Christopher Columbus: Babban abin tunawa a New York
Abstract
Christopher Columbus, gwarzon Turawa a tarihi wanda mafi rinjayen labaran Turai ke danganta gano Amurka, amma wanda hotonsa da gadonsa ke nuni da kisan kiyashi da aka yi wa ’yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean, ya zama mutum mai cike da cece-kuce. Wannan takarda ta binciko alamar alama ta mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus ga bangarorin biyu na rikici - Amurkawa Italiyanci wadanda suka kafa shi a Columbus Circle a birnin New York da sauran wurare a gefe guda, da kuma 'yan asalin Amurka da kuma 'yan asalin Amurka. Caribbean wanda maharan turawa suka kashe kakanninsu, a daya bangaren. Ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi da ka'idodin warware rikice-rikice, takardar tana jagorantar ta hanyar ma'anar - fassarar mahimmanci da fahimta - na mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus kamar yadda na dandana shi a lokacin bincike na a wannan shafin na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Bugu da kari, an yi nazari sosai kan cece-kuce da muhawarar da jama'a ke yi a cikin zuciyar Manhattan. A cikin yin wannan tafsirin cum nazari mai mahimmanci, an bincika manyan tambayoyi uku. 1) Ta yaya za a iya fassara da fahimtar mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus a matsayin abin tarihi mai cike da cece-kuce? 2) Menene ka'idodin ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi suka gaya mana game da abin tunawa na Christopher Columbus? 3) Wadanne darussa za mu iya koya daga wannan ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi mai cike da cece-kuce don mafi kyawun hanawa ko warware rikice-rikice iri ɗaya a nan gaba da gina ƙarin haɗin kai, daidaito da juriya a New York City da Amurka? Takardar ta ƙare da duba makomar birnin New York a matsayin misali na al'adu da yawa, daban-daban a cikin Amurka.
Gabatarwa
A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2018, na bar gidanmu da ke White Plains, New York, don zuwa Columbus Circle a birnin New York. Columbus Circle yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wurare a cikin birnin New York. Yana da wani muhimmin wuri ba kawai saboda yana a tsakiyar manyan tituna hudu a Manhattan - West da South Central Park, Broadway, da Eighth Avenue - amma mafi mahimmanci, a tsakiyar Columbus Circle shine gida ga mutum-mutumin. Christopher Columbus, gwarzon Turawa a tarihi wanda mafi rinjayen labaran Turai ke danganta gano Amurka, amma wanda hotonsa da gadonsa ke wakiltar kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa ’yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean.
A matsayin wurin tunawa da tarihi a Amurka da Caribbean, na zaɓi in gudanar da bincike na lura a wurin tunawa da Christopher Columbus a Columbus Circle a birnin New York tare da bege na zurfafa fahimtar Christopher Columbus da kuma dalilin da ya sa ya zama mai jayayya. a Amurka da Caribbean. Don haka burina shine in fahimci alamar alama ta mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus ga bangarorin biyu na rikici - Amurkawa Italiyanci wadanda suka kafa shi a Columbus Circle da sauran wurare a gefe guda, da kuma 'yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean. wanda Turawa mahara suka kashe kakanninsu, a daya bangaren.
Ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi da ka'idodin warware rikice-rikice, tunani na yana jagorantar ta hanyar ma'anar - fassarar mahimmanci da fahimta - na mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus kamar yadda na dandana shi a lokacin ziyarar rukunin yanar gizona, yayin da yake bayyana rikice-rikice da muhawarar da ake yi a halin yanzu cewa kasancewar jama'a. a cikin zuciyar Manhattan ya zazzage. A cikin yin wannan tafsirin cum nazari mai mahimmanci, an bincika manyan tambayoyi uku. 1) Ta yaya za a iya fassara da fahimtar mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus a matsayin abin tarihi mai cike da cece-kuce? 2) Menene ka'idodin ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi suka gaya mana game da abin tunawa na Christopher Columbus? 3) Wadanne darussa za mu iya koya daga wannan ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi mai cike da cece-kuce don mafi kyawun hanawa ko warware rikice-rikice iri ɗaya a nan gaba da gina ƙarin haɗin kai, daidaito da juriya a New York City da Amurka?
Takardar ta ƙare da duban makomar birnin New York a matsayin misali na birni mai al'adu da yawa a Amurka.
Ganowa a Columbus Circle
Birnin New York shine tukunyar narkewar duniya saboda bambancin al'adu da yawan jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, gida ne ga mahimman ayyukan fasaha, abubuwan tarihi da alamomi waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙwaƙwalwar tarihin gama-gari waɗanda ke siffanta waɗanda muke a matsayin Amurkawa da mutane. Yayin da wasu wuraren tarihin tarihi a birnin New York suka tsufa, wasu an gina su a cikin 21st karni domin tunawa da muhimman al’amura na tarihi wadanda suka bar tabo maras gogewa ga al’ummarmu da al’ummarmu. Yayin da wasu suka shahara kuma Amurkawa da ’yan yawon bude ido na duniya ke yawan zuwa, wasu kuma ba su da farin jini kamar yadda ake yi a lokacin da aka fara gina su.
Tunawa da 9/11 misali ne na wurin da aka ziyarta sosai na ƙwaƙwalwar haɗin gwiwa a cikin birnin New York. Domin tunawa da ranar 9/11 har yanzu yana da sabo a cikin zukatanmu, na yi shirin sadaukar da tunanina a kansa. Amma yayin da na bincika wasu shafuka na ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi a birnin New York, na gano cewa abubuwan da suka faru a Charlottesville a watan Agusta 2017 sun haifar da "tattaunawa mai wuyar gaske" (Stone et al., 2010) akan tarihin girmamawa amma abubuwan tarihi a Amurka. Tun bayan kisan da aka yi a shekara ta 2015 mai kisa a cikin cocin Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church a Charleston, South Carolina, wanda Dylann Roof, wani matashi mai bin kungiyar White Supremacist ya yi, kuma mai goyon bayan al'amuran Confederate da abubuwan tarihi, birane da yawa sun kada kuri'a don cire mutummutumai da sauran abubuwan tarihi wadanda alamar ƙiyayya da zalunci.
