Ke nānā ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka make ʻana o ka make ma muli o nā hakakā Ethno-Religious ma Nigeria.
Hōʻuluʻulu:
Ke nānā nei kēia pepa i ka pilina ma waena o ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka nui o ka make ma muli o nā hakakā ethno-religious ma Nigeria. Ke kālailai nei pehea ka piʻi ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻoikaika ai i nā hakakā ethno-religious, aʻo ka emi ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai e pili ana i ka hoʻemi ʻana o nā hakakā ethno-religious. No ka ʻike ʻana i ka pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka hakakā ethno-religious a me ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o Nigeria, ua lawe kēia pepa i kahi ala noiʻi quantitative me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Correlation ma waena o ka GDP a me ka make. Ua loaʻa nā ʻikepili e pili ana i ka make mai Nigeria Security Tracker ma o ka Council on Foreign Relations; Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili GDP ma o ka World Bank a me Trading Economics. Ua hōʻiliʻiliʻia kēia mauʻikepili no nā makahiki 2011 a hiki i 2019. Hōʻike nā hopena i loaʻa i nā hakakā ethno-religious ma Nigeria he pilina maikaʻi loa i ka ulu waiwai; no laila, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā wahi me ka ʻilihune kiʻekiʻe i nā hakakā ʻano hoʻomana. ʻO ka hōʻike o ka pilina maikaʻi ma waena o ka GDP a me ka nui o ka make ma kēia noiʻi e hōʻike ana e hiki ke hana hou i nā noiʻi e ʻimi i nā hopena no kēia mau mea.
Hoʻoiho i kēia ʻatikala
Manaʻo ʻia no Citation:
Marafa, YA (2022). Ke nānā nei i ka pilina ma waena o ka waiwai nui o ka home (GDP) a me ka nui o ka make ma muli o nā hakakā ethno-religious ma Nigeria. Ka Nupepa o ka Noho Hookahi, 7(1), 58-69.
ʻIkepili ʻatikala:
@ʻatikala{Marafa2022}
Title = {E noʻonoʻo ana i ka pilina ma waena o Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka nui o ka make ma muli o nā hakakā ethno-religious ma Nigeria}
Mea kākau = {Yusuf Adam Marafa}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/examining-the-relationship-between-gross-domestic-product-gdp-and-the-death-toll-resulting-from-ethno-religious-conflicts-in-nigeria/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Paʻi); 2373-6631 (Online)}
Makahiki = {2022}
Lā = {2022-12-18}
Nūpepa = {Journal of Living Together}
Volume = {7}
Helu = {1}
Nā ʻaoʻao = {58-69}
Mea hoʻopuka = {International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Helu helu = {White Plains, New York}
Puka = {2022}.
Introduction
Ke hele nei nā ʻāina he nui i nā hakakā like ʻole, a ma ka hihia o Nigeria, ua kōkua nā hakakā ethno-religious i ka luku ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana waiwai o ka ʻāina. Ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka hoʻomohala socio-economic o ke kaiāulu Nigerian e nā hakakā ethno-hoʻomana. ʻO ka lilo ʻana o nā ola hala ʻole ke hāʻawi nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka socioeconomic ʻilihune o ka ʻāina ma o ka liʻiliʻi o nā hoʻopukapuka haole e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka ulu waiwai (Genyi, 2017). Pēlā nō, aia kekahi mau wahi o Nigeria i nā hakakā nui ma muli o ka ʻilihune; no laila, ʻo ka hoʻokele waiwai e alakaʻi i ka hana ʻino ma ka ʻāina. Ua ʻike ka ʻāina i nā kūlana ʻano ʻē aʻe ma muli o kēia mau hakakā hoʻomana, e pili ana i ka maluhia, kūpaʻa, a me ka palekana.
