Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab-Discovered ntawm Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide
Kev nthuav qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ottoman ntawm Matenadaran Hais txog Armenian Genocide los ntawm Vera Sahakyan, Ph.D. Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, Armenia, Yerevan.
Q&A kev sib tham nrog Vera Sahakyan, Ph.D. Cov tub ntxhais kawm, Tus Kws Tshawb Fawb Qib Siab, "Matenadaran" Mesrop Mashtots Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Ancient Manuscripts, Armenia, Yerevan, thiab Yustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi, Senior Lecturer, Head of the Center for Urban Studies, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Indonesia. Cov ntsiab lus: Exceptional Collection of Ottoman Documents of Matenadaran Hais txog Armenian Genocide. Txoj Cai Rau Kev Pab Them Rov Qab Rau Cov Neeg raug tsim txom ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb: Ib Qhov Kev Kawm Txog Kev Txhim Kho Kev Thaj Yeeb hauv Kev Sib Tham Tom Qab Ambon.
Cov lus qhuab qhia zoo tshaj tawm thaum Lub Kaum Hli 31, 2018 ntawm 5th Lub Rooj Sib Tham Thoob Ntiaj Teb Txhua Xyoo ntawm Kev Sib Tham Txog Kev Ntseeg thiab Kev Ntseeg thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees uas tuav los ntawm International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation ntawm Queens College, City University of New York, koom tes nrog Center for Ethnic, Haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg nkag siab (CERRU).
Abstract
Lub Armenian Genocide ntawm 1915-16 orchestrated los ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tau ntev tham txog qhov tseeb hais tias nws tseem tsis tau lees paub los ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv. Txawm hais tias kev tsis lees paub txog kev tua neeg yog ib txoj hauv kev rau kev ua txhaum cai tshiab los ntawm lwm lub xeev thiab cov neeg tsis yog lub xeev, cov pov thawj thiab cov pov thawj uas muaj nyob rau ntawm Armenian Genocide tau raug puas tsuaj. Kab lus no yog tsom rau tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab pov thawj los txhawb qhov kev thov kom paub txog cov xwm txheej ntawm xyoo 1915-16 uas yog kev ua phem rau kev tua neeg. Txoj kev tshawb no tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv Ottoman uas tau khaws cia ntawm Matenadaran cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsis tau raug tshuaj xyuas yav dhau los. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog cov pov thawj tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txiav txim ncaj qha rau kev xa tawm Armenians los ntawm lawv cov chaw nyob thiab kho cov neeg tawg rog Turkish rau hauv Armenian tsev. Hauv qhov no, lwm cov ntaub ntawv tau raug tshuaj xyuas tib lub sijhawm, ua pov thawj tias kev hloov pauv ntawm Ottoman Armenians yog txhais tau tias yog kev txiav txim siab thiab npaj kev tua neeg.
Introduction
Nws yog qhov tsis lees paub qhov tseeb thiab keeb kwm sau tseg tias xyoo 1915-16 cov neeg Armenian nyob hauv tebchaws Ottoman tau raug kev tua neeg. Yog tias tsoomfwv tam sim no ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv tsis lees paub qhov kev ua txhaum cai ntau dua ib puas xyoo dhau los, nws dhau los ua ib qho khoom siv rau kev ua txhaum cai. Thaum ib tug neeg lossis ib lub xeev tsis tuaj yeem lees txais qhov kev ua txhaum cai uas lawv tau ua, lub xeev tsim kho yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam. Cov no yog cov xeev uas tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua txhaum cai ntawm tib neeg txoj cai thiab lawv cov kev tiv thaiv dhau los ua qhov lav rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Dab tsi tshwm sim hauv 1915-1916 hauv Ottoman Qaib Cov Txwv yuav tsum tau sau npe tias yog kev ua txhaum cai ntawm kev tua neeg raug txim txhaum cai, vim nws yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog tag nrho cov kab lus ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab Kev rau txim ntawm Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai. Qhov tseeb, Raphael Lemkin tau sau cov lus txhais ntawm lo lus "kev tua neeg" los ntawm kev ua txhaum cai thiab kev ua txhaum cai los ntawm Ottoman Turkey xyoo 1915 (Auron, 2003, p. 9). Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem uas txhawb nqa kev tiv thaiv kev ua txhaum cai rau tib neeg, thiab lawv qhov tshwm sim yav tom ntej nrog rau cov txheej txheem tsim kev thaj yeeb yuav tsum tau ua tiav los ntawm kev rau txim ntawm kev ua txhaum yav dhau los.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog ib daim ntawv pov thawj Ottoman uas muaj peb nplooj ntawv (f.3). Cov ntaub ntawv yog sau los ntawm Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs thiab raug xa mus rau lub tuam tsev thib ob lub luag haujlwm rau cov khoom pov tseg raws li daim ntawv tshaj tawm uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev xa tawm peb lub hlis (txij lub Tsib Hlis 25 txog Lub Yim Hli 12) (f.3). Nws suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus txib dav dav, lub koom haum ntawm exile ntawm Armenians, txheej txheem ntawm deportation, thiab txoj kev uas cov Armenians raug ntiab tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub hom phiaj ntawm cov kev ua no, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thaum lub sijhawm xa tawm, txhais tau hais tias lub tebchaws Ottoman tau siv los npaj kev siv cov cuab yeej cuab tam Armenian, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm Turkification ntawm Armenians los ntawm kev faib cov menyuam Armenian. rau cov tsev neeg Turkish thiab hloov lawv mus rau hauv kev ntseeg Islamic (f.3).
