana da tushen tarihi a Daular Usmaniyya (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2017). Ya kamata a saka shugabannin kabilanci da na addini don fahimtar wannan rikici na Kurdawa (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2017). Ra'ayin Kurdawa game da rikici a Turkiyya da fahimtar al'ummar Turkiyya tare da karin kabilu a Turkiyya yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar rikici a cikin wannan al'umma (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2016). Tashe-tashen hankula na Kurdawa a zabukan gasa na Turkiyya ya bayyana a shekara ta 1950 (Tezcur, 2015). Ana samun karuwar tashin hankali da tashin hankali na Kurdawa a Turkiyya a bayan 1980 lokacin da PKK (Partiya Karkereˆn Kurdistan), wata kungiyar Kurdawa masu tayar da kayar baya, ta fara yakin basasa a 1984 (Tezcur, 2015). Yakin ya ci gaba da haifar da mace-mace bayan shekaru talatin bayan fara tayar da kayar baya (Tezcur, 2015).
Ana kallon rikicin Kurdawa a Turkiyya a matsayin "al'amarin da ke wakiltar yakin basasa na kabilanci" ta hanyar bayyana alakar da ke tsakanin yakin basasa na kabilanci da lalata muhalli yayin da yakin basasa zai iya zama saniyar ware tare da baiwa gwamnati damar aiwatar da shirinta na lalata tawaye (Gurses, 2012, shafi na 268). Kiyasin asarar tattalin arzikin da Turkiyya ta tafka a rikicin da 'yan awaren Kurdawa tun daga shekarar 1984 zuwa karshen shekarar 2005 ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 88.1 a kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye (Mutlu, 2011). Farashin kai tsaye yana haifar da rikice-rikicen kai tsaye yayin da farashin kai tsaye shine sakamakon kamar asarar babban birnin mutum saboda mutuwa ko rauni na daidaikun mutane, ƙaura, jirgin sama da saka hannun jari da aka watsar (Mutlu, 2011).
Isra'ila
Isra'ila a yau kasa ce ta raba addini da ilimi (Cochran, 2017). An yi kusa da ci gaba da rikici tsakanin Yahudawa da Larabawa a Isra'ila tun daga karni na ashirin da kuma ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na ashirin da daya (Schein, 2017). Birtaniya ta ci ƙasar daga hannun Daular Usmaniyya a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya kuma ƙasar ta zama babbar cibiyar samar da kayan aiki ga sojojin Burtaniya a WWII (Schein, 2017). An ƙarfafa shi a ƙarƙashin umarnin Biritaniya da gwamnatin Isra'ila, Isra'ila ta ba da albarkatu daban-daban amma marasa daidaituwa da iyakance damar samun ilimin gwamnati da na addini daga 1920 zuwa yanzu (Cochran, 2017).
Wani bincike da Schein (2017) ya yi ya gano cewa babu wani tabbataccen tasiri na yaƙe-yaƙe a kan tattalin arzikin Isra'ila. WWI, WWII, da yakin kwanaki shida sun kasance masu fa'ida ga tattalin arzikin Isra'ila, amma "'Tawayen Larabawa' na 1936-1939, yakin basasa a 1947-1948, yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na farko ga mazauna Larabawa na wajibi. Falasdinu, da intifadas guda biyu suna da mummunan tasiri a kan tattalin arziki" (Schein, 2017, shafi na 662). Tasirin tattalin arziki na yakin a 1956 da na farko da na biyu yaƙe-yaƙe na Lebanon sun kasance "iyakance ko dai tabbatacce ko mara kyau" (Schein, 2017, shafi na 662). Tun da bambance-bambance na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayin tattalin arziki daga yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na farko ga Yahudawa mazauna Falasdinu na tilas da yakin Yom Kippur da kuma bambance-bambance na gajeren lokaci a cikin yanayin tattalin arziki daga yakin basasa, ba za a iya tantance tasirin tattalin arziki ba. Ba za a iya warwarewa ba (Schein, 2017).
