ʻO Hindutva ma USA: Ka Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka Hoʻolaha ʻana i nā Kūʻē Lahui a Hoʻomana

kāʻei kua

ʻO India kahi lāhui like ʻole o 1.38 biliona. Me ka hapa nui o kāna Muslim i manaʻo ʻia he 200 miliona, ua manaʻo ʻia paha ka manaʻo kālai'āina o India e komo i ka pluralism ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kona ʻano ʻo "ke aupuni demokala nui loa o ka honua." ʻO ka mea pōʻino, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka politika o India i mea hoʻokaʻawale a me ka Islamophobic.

No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kāna kamaʻilio kālaiʻāina a me ka moʻomeheu hoʻokaʻawale, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomanaʻo i 200 mau makahiki o ka noho aliʻi ʻana o ka colonial Pelekania, ma mua e ka British East India Company a laila e ka British Crown. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokaʻawale ke koko 1947 Partition of India a me Pakistan i ka ʻāina ma nā laina o ka ʻike hoʻomana, ka hopena i nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka haunaele ma waena o India a me kona hoalauna, ʻo Pakistan, he lāhui me ka nui o ka poʻe Muslim he 220 miliona.

ʻO "Hindutva" kahi manaʻo supremacist e like me ka lāhui Hindu hou e kū'ē ana i ka secularism a me ka manaʻo ʻana iā India he "Hindu Rashtra (lāhui)." ʻO Hindutva ke kumu alakaʻi o ka Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), he ʻēheu ʻākau, Hindu nationalist, hui paramilitary i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1925 i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi pūnaewele nui o nā hui ʻēheu ʻākau, me ka Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) i loaʻa. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Hindutva i ke aupuni o India mai ka makahiki 2014. ʻAʻole hoʻopiʻi wale ʻo Hindutva i ka Brahmin caste kiʻekiʻe e ʻimi nei e paʻa i ka pono akā ua hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he populist neʻe e hoʻopiʻi ana i "ka waena haʻalele ʻole. ^[1]. "

ʻOiai ʻo ke kumukānāwai post-colonial o India e pāpā ana i ka hoʻokae ʻana ma muli o ke ʻano o ka caste, ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻōnaehana caste i kahi moʻomeheu moʻomeheu ma India, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia i loko o nā hui koʻikoʻi politika. ʻO ka hana ʻino a me ka pepehi kanaka ke wehewehe ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke ʻano o ka caste. ʻO ka mea kākau India, ʻo Devdutt Pattanaik, wehewehe pehea "Ua hoʻoikaika maikaʻi ʻo Hindutva i nā waihona balota Hindu ma o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka caste a me ke kumu Islamophobia a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka nationalism." A ua hoʻopau ʻo Professor Harish S. Wankhede^[2], "ʻAʻole makemake ka ʻāpana ʻēheu ʻākau i kēia manawa e hoʻopilikia i ka normative social functional. Akā, hoʻopololei ka poʻe kākoʻo Hindutva i ka hoʻokaʻawale caste, paipai i nā waiwai pilikino patriarchal a hoʻolauleʻa i nā waiwai moʻomeheu Brahmanical.

Ke hoʻonui nei, ua pilikia nā kaiāulu liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻomana hoʻomana a me ka hōʻino ma lalo o ke aupuni BJP hou. ʻO ka manaʻo nui loa, ua ʻike ka poʻe Muslim India i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻia e nā alakaʻi i koho ʻia mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hoʻolaha hoʻomāinoino pūnaewele a me ka hoʻokele waiwai ʻana o nā ʻoihana Muslim i ke kāhea ʻana i ka pepehi kanaka e kekahi mau alakaʻi Hindu. Ua komo ka hana hoʻomāinoino anti-minority i ka lynching a me ka vigilantism.^[3]

Ma kahi pae kulekele, hoʻokomo ʻia ka nationalism Hindu exclusionary i loko o India's 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), ka mea e hoʻoweliweli nei e hoʻopau i nā miliona o ka poʻe Muslim no Bengali. E like me ka ʻōlelo a ka US Commission on International Freedom, "Hāʻawi ʻo CAA i kahi ala wikiwiki no ka poʻe malihini mai Muslim mai Afghanistan, Bangladesh, a me Pakistan e noi ai a loaʻa i ke kamaʻāina India. Hāʻawi maoli ke kānāwai i nā poʻe o nā kaiāulu i koho ʻia, non-Muslim i kēia mau ʻāina i ke kūlana puʻuhonua i loko o India a mālama i ke ʻano o ka 'illegal migrant' no nā Muslim wale nō.^[4] ʻO ka poʻe Muslim Rohingya e holo ana i ka pepehi kanaka ma Myanmar a noho i Jammu ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia me ka hana ʻino a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana e nā alakaʻi BJP.^[5] Ua hoʻopilikia ʻia a paʻa ʻia nā mea hana anti-CAA, nā mea nūpepa a me nā haumāna.

Hoʻolaha ʻia ka manaʻo Hindutva e nā hui lehulehu ma kahi liʻiliʻi o 40 mau ʻāina a puni ka honua, i alakaʻi ʻia e nā kākoʻo o ka ʻaoʻao kālai'āina hoʻomalu o India a me ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Narendra Modi. ʻO Sangh Parivar ("ʻOhana o ka RSS") he huaʻōlelo umbrella no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā hui nationalist Hindu e komo pū ana me ka Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, a i ʻole "World Hindu Organization,") i kapa ʻia e CIA ma ke ʻano he hui hoʻomana militant ma kāna Honua. Ke komo ʻana o Factbook 2018^[6] no Inia. Ke koi nei e "pale" i ka hoʻomana a me ka moʻomeheu Hindu, ua hana ka ʻēheu ʻōpio VHP ʻo Bajrang Dal i nā hana kolohe.^[7] ke kuhikuhi nei i nā Muslim India a ua helu pū ʻia ʻo ia he pūʻali koa. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ka Factbook i kēia manawa, aia nā hōʻike ma ʻAukake 2022 e hoʻonohonoho ana ʻo Bajrang Dal i ka "hoʻomaʻamaʻa mea kaua no nā Hindu."^[8]

Eia naʻe, nui nā hui ʻē aʻe i hoʻolaha i ka Hindutva nationalist kuanaʻike ma India a me ka honua. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America (VHPA) hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke kānāwai mai ka VHP ma India nāna i hoʻoulu i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka Mosque Babri mōʻaukala i ka makahiki 1992 a me ka hana hoʻomāinoino lehulehu i ukali ʻia.^[9] Akā naʻe, ua kākoʻo maopopo ʻo ia i nā alakaʻi VHP e hāpai ana i ka hana ʻino. No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2021 ua kono ka VHPA iā Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, ke kahuna nui o ka luakini ʻo Dasna Devi ma Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, a me ke alakaʻi o Hindu Swabhiman (Hindu Self-Respect), e lilo i mea haʻiʻōlelo hanohano i kahi ʻahaʻaina hoʻomana. Ma waena o nā mea hoʻonāukiuki ʻē aʻe, kaulana ʻo Saraswati no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka poʻe Hindu nationalist pepehi kanaka o Mahatma Gandhi, a no ke kāhea ʻana i nā Mahometa he daimonio.^[10] Ua koi ʻia ka VHPA e hoʻopau i kā lākou kono ma hope o kahi palapala noi #RejectHate, akā ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hui, e like me Sonal Shah, ua koho ʻia i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka Biden Administration.^[11]

Ma India, ʻo Rashtrasevika Samiti ka ʻēheu wahine, ma lalo o ka hui kāne o RSS. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) ma USA, e hoʻomaka me ka ʻike ʻole i ka hopena o 1970s a laila hoʻohui ʻia i ka makahiki 1989, ʻoiai e hana ana ma luna o 150 mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe me ka manaʻo o 3289 mau lālā.^[12]. Ma USA, hōʻike ʻia a hoʻolaha ʻia nā waiwai Hindutva e ka Hindu American Foundation (HAF), kahi hui kākoʻo e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohewa ʻana iā Hindutva e like me ka Hinduphobia.^[13]

Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kēia mau hui, e hana ana i kahi ʻoihana ikaika o nā alakaʻi Hindutva a me nā influencers. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia loulou i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 2019 i ka hui Howdy Modi ma Houston, Texas, kahi manawa i loaʻa ai ka mana politika o ke kaiāulu Hindu ʻAmelika i ka manaʻo nui o ka media ma USA. Ke kū nei ʻo Pelekikena Trump a me ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Modi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kekahi i kekahi. Akā ʻo 'Howdy, Modi' i hōʻuluʻulu ʻaʻole wale ʻo Pelekikena Trump a me 50,000 ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, akā he nui nā poʻe kālai'āina, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Democratic House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer a me Texas Republican Senators John Cornyn lāua ʻo Ted Cruz.

E like me ka Intercept i hōʻike ʻia i kēlā manawa^[14], “ʻO ka noho o ke kōmike hoʻonohonoho 'Howdy, Modi', ʻo Jugal Malani, ʻo ia ke kaikoʻeke o ka hope pelekikena aupuni o ka HSS.^[15] a he kākā'ōlelo i ka Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation o USA^[16], he hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaʻauao ʻole nona ka hoa India e pili pū ana me kahi kikowaena RSS. ʻO ke keiki kāne a Malani, ʻo Rishi Bhutada*, ʻo ia ke poʻo waha ʻōlelo o ka hanana a he lālā o ka papa o ka Hindu American Foundation.^[17], i ʻike ʻia no kāna mau hana hoʻomāinoino e hoʻoikaika i nā kamaʻilio politika ma India a me Hindu. ʻO kekahi mea haʻi'ōlelo, ʻo Gitesh Desai, ka pelekikena^[18] o ka mokuna o Houston o Sewa International, he hui lawelawe i pili i ka HSS.