ʻO nā paio ethno-hoʻomana ma nā ʻāina like ʻole, e like me Ghana, Niger, Djibouti, a me Côte d'Ivoire, ua hoʻopilikia i kā lākou mau ʻoihana socio-economic. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi empirical ʻo ka hakakā ke kumu nui o ka underdevelopment i nā ʻāina ulu (Iyoboyi, 2014). No laila, ʻo Nigeria kekahi o kēlā mau ʻāina e kū nei i nā pilikia politika ikaika ma nā ʻāpana lāhui, hoʻomana, a me nā ʻāpana. Aia ʻo Nigeria ma waena o nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa loa o ka honua e pili ana i ka lāhui a me ka hoʻomana, a he moʻolelo lōʻihi o ka paʻa ʻole a me nā hakakā hoʻomana. Ua noho ʻo Nigeria i nā hui lehulehu mai ka manawa o kona kūʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 1960; ʻaneʻane 400 mau lāhui e noho ana ma laila me kekahi mau hui hoʻomana (Gamba, 2019). Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka poʻe he nui i ka emi ʻana o nā hakakā ethno-religious ma Nigeria, e piʻi aʻe ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana e pili pono ana nā ʻokoʻa ʻelua i kekahi. Ke noiʻi nei kēia pepa i ka pilina ma waena o nā kūlana socio-economic o Nigeria a me nā hakakā ethno-religious i hopena i ka make ʻana o nā kamaʻāina hala ʻole.
ʻO nā mea hoʻololi ʻelua i aʻo ʻia ma kēia pepa ʻo ia ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka make make. ʻO ka Gross Domestic Product ka huina kālā a waiwai kūʻai paha o nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe i hana ʻia e ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina no hoʻokahi makahiki. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e hōʻike i ke olakino waiwai o ka ʻāina (Bondarenko, 2017). ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, ʻoku ʻuhinga ʻa e tokolahi ʻo e maté ki he “ngofua ʻo e kakaí ʻoku nau maté koeʻuhí ko ha meʻa ʻi ha meʻa ʻo ha tau pe ha fakatupulaki” (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020). No laila, ua kūkākūkā kēia pepa i ka nui o ka make ma muli o nā hakakā ethno-religious ma Nigeria, ʻoiai e nānā ana i kona pilina me ka ulu ʻana o ka socio-economic o ka ʻāina.
Pūʻulu Moʻomanaʻo
Ethnicity and Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Nigeria
ʻO nā paio hoʻomana a Nigeria e kū nei mai ka makahiki 1960, ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka make o ka poʻe hala ʻole. Ua piʻi ka maluhia o ka ʻāina, ka ʻilihune loa, a me ka nui o ka nele i ka hana; no laila, mamao loa ka ʻāina mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pōmaikaʻi waiwai (Gamba, 2019). ʻO nā hakakā ethno-religious he kumu kūʻai nui i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Nigeria i ko lākou kōkua ʻana i ka fluctuation, disintegration, a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai (Çancı & Odukoya, 2016).
ʻO ka ʻike lāhui ka kumu koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike ma Nigeria, a ʻo nā hui nui ka Igbo e noho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao hema hema, ʻo Yoruba ma ke komohana hema, a me ka Hausa-Fulani ma ka ʻākau. ʻO ka māhele ʻana o nā lāhui he nui ka hopena i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ke aupuni no ka mea he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka politika lāhui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻāina (Gamba, 2019). Eia naʻe, ke hana nei nā hui hoʻomana i nā pilikia ma mua o nā lāhui. ʻO nā hoʻomana nui ʻelua ʻo Islam ma ka ʻākau a me ka Kristiano ma ka hema. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Genyi (2017) "ʻo ke kikowaena o nā ʻano lāhui a me ka hoʻomana i ka politika a me nā kamaʻilio aupuni ma Nigeria ua mau i ka ʻike ma kēlā me kēia pae o ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻāina" (p. 137). No ka laʻana, makemake ka poʻe koa ma ke kūkulu ʻākau e hoʻokō i kahi theocracy Islam e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i ka wehewehe radical o Islam. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mahiʻai a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka hoʻomalu ʻana paha e ʻae i ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki e holomua i ka pilina ma waena o nā lāhui a me nā hoʻomana (Genyi, 2017).
