ʻO ka Hui Mining Conflict ma ka Lepupalika Demokarata o Congo

He aha i hana ai? Moolelo Moolelo no ka Paio

Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Kongo i nā waihona waiwai nui loa o ka honua, kokoke i $24 trillion (Kors, 2012), e like me ka GDP o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Noury, 2010). Ma hope o ke Kaua Kongo mua i hoʻokuke aku iā Mobutu Sese Seko i ka makahiki 1997, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa nā ʻoihana mining e ʻimi nei e hoʻohana i nā minerala Congo i nā ʻaelike ʻoihana me Laurent Desire Kabila ma mua o kona noho ʻana i ke keʻena. Ua kūʻai aku ka Banro Mining Corporation i nā poʻo inoa mining no Société Minière et Industrielle du Kivu (SOMINKI) ma South Kivu (Kamituga, Luhwindja, Luguswa a me Namoya). I ka makahiki 2005, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Banro i ke kaʻina ʻimi ma Luhwindja chefferie, ka ʻāina ʻo Mwenga, a ukali ʻia e ka unuhi ʻana ma 2011.

Aia ka ʻoihana eli ma nā wahi i pili i ka poʻe kamaʻāina ma mua, kahi i loaʻa ai ke ola ma o ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka mahiʻai. ʻEono mau kauhale (Bigaya, Luciga, Buhamba, Lwaramba, Nyora a me Cibanda) i hoʻoneʻe ʻia a hoʻoneʻe ʻia i kahi mauna i kapa ʻia ʻo Cinjira. Aia ke kahua o ka hui (helu 1, ʻaoʻao 3) ma kahi o 183 km2 kahi i noho mua ʻia e kahi 93,147 poʻe. Ua manaʻo ʻia he 17,907 ka nui o nā kānaka o Luciga wale nō.^[1] Ma mua o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana i Cinjira, ua hoʻopuka ʻia nā palapala ʻāina e nā aliʻi kūloko ma hope o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka bipi, ke kao a i ʻole kekahi hōʻailona o ka mahalo i kapa ʻia ʻo ia. Kalinzi [appreciation]. Ma ka moʻomeheu Congolese, ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻāina he waiwai maʻamau e kaʻana like ʻia i ke kaiāulu a ʻaʻole e hoʻoili ʻia i kēlā me kēia. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻo Banro i nā kaiāulu ma muli o nā palapala ʻāina colonial i loaʻa mai ke aupuni Kinshasa nāna i hoʻokuke aku i ka poʻe nona ka ʻāina e like me nā kānāwai maʻamau.

I ka wā o ka ʻimi ʻana, i ka wā e ʻeli ana ka ʻoihana a lawe i nā laʻana, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia nā kaiāulu e ka ʻeli ʻana, ka walaʻau, nā pōhaku hāʻule, nā lua hāmama, a me nā ana. Ua hāʻule nā ​​kānaka a me nā holoholona i loko o nā ana a me nā lua, a ua ʻeha kekahi i ka hāʻule ʻana o nā pōhaku. ʻAʻole loaʻa hou kekahi mau holoholona mai nā ana a me nā lua, a ua make kekahi i nā pōhaku hiʻi. I ka wā i kūʻē ai ka poʻe ma Luhwindja a koi i ka uku, ua hōʻole ka hui a ua hoʻopili aku i ke aupuni Kinshasa nāna i hoʻouna i nā koa e hoʻopau i nā kūʻē. Ua pana nā koa i nā kānaka, ua hōʻeha i kekahi a ua make a make paha kekahi ma hope ma muli o nā ʻeha i loaʻa iā lākou ma kahi kaiapuni me ka mālama ʻole ʻana. Hāmama nā lua a me nā ana, ua piha i ka wai kūʻē a i ka wā e ua ai, lilo lākou i wahi hoʻohua no nā makika, e lawe mai ana i ka maʻi malaria i ka heluna kanaka me ka ʻole o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono.

I ka makahiki 2015, hoʻolaha ka hui i ka piʻi ʻana he 59 pakeneka ma Twangiza reserve wale nō, me ka helu ʻole ʻana i nā waihona Namoya, Lugushwa a me Kamituga. I ka makahiki 2016, ua hana ka hui i 107,691 auneke gula. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā waiwai i loaʻa i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka nohona o nā kaiāulu kūloko, ka poʻe i noho ʻilihune, nele i ka hana, a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i nā pono kanaka a me ke kaiapuni e hiki ai ke hoʻokau iā Congo i nā kaua kiʻekiʻe. Ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻeha o ka poʻe me ka koi honua no nā minerala.