Ma kahi pepa noiʻi koʻikoʻi a kikoʻī 2014^[19] ka palapala 'āina Hindutva ma USA, South Asia Citizens Web noiʻi ua wehewehe mua i ka Sangh Parivar (ka Sangh "ʻohana"), ka pūnaewele o nā pūʻulu ma ke alo o ka Hindutva neʻe, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he mau lālā i helu ʻia i nā miliona, a e hoʻolei ana i nā miliona miliona i nā hui aupuni ma India.

Me nā hui hoʻomana āpau, ua pālua ka heluna o India o Texas i nā makahiki he 10 i hala a kokoke i 450,000, akā ʻo ka hapa nui e noho pū me ka Democratic Party. Ka hopena o ka manawa Howdy Modi^[20] Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka kūleʻa o ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Modi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā manaʻo o India ma mua o nā mea hoihoi iā Pelekikena Donald Trump. ʻOi aku ka pro-Modi o ke kaiāulu ma mua o ka pro-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), e like me ka nui o nā malihini India.^[21] ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai India Hema kahi ʻaʻole i paʻa nui ka mana o Modi BJP. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ua kākoʻo ikaika kekahi mau alakaʻi Hindutva i ʻAmelika i ka pā palena ʻo Trump ma Texas, ke ulu nei ka nui o nā malihini India i ka palena hema.^[22], a me kāna mau kulekele paʻakikī e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana - ʻoi aku ka palena o nā visa H1-B, a me ka hoʻolālā e wehe i ka poʻe paʻa visa H-4 (mau hoa kāne o ka poʻe paʻa visa H1-B) i ke kuleana e hana-ua hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui o ke kaiāulu. "Ua hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻōiwi Hindu ma ʻAmelika i ko lākou kūlana liʻiliʻi e pale iā lākou iho i ke kākoʻo ʻana i kahi neʻe supremacist majoritarian ma India," e like me Dieter Friedrich, kahi mea loiloi no Asia Hema i haʻi ʻia e Intercept.^[23] Ma India a me ʻAmelika, ua hoʻolaha nā alakaʻi aupuni mokuʻāina i ka politika nui e hoʻopiʻi i kā lākou poʻe koho.^[24]

E like me kā ka mea kākau moʻolelo Sonia Paul i kākau ai ma The Atlantic,^[25] "ʻO Radha Hegde, he kumu aʻoaʻo o ke Kulanui o New York a me ka luna hoʻoponopono o ka Routledge Handbook of the Indian Diaspora, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Modi's Houston rally ma ke ʻano he mākaʻikaʻi i kahi koho balota ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika. 'I kēia manawa o ka lāhui Hindu,' ua haʻi mai ʻo ia iaʻu, 'Ua hoʻāla ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he Hindu ʻAmelika. ka manaʻo lāhui. Eia nō naʻe ke hopohopo nui nei ka hana ʻana o kēia "ala" i nā pule wale nō ma hope o ke kāʻili ʻana o ke aupuni Modi iā Jammu a me Kashmir i ko lākou mana kūʻokoʻa a waiho i ʻelua miliona mau Muslim i ka pilikia o ka noho ʻole ʻana ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Assam.^[26]

Kaua Moʻomeheu puke puke

E like me ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe ʻAmelika mai ka hoʻomau ʻia ʻana o nā "kuleana makua" a me ka Critical Race Theory (CRT) hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kaua haʻawina kula a hoʻohālikelike ʻia e nā kaua moʻomeheu nui o ka lāhui. ʻO ke kākau hou ʻana o ka mōʻaukala he mea koʻikoʻi ia o ka manaʻo kuʻuna Hindu a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o Hindutva i nā haʻawina e ʻike ʻia he mea hopohopo aupuni ma India a ma USA. ʻOiai ua makemake ʻia kekahi mau hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā Hindu, ua kālai ʻia ke kaʻina hana mai ka hoʻomaka.^[27]

I ka makahiki 2005, ua hoʻopiʻi ka poʻe hana Hindutva iā [nāna] e pale aku i nā "kiʻi ʻino" o ka caste mai ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o ka haʻawina.^[28]. E like me ka wehewehe ʻana o Equality Labs i kā lākou 2018 survey of caste ma ʻAmelika, "ʻo kā lākou hoʻoponopono e hoʻāʻo ana e holoi i ka huaʻōlelo" Dalit ", holoi i ke kumu o Caste ma ka palapala hemolele Hindu, ʻoiai i ka manawa like e hōʻemi ana i nā pilikia i Caste a me Brahmanism e Sikh, Buddhist, a me nā moʻomeheu Islam. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻāʻo lākou e hoʻolauna i nā kikoʻī moʻolelo i ka mōʻaukala o ka Indus Valley Civilization i ka wā e hoʻāʻo nei e hōʻino i ka Islam ma ke ʻano he hoʻomana hoʻomana hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ma Asia Hema.^[29]

No ka poʻe Hindu nationalists, ʻo ka wā kahiko o India he ʻano hiʻona hanohano i ukali ʻia e nā kenekulia o ka noho aliʻi Muslim a ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Modi i wehewehe ai he tausani makahiki o ka "kauā."^[30] Loaʻa i nā mea kākau moʻolelo hanohano e hoʻomau nei i ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi ʻike paʻakikī loa e loaʻa i ka hoʻomāinoino pūnaewele nui no nā manaʻo "anti-Hindu, anti-India". No ka laʻana, loaʻa iā Romila Thapar ka mea kākau moʻolelo koʻikoʻi he 89 mau makahiki i kahi kahe mau o ka hoʻopiʻi ponokala mai nā mea hahai Modi.^[31]

I ka makahiki 2016, ua hōʻole ke Kulanui o Kaleponi (Irvine) i ka hāʻawi kālā 6 miliona mai ka Dharma Civilization Foundation (DCF) ma hope o ka nui o nā loea hoʻonaʻauao i kau inoa i kahi palapala noi e ʻike ana ua hoʻāʻo nā hui DCF e hoʻolauna i nā loli pololei ʻole i nā puke kula papa ono o Kaleponi. e pili ana i ka Hindu^[32], a hōʻike i ka hopohopo e pili ana i kahi hōʻike media e hōʻike ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kulanui i ke koho ʻana i nā moho makemake a DCF. Ua ʻike ke kōmike kumu i ke kumu "hoʻoikaika nui ʻia" me nā "manaʻo ʻēheu ʻākau loa."^[33] Ma hope iho, hoʻolaha ka DCF i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻonui i hoʻokahi miliona kālā^[34] no ke Kulanui Hindu o ʻAmelika^[35], e hāʻawi ana i ke kākoʻo hoʻonaʻauao no nā poʻe ma nā kula hoʻonaʻauao i koho mua ʻia e ka Sangh, ma ke ʻano he ʻēheu hoʻonaʻauao o ka VHPA.

I ka makahiki 2020, ua nīnau nā mākua me nā makuahine e kūʻē i ke aʻo ʻana i ka inaina ma nā kula (Project-MATHS) i ke kumu o ka Epic heluhelu app, ka mea i loaʻa i nā kula aupuni a puni ka US i kā lākou papa aʻo, i hōʻike ʻia i kahi biography o ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Modi e hōʻike ana i kāna mau ʻōlelo hoʻopunipuni e pili ana i kāna. loaʻa i ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me kāna hoʻouka ʻana i ka ʻaha kūkā o Mahatma Gandhi.^[36]

Ua hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o nā haʻalulu. I ka hāʻule ʻana o 2021, ua hoʻonohonoho nā mea kākoʻo a me nā mea hoʻohewa o ke aupuni Modi i kahi hālāwai kūkā pūnaewele, Dismantling Global Hindutva, me nā panela ma ka ʻōnaehana caste, Islamophobia a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o Hinduism ka hoʻomana a me Hindutva ka manaʻo nui. Ua kākoʻo pū ʻia ka hanana e nā keʻena o nā kula ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 ʻAmelika, me Harvard a me Columbia. ʻO ka Hindu American Foundation a me nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka Hindutva movement i hōʻole i ka hanana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻano ʻino no nā haumāna Hindu.^[37] Ma kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi miliona mau leka uila i hoʻouna ʻia no ke kūʻē ʻana i nā kulanui, a ua hele ka pūnaewele hanana i waho no nā lā ʻelua ma hope o ka hoʻopiʻi hoʻopunipuni. I ka manawa i hana ʻia ai ka hanana i ka lā 10 o Kepakemapa, ua loaʻa i nā mea hoʻonohonoho a me nā mea haʻiʻōlelo i ka make a me ka hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli. Ma India, ua hoʻolaha nā kaila nūhou Pro-Modi i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ua hāʻawi ka ʻaha kūkā i kahi "uhi noʻonoʻo no ka Taliban."^[38]

Ua ʻōlelo nā hui Hindutva ua hoʻolaha ka hanana i ka "Hinduphobia." "Hoʻohana lākou i ka ʻōlelo o ka multiculturalism ʻAmelika e hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohewa e like me Hinduphobia," wahi a Gyan Prakash, he mea kākau moʻolelo ma ke Kulanui ʻo Princeton he mea haʻiʻōlelo ma ka hālāwai Hindutva.^[39] Ua haʻalele kekahi poʻe hoʻonaʻauao mai ka hanana no ka makaʻu i ko lākou ʻohana, akā ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me Audrey Truschke, ke kaukaʻi o ka mōʻaukala o ʻAsia Hema ma ke Kulanui ʻo Rutgers, ua loaʻa i ka make a me ka hoʻoweliweli hoʻoweliweli mai Hindu nationalists no kāna hana ma luna o nā aliʻi Muslim o India. Pono pinepine ʻo ia i ka palekana no nā hanana haʻiʻōlelo lehulehu.