Yayin da tattaunawar mu ta jama'a ta kasa ta fi mayar da hankali kan abubuwan tarihi na Confederate da tuta kamar shari'ar a Charlottesville inda birnin ya kada kuri'ar cire mutum-mutumin Robert E. Lee daga wurin shakatawa na Emancipation, a birnin New York an fi mayar da hankali kan mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus. da abin da yake alamta ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da Caribbean. A matsayina na ɗan New York, na ga zanga-zangar da yawa a cikin 2017 don nuna adawa da mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus. Masu zanga-zangar da 'yan asalin kasar sun bukaci a cire mutum-mutumin Columbus daga Columbus Circle kuma a ba da wani mutum-mutumi na musamman da ke wakiltar 'yan asalin Amurkawa don maye gurbin Columbus.
Yayin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar, na tuna wa kaina wadannan tambayoyi guda biyu: ta yaya kwarewar ’yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean ya sa su fito fili da kakkausar murya suka bukaci a kawar da wani sanannen tarihi mai suna Christopher Columbus, wanda aka ce. sun gano America? A kan wane dalili ne bukatarsu ta tabbata a cikin 21st New York City karni? Don gano amsoshin waɗannan tambayoyin, na yanke shawarar yin tunani a kan mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus yayin da aka gabatar da shi ga duniya daga Columbus Circle a birnin New York da kuma bincika abin da kasancewarsa a sararin samaniyar Birni ke nufi ga dukan mazauna New York.
Lokacin da na tsaya kusa da mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar Columbus Circle, na yi mamakin yadda mai sassaƙaƙen Italiya, Gaetano Russo, ya kama kuma ya wakilci rayuwa da tafiye-tafiyen Christopher Columbus a cikin wani abin tarihi mai tsawon ƙafa 76. An sassaƙa shi a Italiya, an kafa abin tunawa na Columbus a Columbus Circle a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1892 don tunawa da cika shekaru 400 na zuwan Columbus a Amurka. Ko da yake ni ba mai fasaha ba ne ko kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, zan iya gano cikakken wakilcin balaguron da Columbus ya yi zuwa Amirka. Alal misali, an kwatanta Columbus a kan wannan abin tunawa a matsayin jarumin matuƙin jirgin ruwa yana tsaye a cikin jirginsa yana mamakin abubuwan da ya faru da kuma mamakin sabon bincikensa. Bugu da ƙari, abin tunawa yana da wakilci mai kama da tagulla na jiragen ruwa uku da ke ƙarƙashin Christopher Columbus. Yayin da na yi bincike don sanin abin da waɗannan jiragen ruwa suke a gidan yanar gizon Sashen Wuraren Wuta da Nishaɗi na Birnin New York, na gano cewa ana kiran su. Nina, da Pinta, Da Santa Maria – jiragen ruwa uku Columbus ya yi amfani da su a lokacin tafiyarsa ta farko daga Spain zuwa Bahamas wanda ya tashi a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 1492 kuma ya isa ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1492. A kasan abin tunawa na Columbus akwai wata halitta mai fuka-fuki mai kama da mala’ika mai kulawa.
Ga mamakina, ko da yake, kuma a cikin ƙarfafawa da tabbatar da babban labarin cewa Christopher Columbus shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara gano Amurka, babu wani abu a kan wannan abin tunawa da ke wakiltar 'yan asali ko Indiyawan da suka riga sun zauna a Amurka kafin zuwan Columbus da kuma sauran wurare. kungiyarsa. Duk abin da ke kan wannan abin tunawa game da Christopher Columbus ne. Komai yana nuna labarin jarumtar sa na gano Amurka.
Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin sashe na gaba, abin tunawa da Columbus ya zama wurin tunawa ba kawai ga waɗanda suka biya kuɗi da kuma gina shi ba - Amurkawa Italiyanci - har ma wuri ne na tarihi da tunawa ga 'yan asalin Amirkawa, don su ma suna tunawa da masu zafi. da haduwar kakanninsu mai ban tausayi da Columbus da mabiyansa duk lokacin da suka ga Christopher Columbus ya daukaka a tsakiyar birnin New York. Har ila yau, mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus a Columbus Circle a birnin New York ya zama terminus ad ku da kuma tashar tashin hankali (farawa da ƙarewa) na Columbus Day Parade kowane Oktoba. Yawancin mazauna New York sun taru a Columbus Circle don farfado da sake samun kwarewa tare da Christopher Columbus da ƙungiyarsa bincikensu da mamaye Amurkawa. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Italiyanci Amirkawa - waɗanda suka biya da kuma sanya wannan abin tunawa - da kuma Mutanen Espanya Amirkawa waɗanda kakanninsu suka dauki nauyin tafiye-tafiye da yawa na Columbus zuwa Amurka kuma a sakamakon haka suka shiga kuma suka ci gajiyar mamayewa, da kuma sauran Amirkawa na Turai suna murna da farin ciki a kan. Ranar Columbus, wani sashe na yawan jama'ar Amurka - 'yan asalin ƙasar ko Indiyawa, ainihin masu mallakar sabuwar ƙasa amma tsohuwar ƙasa da ake kira Amurka - a kullum suna tunawa da kisan gillar da suka yi na bil'adama da na al'ada a hannun Turawa masu mamayewa, kisan gillar da aka ɓoye / rufe. wanda ya faru a lokacin da kuma bayan kwanakin Christopher Columbus. Wannan sabani da abin tunawa na Columbus ya ƙunshi kwanan nan ya haifar da mummunar rikici da cece-kuce game da dacewa da tarihin tarihi da alamar mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus a birnin New York.
Mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus: Wani abin tunawa a cikin birnin New York
Yayin da nake kallon babban abin tarihi na Christopher Columbus a Columbus Circle a birnin New York, ina kuma tunanin tattaunawa mai cike da cece-kuce da wannan abin tunawa ya haifar a 'yan kwanakin nan. A cikin 2017, na tuna ganin yawancin masu zanga-zangar a Columbus Circle suna neman a cire mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus. Gidan rediyo da talabijin na birnin New York duk suna magana ne game da cece-kuce da suka shafi abin tunawa da Columbus. Kamar yadda aka saba, ’yan siyasar Jihar New York da na Birni sun yi rarrabuwar kawuna kan ko za a cire abin tunawa na Columbus ko kuma a zauna. Tunda Columbus Circle da mutum-mutumin Columbus suna cikin sararin samaniyar birnin New York da wurin shakatawa, to ya dace da zaɓaɓɓun jami'an birnin New York da magajin gari ya jagoranta su yanke shawara da aiki.
A Satumba 8, 2017, Magajin gari Bill de Blasio ya kafa Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Magajin Gari akan Art Art, Monuments, da Alamomi (Ofishin Magajin Gari, 2017). Wannan hukumar ta gudanar da zaman sauraren kararraki, ta karbi koke daga bangarori da jama'a, kuma ta tattara hujjojin da ba su dace ba a kan dalilin da ya sa za a tsaya ko kuma a cire abin tunawa na Columbus. An kuma yi amfani da bincike don tattara ƙarin bayanai da ra'ayoyin jama'a kan wannan batu mai cike da cece-kuce. A cewar hukumar rahoton Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Magajin Gari akan Art Art, Monuments, and Markers (2018), "akwai entrenched rashin jituwa game da duk hudu lokacin a cikin lokaci da aka yi la'akari a cikin kima na wannan abin tunawa: rayuwar Christopher Columbus, da niyyar a lokacin da commissioning na abin tunawa, da halin yanzu tasiri da ma'ana, da kuma ta nan gaba. gado” (shafi na 28).
Na farko, akwai jayayya da yawa game da rayuwar Christopher Columbus. Wasu daga cikin manyan batutuwan da suka shafi shi sun hada da ko da gaske Columbus ya gano Amurka ko Amurka ta gano shi; ko bai yi wa ’yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean da suka tarbe shi da mukarrabansa ba, ya yi musu karimci, da kyau ko ya wulakanta su; ko a’a shi da wadanda suka zo bayansa sun kashe ‘yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean; ko ayyukan Columbus a Amurka sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a na ƴan asalin Amurka da Caribbean; da kuma ko a'a ko Columbus da waɗanda suka zo bayansa sun tilasta wa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da Caribbean mallakar ƙasarsu, al'adu, al'adu, addini, tsarin mulki, da albarkatunsu.
Na biyu, muhawarar da ke haifar da cece-kuce kan ko abin tunawa na Columbus ya kamata ya tsaya ko a cire shi yana da alaƙar tarihi zuwa lokacin, da niyya don hawa / ƙaddamar da abin tunawa. Don ƙarin fahimtar mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus da Columbus Circle a birnin New York, yana da mahimmanci mu fayyace abin da ake nufi da zama Ba'amurke ɗan Italiya ba kawai a New York ba har ma a duk sauran sassan Amurka a 1892 lokacin Columbus an shigar da abin tunawa. Me yasa aka sanya abin tunawa na Columbus a birnin New York? Menene abin tunawa ga Baƙin Amurkawa na Italiya waɗanda suka biya shi kuma suka sanya shi? Me yasa Amurkawa Italiyanci ke kare abin tunawa da Columbus da Ranar Columbus da ƙarfi da kishi? Ba tare da neman cikakkun bayanai masu ƙima ga waɗannan tambayoyin ba, a amsa daga John Viola (2017), shugaban Gidauniyar Italiyanci ta Amurka, ya cancanci yin tunani akan:
Ga mutane da yawa, ciki har da wasu 'yan Italiya-Amurka, ana kallon bikin Columbus a matsayin mai raira wahalhalun da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke fuskanta a hannun Turawa. Amma ga mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummata, Columbus, da Columbus Day, suna wakiltar dama don murnar gudunmawarmu ga wannan ƙasa. Tun ma kafin zuwan ɗimbin baƙi na Italiya a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20, Columbus ya kasance wani adadi don yin yunƙurin adawa da ƙin jinin Italiyanci da ya mamaye lokacin. ( sakin layi na 3-4)
Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi kan abin tunawa da Columbus a birnin New York sun ba da shawarar cewa girka da ƙaddamar da mutum-mutumin na Christopher Columbus ya samo asali ne daga dabarun sanin yakamata da Amirkawa Italiyawa suka yi don ƙarfafa asalinsu a cikin babban kogin Amurka a matsayin hanyar kawo ƙarshen bala'i, tashin hankali da tashin hankali. nuna wariya da suke fuskanta a lokaci guda. Baƙin Amurkawa na Italiya sun ji an yi niyya kuma ana tsananta musu, don haka suna marmarin shiga cikin labarin Amurka. Sun sami alamar abin da suke la'akari da labarin Amurka, haɗawa da haɗin kai a cikin mutumin Christopher Columbus, wanda ya zama dan Italiyanci. Kamar yadda Viola (2017) ya kara bayyana:
Dangane da wannan kisan gilla ne al'ummar Italiya-Amurkawa na farko a New York suka kwashe abubuwan taimako na sirri don ba da abin tunawa a Columbus Circle ga sabon birninsu. Don haka wannan mutum-mutumin da aka raina a matsayin alamar cin nasara a Turai tun daga farko wata shaida ce ta soyayyar ƙasa daga al'ummar baƙin haure da ke fafutukar samun karɓuwa a cikin sabon gidansu, wani lokacin ma gaba… kasadar da ke cikin zuciyar mafarkin Amurka, da kuma cewa aikinmu ne a matsayinmu na al'umma mafi kusanci da gadonsa mu kasance a sahun gaba na hanyar da ta dace. (Saki na 8 da 10)
Ƙarfin haɗin kai da girman kai ga abin tunawa na Columbus wanda Amurkawa Italiyanci suka nuna an kuma bayyana su ga Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Magajin Gari akan Art Art, Monuments, da Markers a lokacin sauraron jama'a a 2017. A cewar rahoton Hukumar (2018), "Columbus An gina wani abin tunawa a shekara ta 1892, shekara bayan daya daga cikin munanan ayyuka na cin zarafin Italiyanci a tarihin Amurka: kisan gillar da aka yi wa jama'a na karin shari'a na Amurkawa Italiyanci goma sha ɗaya waɗanda aka wanke da wani laifi a New Orleans" (shafi na 29). . Saboda wannan dalili, Ba'amurken Italiyanci karkashin jagorancin Gidauniyar Italiyanci ta Ƙasar Italiyanci da ƙarfi da tsananin adawa da cirewa / ƙaura na abin tunawa na Columbus daga Columbus Circle. A cikin kalmomin shugaban wannan kungiya, Viola (2017), "The 'rugawar tarihi' ba ya canza wannan tarihin" (para 7). Bugu da kari, Viola (2017) da National Italian American Foundation suna jayayya cewa:
Akwai abubuwan tunawa da yawa ga Franklin Roosevelt, kuma ko da yake ya ƙyale Ba'amurke-Amurkawa da Italiyanci-Amurka su shiga tsakani a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, mu a matsayinmu na kabila ba ma neman a lalata masa mutum-mutumin. Haka kuma ba za mu rushe haraji ga Theodore Roosevelt, wanda, a cikin 1891, bayan an kashe 11 Sicilian-Amurka da aka yi wa ƙarya a cikin kisan gilla mafi girma a tarihin Amurka, ya rubuta cewa yana tunanin taron "abu ne mai kyau. (shafi na 8)
Na uku, da kuma yin la'akari da tattaunawar da ta gabata, menene ma'anar abin tunawa na Columbus a yau ga yawancin mazauna New York waɗanda ba 'yan asalin Italiyanci na Amurka ba? Wanene Christopher Columbus ga 'yan asalin New York da Indiyawan Amurka? Wane tasiri kasancewar abin tunawa na Columbus a Columbus Circle a birnin New York ke da shi ga ainihin masu mallakar birnin New York da sauran tsiraru, misali, ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka/Indiyawa da Amirkawa na Afirka? Rahoton Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Magajin Gari akan Art Art, Monuments, and Markers (2018) ya nuna cewa "Columbus yana aiki a matsayin tunatarwa game da kisan kiyashi na 'yan asalin ƙasar a duk faɗin Amurka da farkon cinikin bayi na transatlantic" (shafi na 28).
Yayin da raƙuman canji da bayyana abubuwan da suka ɓoye a baya, danne gaskiyar gaskiya da labaran da aka yi shiru suka fara busawa a duk faɗin Amurka, miliyoyin mutane a Arewacin Amurka da Caribbean sun fara tambayar babban labarin game da, kuma sun koyi tarihin Christopher Columbus. Ga waɗannan masu fafutuka, lokaci ya yi da za su fahimci abin da aka koya a baya a makarantu da jawaban jama'a don fifita wani sashe na jama'ar Amurka don sake koyo da bayyanar da gaskiya a baya da aka ɓoye, ɓoye, da kuma danne. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka sun tsunduma cikin dabaru daban-daban don bayyana abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin gaskiya game da alamar Christopher Columbus. Wasu birane a Arewacin Amirka, alal misali, Los Angeles, sun “maye gurbin bikin ranar Columbus a hukumance da ranar ‘yan asalin ƙasar” (Viola, 2017, sakin layi na 2), kuma an yi irin wannan bukata a birnin New York. Mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus a cikin birnin New York kwanan nan an yi masa alama (ko masu launi) ja mai alamar jini a hannun Columbus da abokan bincikensa. An ce an lalata wanda ke Baltimore. Kuma wanda ke Yonkers, New York, an ce an yi shi da tashin hankali kuma "ba tare da sanin ya kamata ba" (Viola, 2017, para. 2). Duk waɗannan dabarun da masu fafutuka daban-daban ke amfani da su a duk faɗin Amurka suna da manufa ɗaya: karya shiru; fallasa boyayyar labari; ba da labari game da abin da ya faru ta mahangar waɗanda abin ya shafa, kuma suna buƙatar cewa a maido da adalci - wanda ya haɗa da amincewa da abin da ya faru, ramuwa ko ramuwa, da waraka - a yi yanzu ba daga baya ba.
Na hudu, yadda birnin New York ke magance wadannan rigingimun da suka shafi mutum da mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus zai tantance tare da ayyana gadon da birnin ya bari ga mutanen birnin New York. A daidai lokacin da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, ciki har da Lenape da al'ummar Algonquian, ke ƙoƙarin sake ƙirƙira, sake ginawa da kuma kwato asalin al'adunsu da ƙasar tarihi, yana da matukar muhimmanci cewa birnin New York ya ba da isassun albarkatu don nazarin wannan abin tunawa mai rikitarwa, menene. yana wakilta ga bangarori daban-daban, da kuma rikicin da yake haifarwa. Wannan zai taimaka wa Birni wajen samar da tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare na sasanta rikici da rashin son zuciya don tunkarar al'amuran filaye, wariya da gadar bautar domin samar da hanyar yin adalci, sulhu, tattaunawa, warkar da gama gari, daidaito, da daidaito.