Nā moʻolelo o kēlā me kēia - pehea e hoʻomaopopo ai kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao i ke kūlana a me ke kumu

Ka moolelo o ka Lunamakaainana Kaiaulu Congolese - Hoʻoweliweli ʻo Banro i ko mākou ola

Kahi: Pono ʻo Banro e uku iā mākou a hoʻomau i ka mining wale nō ma hope o ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā kaiāulu. ʻO mākou ka mea nona nā minerala a ʻaʻole nā ​​haole. 

Nā Manawa:

Palekana/Paʻa: ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana o nā kaiāulu mai ko mākou ʻāina kupuna kahi i loaʻa ai ke ola a me nā uku maikaʻi ʻole he mea hōʻino loa ia i ko mākou hanohano a me nā pono. Pono mākou i ka ʻāina e noho maikaʻi a hauʻoli. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke maluhia ke lawe ʻia ko mākou ʻāina. Pehea mākou e puka mai ai i waho o kēia ʻilihune inā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke mahiʻai a i ʻole naʻu? Inā hoʻomau mākou i ka noho ʻole ʻana, ʻaʻohe o mākou koho koe wale nō ke komo ʻana a/a i ʻole ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pūʻali koa.

Pono waiwai: He nui na kanaka i nele i ka hana a ua oi aku ka ilihune mamua o ka hiki ana mai o Banro. Me ka ʻāina ʻole, ʻaʻohe o mākou loaʻa kālā. No ka laʻana, loaʻa a mahi mākou i nā kumulāʻau hua kahi e loaʻa ai ke ola i nā kau like ʻole o ka makahiki. Ua hānai nā keiki i nā hua, nā pī, a me ka avocado. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke kūʻai hou aku i kēlā. Nui nā keiki e pilikia ana i ka ʻai ʻole. ʻAʻole hiki i ka poʻe miners hana ke hana hou i kaʻu. Ma nā wahi a pau e loaʻa ai ke gula, ʻōlelo ʻo Banro aia ma lalo o kāna ʻae. No ka laʻana, ua loaʻa i kekahi poʻe miners kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Makimbilio' (Swahili, kahi puʻuhonua) ma Cinjira. Ke ʻōlelo nei ʻo Banro aia ma lalo o kāna ʻāina ʻae. Ua manaʻo mākou no mākou ʻo Cinjira ʻoiai ua like ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana me kahi kahua hoʻomoana. Hoʻoikaika pū ʻo Banro i ka palaho. Kipe lākou i nā luna aupuni e hoʻoweliweli iā mākou, e pale aku i ka ʻauhau a e loaʻa nā kuʻikahi haʻahaʻa. Inā ʻaʻole no ka palaho, hōʻike ka 2002 Mining Code e mālama ʻo Banro i wahi no ka poʻe miners a nānā i nā kulekele kaiapuni. Ma hope o ke kīpē ʻana i nā luna kūloko, hana ka hui me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole. Hana lākou e like me kā lākou makemake a koi aku iā lākou i kēlā me kēia kahua mineral i noho ʻia e nā miners mea hana, e hoʻonui ana i nā paio a me nā haunaele i nā kaiāulu. Inā ʻōlelo ʻo Banro iā ia nā waihona mineral a pau ma hea kahi e loaʻa ai ke ola o ka poʻe ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau mea hana lima a me ko lākou mau ʻohana? ʻO ke ala ʻē aʻe i koe iā mākou ʻo ka lawe ʻana i nā pū e pale aku i ko mākou pono. E hiki mai ana ka manawa e hoʻouka kaua ai nā pūʻali koa i nā hui mining. 

