Hindutva hauv Tebchaws Meskas: Nkag siab txog Kev Txhawb Kev Sib Koom Tes thiab Kev Ntseeg

Tom qab

Is Nrias teb yog ib haiv neeg sib txawv ntawm 1.38 billion. Nrog nws tus kheej cov neeg Muslim tsawg kwv yees li ntawm 200 lab, Is Nrias teb txoj kev nom kev tswv tej zaum yuav tau txais kev txhawb nqa pluralism raws li ib feem ntawm nws tus kheej li "kev ywj pheej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb." Hmoov tsis zoo, nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no Is Nrias teb txoj kev nom kev tswv tau dhau los ua kev sib cais thiab Islamophobic.

Txhawm rau nkag siab txog nws txoj kev sib faib nom tswv thiab kab lis kev cai ib qho yuav nco ntsoov 200 xyoo ntawm British colonial domination, thawj zaug los ntawm British East India Company thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm British Crown. Ntxiv mus, cov ntshav 1947 Kev Sib Koom Tes ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab Pakistan tau faib thaj av raws kab ntawm kev ntseeg tus kheej, ua rau ntau xyoo ntawm kev kub ntxhov ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab nws cov neeg nyob ze, Pakistan, ib lub teb chaws uas yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg Muslim ntawm 220 lab.

"Hindutva" yog ib lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws uas muaj kev sib koom ua ke nrog kev tawm tsam Hindu haiv neeg tawm tsam secularism thiab xav txog Is Nrias teb raws li "Hindu Rashtra (lub teb chaws). Hindutva yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), txoj cai-tis, Hindu nationalist, paramilitary koom haum nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1925 uas yog txuas mus rau ib tug loj network ntawm txoj cai-tis cov koom haum, nrog rau Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) uas muaj. coj tsoomfwv Is Nrias teb txij li xyoo 2014. Hindutva tsis tsuas yog thov rau cov neeg sab saud Brahmin tab tom nrhiav kom tuav txoj cai tab sis raug teeb tsa raws li kev tawm tsam pej xeem thov rau "qhov nruab nrab tsis saib xyuas. ^[1]. "

Txawm hais tias Is Nrias teb txoj kev cai lij choj tom qab kev cai lij choj txwv tsis pub muaj kev ntxub ntxaug raws li caste tus kheej, cov txheej txheem caste tseem tseem muaj kev coj noj coj ua hauv Is Nrias teb, piv txwv li tau mus rau hauv pawg nom tswv. Kev ua phem hauv zej zog thiab txawm tias kev tua neeg tseem tau piav qhia thiab txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev ntxub ntxaug. Tus kws sau ntawv Indian, Devdutt Pattanaik, piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas "Hindutva tau ua tiav cov tsev txhab nyiaj pov npav Hindu los ntawm kev lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov neeg nyiam thiab cov hauv paus Islamophobia thiab tsis muaj kev sib npaug nrog kev ntseeg siab." Thiab xibfwb Harish S. Wankhede tau xaus^[2], “Lub caij nyoog sab xis tam sim no tsis xav ua kom cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Hloov chaw, Hindutva proponents politicize caste division, txhawb patriarchal social values ​​thiab ua kev zoo siab Brahmanical kab lis kev cai cuab tam. "

Ntau ntxiv, cov zej zog tsawg tau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev ntseeg kev ntseeg thiab kev ntxub ntxaug raws li tsoomfwv BJP tshiab. Lub hom phiaj feem ntau, cov neeg Muslim Indian tau pom qhov ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab los ntawm cov thawj coj raug xaiv los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev thab plaub hauv online thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm Muslim cov lag luam mus rau kev hais tsis ncaj rau kev tua neeg los ntawm qee tus thawj coj Hindu. Kev tawm tsam haiv neeg tsawg tau suav nrog lynching thiab ceev faj.^[3]

Nyob rau theem txoj cai, txwv tsis pub Hindu haiv neeg yog embodied nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), uas hem kom disenfranchise tsheej lab ntawm cov neeg Muslim keeb kwm Bengali. Raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm US Commission on International Freedom, "CAA muab kev ceev ceev rau cov neeg tsis yog neeg Muslim tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Muslim-feem coob Afghanistan, Bangladesh, thiab Pakistan thov rau thiab tau txais kev ua pej xeem Indian. Txoj cai lij choj tseem ceeb tso cai rau cov neeg xaiv, cov zej zog tsis yog Muslim nyob rau hauv cov tebchaws no cov neeg tawg rog nyob hauv Is Nrias teb thiab tshwj tseg cov qeb ntawm 'kev tsiv teb tsaws tsis raug cai' rau cov neeg Muslim ib leeg.^[4] Cov neeg Rohingya Muslims khiav tawm ntawm kev tua neeg hauv Myanmar thiab nyob hauv Jammu tau raug hem nrog kev ua phem nrog rau kev xa tawm los ntawm BJP cov thawj coj.^[5] Cov neeg tawm tsam CAA, cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm tau raug thab plaub thiab raug kaw.