Nws yog ib qho tshwj xeeb, vim nws muaj cov xaj uas yav tas los tsis tau suav nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv. Tshwj xeeb, nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txoj kev npaj los daws cov neeg Turkish hauv Armenian cov tsev uas tau tsiv teb tsaws los ntawm Balkan War. Qhov no yog thawj daim ntawv pov thawj los ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman uas tau hais txog txhua yam uas peb tau paub rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb no:
12 Lub Tsib Hlis 331 (Tsib Hlis 25, 1915), Cryptogram: Tsuas yog tom qab depopulation ntawm Armenian [cov zos], cov neeg thiab cov npe ntawm cov zos yuav tsum maj mam qhia. Cov chaw Armenian depopulated yuav tsum tau rov qab los ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Muslim, cov pab pawg uas nyob hauv Ankara thiab Konya. Los ntawm Konya, lawv yuav tsum raug xa mus rau Adana thiab Diarbekir (Tigranakert) thiab los ntawm Ankara mus rau Sivas (Sebastia), Caesarea (Kayseri) thiab Mamuret-ul Aziz (Mezire, Harput). Rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb ntawd, cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw raug xaiv yuav tsum raug xa mus rau qhov chaw hais. Tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tau txais cov lus txib no, cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas tau hais los saum toj no yuav tsum tau tsiv los ntawm txoj kev hais thiab txhais tau tias. Nrog rau qhov no, peb ceeb toom nws qhov kev ua tiav. (f.3)
Yog tias peb nug cov neeg uas tau dim ntawm kev tua neeg los yog nyeem lawv cov ntawv sau tseg (Svazlian, 1995), peb yuav tuaj nrog ntau cov pov thawj uas tau sau tib yam, xws li lawv tau thawb peb, xa tawm, yuam kom peb cov menyuam ntawm peb, nyiag. peb cov ntxhais, muab peb cov chaw nyob rau Muslim migrants. Qhov no yog ib qho pov thawj los ntawm ib tug neeg tim khawv, qhov tseeb uas tau sau tseg hauv lub cim xeeb uas tau hloov los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam los ntawm kev hais lus nrog rau kev nco txog caj ces. Cov ntaub ntawv no tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj hais txog Armenian Genocide. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam los ntawm Matenadaran yog lub cryptogram txog Armenians hloov (hnub tim 12th ntawm lub Tsib Hlis, 1915 thiab 25th ntawm lub Tsib Hlis, 1915 hauv Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub).
Yog li ntawd, ob qhov tseeb tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau muab coj los xav. Cov Armenians yuav tsum tawm hauv ob teev tom qab tshaj tawm txoj cai hloov pauv. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus me nyuam tsaug zog nws yuav tsum tau sawv, yog hais tias tus poj niam yug los nws yuav tsum tau taug kev thiab yog hais tias ib tug me nyuam yaus ua luam dej nyob rau hauv tus dej, leej niam yuav tsum tau tawm mus tsis tos nws tus me nyuam.