Schein (2017) ya tattauna batutuwa guda biyu wajen ƙididdige tasirin tattalin arzikin yaƙi: (1) muhimmin abu a cikin wannan lissafin shine sauyin yanayin tattalin arziki daga yaƙi da (2) yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin gida ko na cikin gida suna haifar da ƙarin lalacewar tattalin arziki. girma idan aka kwatanta da hasarar babban jari na zahiri daga yaƙe-yaƙe tun lokacin da tattalin arziƙin ya tsaya a lokacin yaƙin cikin gida ko na cikin gida. WWI misali ne na sauyin yanayin tattalin arziki daga yaƙi (Schein, 2017). Ko da yake WWI ta lalata babban birnin noma a Isra'ila, sauyin yanayin tattalin arziki saboda WWI ya haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki bayan yakin, sabili da haka WWI yana da tasiri mai kyau akan ci gaban tattalin arziki a Isra'ila (Schein, 2017). Ma'ana ta biyu ita ce, yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin gida ko na cikin gida, waɗanda intifadas biyu suka misalta da 'Tawayen Larabawa', wanda asarar da aka samu sakamakon tattalin arzikin da ba ya aiki na dogon lokaci, ya haifar da cutarwa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki fiye da hasarar jari na zahiri daga yaƙe-yaƙe ( Shein, 2017).
Ana iya amfani da ra'ayoyin game da tasirin tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci da gajeren lokaci a cikin binciken da Ellenberg et al. (2017) game da manyan hanyoyin kashe kuɗi na yaƙi kamar kashe kuɗin asibiti, sabis na kiwon lafiya na tunani don rage matsanancin halayen damuwa, da kuma bin diddigin gaggawa. Binciken ya kasance bibiyar watanni 18 na farar hular Isra'ila bayan yakin 2014 a Gaza a lokacin da masu binciken suka yi nazari kan farashin magani da ke da alaƙa da harin rokoki tare da yin nazari kan alƙaluman mutanen da aka kashe waɗanda suka shigar da karar nakasassu. Yawancin farashin a cikin shekarar farko sun danganci asibiti da taimako don rage damuwa (Ellenberg et al., 2017). Kuɗin motar asibiti da gyaran gyare-gyare sun ƙaru a cikin shekara ta biyu (Ellenberg et al., 2017). Irin wannan tasirin kudi akan yanayin tattalin arziki ba kawai ya faru a cikin shekarar farko ba amma ya ci gaba da girma a cikin dogon lokaci.
Afghanistan
Daga juyin mulkin soja na jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afganistan a cikin 1978 da kuma mamayewar Soviet a 1979, 'yan Afghanistan sun fuskanci shekaru talatin na tashin hankali, yakin basasa, danniya, da tsaftace kabilanci (Callen, Isaqzadeh, Long, & Sprenger, 2014). Rikicin cikin gida yana ci gaba da yin illa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afghanistan wanda ya rage mahimmancin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (Huelin, 2017). Mabambantan addini da kabilanci sun wanzu a Afghanistan tare da ƙabilu goma sha uku da ke da imani daban-daban waɗanda ke fafatawa don sarrafa tattalin arziki (Dixon, Kerr, & Mangahas, 2014).
Shafi halin da ake ciki na tattalin arziki a Afghanistan shine feudalism yayin da yake rikici da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afghanistan (Dixon, Kerr, & Mangahas, 2014). Afganistan tana zama tushen kashi 87% na opium da tabar heroin na duniya ba bisa ka'ida ba tun bayan da aka yi Allah wadai da Taliban a 2001 (Dixon et al., 2014). Tare da kusan kashi 80% na al'ummar Afganistan da ke da hannu a harkar noma, ana ɗaukar Afghanistan a matsayin tattalin arzikin noma na farko (Dixon et al., 2014). Afganistan tana da ƙananan kasuwanni, tare da opium shine mafi girma (Dixon et al., 2014).
A Afganistan, ƙasar da ke fama da yaƙe-yaƙe da ke da albarkatun ƙasa waɗanda za su iya taimaka wa Afganistan ta zama ƙasa mai dogaro da taimako, masu zuba jari da al'ummomi suna fuskantar manufofin da ba su dace ba daga gwamnati da masu saka hannun jari (del Castillo, 2014). Saka hannun jari kai tsaye na waje (FDI) a cikin ma'adanai da gonakin noma, da manufofin gwamnati don tallafawa waɗannan saka hannun jari, sun haifar da rikice-rikice tare da al'ummomin da aka yi gudun hijira (del Castillo, 2014).