Ua noi aku kekahi pūʻulu o nā haumāna Hindu mai Rutgers i ka hoʻokele, e koi ana ʻaʻole ʻo ia e ʻae ʻia e aʻo i nā papa ma ka Hindu a me India.^[40] Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Professor Audrey Truschke ma ka hoʻopiʻi HAF no ka tweet^[41] e pili ana i ka moʻolelo al Jazeera a me ka Hindu American Foundation. Ma Sepatemaba 8, 2021, ua hōʻike pū ʻo ia ma ka Congressional Briefing, "Hindutva Attacks on Academic Freedom."^[42]

Pehea ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka lāhui Hindu ʻēheu ʻākau i kona ākea ākea ma ke kula?^[43] I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 2008 ua hoʻokuʻu ka Campaign to Stop Funding Hate (CSFH) i kāna hōʻike, "Unmistakably Sangh: The National HSC and its Hindutva Agenda," e kālele ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻēheu haumāna Sangh Parivar ma USA - ka ʻaha haumāna Hindu (HSC). ).^[44] Ma muli o nā hoʻihoʻi ʻauhau VHPA, nā faila me ka US Patents Office, ka ʻike hoʻopaʻa inoa pūnaewele pūnaewele, nā waihona a me nā paʻi ʻana o ka HSC, ua kākau ka hōʻike i kahi "ala lōʻihi a paʻa o nā pilina ma waena o ka HSC a me ka Sangh mai 1990 a hiki i kēia manawa." Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka HSC ma 1990 ma ke ʻano he papahana o ka VHP o ʻAmelika.^[45] Ua hoʻolaha ʻo HSC i nā ʻōlelo hoʻokaʻawale a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻokaʻawale e like me Ashok Singhal lāua ʻo Sadhvi Rithambara a kūʻē i nā hana a nā haumāna e hoʻoulu i ka inclusivity.^[46]

Eia naʻe, hiki i nā ʻōpio ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ke komo i ka HSC me ka ʻole o ka ʻike ʻana i nā pilina "ʻike ʻole" ma waena o HSC a me ka Sangh. No ka laʻana, ma ke ʻano he lālā ikaika o kāna hui haumāna Hindu ma ke Kulanui ʻo Cornell, ua ʻimi ʻo Samir e paipai i kona kaiāulu e komo i ka kamaʻilio ʻana i ka pilikanaka a me ka lāhui a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻuhane. Ua haʻi mai ʻo ia iaʻu i kona hiki ʻana aku i ka National Hindu Council e hoʻonohonoho i kahi ʻaha kūkā nui a nā haumāna i mālama ʻia ma MIT ma 2017. Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana me kāna mau hoa hoʻonohonoho, ua lilo koke ʻo ia i mea hōʻoluʻolu a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka wā i kono aku ai ka HSC i ka mea kākau ʻo Rajiv Malhotra ma ke ʻano nui.^[47] He kākoʻo ikaika ʻo Malhotra iā Hindutva, he mea hoʻouka kaua i nā mea hoʻohewa Hindutva a me ka pūnaewele. hoʻopaʻapaʻa kūʻē i ka ʻepekema ʻaʻole ʻo ia e ʻae^[48]. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻopiʻi mau ʻo Malhotra i ka mea ʻepekema ʻo Wendy Doniger, e hoʻouka ana iā ia ma nā ʻōlelo pilikino a pilikino i hoʻopiʻi hou ʻia ma hope i nā hoʻopiʻi kūleʻa ma India i ka makahiki 2014 ua loaʻa kāna puke, "The Hindus," i pāpā ʻia ma kēlā ʻāina.

ʻOiai nā pilikia, ua hoʻomau kekahi mau kānaka a me nā hui i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana iā Hindutva i ka lehulehu^[49], aʻo kekahi e ʻimi i nā mea ʻē aʻe. Mai kona ʻike ʻana me HSC, ua ʻike ʻo Samir i kahi kaiāulu Hindu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka noʻonoʻo ākea a ke lawelawe nei ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he lālā papa o Sadhana, kahi hui Hindu holomua. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "He ʻano pilikino ko ka manaʻoʻiʻo. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka USA he mau laina hewa lāhui a me ka lāhui e pono ai ka nānā ʻana, akā ma India ka hapa nui o nā laina hoʻomana, a inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻokaʻawale i ka manaʻoʻiʻo a me ka politika, paʻakikī ke manaʻo ʻole i kekahi ʻōlelo mai nā alakaʻi hoʻomana kūloko. Loaʻa nā manaʻo like ʻole i kēlā me kēia anaina, a ke haʻalele nei kekahi mau luakini i nā ʻōlelo "politika", aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano lāhui ʻē aʻe, ma o ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka luakini ʻo Ram Janmabhoomi ma kahi o ka hale pule ʻo Ayodhya i luku ʻia. Manaʻo wau ʻaʻole like nā māhele hema/ ʻākau ma USA me India. ʻO ka Hindutva ma nā ʻano ʻAmelika e hui pū me ka Evangelical Right on Islamophobia, akā ʻaʻole ma nā pilikia āpau. Paʻakikī nā pili ʻēheu ʻākau.

Hoʻi hope ma ke kānāwai

Ua ʻike ʻia ka hihia o ka caste i nā hana kānāwai hou. I Iulai 2020, ua hoʻopiʻi nā mea hoʻoponopono o Kaleponi i ka hui ʻenehana Cisco Systems no ka hoʻokae ʻia ʻana i kahi ʻenekini India e kāna mau hoa hana India aʻo lākou a pau e hana ana i ka mokuʻāina.^[50]. Ua ʻōlelo ka hoʻopiʻi ʻaʻole i lawa pono ʻo Cisco i ka hopohopo o ka limahana o Dalit i hōʻeha ʻia ua hana ʻino ʻia ʻo ia e nā hoa hana Hindu kiʻekiʻe. E like me kā Vidya Krishnan i kākau ai ma ka Atlantika, "ʻO ka hihia ʻo Cisco kahi manawa koʻikoʻi. ʻAʻole loa i ʻae ʻia ka hui - ʻo kēlā me kēia hui - i nā hoʻopiʻi like ʻole ma India, kahi i ʻae ʻia ai ka hoʻokae ʻana i ka caste, ʻoiai he kānāwai ʻole, ... ma Inia."^[51] 

I ka makahiki aʻe, i Mei o 2021, ua ʻōlelo ʻia kahi hoʻopiʻi federal i kahi hui Hindu, ʻo Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo BAPS, ua hoʻowalewale ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 mau limahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka US e kūkulu i kahi luakini Hindu nui ma New Jersey , e uku ana ia lakou he $1.20 i ka hora no kekahi mau makahiki.^[52] Ua ʻōlelo ka hoʻopiʻi e noho ana nā limahana i loko o kahi pā paʻa kahi i nānā ʻia ai kā lākou neʻe ʻana e nā kāmera a me nā kiaʻi. Heluhelu ʻia ʻo BAPS ma luna o 1200 mandirs ma kāna pūnaewele a ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau luakini ma USA a me UK, he nui loa kekahi. ʻOiai ʻike ʻia no ka lawelawe kaiāulu a me ke aloha aloha, ua kākoʻo nui ʻo BAPS i ka Ram Mandir ma Ayodhya, i kūkulu ʻia ma ke kahua o kahi hale pule mōʻaukala i hoʻohiolo ʻia e nā lāhui Hindu, a ʻo ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Modi i pili i ka hui. Ua hōʻole ʻo BAPS i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā limahana.^[53]

Ma kahi o ka manawa like, kahi hui ākea o nā mea hana ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me nā hui kuleana kīwila i kāhea aku i ka US Small Business Administration (SBA) e ʻimi i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hui ʻēheu ʻākau Hindu he mau haneli haneli o nā kālā kōkua COVID-19 federal, e like me ka hōʻike. na Al Jazeera i ʻApelila 2021.^[54] Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ua loaʻa i nā hui pili RSS ma mua o $833,000 i nā uku pololei, a no nā hōʻaiʻē. Ua haʻi ʻo Al Jazeera iā John Prabhudoss, ka luna o ka Federation of Indian American Christian Organizations: "Pono nā hui kiaʻi aupuni a me nā hui pono kanaka e nānā koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana o ke kālā COVID e nā hui supremacist Hindu ma United States."

Hoʻopilikia i ka Islamophobia

E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, ma India ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka haʻi ʻōlelo Anti-Muslim. He pogrom anti-Muslim ma Delhi^[55] i hui pū me ka huakaʻi pelekikena mua a Donald Trump i India^[56]. A i loko o nā makahiki ʻelua i hala aku nei ua hoʻolaha nā hoʻolaha pūnaewele i ka makaʻu e pili ana i ka "aloha jihad"^[57] (ka huli ʻana i nā hoaaloha interfaith a me nā male), Coronajihad"^[58], (e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi ma luna o nā Mahometa) a me "Spit Jihad" (ʻo ia hoʻi, "Thook Jihad") e ʻōlelo ana ua kuha nā mea kūʻai meaʻai Muslim i ka meaʻai a lākou e kūʻai aku ai.^[59]

I Dekemaba 2021, ua hana nā alakaʻi Hindu ma kahi "Religious Parliament" ma Haridwar i nā kāhea no ka pepehi kanaka nui ʻana o nā Muslim.^[60], me ka hoʻāhewa ʻole ʻia e ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Modi a i ʻole kāna poʻe hahai. ʻO nā mahina wale nō ma mua, ʻo ka VHP o ʻAmelika^[61] Ua kono ʻo ia iā Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, ke kahuna nui o ka luakini ʻo Dasna Devi ma ke ʻano he ʻōlelo nui.^[62]. Ua kāpae ʻia ka hanana i hoʻolālā ʻia ma hope o nā hoʻopiʻi he nui. Ua kaulana ʻo Yati no ka "hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ka inaina" no nā makahiki a ua paʻa ʻia i loko o ka hale paʻahao ma hope o ke kāhea ʻana i ka pepehi kanaka nui i Dekemaba.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia kahi kamaʻilio Islamophobic nui ma ʻEulopa^[63], ʻAmelika, Kanada a me nā lāhui ʻē aʻe. Ua kūʻē ʻia ke kūkulu hale pule ma ʻAmelika no nā makahiki he nui^[64]. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia kēlā ʻano kūʻē e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hopohopo kaʻa akā i ka makahiki 2021 ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā lālā kaiāulu Hindu e kūʻē i kahi hoʻonui hale pule i manaʻo ʻia ma Naperville, IL.^[65].