Tambayar da ta zo a hankali a nan ita ce: shin Birnin New York zai iya ajiye abin tunawa da Christopher Columbus a Columbus Circle ba tare da ci gaba da girmama "wani mutum mai tarihi wanda ayyukansa dangane da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke wakiltar farkon korar dukiya, bauta, da kisan gilla ba?" (Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Magajin Gari akan Art Art, Monuments, and Markers, 2018, shafi na 30). Wasu daga cikin mambobin kungiyar ne suka yi muhawara Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Magajin Gari akan Art Art, Monuments, da Alama (2018) cewa abin tunawa na Columbus yana wakiltar:
wani aiki na kawar da rashin haihuwa da bauta. Waɗanda abin ya shafa suna ɗauke da zurfafan adana bayanai na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da abubuwan rayuwa waɗanda suka ci karo da su a wurin abin tunawa ... fitaccen wurin mutum-mutumin ya tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa waɗanda ke sarrafa sararin samaniya suna da iko, kuma hanyar da za ta iya yin la'akari daidai da wannan ikon ita ce cirewa ko cirewa. mayar da mutum-mutumin. Domin ci gaba zuwa ga adalci, waɗannan membobin Hukumar sun fahimci cewa daidaito yana nufin cewa mutane ɗaya ba koyaushe suke fuskantar wahala ba, amma a maimakon haka wannan ƙasa ce ta tarayya. Adalci yana nufin an sake rarraba damuwa. (shafi na 30)
Dangantakar da ke tsakanin abin tunawa da Columbus da kuma tarihin tarihi mai ban tsoro na 'yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean da kuma 'yan Afirka na Afirka za a fi bayyanawa da fahimtar su ta hanyar tabarau na tunani na ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi.
Menene Ka'idodin Ƙwaƙwalwar Tarihi ke Faɗa Mana game da wannan Abin Tambayi Mai Rigima?
Korar mutanen kasarsu ko dukiyoyinsu da mulkin mallaka ba abu ne na zaman lafiya ba sai dai ta hanyar wuce gona da iri. Ga 'yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean wadanda suka nuna tsayin daka na gadi da kiyaye abin da yanayi ya ba su, kuma aka kashe su a cikin wannan tsari, korar su daga ƙasarsu wani aiki ne na yaki. A cikin littafinsa. Yaƙi wani ƙarfi ne da ke ba mu ma'ana, Hedges (2014) yayi ra'ayin cewa yaki "ya mamaye al'ada, gurbata ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, lalata harshe, kuma yana cutar da duk abin da ke kewaye da shi ... Yaƙi yana fallasa ikon mugunta da ke ɓoye ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin mu duka. Kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ga mutane da yawa, yaƙi yana da wuyar tattaunawa da zarar an ƙare.” (shafi na 3). Wannan yana nufin cewa abubuwan tunawa da tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru na ɓacin rai na 'yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean an yi garkuwa da su, an danne su, kuma an tura su cikin mantuwa har zuwa kwanan nan saboda masu aikata laifuka ba sa son a watsa irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar tarihi mai ban tsoro.
Ƙungiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar don maye gurbin abin tunawa na Columbus tare da wani abin tunawa da ke wakiltar 'yan asalin, da kuma buƙatar su na maye gurbin ranar Columbus tare da ranar 'yan asalin, yana nuna cewa tarihin baka na wadanda aka kashe a hankali ya zama mai bayyana don ba da haske game da abubuwan da suka faru na ban tsoro da raɗaɗi. sun jure tsawon daruruwan shekaru. Amma ga masu aikata laifukan da ke kula da labarin, Hedges (2014) ya tabbatar da cewa: "yayin da muke girmamawa da makoki na matattu, muna sha'awar sha'awar waɗanda muke kashewa" (shafi na 14). Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Baƙin Amurkawa na Italiya sun gina tare da girka abin tunawa na Columbus tare da ɗorawa don bikin ranar Columbus don bikin al'adun gargajiya da gudummawar ga tarihin Amurka. Duk da haka, tun da irin ta'asar da aka yi wa 'yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean a lokacin da kuma bayan zuwan Columbus a cikin nahiyar Amurka har yanzu ba a yi magana a bainar jama'a da kuma yarda da shi ba, shin bikin na Columbus tare da wani babban abin tarihi nasa a cikin mafi yawan garuruwan da ke cikin yankin. duniya ba ta ci gaba da nuna halin ko-in-kula da kuma ƙin tunawa da raɗaɗi na ƴan asalin ƙasar nan ba? Har ila yau, an sami ramuwa na jama'a ko ramawa na bautar da ke da alaƙa da zuwan Columbus zuwa Amurka? Biki mai gefe ɗaya ko ilimi na ƙwaƙwalwar tarihi yana da matukar shakku.
Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, malamanmu sun sake dawo da wani labari mai gefe daya game da zuwan Christopher Columbus zuwa nahiyar Amurka – wato labarin wadanda ke da iko. Wannan labari na Eurocentric game da Columbus da abubuwan da ya faru a Amurka an koyar da su a makarantu, an rubuta su cikin littattafai, an tattauna su a cikin fagagen jama'a, kuma an yi amfani da su don manufofin jama'a wajen yanke shawara ba tare da wani bincike mai mahimmanci ba da kuma tambayar ingancinsa da gaskiyarsa. Ya zama wani ɓangare na tarihin ƙasarmu kuma ba a yi takara ba. Tambayi dalibin firamare na aji daya wanda shine mutum na farko da ya fara gano Amurka, kuma za ta gaya maka Christopher Columbus ne. Tambayar ita ce: shin Christopher Columbus ya gano Amurka ko Amurka ta gano shi? A cikin "Mahimmanci shine Komai: Yanayin Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa," Engel (1999) ya tattauna batun ƙwaƙwalwar da aka yi hamayya. Kalubalen da ke tattare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba wai kawai yadda ake tunawa da watsa abin da ake tunawa ba ne, a’a, a ma’auni mai girma, shi ne ko abin da ake watsawa ko kuma a raba shi da wasu – wato ko labarin mutum ko labarinsa – an yi hamayya ko a’a; ko an yarda da shi a matsayin gaskiya ko kuma an ƙi a matsayin ƙarya. Shin za mu iya ci gaba da riƙe labarin cewa Christopher Columbus shine mutum na farko da ya fara gano Amurka ko da a cikin 21st karni? Me game da waɗancan ’yan ƙasar da suka riga sun zauna a Amirka? Shin yana nufin ba su san suna zaune a Amurka ba? Shin ba su san inda suke ba? Ko kuma ba a dauke su a matsayin mutum wanda ya isa ya san suna Amurka?