Raws li qhov kev txiav txim no, ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb, chaw pw hav zoov lossis ib qho kev taw qhia tsis tau teev tseg thaum xa tawm Armenians. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau taw qhia tias cov phiaj xwm tshwj xeeb tsis raug tshawb pom thaum tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog Armenian Genocide. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov kev npaj muaj uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev hloov chaw ntawm Armenians los ntawm ib qho chaw mus rau lwm qhov nrog rau kev xaj kom muab zaub mov, chaw nyob, tshuaj thiab lwm yam khoom siv tseem ceeb thaum xa tawm lawv. Txhawm rau txav mus rau qhov chaw B nws xav tau X sijhawm, uas tsim nyog thiab tib neeg lub cev muaj peev xwm ciaj sia. Tsis muaj ib qho kev qhia ntawd thiab. Cov tib neeg tau ncaj qha tawm ntawm lawv lub tsev, raug tsav tawm tsis xwm yeem, cov lus qhia ntawm txoj kev tau hloov pauv mus rau ib ntus vim lawv tsis muaj qhov kawg. Lwm lub hom phiaj yog tib neeg kev rhuav tshem thiab kev tuag los ntawm kev caum thiab tsim txom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsoomfwv Turkish tau sau npe nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub koom haum kev ntsuas, yog li tom qab Armenians raug ntiab tawm ntawm pawg neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw "iskan ve asayiş müdüriyeti" yuav yooj yim tuaj yeem hloov kho cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Turkish.
Hais txog cov menyuam yaus, uas yuav tsum tau ua Turkified, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lawv tsis raug tso cai tawm nrog lawv niam lawv txiv. Muaj kaum txhiab tus menyuam ntsuag Armenian uas tau quaj hauv niam txiv lub tsev uas tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab (Svazlian, 1995).
Hais txog cov menyuam yaus Armenian, Matenadaran sau muaj Cryptogram (29 Lub Rau Hli, 331 uas yog Lub Xya Hli 12, 1915, Cryptogram-telegram (şifre)). “Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias qee tus menyuam yaus yuav nyob hauv txoj kev mus rau kev raug ntiab tawm thiab raug ntiab tawm. Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev qhia thiab qhia lawv, lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib rau cov nroog thiab cov zos uas muaj kev nyab xeeb nyiaj txiag, ntawm cov tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg paub zoo uas Armenians tsis nyob…. ” (f.3).
Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Ottoman archive (hnub tim 17 Lub Cuaj Hli, 1915) peb pom tias los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Ankara 733 (xya puas thiab peb caug peb) Armenian cov poj niam thiab cov menyuam raug xa mus rau Eskişehir, los ntawm Kalecik 257, thiab los ntawm Keskin 1,169 (DH.EUM. 2. Şb)․ Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov menyuam ntawm cov tsev neeg no tau dhau los ua menyuam ntsuag. Rau cov chaw xws li Kalecik thiab Keskin, uas muaj thaj tsam me me, 1,426 cov menyuam yaus ntau dhau. Raws li tib cov ntaub ntawv, peb pom tias cov menyuam yaus uas tau hais tseg tau muab faib rau cov koom haum Islamic (DH.EUM. 2. Şb)․ Peb yuav tsum hais tias cov ntaub ntawv hais txog muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua tsib xyoos los txiav txim siab tias Turkification txoj kev npaj rau cov menyuam yaus Armenian tau tsim rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua tsib xyoos (Raymond, 2011) . Lub logic tom qab txoj kev npaj no yog kev txhawj xeeb tias cov menyuam yaus tshaj tsib xyoos yuav nco ntsoov cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua txhaum cai yav tom ntej. Yog li ntawd, cov Armenians tsis muaj menyuam yaus, tsis muaj tsev nyob, nrog kev nyuaj siab thiab lub cev. Qhov no yuav tsum raug txim ua txhaum cai rau tib neeg. Txhawm rau ua pov thawj cov kev tshwm sim tshiab no, nyob rau lub sijhawm no peb hais los ntawm ib lub xov tooj ntawm Ministry of Internal Affairs, dua los ntawm kev sau ntawm Matenadaran.
15 Lub Xya Hli 1915 (1915 Lub Xya Hli 28). Tsab ntawv tshaj tawm: "Txij thaum pib hauv tebchaws Ottoman Empire cov zos Muslim-hauv zos tau me me thiab rov qab vim tias nyob deb ntawm kev vam meej. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau peb txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov Muslims yuav tsum tau muab ntau ntxiv thiab nce. Cov kev txawj ntawm cov tub lag luam nrog rau cov khoom siv tes ua yuav tsum tau tsim. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau rov kho dua lub zos Armenian depopulated nrog cov neeg nyob hauv, uas yav tas los muaj los ntawm ib puas mus rau ib puas tsib caug lub tsev. Thov tam sim ntawd: Tom qab lawv sib hais, cov zos tseem yuav nyob twj ywm rau npe kom tom qab ntawd lawv kuj yuav tau rov mus nrog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Muslim thiab pab pawg neeg (f.3).