Ma Naperville, ua hōʻike ka poʻe kūʻē i ka hopohopo e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka minaret a me ka hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia ke kāhea pule. I kēia mau lā ma Kanada, ʻo Ravi Hooda, he mea manawaleʻa no ka lālā kūloko o ka Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS)^[66] a me ka lālā o ka Papa Kula Apana Peel ma ka ʻāpana o Toronto, ʻo ka ʻae ʻana i nā leo pule Muslim e hoʻolaha ʻia e wehe i ka puka no "nā alanui kaʻawale no nā mea holo kamelo a me nā kao" a i ʻole nā ​​​​kānāwai "e koi ana i nā wahine āpau e uhi iā lākou iho mai ke poʻo a hiki i ka wāwae i nā hale lole. .”^[67]

ʻO ia mau ʻōlelo inaina a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i hoʻoikaika i ka hana ʻino a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hana ʻino. Ua ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka mea hoʻoweliweli ʻēheu ʻākau ʻo Anders Behring Breivik i kekahi hapa e nā manaʻo Hindutva e pepehi i nā lālā ʻōpio 77 i hui pū me ka Party Labor Party. I Ianuali 2017^[68], he hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli ma kahi hale pule ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Quebec i pepehi i 6 mau malihini Muslim a hōʻeha i 19.^[69], hoʻoulu ʻia e kahi ʻēheu ʻākau ikaika ma ka ʻāina (me kahi mokuna o kahi hui inaina Nordic^[70]) a me ka inaina pūnaewele. Eia hou ma Kanada, ma 2021 ka Canadian Hindu Advocacy hui i alakaʻi ʻia e Islamophobe Ron Banerjee, i hoʻolālā i kahi hui e kākoʻo i ke kanaka nāna i pepehi i ʻehā mau Muslim me kāna kaʻa ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kanada o Lādana.^[71]. ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻo UN Secretary General i kēia hoʻouka kaua^[72]. Kaulana ʻo Banarjee. I loko o kahi wikiō i hoʻopuka ʻia ma ka moʻolelo YouTube o Rise Canada i ʻOkakopa 2015, ʻike ʻia ʻo Banerjee e paʻa ana i kahi Qurʻan i ke kuha ʻana ma luna a holoi ʻia ma kona ʻaoʻao hope. I loko o kahi wikiō i hoʻoiho ʻia ma ka moʻolelo YouTube ʻo Rise Canada i Ianuali 2018, ua wehewehe ʻo Banerjee i ka Islam ma ke ʻano he "hoʻomana hoʻopaʻapaʻa."^[73]

Ka Hoolaha ana

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kākoʻo ka hapa nui o nā lāhui Hindu ma ʻAmelika i ka hoʻonāukiuki a i ʻole nā ​​​​hana hana ʻino. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā hui i hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo Hindutva aia i mua o ka hana ʻana i nā hoaaloha a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā kānaka i ke aupuni. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka kūleʻa o kā lākou hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hiki ʻole o ka US Congress e hoʻāhewa i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka mana kūʻokoʻa o Kashmir i 2019 a i ʻole ka haʻalele ʻana o nā Muslim ma Assam State. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka hiki ʻole o ka US State Department ke koho iā India ma ke ʻano he Country of Particular Concern (CPC), ʻoiai ka manaʻo ikaika o ka US Commission of International Religious Freedom.

E like me ka ikaika a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana e like me kona komo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao US, ʻo Hindutva outreach e hoʻopaʻa i nā pae āpau o ke aupuni, no ka mea he kuleana ko lākou e hana ai. Eia naʻe, hiki i kā lākou mau hana hoʻoikaika ke hoʻoikaika. ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa^[74] Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ka haʻalele ʻana o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻAmelika ʻo Ro Khanna mai kahi puʻupuʻu ʻo Mei 2019 e pili ana i ka Caste Discrimination i ka minuke hope loa ma muli o ka "koi mai nā hui Hindu koʻikoʻi."^[75] ʻO kāna hoa hana ʻo Pramila Jayapal ka mea kākoʻo hoʻokahi o ka hanana. Me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā kūʻē i kāna mau hanana kaiāulu,^[76] Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā mea hoʻoikaika ma mua o 230 Hindu a me India ʻAmelika hui a me nā poʻe, me ka Hindu American Foundation, e hoʻouna iā Khanna i kahi leka e hoʻohewa ana i kāna ʻōlelo ma Kashmir a noi iā ia e haʻalele i ka Congressional Pakistan Caucus, āna i hui pū ai.

Ua kūʻē nā Lunamakaʻāinana ʻo Ilham Omar lāua ʻo Rashida Tlaib i kēlā ʻano hana hoʻoikaika, akā nui nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole; no ka laʻana, ʻo Rep. Tom Suozzi (D, NY), nāna i koho e hoʻihoʻi i nā ʻōlelo kumu ma Kashmir. A ma mua o ke koho balota Peresidena, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Hindu American Foundation e pili ana i ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka Democratic Party e noho ana he "nānā leo" o ka "Hinduphobia ulu" i ka pāʻina.^[77].

Ma hope o ke koho balota ʻana o Pelekikena Biden i ka makahiki 2020, ua ʻike ʻia kāna Administration e hoʻolohe i ka hoʻohewa ʻana i kāna koho ʻana i nā ʻelele hoʻolaha.^[78]. ʻO kāna koho ʻana iā Amit Jani ma ke ʻano he pilina me ke kaiāulu Muslim, ʻoiaʻiʻo i hāpai ʻia kekahi mau maka, no ka mea, ua kaulana kona ʻohana i ka RSS. Ua hoʻohewa kekahi mau mea haʻi'ōlelo i ka "motley coalition of Muslim, Dalit, and radical left groups" no kāna hoʻolaha pūnaewele kūʻē iā Jani, nona ka makuakāne i hoʻokumu pū i nā Hoa Overseas o BJP.^[79]

Nui nā nīnau i hāpai ʻia e pili ana i ka Lunamakaainana Congressional (a me ka moho Pelekikena) ʻo Tulsi Gabbard i ka loulou i nā kiʻi Hindu ʻākau loa.^[80]. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻelele Kalikiano ʻēheu ʻākau a me ka ʻēheu ʻākau Hindu e hana like ana ma mua o ka hui ʻana, ʻokoʻa ʻo Rep Gabbard i ka pili ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻelua.^[81]

Ma ka pae ʻahaʻōlelo o ka Mokuʻāina ʻo New York, ua hoʻohewa ʻia ʻo Jenifer Rajkumar i ka lālā o ka ʻaha no kāna mau mea hāʻawi i pili i ka Hindutva.^[82] Ua ʻike pū ka hui kaiāulu kūloko Queens Against Hindu Fascism i kona kākoʻo ʻana i ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Modi. ʻO kekahi ʻelele kūloko, ʻo Ohio State Senator Niraj Antani i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōlelo i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 2021 ua hoʻāhewa ʻo ia i ka hālāwai kūkā 'Dismantling Hindutva' "ma nā huaʻōlelo ikaika loa" he "ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka racism a me ka manaʻo nui i nā Hindu."^[83] Aia paha he nui nā laʻana like o ka pandering i hiki ke ʻeli ʻia me ka noiʻi hou aku.

ʻO ka hope, aia nā hoʻoikaika maʻamau e hele aku i nā mayor kūloko a e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā keʻena mākaʻi.^[84] ʻOiai he kuleana ko nā kaiāulu India a me Hindu e hana i kēia, ua hāpai kekahi mau mea nānā i nā nīnau e pili ana i ke komo ʻana o Hindutva, no ka laʻana, ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pilina HSS me nā keʻena mākaʻi ma Troy a me Caton, Michigan, a me Irving, Texas.^[85]

Me nā alakaʻi koʻikoʻi Hindutva, nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo, nā lobbyists a me nā mea hana naʻauao e kākoʻo i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ke aupuni Modi ma USA a ma Kanada.^[86] Eia naʻe, ma waho aʻe o kēia, he mea koʻikoʻi ia e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ka nānā ʻana, disinformation a me nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha e hoʻolaha ʻia nei ma ka pūnaewele.

Media Social, Nupepa a me nā Kaua Moʻomeheu

ʻO India ka mākeke nui loa o Facebook, me 328 miliona poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka paepae media. Eia kekahi, ma kahi o 400 miliona mau Indians e hoʻohana i ka lawelawe leka uila a Facebook, WhatsApp^[87]. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua lilo kēia mau ʻoihana pūnaewele i mau kaʻa no ka inaina a me ka hoʻopunipuni. Ma India, nui nā pepehi kanaka vigilante i hana ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā lono ma ka pūnaewele media, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo WhatsApp^[88]. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā wikiō o ka lynching a me ka hahau ʻana ma WhatsApp.^[89] 

Ua pilikia nui nā mea hoʻolaha wahine i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka hana kolohe, "deepfakes" a me ka doxing. Ua hele mai nā mea hōʻino o ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Modi no ka hana hoʻomāinoino. No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2016, ua paʻi ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Rana Ayub i kahi puke e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana o ke Kuhina Nui me nā haunaele 2002 ma Gujarat. Ma hope koke iho, ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoʻoweliweli make he nui, ua ʻike ʻo Ayub i kahi wikiō porno kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hōʻike ʻia ana ma nā hui WhatsApp like ʻole.^[90] Ua hoʻopili ʻia kona helehelena i ka maka o kahi mea keaka kiʻiʻoniʻoni porn, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana Deepfake i hoʻopunipuni i ka maka o Rana e hoʻololi i nā ʻōlelo kuko.