Pono kino: He ʻuʻuku loa nā hale a Banro i kūkulu ai no nā ʻohana ma Cinjira. Noho nā mākua i ka hale hoʻokahi me kā lākou poʻe ʻōpio, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea maʻamau, pono e loaʻa i nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine nā hale kaʻawale i loko o ka hale o ko lākou mau mākua a inā ʻaʻole hiki, e loaʻa i nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine nā lumi kaʻawale. ʻAʻole hiki kēia i nā hale liʻiliʻi a me nā hale liʻiliʻi kahi hiki ʻole ke kūkulu i nā hale ʻē aʻe. He ʻuʻuku nō hoʻi nā lumi kuke, ʻaʻohe o mākou wahi a puni ke kapuahi kahi a mākou i noho ai ma ke ʻano he ʻohana, kaʻala ʻana i ka maiʻa a i ʻole ka ʻoki a haʻi moʻolelo. No kēlā me kēia ʻohana, pili ka halepaku a me ka lumi kuke i kekahi i kekahi. ʻAʻohe wahi pāʻani ma waho o kā mākou mau keiki, no ka mea aia nā hale ma ka puʻu pōhaku. Aia ʻo Cinjira ma kahi puʻu pali, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e maʻa mau ai ke anuanu me ka noe mau e uhi ana i nā hale i kekahi manawa, a paʻakikī ke ʻike ʻia i ke aumoe. He pali loa a ʻaʻohe lāʻau. Ke pa ka makani hiki ke hoolei i ke kanaka nawaliwali ilalo. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kanu i nā kumulāʻau ma muli o ka wahi pōhaku.

Kuʻi Kaiapuni/Kima: I ka wā o ka ʻimi ʻana, ua luku ʻo Banro i ko mākou kaiapuni me nā lua a me nā ana e hāmama ana a hiki i kēia lā. He hopena pōʻino nō hoʻi ka hana mining me nā lua ākea a hohonu hoʻi. Ua ninini ʻia nā huelo o nā lua gula ma nā alanui a ke manaʻo nei mākou aia nā waikawa cyanide. E like me ke kiʻi 1 ma lalo nei, ua waiho olohelohe ka ʻāina kahi i kū ai ke keʻena poʻo o Banro, i ʻike ʻia i ka makani ikaika a me ka ʻai ʻana o ka lepo.

Kiʻi 1: kahua eli ʻana o Banro Corporation[2]

Hoʻohana ʻo Banro i ka waikawa cyanide a ua hui pū nā mahu mai ka hale hana e hoʻohaumia i ka ʻāina, ka ea, a me ka wai. Hoʻokahe ʻia ka wai i loko o ka hale hana i loko o nā muliwai a me nā loko i mea e ola ai mākou. Hoʻopili nā meaʻawaʻawa like i ka papa wai. Ke ʻike nei mākou i ka maʻi obstructive pulmonary maʻi, ka maʻi kanesa, a me nā maʻi ʻeha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā maʻi puʻuwai a me nā pilikia hou aʻe. Ua make nā bipi, puaʻa a me nā kao i ka wai inu mai ka hale hana. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā metala i ka lewa e hoʻopōʻino i ko mākou olakino, nā mea kanu, nā hale, nā ola wai a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pono ai ka wai ua. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka haumia, ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka ʻāina, ka ea a me nā papa wai hiki ke hana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai, ka ʻāina a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai a hiki ke alakaʻi iā Congo i nā kaua kaiapuni.

ʻO ke kuleana / kuleana a me nā lawelawe pilikanaka: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Cinjira mai nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe. ʻO mākou wale nō, ʻoiai ma mua, ua kokoke ko mākou mau kauhale. Pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke kapa i kēia wahi he home inā ʻaʻohe o mākou palapala inoa? Hoʻonele ʻia mākou i nā ʻoihana pili pono āpau me nā halemai a me nā kula. Ke hopohopo nei mākou i ka wā e maʻi ai mākou, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā mākou mau keiki a me nā makuahine hāpai, e make paha mākou ma mua o ke komo ʻana i kahi hale lapaʻau. ʻAʻohe kula kiʻekiʻe o Cinjira, e kaupalena ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana o kā mākou mau keiki i nā pae haʻahaʻa. ʻOiai i nā lā anu loa e hele mau ana ma ka mauna, hele mākou i kahi lōʻihi no ke komo ʻana i nā lawelawe kumu e like me ka mālama olakino, nā kula, a me ka mākeke. ʻO ke alanui wale nō i Cinjira i kūkulu ʻia ma kahi pali ʻoi loa, e komo nui ʻia e nā kaʻa huila 4x4 (ʻaʻole hiki i ka poʻe maʻamau ke loaʻa). ʻO nā kaʻa o Banro ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ke alanui a ua hoʻokele ʻia lākou me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, e hoʻoweliweli ana i ke ola o kā mākou mau keiki e pāʻani nei i kekahi manawa ma ke alanui a me nā poʻe e hele ana mai nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole. Ua loaʻa iā mākou nā hihia kahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai nā kānaka a hiki i ka wā e make ai, ʻaʻohe mea i kāhea ʻia.