Yog li cas qhov system muaj nyob rau kev ua raws li cov lus hais saum toj no? Tau siv los ua ib lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb hauv tebchaws Ottoman lub npe hu ua "Deportation and Resettlement Directorate." Thaum lub sij hawm Genocide, lub koom haum tau koom tes nrog cov commission ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj tswv. Nws tau ua raws li kev sau npe ntawm Armenian cov tsev thiab ua cov npe sib xws. Yog li ntawm no yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm Armenians raug xa tawm vim tias tag nrho lub tebchaws raug rhuav tshem hauv cov suab puam. Yog li, thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm kev xa tawm yog hnub tim lub Plaub Hlis 1915 thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab kawg, ntawm tes, yog hnub tim 22 Lub Kaum Hli, 1915. Thaum kawg, thaum twg yog qhov pib lossis qhov kawg ntawm kev xa tawm lossis qhov kawg yog dab tsi?
Tsis muaj qhov tseeb. Tsuas yog ib qho tseeb paub tias tib neeg tau raug tsav mus tas li, hloov lawv cov lus qhia, kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm pab pawg thiab txawm tias pawg neeg: cov ntxhais hluas nyias nyias, cov neeg laus, cov menyuam yaus, cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua tsib xyoos, txhua pab pawg sib cais. Thiab ntawm txoj kev, lawv raug yuam kom hloov siab los ntseeg.
Daim ntawv xaj tsis pub lwm tus paub kos npe los ntawm Talyat Pasha, hnub tim 22 Lub Kaum Hli, tau xa mus rau 26 lub xeev nrog cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no: "Talyat xaj yog tias muaj qee qhov kev hloov pauv tom qab raug xa tawm, yog tias lawv daim ntawv thov raug pom zoo los ntawm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm, lawv cov kev hloov pauv yuav tsum raug muab pov tseg. thiab yog hais tias lawv muaj twb tau muab rau lwm tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw nws yuav tsum tau rov qab mus rau tus tswv qub. Kev hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm cov neeg zoo li no tau txais” (DH. ŞFR, 1915).
Yog li ntawd, qhov no qhia tau hais tias lub xeev txoj kev tuav tswj mechanisms ntawm Armenian pej xeem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman tau ua hauj lwm tawm ntxov tshaj li Qaib Cov Txwv yuav kos rau hauv tsov rog. Cov kev ua zoo li no tawm tsam cov pej xeem Armenian yog ib qho pov thawj ntawm trampling lub teb chaws txoj cai lij choj raws li tau hais hauv tsab cai lij choj. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov ntaub ntawv qub ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman tuaj yeem yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov pov thawj tseeb rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rov tsim kho cov cai ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm Armenian genocide.
xaus
Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tau tshawb pom yog cov pov thawj ntseeg tau hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Armenian Genocide. Lawv suav nrog kev txiav txim los ntawm lub xeev siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman kom tshem tawm Armenians, txeeb lawv lub cuab tam, hloov cov menyuam Armenian rau hauv Islam, thiab thaum kawg rhuav tshem lawv. Lawv yog cov pov thawj tias lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua phem rau kev tua neeg raug teeb tsa ntev ua ntej lub tebchaws Ottoman koom nrog Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib. Nws yog ib txoj kev npaj tsim los ntawm ib lub xeev kom rhuav tshem cov neeg Armenian, rhuav tshem lawv cov keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab txeeb lawv cov khoom. Cov xeev tsim kho yuav tsum txhawb nqa qhov kev rau txim ntawm kev tsis lees paub txog kev ua phem genocidal. Yog li ntawd, nrog rau kev tshaj tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom no, kuv xav kom muaj kev saib xyuas ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb los txhawb kev txiav txim rau kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev thaj yeeb hauv ntiaj teb.
Txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tua neeg yog kev rau txim ntawm lub xeev genocidal. Hauv kev hwm ntawm kev nco txog cov neeg raug tsim txom kev tua neeg, kuv hu rau kev rau txim ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug tib neeg tsis hais lawv haiv neeg, haiv neeg, kev ntseeg thiab poj niam txiv neej.
Tsis muaj genocides, tsis muaj tsov rog.
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