Bincike mai zurfi da zurfi na tarihin baka da rubuce-rubuce na ’yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean ya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ’yan asalin suna da ingantaccen al’adu da hanyoyin rayuwa da sadarwa. Abubuwan da suke damun su na Columbus da mahara na bayan Columbus ana yada su daga tsara zuwa tsara. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da sauran tsiraru, ana tunawa da yawa kuma ana watsa su. Kamar yadda Engel (1999) ya tabbatar, “kowane ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana hutawa, ta wata hanya ko wata, akan ƙwarewar ciki na tunawa. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan wakilcin na ciki suna da ban mamaki daidai kuma suna ba mu wadatattun hanyoyin samun bayanai” (shafi na 3). Kalubalen shine sanin wane “wakilin ciki” ko tunowa waye daidai ne. Ya kamata mu ci gaba da yarda da halin da ake ciki - tsohuwar, labari mai mahimmanci game da Columbus da jaruntakarsa? Ko kuwa a yanzu za mu juya shafin mu ga gaskiyar ta idon waɗanda aka ƙwace ƙasashensu da karfi kuma kakanninsu sun sha fama da kisan kare dangi da na al’ada a hannun Columbus da ire-irensa? A kima na, kasancewar abin tunawa na Columbus a tsakiyar Manhattan a birnin New York ya tada karen barci har ya yi haushi. Yanzu za mu iya sauraron wani labari ko labari na daban game da Christopher Columbus daga mahangar waɗanda kakanninsu suka taɓa shi da waɗanda suka gaje shi - 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Caribbean.
Don fahimtar dalilin da yasa 'yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean ke ba da shawarar kawar da abin tunawa na Columbus da ranar Columbus da maye gurbinsu da abin tunawa da 'yan asalin 'yan asalin da kuma ranar 'yan asalin, dole ne mutum ya sake yin nazari game da ra'ayoyin gamayyar rauni da makoki. A cikin littafinsa. Hanyoyin jini. Daga girman kabilanci zuwa ta'addancin kabilanci. Volkan, (1997) ya ba da shawarar ka'idar zaɓaɓɓen rauni wanda ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki da ba a warware ba. Zaɓaɓɓen rauni bisa ga Volkan (1997) ya bayyana “abin tunawa na gamayya na bala’i da ya taɓa taɓa magabatan ƙungiya. Yana da… fiye da tunani mai sauƙi; wakilci ne na tunanin tunani da aka raba na abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya haɗa da bayanan gaskiya, tsammanin tsammanin, jin dadi, da kariya daga tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba" (shafi na 48). Kawai fahimtar kalmar, zaɓaɓɓen rauni, yana ba da shawarar cewa membobin ƙungiyar kamar ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Caribbean ko Amurkawa na Afirka da son rai sun zaɓi abubuwan da suka ji rauni a hannun masu binciken Turai kamar Christopher Columbus. Idan haka ne, da na yi rashin jituwa da marubucin tun da ba mu zaɓe wa kanmu waɗancan abubuwan da suka faru da mu ba ko dai ta hanyar bala'i ko bala'i na ɗan adam. Amma manufar zaɓaɓɓen rauni kamar yadda marubucin ya bayyana "yana nuna babban rukuni na rashin sani ya bayyana ainihin sa ta hanyar watsar da jiyya na wadanda suka ji rauni tare da tunawa da raunin kakanni" (shafi na 48).
Martaninmu ga abubuwan da suka faru na rauni ba kwatsam ne kuma galibi, suma ne. Sau da yawa, muna amsawa ta hanyar makoki, kuma Volkan (1997) ya gano nau'ikan makoki guda biyu - rikicin bakin ciki wanda shine bakin ciki ko radadin da muke ji, kuma aikin bakin ciki wanda shine tsari mai zurfi na fahimtar abin da ya faru da mu - ƙwaƙwalwar tarihin mu. Lokacin makoki lokaci ne na warkarwa, kuma tsarin warkarwa yana ɗaukar lokaci. Koyaya, rikitarwa a wannan lokacin na iya sake buɗe rauni. Kasancewar babban abin tunawa na Columbus a tsakiyar Manhattan, New York City da sauran biranen Amurka da kuma bikin shekara-shekara na Ranar Columbus sun sake buɗe raunuka da raunuka, abubuwan raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi da aka yi wa 'yan asalin ƙasar / Indiyawa da Afirka. bayin da Turawa suka mamaye Amurka a karkashin jagorancin Christopher Columbus. Don sauƙaƙe tsarin warkarwa na gama kai na ’yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean, ana buƙatar a cire abin tunawa na Columbus a maye gurbinsu da abin tunawa na ’yan asalin asalin; kuma za a maye gurbin Ranar Columbus da Ranar Yan Asalin.