Nā pilina ma waena o nā hakakā Ethno-Religious a me ka ulu waiwai ma Nigeria
Ua hoʻokomo ʻo John Smith Will i ka manaʻo o "plural centric" e hoʻomaopopo i ka pilikia ethno-religious (Taras & Ganguly, 2016). Ua hāpai ʻia kēia manaʻo i ke kenekulia 17, a ua hoʻomohala hou ʻo JS Furnivall, kahi mea hoʻokele waiwai Pelekane (Taras & Ganguly, 2016). I kēia lā, wehewehe kēia ʻano i ka ʻaha kanaka i māhele ʻia ma kahi kokoke e hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokele manuahi a hōʻike i ka nele o ka pilina pili. I kēia hihia, hoʻolaha mau ka hoʻomana a i ʻole ka lāhui i ka makaʻu o ke aupuni. Loaʻa nā manaʻo like ʻole e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me nā hakakā ʻano hoʻomana. Ma Nigeria, paʻakikī ka ʻike ʻana i kekahi pilikia lāhui i pau ʻole i ka hakakā hoʻomana. Ke alakaʻi nei ka manaʻo nui a me ka hoʻomana i ka nationalism, kahi e makemake ai nā lālā o kēlā me kēia hui haipule i ka mana ma luna o ka politika kino (Genyi, 2017). ʻO kekahi o nā kumu o nā hakakā hoʻomana ma Nigeria ʻo ka hoʻomana hoʻomana (Ugorji, 2017). ʻAʻole ʻike kekahi poʻe Mahometa i ka pono o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano, a ʻaʻole ʻike kekahi mau Kalikiano i ka Islam ma ke ʻano he hoʻomana kūpono, ʻo ia ka hopena i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka blackmail o kēlā me kēia hui hoʻomana (Salawu, 2010).
ʻO ka nele i ka hana, ka hana ʻino, a me ka pono ʻole e puka mai ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka palekana ma muli o nā hakakā ethno-religious (Alegbeleye, 2014). Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻoiai e piʻi ana ka waiwai o ka honua, ke piʻi nei ka nui o nā paio ma nā hui. Ma kahi kokoke i 18.5 miliona mau kānaka i make ma waena o 1960 a me 1995 ma muli o nā hakakā ethno-religious ma nā ʻāina ulu o ʻApelika a me Asia (Iyoboyi, 2014). Ma ke ʻano o Nigeria, ʻo kēia mau hakakā hoʻomana e hōʻeha i ka hoʻomohala waiwai a me ka nohona o ka lāhui. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o nā Mahometa a me nā Karistiano ua hoʻemi i ka huahana o ka lāhui a ua keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻohui ʻāina (Nwaomah, 2011). ʻO nā pilikia socio-economic i loko o ka ʻāina ua hoʻonāukiuki i nā hakakā koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka poʻe Mahometa a me nā Karistiano, kahi e hoʻokomo ai i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka hoʻokele waiwai; ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo nā pilikia socio-economic ke kumu o nā hakakā hoʻomana (Nwaomah, 2011).
ʻO nā paio ethno-religious ma Nigeria ke kāohi nei i nā hoʻokele waiwai ma ka ʻāina a ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka pilikia hoʻokele waiwai (Nwaomah, 2011). Hoʻopilikia kēia mau hakakā i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Nigeria ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka palekana, ka hilinaʻi like ʻole, a me ka hoʻokae. ʻO nā hakakā hoʻomana e hōʻemi i ka manawa o nā hoʻopukapuka kūloko a me waho (Lenshie, 2020). Hoʻonui ka palekana i nā kūlana politika a me nā kānalua e hoʻonāwaliwali i nā hoʻokomo kālā o nā'āina'ē; no laila, nele ka lāhui i ka hoʻokele waiwai. Hoʻolaha ka hopena o nā pilikia hoʻomana a puni ka ʻāina a hoʻopau i ka lokahi o ka nohona (Ugorji, 2017).