Hindutva lub tswv yim tau nthuav tawm los ntawm ntau lub koom haum hauv tsawg kawg 40 lub tebchaws thoob ntiaj teb, coj los ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Is Nrias teb txoj cai tswjfwm thiab ntawm Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Sangh Parivar ("Tsev Neeg ntawm RSS") yog lub kaus mom rau kev sau cov koom haum Hindu haiv neeg uas suav nrog Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, lossis "Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Hindu,") uas CIA tau muab cais ua ib lub koom haum kev ntseeg hauv nws lub Ntiaj Teb. Factbook's 2018 nkag^[6] rau Is Nrias teb. Thov kom "tiv thaiv" Hindu kev ntseeg thiab kab lis kev cai, VHP cov tub ntxhais hluas tis Bajrang Dal tau tua ntau yam kev ua phem.^[7] tsom mus rau Indian Muslims thiab kuj tau muab cais ua tub rog. Txawm hais tias Factbook tsis tau txiav txim siab tam sim no, muaj cov lus ceeb toom thaum Lub Yim Hli 2022 tias Bajrang Dal tab tom npaj "kev cob qhia riam phom rau Hindus."^[8]

Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lwm lub koom haum kuj tau nthuav tawm Hindutva haiv neeg txoj kev xav hauv Is Nrias teb thiab thoob ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America (VHPA) tej zaum yuav raug cai cais los ntawm VHP hauv Is Nrias teb uas tau ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm keeb kwm Babri Mosque xyoo 1992 thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua loj uas ua raws li.^[9] Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau txhawb nqa VHP cov thawj coj uas txhawb nqa kev ua phem. Piv txwv li, xyoo 2021 VHPA tau caw Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, tus pov thawj ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Dasna Devi hauv Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Hindu Swabhiman (Hindu Self-Respect), los ua tus hais lus qhuas ntawm kev ua koob tsheej. Ntawm lwm qhov kev tawm tsam, Saraswati yog qhov tsis zoo rau kev qhuas Hindu haiv neeg tua neeg ntawm Mahatma Gandhi, thiab hu rau cov dab Muslims.^[10] VHPA raug yuam kom tshem tawm lawv cov lus caw tom qab #RejectHate daim ntawv thov, tab sis lwm tus cuam tshuam nrog lub koom haum, xws li Sonal Shah, tsis ntev los no tau raug xaiv los ua haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig hauv Biden Administration.^[11]

Hauv Is Nrias teb, Rashtrasevika Samiti sawv cev rau poj niam tis, subordinate rau txiv neej lub koom haum ntawm RSS. Lub Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) tau ua haujlwm hauv Tebchaws Meskas, pib tsis raug cai nyob rau xyoo 1970s thiab tom qab ntawd koom nrog xyoo 1989, thaum tseem ua haujlwm hauv ntau dua 150 lwm lub tebchaws nrog kwv yees li 3289 ceg.^[12]. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Hindutva qhov tseem ceeb kuj tau qhia thiab txhawb nqa los ntawm Hindu American Foundation (HAF), lub koom haum txhawb nqa uas qhia txog kev thuam Hindutva ib yam li Hinduphobia.^[13]

Cov koom haum no feem ntau sib tshooj, tsim kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Hindutva cov thawj coj thiab cov muaj hwj chim. Qhov kev sib txuas no tau pom meej nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli 2019 thaum lub sijhawm Howdy Modi sib sau ua ke hauv Houston, Texas, ib lub sijhawm thaum muaj peev xwm ntawm tsoomfwv Hindu Asmeskas tau txais kev tshaj tawm xov xwm thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Sawv ntsug ntawm ib sab, Thawj Tswj Hwm Trump thiab Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Modi tau qhuas ib leeg. Tab sis 'Howdy, Modi' tau sib sau ua ke tsis yog Thawj Tswj Hwm Trump thiab 50,000 Indian Neeg Asmeskas, tab sis ntau tus nom tswv, suav nrog Democratic House Cov Thawj Coj Steny Hoyer thiab Texas Republican Senators John Cornyn thiab Ted Cruz.