An kiyasta ta hanyar Kuɗin Yaƙi a Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Watson cewa kashe kuɗin Amurka daga 2001 zuwa 2011 ta hanyar mamaye Iraki, Afghanistan, da Pakistan ya kai dala tiriliyan 3.2 zuwa dala tiriliyan 4 wanda ya ninka sau uku kiyasin hukuma (Masco, 2013). Waɗannan farashin sun haɗa da ainihin yaƙe-yaƙe, farashin likita na tsoffin sojoji, kasafin tsaro na yau da kullun, ayyukan agaji na Ma'aikatar Jiha, da Tsaron Gida (Masco, 2013). Marubutan sun rubuta cewa an kashe kusan jami’an sojan Amurka 10,000 da ‘yan kwangila da kuma da’awar nakasa 675,000 da aka mika wa Al’amuran Tsohon Sojoji zuwa Satumba 2011 (Masco, 2013). An kiyasta mutuwar fararen hula a Iraki, Afghanistan, da Pakistan aƙalla 137,000, tare da 'yan gudun hijira sama da miliyan 3.2 daga Iraki waɗanda yanzu ke gudun hijira a duk faɗin yankin (Masco, 2013). Aikin Kuɗin Yaƙe-yaƙe ya kuma yi nazarin wasu farashi da yawa da suka haɗa da farashin muhalli da farashin damar (Masco, 2013).
Tattaunawa da Kammalawa
Rikicin kabilanci da addini yana shafar kasashe, daidaikun mutane, da kungiyoyi ta hanyoyin tattalin arziki kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye. Wadannan farashin za a iya gano su zuwa farashin kai tsaye, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin labaran da aka yi bitar a cikin wannan binciken, da kuma a kaikaice, kamar yadda binciken da ya mayar da hankali a larduna uku na kudancin Thailand - Pattani, Yala, da Narathiwat (Ford, Jampaklay, & Chamratrithirong, 2018). A cikin wannan binciken da ya haɗa da 2,053 matasa musulmi matasa masu shekaru 18-24 shekaru, mahalarta sun ba da rahoton ƙananan matakan alamun tabin hankali duk da cewa ƙananan kashi ya ba da rahoton "babban adadin da za a damu" (Ford et al., 2018, p. . 1). An sami ƙarin alamun cututtukan hauka da ƙananan matakan farin ciki a cikin mahalarta waɗanda ke son yin ƙaura don aiki zuwa wani yanki (Ford et al., 2018). Yawancin mahalarta sun bayyana damuwa game da tashin hankali a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum kuma sun ba da rahoton cikas da yawa a cikin neman ilimi, ciki har da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, farashin tattalin arziki na ilimi, da kuma barazanar tashin hankali (Ford, et al., 2018). Musamman, mahalarta maza sun bayyana damuwa game da zargin da ake yi na hannu a cikin tashin hankali da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi (Ford et al., 2018). Shirin ƙaura ko zama a Pattani, Yala da Narathiwat yana da alaƙa da ƙuntataccen aiki da barazanar tashin hankali (Ford et al., 2018). An gano cewa ko da yake mafi yawan matasa suna ci gaba da rayuwarsu kuma da yawa suna nuna al'ada ga tashin hankali, matsalolin tattalin arziki da ke haifar da tashin hankali da barazanar tashin hankali akai-akai suna shafar rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum (Ford et al., 2018). Ba za a iya ƙididdige ƙimar tattalin arziƙi kai tsaye ba cikin sauƙi a cikin wallafe-wallafen.
Yawancin sauran fannonin illolin tattalin arziki na rikice-rikicen kabilanci da addini suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike, ciki har da binciken da ya mayar da hankali kan ƙididdige alaƙa dangane da rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci da tasirin tattalin arziki, ƙarin da takamaiman ƙasashe da yankuna, da tsayin rikici da tasirinsa. ta fuskar tattalin arziki. Kamar yadda Collier (1999) ya danganta, “Aminci kuma yana juyar da sauye-sauyen abubuwan da aka dade a yakin basasa. Ma'anar ita ce, bayan ƙarshen dogon yaƙe-yaƙe, ayyukan da ke da rauni na yaƙi suna samun ci gaba cikin sauri: ana haɓaka rabon zaman lafiya gabaɗaya ta hanyar canjin abun ciki" (shafi na 182). Domin kokarin samar da zaman lafiya, ci gaba da bincike a wannan fanni na da matukar muhimmanci.