Nā Kūʻē ʻEthno-Religious, Poverty, a me Socio-Economic Development
ʻO ka hoʻokele waiwai o Nigeria ka nui o ka hilinaʻi i ka hana ʻana o ka aila a me ke kinoea. He kanaiwa pākēneka o ka loaʻa kālā i waho o Nigeria mai ke kālepa ʻana i ka aila ʻaila. Ua loaʻa iā Nigeria kahi hoʻokele waiwai ma hope o ke kaua kīwila, kahi i hoʻoholo ai i nā hakakā ethno-religious ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka pae o ka ʻilihune ma ka ʻāina (Lenshie, 2020). He multidimensional ka ʻilihune ma Nigeria i ka wā i komo ai ka poʻe i nā hakakā ethno-religious i mea e loaʻa ai kahi ola (Nnabuihe & Onwuzuruigbo, 2019). Ke piʻi nei ka nele i ka hana ma ka ʻāina, a ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai hiki ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻilihune. Hiki i ka nui o ke kālā ke hāʻawi i nā kamaʻāina e noho maluhia i ko lākou kaiāulu (Iyoboyi, 2014). E kōkua pū ana kēia i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kula a me nā halemai e hoʻohuli i ka ʻōpio hakakā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nohona (Olusakin, 2006).
Aia kahi paio o ke ʻano ʻokoʻa ma kēlā me kēia wahi o Nigeria. Ke kū nei ka ʻāina ʻo Delta i nā hakakā i loko o kāna mau lāhui ma luna o ka mālama ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai (Amiara et al., 2020). Ua hoʻoweliweli kēia mau hakakā i ke kūpaʻa kūloko a he hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka ʻōpio e noho ana ma ia wahi. Ma ka ʻāina ʻākau, aia nā hakakā ethno-hoʻomana a me nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa like ʻole e pili ana i nā kuleana ʻāina pākahi (Nnabuihe & Onwuzuruigbo, 2019). Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina, ke alo nei ka poʻe i nā pae he nui o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma muli o ke aupuni politika o kekahi mau pūʻulu (Amiara et al., 2020). No laila, kōkua ka ʻilihune a me ka mana i nā paio ma kēia mau wahi, a hiki i ka hoʻomohala waiwai ke hōʻemi i kēia mau paio.
ʻO nā hakakā pilikanaka a me ka hoʻomana ma Nigeria no ka nele i ka hana a me ka ʻilihune, kahi pilina ikaika a kōkua i nā hakakā ethno-religious (Salawu, 2010). He kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻilihune ma ke kūkulu ʻākau ma muli o nā hakakā hoʻomana a me ka pilikanaka (Ugorji, 2017; Genyi, 2017). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kipi a me ka ʻilihune o nā ʻāina kuaʻāina, kahi e neʻe ai nā ʻoihana i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻApelika (Etim et al., 2020). Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi kēia i ka hana ʻana i ka hana ma ka ʻāina.
Loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā hakakā Ethno-religious i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Nigeria, ka mea e emi ai ka maikaʻi o ka ʻāina no nā hoʻopukapuka. ʻOiai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waihona waiwai kūlohelohe, ua lohi ka ʻāina ma muli o kona mau pilikia kūloko (Abdulkadir, 2011). ʻO ke kumukūʻai hoʻokele waiwai o nā hakakā ma Nigeria he mea nui loa ma muli o ka moʻolelo lōʻihi o nā hakakā ethno-religious. Aia ka emi ʻana o nā ʻano kālepa ma waena o nā ʻohana koʻikoʻi, a ʻo kēia kālepa ke kumu kumu o ke ola no ka nui o nā kānaka (Amiara et al., 2020). ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Nigeria ka mea hoʻolako nui i nā hipa, nā aniani, nā pī, a me nā ʻōmato i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā hakakā ʻano hoʻomana, ua emi ka lawe ʻana o kēia mau waiwai. Ke kū nei ka poʻe mahiʻai ma ka ʻākau i nā lono no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻawaʻawa e kūʻai ʻia ana i nā poʻe hema. Hoʻopilikia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona āpau i ke kālepa maluhia ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua (Odoh et al., 2014).
Aia ke kūʻokoʻa o ka hoʻomana ma Nigeria, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻohe hoʻomana hoʻomana. No laila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi Kalikiano a i ʻole ka mokuʻāina Islam ʻaʻole ia he kūʻokoʻa hoʻomana no ka mea ke kau nei i kahi hoʻomana kikoʻī. Pono ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka mokuʻāina a me ka hoʻomana e hōʻemi i nā hakakā hoʻomana kūloko (Odoh et al., 2014). Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o nā Muslim a me nā Karistiano ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole lawa ke kūʻokoʻa hoʻomana e hōʻoia i ka maluhia (Etim et al., 2020).