Hoʻohanohano iā ia iho/hanohano/kuleana kanaka: Ua uhaʻi ʻia ko mākou hanohano a me nā pono ma ko mākou ʻāina ponoʻī. No ka mea, he poʻe ʻApelika mākou? Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia mākou a ʻaʻohe wahi e hōʻike ai i kā mākou hihia. I ka wā i hoʻāʻo ai nā aliʻi e ʻōlelo i kēlā poʻe keʻokeʻo, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻolohe. He ʻokoʻa nui ka mana ma waena o mākou a me ka ʻoihana, no ka mea he kālā kāna, e hoʻohana ana i ka mana ma luna o ke aupuni e hoʻopiʻi iā lākou. ʻO mākou ka poʻe pōʻino. ʻAʻole mahalo ke aupuni a me ka hui iā mākou. Hana lākou a pau iā mākou e like me King Leopold II a i ʻole ka poʻe colonizer Belgian e manaʻo nei he ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o mākou. Inā he poʻe kiʻekiʻe lākou, he hanohano a me ka pono, no ke aha lākou e hele mai nei e ʻaihue i kā mākou waiwai? ʻAʻole ʻaihue ke kanaka hanohano. Aia kekahi mea a mākou e hakakā nei e hoʻomaopopo. ʻO ka poʻe e kūʻē nei i nā papahana a Banro e pau i ka make. No ka laʻana, ʻo Mwami (aliʻi kūloko) mua o Luhindja Philemon ... kūʻē i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kaiāulu. I kona holo ʻana i Farani, ua puhi ʻia kāna kaʻa i ke ahi a make ʻo ia. Nalo a loaʻa paha nā leka mai Kinshasa ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia iā Banro. Inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ko mākou hanohano a me ko mākou kuleana ma Congo, ma hea kahi e mahalo ʻia ai mākou? ʻO wai ka ʻāina hiki iā mākou ke kapa i ko mākou home? Hiki iā mākou ke hele i Kanada a hana e like me ka hana ʻana o Banro ma aneʻi?

Na Lunakanawai: Makemake mākou i ka pono. No nā makahiki he ʻumikūmāhā, ʻeha mākou a haʻi pinepine i kā mākou mau moʻolelo, akā ʻaʻohe mea i hana ʻia. ʻAʻole helu kēia i ka hao wale ʻana o kēia ʻāina i hoʻomaka me ka 1885 scramble a me ka ʻoki ʻana o ʻApelika. ʻO nā hana ʻino i hana ʻia ma kēia ʻāina, nā ola i nalowale a me nā waiwai i hao ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi e pono e uku ʻia. 

Ka Moolelo o ka Lunamakaainana o Banro - ʻO nā kānaka ka pilikia.

Kahi:  ʻAʻole mākou e ho'ōki i ka mining.

Nā Manawa:

ʻĀpilikia: ʻAʻole manuahi ke gula a mākou e ʻeli nei. Ua kālele mākou a pono mākou i ka loaʻa kālā. E like me kā mākou hiʻohiʻona a me kā mākou misionari: makemake mākou e lilo i "hui ʻo Premier Central Africa Gold Mining," ma "nā wahi kūpono, e hana i nā mea kūpono, i nā manawa āpau." Hoʻokomo ʻia kā mākou mau waiwai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi wā e hiki mai ana no nā kaiāulu hoʻokipa, hoʻopukapuka kālā i nā kānaka a alakaʻi me ka pololei. Ua makemake mākou e hoʻolimalima i kekahi o ka poʻe kamaʻāina akā ʻaʻohe o lākou mākaukau e pono ai. Hoʻomaopopo mākou ua manaʻo ke kaiāulu iā mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou kūlana noho. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou. Ua kūkulu mākou i mākeke, hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau kula, mālama mākou i ke alanui a hāʻawi i kahi kaʻa kaʻa i ka haukapila kokoke. ʻAʻole mākou ke aupuni. He ʻoihana kā mākou. Ua uku ʻia nā kaiāulu i hoʻoneʻe ʻia. No kēlā me kēia lāʻau maiʻa a i ʻole lāʻau hua, ua loaʻa iā lākou he $20.00. Hoʻopiʻi lākou ʻaʻole mākou i uku i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe e like me ka ʻohe, nā kumu hua ʻole, polyculture, paka, a pēlā aku. ʻEhia kālā e loaʻa mai i kēlā mau mea kanu? Ma Cinjira, he wahi ko lakou e kanu ai i na mea kanu. Hiki iā lākou ke ulu i loko o nā ipu a i ʻole ma nā verandas. 