Shawarwari don Ƙarin Bincike: Hanyoyi na Tsari-Tsaɓani a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya
Bugu da ƙari, idan an buƙaci ƙarin bincike a ƙoƙarin samar da zaman lafiya kamar yadda aka tattauna a baya game da rikicin ƙabilanci da addini, wane hanya, matakai, da hanyoyin ka'idoji ne ke taimaka wa wannan binciken? Ba za a iya watsi da mahimmancin haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa ba a cikin zaman lafiya kamar yadda nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da, amma ba'a iyakance ga, aikin zamantakewa, ilimin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, dangantakar kasa da kasa, nazarin addini, nazarin jinsi, tarihi, ilimin halin ɗan adam, nazarin sadarwa, da kimiyyar siyasa, sun zo ga Tsarin samar da zaman lafiya tare da dabaru da dabaru iri-iri, musamman hanyoyin dabaru.
Nuna ikon koyar da warware rikice-rikice da zaman lafiya don gina kabilanci, zamantakewa, muhalli, da adalci na tattalin arziki yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin karatun digiri na biyu da na digiri na aikin zamantakewa. Daban-daban da yawa suna shiga cikin koyar da magance rikice-rikice, kuma haɗin gwiwar waɗannan fannoni na iya ƙarfafa tsarin samar da zaman lafiya. Binciken nazarin abubuwan da ke ciki ba a samo shi ta hanyar cikakken bincike na wallafe-wallafen da aka yi bita ba wanda ya yi magana game da koyarwar warware rikice-rikice daga mahallin masu sana'a, ciki har da multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity da transdisciplinarity views, ra'ayoyin da ke ba da gudummawa ga zurfin, fadi, da wadatar warware rikici hanyoyin samar da zaman lafiya.
Ƙwararrun sana'ar zamantakewar al'umma ta karɓa, yanayin yanayin yanayin da aka samo asali daga ka'idar tsarin kuma ya ba da tsarin ra'ayi don ci gaban tsarin gaba ɗaya a cikin aikin zamantakewa (Suppes & Wells, 2018). Hanyar gama gari tana mai da hankali kan matakai da yawa, ko tsarin, na sa baki, gami da mutum ɗaya, dangi, ƙungiya, ƙungiya, da al'umma. A fannin samar da zaman lafiya da warware rikice-rikice, jihohi, na kasa, da na duniya ana kara su a matsayin matakan shiga tsakani ko da yake ana aiwatar da wadannan matakan a matsayin kungiyoyi da matakan al'umma. A ciki Zane 1 a ƙasa, jiha, ƙasa, da na duniya ana aiki da su azaman matakai daban-daban (tsarin) na sa baki. Wannan ra'ayi yana ba da damar nau'o'i daban-daban tare da ilimi da basira a cikin samar da zaman lafiya da warware rikici don shiga tsakani tare a wasu matakai na musamman, wanda ya haifar da kowane nau'i na samar da ƙarfin su ga tsarin samar da zaman lafiya da warware rikici. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Zane 1, tsarin ladabtarwa ba wai kawai yana ba da izini ba, amma yana ƙarfafawa, duk fannoni don shiga cikin tsarin samar da zaman lafiya da magance rikice-rikice musamman a cikin aiki tare da sassa daban-daban kamar yadda rikici na kabilanci da addini.