Nui nā waiwai kūlohelohe a me nā kānaka o Nigeria, a ʻo ka ʻāina a hiki i 400 mau lāhui (Salawu, 2010). Eia nō naʻe, ke kū nei ka ʻāina i ka nui o ka ʻilihune ma muli o kāna mau hakakā ʻano hoʻomana kūloko. Hoʻopilikia kēia mau hakakā i nā ola pilikino o nā kānaka a hoʻemi i ka huahana waiwai o Nigerian. Hoʻopilikia nā hakakā ethno-religious i kēlā me kēia māhele o ka hoʻokele waiwai, kahi i hiki ʻole ai iā Nigeria ke loaʻa ka hoʻokele waiwai me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā hakakā a me ka hoʻomana (Nwaomah, 2011). No ka laʻana, ua hoʻopilikia pū nā kipi a me ka hoʻomana i ka mākaʻikaʻi ma ka ʻāina. I kēia mau lā, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi e kipa aku i Nigeria i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina (Achimugu et al., 2020). Ua hoʻonāukiuki kēia mau pilikia i ka ʻōpio a hoʻokomo iā lākou i loko o ka hana ʻino. Ke piʻi nei ka nui o ka nele o ka ʻōpio me ka piʻi ʻana o nā hakakā ethno-religious ma Nigeria (Odoh et al., 2014).
Ua ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi ma muli o ke kālā kanaka, ka mea i hoʻolōʻihi i ka nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, aia kahi manawa liʻiliʻi no nā ʻāina e hoʻōla koke mai nā pōʻai waiwai (Audu et al., 2020). Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā waiwai waiwai ke kōkua i ka pōmaikaʻi o ka poʻe ma Nigeria, akā e hōʻemi pū kekahi i nā paio like ʻole. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā loli maikaʻi i ka hoʻomohala hoʻokele waiwai hiki ke hōʻemi i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ke kālā, ʻāina, a me nā kumu waiwai (Achimugu et al., 2020).
Ke Koʻikoʻo
Ke Kaʻina Hana a me ke Kaʻina Hana / Manaʻo
Ua hoʻohana kēia haʻawina i kahi ʻano noiʻi quantitative, ʻo ka Bivariate Pearson Correlation. ʻO ke kikoʻī, ua nānā ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me nā helu make i hopena mai nā pilikia hoʻomana ethno-religious ma Nigeria. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili 2011 a 2019 Gross Domestic Product mai Trading Economics a me World Bank, aʻo ka ʻikepili o ka make ʻana o Nigerian ma muli o nā hakakā ethno-religious i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka Nigeria Security Tracker ma lalo o ka Council on Foreign Relations. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili no kēia noiʻi mai nā kumu kula kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻia i ka honua. No ka ʻike ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā mea hoʻololi ʻelua no kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hana loiloi helu SPSS.
Hoʻopuka ka Bivariate Pearson Correlation i kahi hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike, r, ka mea e ana i ka ikaika a me ke kuhikuhi o ka pilina laina ma waena o nā pālua o nā mea hoʻololi mau (Kent State, 2020). ʻO ia hoʻi, ma kēia pepa ua kōkua ka Bivariate Pearson Correlation i ka loiloi ʻana i nā hōʻike ʻikepili no ka pilina laina ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka heluna kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka make Toll. No laila, no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hōʻike koʻikoʻi ʻelua huelo, ʻo ke kuhiakau null (H0) a me nā kuhiakau ʻē aʻe (H1) o ka ho'āʻo koʻikoʻi no ka Correlation ua hōʻike ʻia e like me nā manaʻo ma lalo nei, kahi ρ ʻo ia ka helu helu helu kanaka:
- H0: ρ= 0 e hōʻike ana i ka helu hoʻohui (Gross Domestic Product and Death Toll) he 0; ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe hui.
- H1: ρʻO ≠ 0 e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole 0 ka helu hoʻohui (Gross Domestic Product and Death Toll); ʻo ia hoʻi he hui.
'Ikepili
Papa 1: Nā kumu ʻikepili mai Trading Economics/World Bank (Gross Domestic Product); ʻO Nigeria Security Tracker ma lalo o ka Council on Foreign Relations (Death).