Palekana/Paʻa: Hoʻoweliweli ʻia mākou e ka hana ʻino. ʻO ia ke kumu e hilinaʻi ai mākou i ke aupuni e pale iā mākou mai ka militia. Ua hoʻouka ʻia kā mākou mau limahana.[3]

Nā Kuleana Kaiapuni: Ke hahai nei mākou i nā alakaʻi i loko o ke code mining a hana pono i nā kaiāulu hoʻokipa. Ke hahai nei mākou i nā kānāwai o ke kalana a hana mākou ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua waiwai ikaika a hilinaʻi hoʻi i ka ʻāina a me ke kaiāulu, e mālama ana i nā pilikia e hiki ke hoʻololi i ko mākou kūlana. Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hana ma mua o nā mea i koi ʻia e nā kānāwai o ka ʻāina. Hoʻoikaika mau mākou e hōʻemi i ko mākou mau kapuaʻi kaiapuni ma ke kūkākūkā ʻana me nā kaiāulu. Ua makemake mākou e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻopaʻa i kekahi poʻe kamaʻāina hiki ke kanu i nā kumulāʻau ma nā wahi a mākou i hoʻopau ai i ka hana ʻeli. Manaʻo mākou e hana i kēlā.

Hoʻohanohano iā ia iho / hanohano / pono kanaka: Ke hahai nei mākou i kā mākou mau kumu waiwai, ʻo ia ka mahalo i nā kānaka, ka ʻike maka, ka pono, ka hoʻokō, a ke hana nei mākou me ka maikaʻi. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio me nā poʻe āpau o nā kaiāulu hoʻokipa. Hana mākou ma o ko lākou mau aliʻi.

ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana: Hauʻoli mākou no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai ma mua o kā mākou i manaʻo ai. No ka mea, hana maoli mākou i kā mākou hana. ʻO kā mākou pahuhopu ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana, ka maikaʻi o kā mākou limahana, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana no nā kaiāulu.

E hoʻomaopopo '

Kors, J. (2012). Koko minerala. ʻEpekema o kēia manawa, 9(95), 10-12. Ua kiʻi ʻia mai https://joshuakors.com/bloodmineral.htm

Noury, V. (2010). ʻO ka hōʻino ʻana o Coltan. ʻApelika hou, (494), 34-35. Ua kiʻi ʻia mai https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-224534703/the-curse-of-coltan-drcongo-s-mineral-wealth-particularly

[1] Chefferie de Luhwindja (2013). Rapport du recensement de la chefferie de Luhwindja. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka helu o ka poʻe i haʻalele ʻia mai ka helu helu aupuni hope loa ma Congo i ka makahiki 1984.

[2] Aia ke kahua o Banro ma ke kauhale o Mbwega, ka hui pūʻulu o Luciga, ma ke aupuni alii o Luhwundja he eiwa nā pūʻulu.

[3] No nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ka hoʻouka ʻana e ʻike: Mining.com (2018) Ua pepehi ʻo Militia i ʻelima i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka lua gula o Kongo hikina o Banro corp. http://www.mining.com/web/militia-kills-five-attack-banro-corps-east-congo-gold-mine/; Reuters (2018) Ua hoʻouka ʻia nā kaʻa mine gula Banro ma ka hikina Kongo, ʻelua make: Pūʻali congo-ʻelua-make-koa-idUSKBN1KW0IY

Papahana Uwao: Hoʻonaʻauao hihia i hoʻomohala ʻia e Evelyn Namakula Mayanja, 2019