Ua kākau ʻo Ms. Ayub, "ʻO ka hapa nui o nā Twitter a me nā moʻolelo Facebook i hoʻopuka i ka wikiō ponokala a me nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi e hōʻike ana iā lākou iho he poʻe pā iā Mr. Modi a me kāna hui."^[91] ʻO ia mau ʻōlelo hoʻoweliweli i nā wahine nūpepa ua hopena pū kekahi i ka pepehi kanaka maoli. I ka makahiki 2017, ma hope o ka hoʻomāinoino nui ʻana ma ka pāpaho, ua pepehi ʻia ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka mea hoʻoponopono ʻo Gauri Lankesh e nā radical ʻēheu ʻākau ma waho o kona home.^[92] Ua holo ʻo Lankesh i ʻelua mau nūpepa pule a he mea hoʻohewa ʻo ia i ka extremism Hindu ʻēheu ʻākau i hoʻopaʻi ʻia e nā ʻaha kūloko i ka hewa no ka hoʻohewa ʻana iā BJP.

I kēia lā, ke hoʻomau nei nā hoʻonāukiuki "slut-shaming". I ka makahiki 2021, ua hoʻokipa ʻia kahi app i kapa ʻia ʻo Bulli Bai ma ka pūnaewele pūnaewele GitHub i nā kiʻi o nā wahine Muslim ma mua o 100 e ʻōlelo ana aia lākou ma ke "kūʻai."^[93] He aha ka hana ʻana o nā pānaehana media e hoʻopaʻa i kēia inaina? ʻAʻole kokoke lawa.

Ma kahi ʻatikala 2020 paʻakikī, ʻO ka pili ʻana o Facebook i ka ʻaoʻao aliʻi o India e paʻakikī i kāna hakakā ʻana i ka ʻōlelo inaina, ʻO ka mea kākau moʻolelo Time Magazine ʻo Tom Perrigo i wehewehe kikoʻī i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana o Facebook India i ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻōlelo inaina ant-Muslim i ka wā i hana ʻia ai e nā luna kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ma hope o Avaaz a me nā hui ʻē aʻe i hoʻopiʻi a kākau nā limahana Facebook i nā hoʻopiʻi kūloko.^[94] Ua kākau pū ʻo Perrigo i nā pilina ma waena o nā limahana Facebook kiʻekiʻe ma India a me ka hui BJP o Modi.^[95] I ka waena o ʻAukake 2020, ua hōʻike ka Wall Street Journal i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana o nā limahana koʻikoʻi ʻo ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ka poʻe loio e hōʻeha i nā manaʻo ʻoihana o Facebook.^[96] I ka pule aʻe, Reuters wehewehe pehea, i ka pane ʻana, ua kākau nā limahana Facebook i kahi leka hāmama kūloko e kāhea ana i nā luna hoʻokō e hōʻino i ka manaʻo nui anti-Muslim a e hoʻopili mau i nā lula ʻōlelo inaina. Ua ʻōlelo pū ka leka ʻaʻohe limahana Muslim ma ka hui kulekele ʻo India.^[97]

Ma ʻOkakopa 2021 ka New York Times i hoʻokumu i kahi ʻatikala ma nā palapala kūloko, kahi ʻāpana o kahi huna nui o nā mea i kapa ʻia Nā Pepa Facebook i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka mea whistleblower ʻo Frances Haugen, he luna huahana Facebook mua.^[98] Aia nā palapala i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā bots a me nā moʻolelo hoʻopunipuni, i hoʻopili nui ʻia i nā pūʻali politika ʻēheu ʻākau i ka pōʻino i nā koho balota aupuni, e like me kā lākou ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.^[99] Hōʻike pū lākou i ke ʻano o ke alakaʻi ʻana o nā kulekele Facebook i nā kuhi hewa hou aʻe ma India, ʻoi aku ka maʻi i ka wā maʻi maʻi.^[100] Hōʻike nā palapala i ka hana pinepine ʻole o ka paepae i ka inaina. Wahi a ka ʻatikala: "Ua kānalua ʻo Facebook i ka koho ʻana iā RSS ma ke ʻano he hui ʻino ma muli o nā" ʻike politika "hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana o ka ʻoihana pūnaewele ma ka ʻāina."

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2022 ka nūpepa nūhou India, The Uea, Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi noi huna koʻikoʻi loa i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Tek Fog' i hoʻohana ʻia e nā trolls i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻaoʻao aupuni o India e kāʻili i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele nui a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā platform memo i hoʻopili ʻia e like me WhatsApp. Hiki iā Tek Fog ke kāʻili i ka ʻāpana 'trending' o Twitter a me ka 'trend' ma Facebook. Hiki i nā mea hoʻohana Tek Fog ke hoʻololi i nā moʻolelo i loaʻa e hana i nā nūhou hoʻopunipuni.

Ma hope o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana he 20 mau mahina, e hana pū ana me kahi whistleblower akā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka nui o kāna mau ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi, ke nānā nei ka hōʻike i ka hana ʻana o ka app i ka inaina a me ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana a hoʻolaha i ka propaganda. Hoʻomaopopo ka hōʻike i ka pili ʻana o ka app i kahi hui lawelawe ʻenehana kūʻai lehulehu ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻo Persistent Systems, i hoʻolilo nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻaelike aupuni ma India. Hoʻolaha ʻia hoʻi e ka app media social #1 o India, Sharechat. Hōʻike ka hōʻike i nā loulou hiki i nā hashtags e pili ana i ka hana ʻino a me ka COVID-19 communalization. Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi "mai loko o ka huina o 3.8 miliona mau pou i loiloi ʻia… aneane 58% (2.2 miliona) o lākou e hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo 'ka ʻōlelo inaina'.

I ka makahiki 2019, EU DisinfoLab, he NGO kūʻokoʻa e noiʻi ana i nā hoʻolaha disinformation e kuhikuhi ana i ka EU, i hoʻopuka i kahi hōʻike e hōʻike ana i kahi pūnaewele o nā 260 pro-India "hoʻopunipuni kūloko kūloko" e pili ana i 65 mau ʻāina, e komo pū ana ma ke Komohana.^[101] Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia hana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike o India, a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā manaʻo pro-Indian a me anti-Pakistan (a me anti-Chinese). I ka makahiki aʻe, ua ukali ʻia kēia hōʻike e ka lua o ka hōʻike e ʻike ʻaʻole ma luna o 750 mau mea hoʻolaha hoʻopunipuni hoʻopunipuni, e uhi ana i nā ʻāina he 119, akā he nui nā ʻaihue ʻike, ma ka liʻiliʻi he 10 hijacked UN Human Rights Council accredited NGOs, a me 550 mau inoa inoa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia.^[102]

Ua ʻike ʻo EU DisinfoLab he makasina "hoʻopunipuni", EP I kēia lā, mālama ʻia e nā mea kuleana o India, me nā pili i kahi pūnaewele nui o nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo, NGO, a me nā hui mai ka Srivastava Group.^[103] Ua hiki i ia mau hana ke "hoihoi i ka nui o nā MEP i loko o kahi kamaʻilio pro-India a me anti-Pakistan, e hoʻohana pinepine ana i nā kumu e like me nā kuleana o nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā kuleana wahine ma ke ʻano he wahi komo."

I ka makahiki 2019, ua kipa aku nā lālā he iwakāluakūmāhiku o ka Pāremata ʻEulopa iā Kashmir ma ke ʻano he mau malihini o kahi hui pohihihi, ʻo Women's Economic and Social Think Tank, a i ʻole WESTT, i pili pū me kēia pūnaewele pro-Modi.^[104] Ua hui pū lākou me ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Narendra Modi a me ka National Security Advisor Ajit Doval ma New Delhi. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia komo ʻoiai ʻo ka hōʻole ʻana o ke aupuni Modi e ʻae iā US Senator Chris Van Hollen e kipa aku^[105] a i ʻole ka UN Human Rights Council e hoʻouna i kona mau ʻelele i ka ʻāina^[106]. ʻO wai kēia mau malihini hilinaʻi? Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa he 22 o ka 27 mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau loa, e like me France's National Rally, Poland's Law and Justice, a me Alternative for Germany, i ʻike ʻia no nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana a me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Islamization of Europe".^[107] Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kēia huakaʻi "mākaʻikaʻi hoʻopunipuni", no ka mea, ʻaʻole wale ia i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā alakaʻi he nui o Kashmiri a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā lawelawe pūnaewele akā ua pāpā ʻia ka nui o nā MP India e kipa aku iā Kashmir.

Loaʻa i ka EU Disinfo Lab NGO kahi lima Twitter o @DisinfoEU. Ke hoʻololi nei i kahi inoa huikau like, i ʻApelila 2020 ka mea pohihihi "Disinfolab" i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Twitter ma lalo o ka lima @DisinfoLab. ʻO ka manaʻo e piʻi nei ʻo Islamophobia ma India, ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia he "nūhou hoʻopunipuni" i ka lawelawe ʻana i nā pono Pakistan. Ke hoʻomau nei i nā tweets a me nā hōʻike, me he mea lā ke nānā aku i ka ʻAhaʻi ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (IAMC) a me kāna mea hoʻokumu, ʻo Shaik Ubaid, e pili ana iā lākou he mea kupanaha loa a me ka mana.^[108]

Ma 2021, DisinfoLab mahaloʻia ʻAʻole hiki i ka US State Department ke kapa inoa ʻo India ma ke ʻano he ʻāina hopohopo^[109] a hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o kahi hōʻike i ka United States Commission on International Religious Freedom ma ke ʻano he "hui e hopohopo nui nei" i ka thrall to Muslim Brotherhood controlled entities.^[110]

Hoʻopili kēia i nā mea kākau o kēia ʻatikala lōʻihi, no ka mea ma ka Mokuna ʻEhā o kāna hōʻike, "Disnfo Lab" e wehewehe ana i ka hui pono kanaka a mākou e hana nei, ʻo Justice for All, e hōʻike ana i ka NGO ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana laundering me nā loulou maopopo ʻole i ka Jamaat. / Kaiko'i Mahometa. Hoʻopiʻi hou kēia mau ʻōlelo hoʻopunipuni i nā mea i hana ʻia ma hope o 9/11 i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) a me nā hui ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ʻē aʻe e like me ke kipi nui Muslim a hoʻomāinoino ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā mana i kā lākou noiʻi.