Kamar yadda Volkan (1997) ya lura, makokin gama gari na farko ya ƙunshi wasu al'adu - al'adu ko addini - don fahimtar abin da ya faru da ƙungiyar. Hanya ɗaya don makoki na gaskiya tare ita ce ta hanyar tunawa ta abin da Volkan (1997) ya kira haɗa abubuwa. Haɗin abubuwa yana taimakawa wajen kawar da abubuwan tunawa. Volkan (1997) ya yi nuni da cewa “gina abubuwan tarihi bayan tashe-tashen hankula na gama gari yana da nasa matsayi na musamman a cikin makoki na al’umma; irin waɗannan ayyuka kusan larura ne na hankali” (shafi na 40). Ko dai ta hanyar waɗannan abubuwan tunawa ko tarihin baka, ƙwaƙwalwar abin da ya faru ana watsawa ga tsararraki masu zuwa. "Saboda ɓacin ran da 'yan ƙungiyar suka yi, duk suna magana ne game da bala'i iri ɗaya, sun zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar, alamar kabilanci a kan zane na tantin kabilanci" (Volkan, 1997, shafi na 45). A cikin ra'ayi na Volkan (1997), "ƙwaƙwalwar abin da ya faru a baya ya kasance yana barci har tsawon tsararraki da yawa, ana kiyaye shi a cikin DNA na tunanin membobi na ƙungiyar kuma an yarda da shi cikin al'ada - a cikin littattafai da fasaha, alal misali - amma yana sake dawowa da karfi. kawai a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa” (shafi na 47). Indiyawan Amurka/’Yan asalin Amurka misali ba za su manta da halakar kakanninsu, al’adunsu, da kuma kwace musu filayensu da karfi ba. Duk wani abu mai alaƙa kamar abin tarihi ko mutum-mutumi na Christopher Columbus zai haifar da haɗin gwiwar tunawa da kisan kiyashin ɗan adam da al'adu a hannun maharan Turai. Wannan na iya haifar da ɓarna tsakanin tsararraki ko cuta ta tashin hankali (PTSD). Maye gurbin abin tunawa na Columbus tare da abin tunawa na 'yan asalin a gefe guda da kuma maye gurbin ranar Columbus tare da ranar 'yan asalin, ba kawai zai taimaka wajen ba da labari na gaskiya game da abin da ya faru ba; Abu mafi mahimmanci, irin waɗannan alamu na gaskiya da na alama za su zama farkon ramuwa, baƙin ciki da waraka, gafara, da tattaunawa mai ma'ana.
Idan ’yan kungiyar da ke da ma’amala da juna na bala’o’i ba za su iya shawo kan rashin karfinsu da gina kima ba, to za su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yanayin da ake zalunta da rashin karfi. Don magance raunin gaba ɗaya, saboda haka, akwai buƙatar tsari da aiki na abin da Volkan (1997) ya kira rufaffiyar da kuma fitar da waje. Ƙungiyoyin da ke fama da rauni suna buƙatar "rufe abubuwan da suka ji rauni (daure) wakilcin kansu (hotunan) da kuma fitar da su waje da kuma sarrafa su a waje da kansu" (shafi na 42). Hanya mafi kyau don yin hakan ita ce ta wurin abubuwan tunawa da jama'a, abubuwan tarihi, sauran wuraren tunawa da tarihi da kuma yin taɗi a cikin jama'a game da su ba tare da jin kunya ba. Gudanar da abin tunawa na ƴan asalin ƙasar da kuma bikin ranar ƴan asalin ƙasar a kowace shekara zai taimaka wa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da Caribbean wajen fitar da ɓarnar da suka ji a cikin jama'a maimakon sanya su cikin ciki a duk lokacin da suka ga abin tunawa na Columbus a tsaye a tsakiyar biranen Amurka.
Idan bukatar 'yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean za a iya bayyana su ta hanyar roko ga ka'idar Volkan (1997) na zaɓaɓɓen rauni, ta yaya masu binciken Turai da Christopher Columbus ke wakilta wanda al'ummar Italiyanci na Amurka ke kiyaye shi da kishin ƙasa. fahimta? A babi na biyar na littafinsa. Hanyoyin jini. Daga girman kabilanci zuwa ta'addancin kabilanci. Volkan, (1997) ya binciko ka'idar " zaɓaɓɓen ɗaukaka - mu- zama: ganewa da tafki mai raba." Ka'idar " zaɓaɓɓen ɗaukaka" kamar yadda Volkan (1997) ya yi bayani ya bayyana "wakilin tunani na wani al'amari na tarihi wanda ke haifar da jin dadin nasara da nasara" [da kuma cewa] "na iya kawo membobin babban rukuni tare" (shafi na 81). . Ga ‘yan kasar Italiya, tafiye-tafiyen da Christopher Columbus ya yi zuwa nahiyar Amurka tare da duk wani abu da ya zo da shi, wani jarumi ne da ya kamata Amurkawa Italiya su yi alfahari da shi. A lokacin Christopher Columbus kamar yadda ya kasance lokacin da aka ba da aikin tunawa da Columbus Circle a Columbus Circle a birnin New York, Christopher Columbus alama ce ta girmamawa, jarumtaka, nasara, da nasara tare da misalta tarihin Amurka. Amma bayyanar abubuwan da ya yi a cikin Amurka daga zuriyar wadanda suka dandana shi sun nuna Columbus a matsayin alamar kisan kiyashi da ɓata mutum. A cewar Volkan (1997), “Wasu al’amuran da da farko za su yi kama da cin nasara daga baya ana ganin su a matsayin wulakanci. ‘Nasara’ na Nazi Jamus, alal misali, galibin al’ummomin da suka gaje Jamus suna ganin laifi ne” (shafi na 82).