Kiʻi 1. Ka nui o ka make ʻana o nā ʻEthno-Religious e nā mokuʻāina ma Nigeria mai 2011 a i 2019
Kiʻi 2. Ka nui o ka make ʻana o nā Ethno-Religious ma nā Geopolitical Zones ma Nigeria mai 2011 a i 2019
Results
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hoʻoponopono i kahi hui maikaʻi ma waena o ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka helu o nā make (APA: r(9) = 0.766, p <.05). 'O ia ho'i, ua pili pono nā mea ho'ololi 'elua i kekahi i kekahi; akā naʻe, hiki i ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka ke hopena ma kekahi ʻano a i ʻole kekahi. No laila, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka Nigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP), piʻi aʻe ka nui o nā make ma muli o nā hakakā ethno-religious (E nānā i ka Papa 3). Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili hoʻololi no nā makahiki 2011 a 2019.
Papa 2: Hāʻawi kēia i kahi hōʻuluʻulu holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻikepili, e pili ana i ka huina o kēlā me kēia mea / mau mea hoʻololi, a me ka mean a me ka deviation maʻamau o Nigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka nui o ka make no ka helu o nā makahiki i hoʻohana ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana.
Papa 3. Ka pilina hope ma waena o ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka make make (APA: r(9) = 0.766, p <.05).
ʻO kēia ka hopena pili maoli. Ua helu ʻia a ʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili ʻo Nigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka make ʻana me ka polokalamu SPSS. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā hopena penei:
- ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka Huahana Kūloko Nui (GDP) me ia iho (r=1), a me ka helu o nā ʻike i hala ʻole no GDP (n=9).
- ʻO ka Correlation of GDP and Death Toll (r=0.766), ma muli o n=9 nānā me ka lua ʻole nā kumu waiwai.
- ʻO ka pilina o ka make ʻana me ia iho (r=1), a me ka helu o nā ʻike i hala ʻole no ke kaumaha (n=9).
Mahele 1. Hōʻike ka pakuhi scatterplot i ka pilina maikaʻi ma waena o nā mea hoʻololi ʻelua, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka make ʻana. ʻO nā laina i hana ʻia mai ka ʻikepili i loaʻa kahi slope maikaʻi. No laila, aia kahi pilina laina maikaʻi ma waena o ka GDP a me ka make make.
kūkākūkā
Ma muli o kēia mau hopena, hiki ke hoʻoholo:
- He pilina laina koʻikoʻi ko ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka make Toll (p <.05).
- He maikaʻi ke kuhikuhi o ka pilina, ʻo ia hoʻi, pili maikaʻi ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka make make. I kēia hihia, hoʻonui pū kēia mau ʻano hoʻololi (ʻo ia hoʻi, pili ka GDP nui me ka nui o ka make make).
- ʻO ka R squared o ka hui ma kahi o ka haʻahaʻa (.3 < | r | < .5).
Ua noiʻi kēia haʻawina i ka pilina ma waena o ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me nā hakakā ethno-religious, i hopena i ka make ʻana o ka poʻe hala ʻole. ʻO ka huina nui o Nigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) mai 2011 a 2019 he $4,035,000,000,000, a ʻo ka nui o nā make mai nā mokuʻāina 36 a me ka Federal Capital Territory (FCT) he 63,771. Kū'ē i ka manaʻo mua o ka mea noiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) e hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka make (inversely proportional), ua hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina he pilina maikaʻi ma waena o nā kumu socio-economic a me ka nui o nā make. Ua hōʻike kēia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP), piʻi pū ka nui o ka make (Chart 2).
Papa 2: Hōʻike kiʻi kiʻi o ka pilina pili pono ma waena o ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP) a me ka nui o ka make o Nigeria mai 2011 a 2019. ʻO ka laina polū e hōʻike ana i ka Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a ʻo ka laina ʻalani e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka make. Mai ka pakuhi, hiki i ka mea noiʻi ke ʻike i ka piʻi a me ka hāʻule ʻana o nā mea hoʻololi ʻelua i ko lākou neʻe like ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao like. Hōʻike kēia i ka Correlation maikaʻi e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 3.