Mai ka makahiki 2013 ua hana au ma ke ʻano he kūkākūkā me Justice for All, he NGO i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wā o ka pepehi kanaka Bosnia e pane i ka hoʻomāinoino ʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi Muslim. Ua ho'āla houʻia i ka makahiki 2012 e nānā i ka pepehi kanaka Rohingya "slow burning", ua hoʻonuiʻia nā papahana hoʻolaha i nā pono kanaka e hoʻokomo i nā Uyghur a me nā mea liʻiliʻi o India, a me nā Muslim ma Kashmir a me Sri Lanka. I ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai nā papahana ʻo India a me Kashmir, ua hoʻonui ka trolling a me ka disinformation.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka luna hoʻomalu o ka Justice for All, ʻo Malik Mujahid, e hoʻokomo ana i kahi loulou ikaika me ICNA, kahi mamao loa mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai ʻo ia i haki me ka hui ma mua o 20 mau makahiki i hala.^[111] Ke hana nei ma ke ʻano he hui Muslim ʻAmelika me kahi ʻano lawelawe kaiāulu ikaika, ua hōʻino nui ʻia ʻo ICNA e nā Islamophobic think tank i nā makahiki. E like me ka nui o kā lākou "haʻawina," ʻakaʻaka ka "Disinfo study" inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hōʻeha i nā pilina hana koʻikoʻi, kūkulu i ka hilinaʻi ʻole a hoʻopau i nā pilina a me ke kālā. Hiki i nā palapala "affinity mapping" ma Kashmir a me India ke hoʻohuli i ka nānā akā ʻaʻohe mea.^[112] He mau hoʻolaha hāwanawana ʻike, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia i lalo mai Twitter ʻoiai kā lākou ʻike hōʻino a me ka hiki ke hōʻino i ka inoa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia ʻo Justice for All a ua hoʻonui i kāna pane ʻana i nā kulekele ʻokoʻa a me ka pōʻino o India.^[113] Ua kākau kūʻokoʻa ʻia kēia pepa mai ka papahana maʻamau.

He aha ka Real?

Ma ke ʻano he poʻe Muslim e noho ana ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻike nā mea kākau i ka mea hoʻohenehene i kēia ʻatikala ke ʻimi nei mākou i nā pūnaewele nui o nā mea hana hoʻomana. Nīnau mākou iā mākou iho: ke kālailai nei mākou iā lākou ma nā ʻano e like me nā "ʻimi noiʻi" o ka Islamophobes o nā hui ʻAmelika ʻAmelika? Hoʻomanaʻo mākou i nā palapala maʻalahi o nā hui haumāna Muslim a me kā lākou "loulou" i manaʻo ʻia i ka Islamic Society of North America. ʻIke mākou i ke ʻano maʻamau o nā hui haumāna Muslim de-centralized (ʻaʻole he kaulahao o ke kauoha) a noʻonoʻo mākou inā mākou e hōʻike nui nei i ka hui ʻana o nā pūnaewele Hindutva i kūkākūkā ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao ma mua.

Ke kūkulu nei kā mākou ʻimi ʻana i nā pilina ma waena o nā hui Hindutva i kahi palapala pili e hoʻonui i ko mākou hopohopo? E like me nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe ma mua o lākou, ʻimi ka poʻe Muslim malihini a me nā Hindu malihini i ka palekana a me ka manawa kūpono. ʻAʻohe kānalua, aia ka Hinduphobia, e like me Islamophobia a me Antisemitism a me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. ʻAʻole nui ka poʻe inaina i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka makaʻu a me ka huhū o kekahi mea ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale i waena o kahi Hindu, Sikh a i ʻole Muslim? ʻAʻole anei he wahi no ke kumu maʻamau?

ʻOiai ke hāʻawi nei ke kamaʻilio interfaith i kahi ala e hiki ai i ka maluhia, ua ʻike pū mākou ua kākoʻo ʻole kekahi mau hui kuʻikahi i ka ʻōlelo Hindutva e like ka hoʻohewa ʻana iā Hindutva me Hinduphobia. No ka laʻana, ma 2021 kahi leka i kākau ʻia e ka Interfaith Council o Metropolitan Washington e koi aku i nā kulanui e haʻalele i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hālāwai Dismantling Hindutva. Hoʻoikaika nui ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā o Interfaith i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka inaina a me ka manaʻo ʻino. Akā, ma o nā hoʻolaha disinformation, me ka nui o nā lālā a me ke komo ʻana i ke ola civic, mālama pono nā hui Hindutva ʻAmelika i nā pono o kahi neʻe kiʻekiʻe i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma India e hana ana e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pluralism a me ka demokala ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka inaina.

Manaʻo kekahi mau hui interfaith i kahi kūlana kaulana i ka hoʻohewa ʻana iā Hindutva. Aia kekahi mau pilikia ʻē aʻe: no ka laʻana, ma United Nations, ua kāohi ʻo India i kekahi mau hui Dalit mai ka ʻae ʻana no nā makahiki he nui. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 2022, ua hoʻomaka mālie kekahi mau hui multifaith e komo i ka hoʻolaha. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka Coalition Against Genocide[114] Ua hana ʻia ma hope o ka hana ʻino ma Gujarat (2002) i ka wā i noho kuhina nui ai ʻo Modi o ka mokuʻāina, e loaʻa ana nā ʻae mai Tikkun a me ka Interfaith Freedom Foundation. I kēia mau lā, ma o ka mana o USCIRF, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻonohonoho ka International Religious Freedom Roundtable i nā pōkole, a i Nowemapa 2022 Religions for Peace (RFPUSA) i hoʻokipa i kahi kūkākūkā kūkākūkā koʻikoʻi. Hiki paha i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kīwila ke hoʻoikaika i nā mea hana kulekele ma Wakinekona DC e kūʻē i nā luʻi o ka authoritarianism ma waena o nā hui geopolitical ʻAmelika e like me India.

Hōʻike ʻia ka demokala ʻAmelika ma lalo o ka hoʻopuni ʻana - e like me ka Hale Kapitola ma Ianuali 6, 2021 - kahi kipi i hui pū ʻia me Vinson Palathingal, he kanaka ʻAmelika ʻAmelika e lawe ana i ka hae India, kahi kākoʻo Trump i hōʻike ʻia ua koho ʻia i ka Pelekikena Export Council.^[115] ʻOiaʻiʻo he nui nā Hindu ʻAmelika e kākoʻo iā Trump a hana no kona hoʻi ʻana.^[116] Ke ʻimi nei mākou me nā loulou ma waena o nā pūʻali koa ʻēheu ʻākau a me nā mākaʻi a me nā lālā o nā lawelawe kaua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hele ʻana ma lalo o ka ʻili a ʻike ʻole ʻia.

I kēia mau lā i hala iho nei, ua hōʻino kekahi poʻe ʻEuanelio ʻAmelika i nā kuʻuna Hindu, a ma India, hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia nā Kristiano Euanelio a hoʻouka ʻia. Aia nā māhele ʻike ma waena o ka Hindutva neʻe a me ka pono Karistiano euanelio. Eia nō naʻe, hui pū kēia mau kaiāulu i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka nationalism ʻēheu ʻākau, ka apo ʻana i kahi alakaʻi mana, a me ka Islamophobia. He mau hoa moe malihini.

Ua kapa ʻo Salman Rushdie iā Hindutva "Crypto Fascism"^[117] a ua hana ʻo ia e kūʻē i ka neʻe ʻana ma kona ʻāina hānau. Hoʻokuʻu anei mākou i nā hana hoʻonohonoho a Steve Bannon, i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā manaʻo o ka nationalism esoteric i hōʻike ʻia e Nā Kuʻuna Fascist, ma muli o nā manaʻo racist o ka maʻemaʻe Aryan?^[118] I ka manawa weliweli o ka mōʻaukala, huikau a huikau ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka wahaheʻe, a ua hoʻokumu ka pūnaewele i kahi ākea ākea e hoʻomalu a hoʻopilikia weliweli. 

• Ua hāʻule hou ka pōʻeleʻele; aka, i keia manawa ua ike au
• ʻO kēlā mau kenekulia o ka hiamoe pōhaku
• Ua hoʻopilikia ʻia i ka moeʻuhane e kahi moena haʻalulu,
• A ʻo ka holoholona ʻino, ua hiki mai kona hora.
• E hele ana i Betelehema e hanau ai?