Ana ba da shawarar ƙarin bincike game da warware rikice-rikice na ilimi da kwatancen koyarwar zaman lafiya da hanyoyin koyarwa a cikin aikin zamantakewa da sauran fannoni kamar yadda mafi kyawun ayyuka don gina zaman lafiya za a iya kwatantawa da kuma tantance ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi nazari sun haɗa da gudumawa da abubuwan da suka dace na koyar da darussan magance rikice-rikice da sa hannu ɗalibai a warware rikicin duniya. Harkokin aikin zamantakewa, alal misali, yana mayar da hankali ga zamantakewar zamantakewa, launin fata, tattalin arziki, da adalci a cikin rikici kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Majalisar kan Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Ilimi na 2022 da Ƙididdiga na Ƙarfafawa ga Baccalaureate da Shirye-shiryen Jagora (p. 9, Council on Social Work). Ilimin Aiki, 2022):
Ƙwarewa 2: Ci gaban Haƙƙin Dan Adam da zamantakewa, launin fata, tattalin arziki, da kuma adalci na muhalli
Ma'aikatan zamantakewa sun fahimci cewa kowane mutum ba tare da la'akari da matsayi a cikin al'umma yana da haƙƙin ɗan adam ba. Ma'aikatan zamantakewa suna da masaniya game da rikice-rikice na duniya da rashin adalci na ci gaba a cikin tarihin da ke haifar da zalunci da wariyar launin fata, ciki har da aikin zamantakewa da amsawa. Ma'aikatan zamantakewa sunyi la'akari da rarraba iko da dama a cikin al'umma don inganta zamantakewa, launin fata, tattalin arziki, da adalci na muhalli ta hanyar rage rashin daidaito da tabbatar da mutunci da girmamawa ga kowa. Ma'aikatan zamantakewa suna ba da shawara da kuma shiga cikin dabarun kawar da shingen tsarin zalunci don tabbatar da cewa an rarraba albarkatun zamantakewa, haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
Ma'aikatan zamantakewa:
a) mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a daidaikun mutane, dangi, rukuni, ƙungiyoyi, da matakan tsarin al'umma; kuma
b) tsunduma cikin ayyukan da ke ciyar da haƙƙin ɗan adam don inganta zamantakewa, kabilanci, tattalin arziki, da adalci na muhalli.
Binciken abun ciki, wanda aka gudanar ta hanyar samfurin bazuwar darussan warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar shirye-shiryen jami'a da koleji a Amurka da kuma duniya baki ɗaya, sun gano cewa kodayake darussan suna koyar da ra'ayoyin warware rikice-rikice, darussan sau da yawa ba a ba da waɗannan lakabi a cikin horo na aikin zamantakewa da kuma a cikin sauran fannonin ilimi. Bincike ya ci gaba da samun babban sauye-sauye a cikin yawan nau'o'in da suka shafi warware rikice-rikice, da mayar da hankali ga waɗancan fannonin a cikin magance rikice-rikice, wuraren darussan magance rikice-rikice da shirye-shirye a cikin jami'a ko kwaleji, da adadi da nau'ikan darussan magance rikice-rikice da tattarawa. Bincike ya samo asali ne daban-daban, mai ƙarfi, da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar ƙwararrun ƙwararru da ayyuka don warware rikici tare da damar ƙarin bincike da tattaunawa duka a cikin Amurka da duniya (Conrad, Reyes, & Stewart, 2022; Dyson, del Mar Fariña, Gurrola, & Cross-Denny, 2020; Friedman, 2019; Hatiboğlu, Özateş Gelmez, & Öngen, 2019; Onken, Franks, Lewis, & Han, 2021).
Sana'ar aikin zamantakewa a matsayin masu aikin samar da zaman lafiya da magance rikice-rikice za su yi amfani da ka'idar muhalli a cikin tsarin su. Misali, dabaru iri-iri da 'yan tawayen suka yi amfani da su wadanda ba su da tashin hankali a yanayi (Ryckman, 2020; Cunningham, Dahl, & Frugé 2017) an yi bincike (Cunningham & Doyle, 2021). Masu aikin gina zaman lafiya da malamai sun ba da hankali ga mulkin 'yan tawaye (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021). Cunningham da Loyle (2021) sun gano cewa bincike game da ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye ya mayar da hankali kan halaye da ayyukan da 'yan tawayen suka nuna waɗanda ba su cikin yanayin yin yaƙi, ciki har da gina cibiyoyin gida da samar da ayyukan zamantakewa (Mampilly, 2011; Arjona, 2016a; Arjona , Kasfir, & Mampilly, 2015). Ƙara ilimin da aka samu daga waɗannan nazarin, bincike ya mayar da hankali kan nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi waɗannan halayen jagoranci a cikin ƙasashe da yawa (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021; Huang, 2016; Heger & Jung, 2017; Stewart, 2018). Duk da haka, nazarin yadda ake gudanar da mulkin 'yan tawaye kan yi la'akari da al'amuran mulki musamman a matsayin wani yanki na hanyoyin sasanta rikici ko kuma yana iya mayar da hankali kawai kan dabarun tashin hankali (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021). Yin amfani da tsarin yanayin muhalli zai kasance da amfani wajen amfani da ilimi da fasaha tsakanin ladabtarwa wajen gina zaman lafiya da hanyoyin warware rikici.
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