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka pakuhi e Frank Swiontek.
Manaʻo, Manaʻo, Manaʻo
Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i ka pilina ma waena o nā hakakā ethno-religious a me ka hoʻomohala waiwai ma Nigeria, e like me ke kākoʻo ʻia e ka palapala. Inā hoʻonui ka ʻāina i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai a kaulike i ka waihona kālā makahiki a me nā kumuwaiwai ma waena o nā wahi, hiki ke kiʻekiʻe ka hiki ke hōʻemi i nā paio ethno-religious. Inā hoʻoikaika ke aupuni i kāna mau kulekele a hoʻomalu i nā lāhui a me nā hui hoʻomana, a laila hiki ke hoʻomaluʻia nā paio kūloko. Pono nā hoʻoponopono kulekele no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hana lāhui a me ka hoʻomana o ka ʻāina, a pono ke aupuni ma nā pae āpau e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau hoʻoponopono. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohana hewa ʻia ka hoʻomana, a na nā alakaʻi hoʻomana e aʻo i ka lehulehu e ʻae kekahi i kekahi. ʻAʻole pono ka ʻōpio e komo i loko o ka hana ʻino e kū mai ana ma muli o nā hakakā lāhui a me ka hoʻomana. Pono nā kānaka a pau e komo i loko o nā hui kālai'āina o ka ʻāina, a ʻaʻole pono ke aupuni e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kumuwaiwai e pili ana i nā lāhui i makemake ʻia. Pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā haʻawina hoʻonaʻauao, a pono ke aupuni e hoʻokomo i kekahi kumuhana e pili ana i nā kuleana civic. Pono nā haumāna e ʻike i ka hana ʻino a me kona hopena no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nohona pili kanaka. Pono ke aupuni e hoʻoulu i nā mea hoʻopukapuka hou aʻe i ka ʻāina i hiki iā ia ke lanakila i ka pilikia hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina.
Inā hōʻemi ʻo Nigeria i kāna pilikia hoʻokele waiwai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manawa e hōʻemi ai i nā hakakā ethno-hoʻomana. Ma ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā hopena o ka noiʻi, e hōʻike ana he pilina ma waena o nā hakakā ethno-religious a me ka uluʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, hiki ke hanaʻia nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana no nā manaʻo i nā ala e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ka maluhia a me ka hoʻomohala mau i Nigeria.
ʻO nā kumu nui o nā hakakā ʻo ia ka lāhui a me ka hoʻomana, a ʻo nā hakakā hoʻomana nui ma Nigeria ua hoʻopilikia i ka nohona pili kanaka, hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka politika. Ua hoʻopilikia kēia mau paio i ka lokahi o ka nohona ma nā kaiāulu Nigerian a ua hoʻonele ʻia lākou i ka ʻoihana. ʻO ka hoʻomāinoino ma muli o nā ʻano lāhui a me nā hakakā hoʻomana i hoʻopau i ka maluhia, ka pōmaikaʻi, a me ka hoʻomohala waiwai ma Nigeria.
E hoʻomaopopo '
Abdulkadir, A. (2011). He diary o nā pilikia ethno-religious ma Nigeria: Nā kumu, nā hopena a me nā hopena. Ka Pepa Hana o ke Kanawai o Princeton a me ke Aupuni. https://ssrn.com/Abstract=2040860
Achimugu, H., Ifatimehin, OO, & Daniel, M. (2020). ʻO ka hoʻomana hoʻomana, hoʻomaha ʻōpio a me ka palekana aupuni ma Kaduna North-West Nigeria. KIU Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1), 81-101.
Alegbeleye, GI (2014). ʻO ka pilikia ethno-religious a me ka hoʻomohala socio-economic ma Nigeria: Nā pilikia, nā pilikia a me ke ala i mua. Nūpepa no nā Kulekele a me nā Haʻawina Hoʻomohala, 9(1), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.12816/0011188
Amiara, SA, Okoro, IA, & Nwobi, OI (2020). ʻO nā hakakā ethno-religious a me ke kumu kumu no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ulu waiwai o Nigeria, 1982-2018. Nūpepa Noiʻi ʻAmelika no nā Humanities & Social Science, 3(1), 28-35.