E hoʻomaopopo '

[1] Devdutt Pattanaik, "ʻO Hindutva's Caste Masterstroke, " ka Hinedu, Ianuari 1, 2022

[2] Harish S. Wankhede, E like me ka lōʻihi o Caste e lawe i nā Dividends, ʻO ke Wire,'Aukake 5, 2019

[3] Filkins, Dexter, “Koko a me ka lepo ma Modi's India, " New Yorker, Kepakemapa 9, 2019

[4] Harrison Akins, Legislation Factsheet ma India: CAA, USCIRF Fepeluali 2020

[5] Human Watch Watch, India: Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Rohingya i Myanmar e alo i ka pilikia, Malaki 31, 2022; e nānā pū: Kushboo Sandhu, Rohingya a me CAA: He aha ke kulekele Refugee o India? BBC News,'Aukake 19, 2022

[6] CIA World Factbook 2018, E ʻike pū iā Akhil Reddy, "Older Version of CIA Factbook," ʻOiaʻiʻo, February 24, 2021

[7] ʻO Shanker Arnimesh, "ʻO wai ke holo iā Bajrang Dal? " ʻO ka paʻi, Kepakemapa 6, 2021

[8] Hoʻonohonoho ʻo Bajrang Dal i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā mea kaua, Kiai Hindutva,'Aukake 11, 2022

[9] Arshad Afzaal Khan, Ma Ayodhya 25 mau makahiki ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana o Babri Masjid, ʻO ke Wire, Kepakemapa 6, 2017

[10] Sunita Viswanath, He aha kā VHP ʻAmelika i kono ai i kahi inaina e haʻi mai iā mākou, ʻO ke Wire,ʻApelila 15, 2021

[11] Pieter Friedrich, ʻO Sonal Shah's Saga, Kiai Hindutva,ʻApelila 21, 2022

[12] Jaffrelot Christophe, ʻO Hindu Nationalism: He Heluhelu, Ke Kino Paʻi ʻo Princeton University, 2009

[13] Paena pūnaewele HAF: https://www.hinduamerican.org/

[14] Rashmee Kumar, ʻO ka Pūnaewele o nā Nationalists Hindu, ʻO ke kuʻina, Kepakemapa 25, 2019

[15] Haider Kazim, “Ramesh Butada: Ke ʻimi nei i nā pahuhopu kiʻekiʻe, " Nūhou ʻAmelika Indo, Kepakemapa 6, 2018

[16] EKAL pūnaewele: https://www.ekal.org/us/region/southwestregion

[17] Paena pūnaewele HAF: https://www.hinduamerican.org/our-team#board

[18] "Lawe ʻo Gitesh Desai, " Nūhou ʻAmelika, Lulai 7, 2017

[19] JM, "Hindu Nationalism ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: Nonprofit Groups, " SAC, NET, Iulai, 2014

[20] ʻO Tom Benning, "Loaʻa iā Texas ka lua o ka nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, " ʻO Dallas Morning News   'Okakopa 8, 2020

[21] Devesh Kapur, “ʻO ke Kuhina Nui o India a me Trump, " Kālepa Post, September 29, 2019

[22] Catherine E. Shoichet, Ua make kekahi keiki eono makahiki mai Inia. CNN, Iune 14, 2019

[23] ʻŌlelo ʻia ma Rashmee Kumar, ʻO ka Pūnaewele o nā Nationalists Hindu, ʻO ke kuʻina, Kepakemapa 25, 2019

[24] He mea nui nā ʻokoʻa hanauna. Wahi a ka Carnegie Endowment Indian American Attitudes Survey, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe malihini India mua i ka US ma mua o nā mea pane i hānau ʻia ma US e hoʻopaʻa i kahi ʻano caste. Wahi a kēia noiʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe Hindu me kahi ʻano caste-ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻewalu i ka 10-i ʻike ponoʻī iā lākou iho ma ke ʻano he nui a i ʻole ka poʻe kiʻekiʻe, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe malihini mua. Wahi a kahi hōʻike 2021 Pew Forum e pili ana i ka poʻe ʻAmelika Hindu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea pane me ka manaʻo maikaʻi o ka BJP ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e kūʻē i ka male interfaith a me waena: ʻO ka manaʻo o BJP he mea nui loa ia e kāpae i nā wahine i ko lākou kaiāulu mai ka male ʻana i nā laina caste, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 69% o ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻole i ka pāʻina.

[25] Sonia Paul, “ʻO Howdy Modi kahi hōʻike o ka mana politika o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika", ʻO ka Atlantic, September 23, 2019

[26] E hoʻomaopopo pū i ka hui kaʻa ʻo Howdy Yogi 2022 Chicago a Houston e kākoʻo i ka Islamophobe Yogi Adityanath.

[27] Ke kākau nei ʻo "The Hindutva View of History", ʻo Kamala Visweswaran, Michael Witzel et al, hōʻike ʻo ka hihia mua i ʻike ʻia o ka hoʻopiʻi kūʻē ʻana i ka Hindu ma nā puke aʻo US i hana ʻia ma Fairfax County, Virginia ma 2004. Ua ʻōlelo nā mea kākau: "Online 'educational ' ʻO nā mea mai ka pūnaewele ESHI e hōʻike nei i nā ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi a me nā kumu ʻole e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala India a me ka Hinduism e like me nā loli i hana ʻia i nā puke ma India. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike nā mea kākau i kekahi ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻolālā: "Ke hōʻike nei nā puke ma Gujarat i ka ʻōnaehana caste ma ke ʻano he hoʻokō o ka moʻomeheu Aryan, aʻo ka manaʻo o nā hui Hindutva i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e holoi i nā hōʻike o ka pilina ma waena o Hinduism a me ka ʻōnaehana caste. Ua ʻike nō hoʻi mākou i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā puke aʻo ma Gujarat i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka nationalism India ma ke ʻano he mea hakakā maoli, ka mea i hui pū i ka poʻe Muslim me nā mea hoʻoweliweli a hoʻoponopono hou i ka hoʻoilina o Hitler i mea maikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻamau (a me ka hoʻopunipuni paha) e hoʻokomo i nā kumumanaʻo a me nā kiʻi i loko. moʻolelo mōʻaukala.”

[28] Theresa Harrington, "Koi ʻo Hindu i ka Papa Mokuʻāina ʻo Kaleponi e hōʻole i nā puke, " Edsource, Nowemapa 8, 2017

[29] Nā Labs Kaulike, Caste ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, 2018

[30] "ʻO nā moʻomeheu ʻuhane he ikaika i holo i India, " ʻO ka manawa o India, March 4, 2019

[31] Niha Masih, I ke kaua ma luna o ka moʻolelo o India Hindu Nationalists Square Off, Ka Washington Post, Jan. 3, 2021

[32] ʻO Megan Cole, "Hāʻawi i ka UCI Triggers International Controversy, " Kulanui hou, Fepeluali 16, 2016

[33] ʻO ka mea kākau kūikawā, "Hōʻole ke Kulanui o ʻAmelika i ka hāʻawi kālā, " ka Hinedu, February 23, 2016

[34] E hoʻonui ʻo DCF i 1 miliona mau kālā e hoʻolaʻa hou i ke Kulanui Hindu o ʻAmelika, Inia Nupepa, December 12, 2018

[35] September 19, 2021 commentary ma Quora

[36] "Kūʻē Pūʻulu o nā Māmā i ke aʻo ʻana o Modi Biography ma nā kula ʻAmelika, " Clarion Inia, Kepakemapa 20, 2020

[37] Palapala HAF,'Aukake 19, 2021

[38] Wehe i ka Hinduphobia, He wikiō no Republic TV,'Aukake 24, 2021

[39] Niha Masih, “Ma lalo o ke ahi mai Hindu Nationalist Groups, " Hawaii Post,ʻOkakopa 3, 2021

[40] Google Doc o ka palapala haumāna

[41] ʻO Trushke Twitter Feed,ʻApelila 2, 2021

[42] IAMC Youtube Channel Video, Kepakemapa 8, 2021

[43]ʻO Vinayak Chaturvedi, ʻO ke kuleana Hindu a me ka hoʻouka ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa kula ma ka USA, Kiai Hindutva, Kepakemapa 1, 2021

[44] Hoʻokaʻaʻike iā mākou | http://hsctruthout.stopfundinghate.org/ i kēia manawa i lalo. Loaʻa ke kope o ka Summary ma: Ke kuhihewa ʻole ʻo Sangh, Kiai Komunalism, Ianuali 18, 2008

[45] ʻO ka hoʻāla hou ʻana o Hindu ma ka pā kula, Ka Pluralism Project, Ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard

[46] No ka laʻana ma Toronto: Marta Anielska, ʻO ka ʻaha haumāna Hindu ʻo UTM ke alo nei i hope, ʻO ka Varsity, Kepakemapa 13, 2020

[47] ʻO nā pilikia ʻike ma ka pā kula, Youtube Manaʻo Infinity Foundation, Lulai 20, 2020

[48] Shoaib Daniyal, Pehea ʻo Rajiv Malhotra i lilo ai ʻo Ayn ​​Rand o ka Internet Hindutva, Scroll.in, Lulai 14, 2015

[49] No kekahi mau laʻana, e nānā Pepeluali 22, 2022 Hui ma ka IAMC official youtube channel

[50] AP: “Hoʻopiʻi ʻo Kaleponi iā ​​CISCO i ka hoʻokae ʻana, " LA Times, Lulai 2, 2020

[51] Vidya Krishnan, "ʻO ka Casteism aʻu i ʻike ai ma ʻAmelika, " ʻO ka Atlantic, Nowemapa 6, 2021

[52] ʻO David Porter lāua ʻo Mallika Sen, "Hoʻowalewale ʻia nā limahana mai India, " Nūhou AP, E 11, 2021

[53] ʻO Biswajeet Banerjee lāua ʻo Ashok Sharma, “Hoʻokumu ʻo India PM Lays Foundation of Temple, " Hōʻike News AP,'Aukake 5, 2020

[54] Ma Mei 7, 2021, ua hoʻopiʻi ka Hindu American Foundation i kahi hoʻopiʻi hoʻopiʻi kūʻē i kekahi poʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā ʻatikala, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Hindus for Human Rights co-founder Sunita Viswanath lāua ʻo Raju Rajagopal. Nā Hindu no nā pono kanaka: No ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana iā Hindutva, Pennsylvanian i kēlā me kēia lā, December 11, 2021 

[55] ʻO Hartosh Singh Bal, "No ke aha i hana ʻole ai nā mākaʻi ʻo Delhi e hoʻōki i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā Muslim, " The New York Times, Malaki 3, 2020