Amma, shin an sami la'anci gama-gari a cikin al'ummar Amurkan Italiya - masu kula da ranar Columbus da abin tunawa - saboda yadda Columbus da magajinsa suka bi da 'yan Asalin / Indiyawa a cikin Amurka? Ya bayyana cewa Amurkawa Italiyanci sun kirkiro abin tunawa na Columbus ba kawai don adana gadon Columbus ba amma mafi mahimmanci don daukaka matsayinsu na ainihi a cikin al'ummar Amurka da kuma amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar da za ta haɗu da kansu da kuma neman matsayinsu a ciki. labarin Amurka. Volkan (1997) ya bayyana shi da kyau da cewa “An sake kunna zaɓaɓɓun ɗaukaka a matsayin wata hanya ta ƙarfafa girman kai na ƙungiya. Kamar zaɓaɓɓun raunin da ya faru, sun zama tatsuniyoyi da yawa a kan lokaci” (shafi na 82). Wannan shi ne ainihin yanayin abin tunawa na Columbus da Ranar Columbus.
Kammalawa
Tunanina game da abin tunawa na Columbus, ko da yake dalla-dalla, an iyakance shi don dalilai da yawa. Fahimtar al'amuran tarihi da suka shafi zuwan Columbus zuwa Amurka da kuma abubuwan rayuwa na 'yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean a lokacin yana buƙatar lokaci mai yawa da albarkatun bincike. Wadannan zan iya samu idan na shirya yin watsi da wannan bincike a nan gaba. Tare da waɗannan iyakoki a zuciya, wannan maƙala an yi niyya ne don yin amfani da ziyarar ta zuwa wurin tunawa da Columbus a Columbus Circle a birnin New York don fara tunani mai mahimmanci kan wannan abin tunawa da batu mai cike da cece-kuce.
Zanga-zangar, koke-koke, da kiraye-kirayen kawar da abin tunawa na Columbus da kuma soke ranar Columbus a cikin 'yan lokutan nan suna nuna bukatar yin tunani mai mahimmanci kan wannan batu. Kamar yadda wannan maƙala mai ma'ana ta nuna, al'ummar Amurkan Italiya - mai kula da abin tunawa na Columbus da Ranar Columbus - suna fatan a kiyaye gadon Columbus kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin babban labari kamar yadda yake. Duk da haka, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarya na Ƙarya na Ƙarfafawa na Columbus da aka yi da kuma Ranar Columbus Day a maye gurbinsu da Ranar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Wannan rashin jituwa, bisa ga rahoton na Mayoral Advisory Commission on City Art, Monuments, and Markers (2018), an anchored a cikin "duk hudu lokacin da aka yi la'akari a cikin kima na wannan abin tunawa: rayuwar Christopher Columbus, da niyya a lokacin kaddamar da wannan abin tunawa, da tasirinsa da ma'anarsa, da abin da zai gada a nan gaba" (shafi na 28).
Sabanin babban labarin da ake fafatawa a yanzu (Engel, 1999), an bayyana cewa Christopher Columbus alama ce ta kisan kare dangi da al'adu na 'yan asalin ƙasar/Indiyawa a Amurka. Korar ’yan asalin Amurka da Caribbean daga ƙasashensu da al’adunsu ba aikin zaman lafiya ba ne; wani mataki ne na zalunci da yaki. Ta wannan yaƙin, al'adunsu, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, harshe da duk abin da suke da shi sun mamaye, gurɓatacce, gurɓatacce, da kamuwa da cuta (Hedges, 2014). Saboda haka yana da mahimmanci cewa waɗanda ke da "bakin ciki ba a warware ba," - abin da Volkan (1997) ya kira "rauni da aka zaɓa" - a ba su wuri don baƙin ciki, baƙin ciki, fitar da raunin da suka ji rauni, kuma a warkar da su. Wannan shi ne saboda “gina abubuwan tarihi bayan mummunan asara na gama gari yana da nasa matsayi na musamman a cikin makoki na al'umma; irin waɗannan ayyuka kusan larura ne na hankali” (Volkan (1997, shafi na 40).
Na biyust karni ba lokaci ba ne da za a ɗaukaka a baya na rashin mutuntaka, munanan nasarorin da masu iko suka yi. Lokaci ne na gyarawa, warkaswa, tattaunawa mai gaskiya da buɗe ido, amincewa, ƙarfafawa da daidaita abubuwa. Na yi imani waɗannan suna yiwuwa a cikin New York City da sauran biranen da ke cikin Amurka.
References
Engel, S. (1999). Maganar ita ce komai: Yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. New York, NY: WH Freeman da Kamfanin.
Hedges, C. (2014). Yaƙi wani ƙarfi ne da ke ba mu ma'ana. New York, NY: Harkokin Jama'a.
Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Magajin Gari akan Art Art, Monuments, da Alama. (2018). Bayar da rahoto ga birni na New York. An dawo daga https://www1.nyc.gov/site/monuments/index.page
Ma'aikatar Wuta da Nishaɗi ta Birnin New York. (nd). Christopher Columbus. An dawo da 3 Satumba 2018 daga https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/columbus-park/monuments/298.
Ofishin Magajin Gari. (2017, Satumba 8). Magajin gari de Blasio ya nada kwamitin ba da shawara na magajin gari a kan fasahar birni, abubuwan tarihi da alamomi. An dawo daga https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/582-17/mayor-de-blasio-names-mayoral-advisory-commission-city-art-monuments-markers
Stone, S., Patton, B., & Heen, S. (2010). Tattaunawa masu wahala: Yadda za a tattauna abin da ke da mahimmanci mafi. New York, NY: Littattafan Penguin.
Viola, JM (2017, Oktoba 9). Rushe mutum-mutumin Columbus kuma ya rushe tarihina. An dawo daga https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/09/opinion/christopher-columbus-day-statue.html
Volkan, V. (1997). Hanyoyin jini. Daga girman kabilanci zuwa ta'addancin kabilanci. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Basil Ugorji, Ph.D. shi ne Shugaba kuma Shugaba na Cibiyar Sasanci na Kabilanci da Addini ta Duniya, New York. An fara gabatar da wannan takarda a wurin Zaman Lafiya da Nazarin Rikici na Taron Jarida, Jami'ar Nova Southeast University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