Audu, IM, & Ibrahim, M. (2020). ʻO nā hopena o ke kipi o Boko-Haram, nā hakakā ethnoreligious a me ka socio-political e pili ana i nā pilina kaiāulu ma Michika kūloko aupuni aupuni, ka mokuʻāina ʻo Adamawa, ʻākau hikina. Ka Nupepa International of Creative and Innovation Research in All Areas, 2(8), 61-69.
Bondarenko, P. (2017). Hua kūʻai kūloko. Ua kiʻi ʻia mai https://www.britannica.com/topic/gross-domestic-product
ʻO Cambridge Dictionary. (2020). Ka nui o ka make: Wehewehena ma ka Cambridge English Dictionary. Ua kiʻi ʻia mai https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/death-toll
Çancı, H., & Odukoya, OA (2016). ʻO nā pilikia lāhui a me ka hoʻomana ma Nigeria: kahi hōʻike kikoʻī ma luna o nā ʻike (1999-2013). ʻApelika no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hakakā, 16(1), 87-110.
Etim, E., Otu, DO, & Edidiong, JE (2020). ʻO ka ʻike ethno-religious a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka maluhia ma Nigeria: kahi hoʻolālā kulekele aupuni. Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Developmental Studies, 3(1).
Gamba, SL (2019). Nā hopena waiwai o nā paio ethno-religious ma ka hoʻokele waiwai o Nigeria. Ka Nūpepa International no ka ʻImi Hoʻokele a me ka Manaʻo, 9(1).
Genyi, GA (2017). ʻO nā ʻano lāhui a me ka hoʻomana e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka hoʻokūkū ʻana no nā kumu waiwai ʻāina: The Tiv-farmers and pastoralists hakakā ma waena o Nigeria a hiki i 2014. Ka Nupepa o ka Noho Hookahi, 4(5), 136-151.
Iyoboyi, M. (2014). Ka ulu waiwai a me nā paio: Hōʻike mai Nigeria. Nūpepa no ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau ʻana, 5(2), 116-144.
Mokuʻāina ʻo Kent. (2020). Nā ʻōlelo aʻo SPSS: Hoʻoponopono ʻo Pearson Bivariate. Lawe ʻia mai https://libguides.library.kent.edu/SPSS/PearsonCorr
Lenshie, NE (2020). ʻO ka ʻike ethno-religious a me nā pilina pili waena: ʻO ka ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai ʻole, nā pilina pili waiwai Igbo, a me nā pilikia palekana ma ka ʻākau o Nigeria. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 14(1), 75-105.
Nnabuihe, OE, & Onwuzuruigbo, I. (2019). ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka maʻi: Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā wahi āpau a me nā hakakā ethno-religious ma Jos metropolis, North-Central Nigeria. Ka Buke o Nā Manaʻo Hoʻolālā, 36(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2019.1708782
Nwaomah, SM (2011). Nā pilikia hoʻomana ma Nigeria: Hōʻike, hopena a me ke ala i mua. Nūpepa o ka Sociology, Psychology and Anthropology in Practice, 3(2), 94-104. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i6/4206.
Odoh, L., Odigbo, BE, & Okonkwo, RV (2014). ʻO nā kumukūʻai hoʻokele waiwai o nā hakakā kaiapuni ma Nigeria a me ka antidote pili aupuni no ka mālama ʻana i ka pilikia. Ka Nupepa International of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(12).
Olusakin, A. (2006). Ka maluhia ma ka Niger-Delta: Hoʻomohala waiwai a me ka politika o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka aila. Ka Nupepa International no ka Maluhia o ka Honua, 23(2), 3-34. Ua kiʻi ʻia mai www.jstor.org/stable/20752732
Salawu, B. (2010). ʻO nā hakakā ethno-religious ma Nigeria: Ka nānā ʻana i ke kumu a me nā noi no nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele hou. ʻEuopa Nupepa o ka ʻepekema Social, 13(3), 345-353.
Ugorji, B. (2017). ʻO ka hakakā Ethno-Religious ma Nigeria: Ka nānā a me ka hoʻoholo. Ka Nupepa no ka noho pu ana, 4-5(1), 164-192.