[56] ʻO Robert Mackey, "Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Trump iā Modi's India, " ʻO ke kuʻina, Fepeluali 25, 2020

[57] Saif Khalid, "ʻO ka Myth of 'Love Jihad' ma India, " Al Jazeera,'Aukake 24, 2017

[58] ʻO Jayshree Bajoria, "ʻO Coronajihad wale nō ka hōʻike hou loa,” Human Rights Watch, Mei 1, 2020

[59] Alishan Jafri, "ʻO Thook Jihad” ka mea kaua hou loa, " ʻO ke Wire, Nowemapa 20, 2021

[60] "Ke koi ākea nei nā Hindu Bigots i ka poʻe India e pepehi i nā Muslim," ʻO ka Economist, Ianuari 15, 2022

[61] Sunita Viswanath, “He aha kā VHP ʻAmelika kono kono i kahi inaina… haʻi mai iā mākou, "The Wire, ʻApelila 15, 2021

[62] "Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka mōneka Hindu no ka pepehi kanaka ʻana i nā Mahometa, " Al Jazeera, Ianuali 18, 2022

[63] Kari Paul, “Facebook Stalling Report on Human Rights Impact in India" ke Kahu, Ianuali 19, 2022

[64] Haʻawina Anti-Mosque Lahui, Paena pūnaewele ACLU, Hōʻano hou ʻia ʻo Ianuali 2022

[65] Waiho ʻia nā manaʻo i ke aupuni kūloko, Napierville, IL 2021

[66] E like me ia Hoʻolaha ʻo Raksha Bandhan ma ka pūnaewele puni honua o ka 'Oihana Makai Peel, Kepakemapa 5, 2018

[67] Sharifa Nasser, "Hoʻopilikia, Islamophobic Tweet, " CBC News, Mei 5, 2020

[68] Ua ʻike ʻo Norewai Terrorist i ka Hindutva Movement ma ke ʻano he Anti Islam Ally, " Kaumua, Lulai 26, 2011

[69] "ʻElima mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka Mosque Fatal, " CBC News, Ianuali 27, 2022

[70] ʻO Jonathan Monpetit, "I loko o ka ʻākau ʻākau o Quebec: Nā koa o Odin,” CBC News, Kekemapa 14, 2016

[71] Nūpepa: “Hōʻike ka hui ʻo Hindutva ma Kanada i ke kākoʻo iā London Attack Culprit, " Ke kūlanakauhale kaiaulu, Iune 17, 2021

[72] Nūpepa: “Ua hōʻike ka Luna Nui o UN i ka huhū no ka pepehi ʻana i ka ʻohana Muslim, " Ke kūlanakauhale kaiaulu, Iune 9, 2021

[73] Wehe ʻia nā wikiō mai Youtube: Banarjee Pepa Kuhi ʻia e Bridge Initiatives Team, Ke Kulanui o Georgetown, March 9, 2019

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[76] Iman Malik, "Kūʻē ma waho o ka Halawai ʻo Ro Khanna, " El Estoque, 'Okakopa 12, 2019

[77] "Lilo ka aoao Demokarata i leo, " Latest News, Kepakemapa 25, 2020

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[79] Suhag Shukla, ʻO Hinduphobia ma ʻAmelika a me ka hopena o Irony, " ʻĪnia ma ʻāina ʻē, Malaki 18, 2020

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[81] E hoʻomaka, e ʻike i ka pūnaewele Tulsi Gabbard https://www.tulsigabbard.com/about/my-spiritual-path

[82] "ʻO Jenifer Rajkumar Champions Fascists” ma ka punaewele o Nā Moʻiwahine e kūʻē i ka Fascism Hindu, February 25, 2020

[83] "Hoʻopau i ka Global Hindutva Conference Anti-Hindu: State Senator, " ʻO Times o India, Kepakemapa 1, 2021

[84] "Ua komo ka ʻēheu honua o RSS i nā keʻena aupuni a puni ʻAmelika, " pūnaewele OFMI,'Aukake 26, 2021

[85] Pieter Friedrich, “Hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo RSS International Wing HSS a puni ʻAmelika, " ʻElua Circles.Net, 'Okakopa 22, 2021

[86] Stewart Bell, "ʻO nā poʻe kālai'āina Kanada nā pahuhopu o ka naʻauao India, " ʻO News News,ʻApelila 17, 2020

[87] ʻO Rachel Greenspan, "Ua kaua ʻo WhatsApp i nā nūhou hoʻopunipuni, " Ka Wahina Pūnaewele, Ianuali 21, 2019

[88] ʻO Shakuntala Banaji lāua ʻo Ram Bha, “WhatsApp Vigilantes… Hoʻopili ʻia i ka Mob Violence ma India, " Kula Hananaʻo London, 2020

[89] Mohamed Ali, "ʻO ke ala ʻana o kahi Hindu Vigilante, " ʻO ke Wire,ʻApelila 2020

[90] "Ua luaʻi wau: Hōʻike ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Rana Ayoub, " India i kēia lā, Nowemapa 21, 2019

[91] Rana Ayoub, “Ma Inia, ke alo nei ka poʻe nūpepa i ka hoʻoweliweli a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana, " ʻO ka New York Times, E 22, 2018

[92] Siddartha Deb, "Ka Pepehi ana o Gauri Lankesh, " Hōʻikeʻike ʻatikala ʻo Columbia, Hooilo 2018

[93] "Bulli Bai: Ua pani ʻia ka App e kūʻai aku ai i nā wahine Muslim, " BBC News, Ianuali 3, 2022

[94] ʻO Billy Perrigo, "Nā pilina o Facebook me ka ʻaoʻao aupuni o India, " Ka Wahina Pūnaewele,'Aukake 27, 2020

[95] ʻO Billy Perrigo, "Ua haʻalele ka Luna Hoʻokele o Facebook India ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻōlelo inaina, " Ka Wahina Pūnaewele,ʻOkakopa 27, 2020

[96] ʻO Newley Purnell lāua ʻo Jeff Horwitz, Kūleʻa nā lula o ka ʻōlelo inaina Facebook me ka politika India, WSJ,'Aukake 14, 2020

[97] Aditya Kalra, “Kulekele Nīnau Kūloko Facebook, " Reuters, ʻAukake 19. 2020

[98] "ʻO nā Pepa Facebook a me kā lākou Fallout, " The New York Times,ʻOkakopa 28, 2021

[99] ʻO Vindu Goel lāua ʻo Sheera Frenkel, “Ma India Koho, Hoʻopunipuni a me ka ʻōlelo inaina, " The New York Times,ʻApelila 1, 2019

[100] ʻO Karan Deep Singh lāua ʻo Paul Mozur, Kauoha ʻo India e lawe ʻia i lalo i nā ʻatikala Media Social koʻikoʻi, " New York Times,ʻApelila 25, 2021

[101] ʻO Alexandre Alaphilippe, Gary Machado et al., "ʻAʻole i uhi ʻia: ʻoi aku ma mua o 265 i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā puka hoʻolaha hoʻopunipuni kūloko, " Pūnaewele Disinfo.Eu, Nowemapa 26, 2019

[102] ʻO Gary Machado, Alexandre Alaphilippe, et al: "Indian Chronicles: Luʻu hohonu i loko o kahi hana 15 makahiki, " Disinfo.EU, Kepakemapa 9, 2020

[103] DisinfoEU Lab @DisinfoEU, Twitter,ʻOkakopa 9, 2019

[104] Meghnad S. Ayush Tiwari, “ʻO wai ma hope o ka NGO pohihihi, " Nupepa Laundry, 'Okakopa 29, 2019

[105] Joanna Slater, 'Ua pāpā ʻia ʻo Senatoa ʻAmelika mai ke kipa ʻana iā Kashmir, " Kālepa Post, 'Okakopa 2019

[106] Suhasini Haider, “Ua ʻoki ʻo India i ka UN Panel, " ʻO ka Hindu, Mei 21, 2019

[107] "22 o 27 EU MPS i kono ʻia i Kashmir mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau loa, " Ka Hope,ʻOkakopa 29, 2019

[108] DisnfoLab Twitter @DisinfoLab, Nowemapa 8, 2021 3:25 AM

[109] DisninfoLab @DisinfoLab, Nowemapa 18, 2021 4:43 AM

[110] "USCIRF: He Hui o ka Manaʻo Kūikawā, on Pūnaewele DisinfoLab,ʻApelila 2021

[111] Hana pū mākou me Mr. Mujahid no Burma Task Force, kū'ē iā Islamophobia, a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kāna hoʻohālikelike.

[112] Ua lawe ʻia nā ʻaoʻao pūnaewele mai ka pūnaewele, DisinfoLab, Twitter, ʻAukake 3, 2021 & Mei 2, 2022.

[113] No ka laʻana, nā kūkākūkā panel ʻekolu ma JFA Hindutva ma Amerika Akau moʻo ma 2021

[114] kahua pūnaewele: http://www.coalitionagainstgenocide.org/

[115] ʻO Arun Kumar, "ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ʻo Vinson Palathingal i kapa ʻia i ka Pelekikena Export Council," American Bazaar, ʻOkakopa 8, 2020

[116] ʻO Hasan Akram, "Ua haʻi ka poʻe kākoʻo RSS-BJP i ka hae ʻĀina ma luna o Capitol Hill", Mirror Muslim, Ianuari 9, 2021

[117] Salman Rushdie, Wehewehe Kūkākūkā Kūkākūkā, ʻAoʻao Youtube, December 5, 2015 Posting

[118] Aadita Chaudhry, No ke aha i like ai nā White Supremacists a me Hindu Nationalists, " Al Jazeera, Kekemapa 13, 2018. E nana hoi ia S. Romi Mukherjee, “ʻO Steve Bannon's Roots: Esoteric Fascism a me Aryanism, " Nūhou Decoder, Augate 29, 2018