Raws li Intercept tau tshaj tawm thaum lub sijhawm^[14], "Tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm 'Howdy, Modi' pawg thawj coj, Jugal Malani, yog tus kwv tij ntawm tus lwm thawj coj hauv tebchaws HSS^[15] thiab ib tug kws pab tswv yim rau Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation of USA^[16], ib qho kev kawm tsis muaj txiaj ntsig uas nws tus khub Indian koom nrog RSS offshoot. Malani tus tub xeeb ntxwv, Rishi Bhutada *, yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub rooj sib tham thiab yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Hindu American Foundation^[17], paub txog nws qhov kev tawm tsam hnyav los cuam tshuam kev nom kev tswv ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab Hinduism. Lwm tus tshaj tawm, Gitesh Desai, yog tus thawj tswj hwm^[18] ntawm Houston tshooj ntawm Sewa International, lub koom haum pabcuam txuas nrog HSS. "

Nyob rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws heev 2014 cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb^[19] daim ntawv qhia txog Hindutva toj roob hauv pes hauv Asmeskas, South Asia Citizens Web cov kws tshawb fawb twb tau piav qhia txog Sangh Parivar (lub Sangh "tsev neeg"), lub network ntawm pab pawg nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm Hindutva zog, raws li muaj kwv yees cov tswv cuab suav nrog ntau lab, thiab funneling lab nyiaj daus las rau pab pawg haiv neeg hauv Is Nrias teb.

suav nrog txhua pawg ntseeg, cov pej xeem Indian ntawm Texas tau nce ob npaug hauv 10 xyoo dhau los los ze rau 450,000, tab sis feem ntau tseem ua raws li Democratic Party. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Howdy Modi lub sijhawm^[20] tau xav txog ntau tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Modi txoj kev vam meej hauv kev ua piv txwv Indian kev ntshaw tshaj li qhov kev nyiam rau Thawj Tswj Hwm Donald Trump. Lub zej zog tseem muaj kev txhawb nqa Modi ntau dua li pro-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), raws li ntau tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Indian^[21] Hauv Tebchaws Meskas los ntawm South Is Nrias teb qhov twg Modi txoj kev txiav txim siab BJP tsis tuav ntau yam. Ntxiv mus, txawm hais tias qee tus thawj coj Hindutva hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau txhawb nqa Trump lub phab ntsa ciam teb hauv Texas, ntau tus neeg tuaj txawv tebchaws Indian tau hla ciam teb yav qab teb.^[22], thiab nws cov thawj coj cov cai nyuaj rau kev nkag tebchaws - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txwv rau H1-B vixaj, thiab txoj kev npaj tshem tawm H-4 cov neeg tuav vixaj (cov txij nkawm ntawm H1-B cov neeg tuav vixaj) ntawm txoj cai ua haujlwm - cais ntau lwm tus neeg hauv zej zog. "Cov neeg Hindu haiv neeg hauv tebchaws Amelikas tau siv lawv cov haiv neeg tsawg los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej thaum txhawb nqa lub zog loj tshaj plaws hauv Is Nrias teb," raws li Dieter Friedrich, tus kws tshuaj xyuas South Asia cov xwm txheej tau hais los ntawm Intercept.^[23] Hauv Is Nrias teb thiab Asmeskas, cov thawj coj ntawm haiv neeg sib cais tau txhawb nqa txoj cai tseem ceeb los thov rau lawv cov neeg xaiv tsa.^[24]

Raws li tus neeg sau xov xwm Sonia Paul sau hauv The Atlantic,^[25] "Radha Hegde, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm New York University thiab tus kws kho mob koom nrog Routledge Phau Ntawv ntawm Indian Diaspora, framed Modi's Houston rally raws li tsom teeb pom kev xaiv tsa pawg neeg Asmeskas feem ntau tsis xav txog. 'Lub sijhawm no ntawm Hindu haiv neeg,' nws hais rau kuv tias, 'Lawv tab tom raug tsim los ua Hindu Americans.'” Nws zoo li ntau tus Hindu Asmeskas cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg koom nrog RSS tsis yog tag nrho indoctrinated, tab sis tsuas yog ua raws li cov neeg Khab Khab. haiv neeg. Thiab tseem nws tseem muaj kev ntxhov siab heev uas qhov "tsim" no tshwm sim tsuas yog lub lis piam tom qab tsoomfwv Modi tau tshem Jammu thiab Kashmir ntawm lawv txoj kev ywj pheej thiab ua rau ob lab Muslims muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsis muaj neeg nyob hauv xeev Assam.^[26]

Phau ntawv Culture Wars

Raws li cov neeg Amelikas twb paub los ntawm kev tsis tu ncua ntawm "niam txiv txoj cai" thiab Kev Sib Tham Txog Kev Sib Tw Tseem Ceeb (CRT), cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm sib ntaus sib tua thiab raug tsim los ntawm lub teb chaws kev tsov kev rog loj dua. Cov txheej txheem rov sau keeb kwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Hindu nationalist ideology thiab Hindutva infiltration ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo li tseem muaj kev txhawj xeeb hauv lub teb chaws ob qho tib si hauv Is Nrias teb thiab Asmeskas. Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev txhim kho hauv kev piav qhia ntawm Hindus yuav xav tau zoo, cov txheej txheem tau raug coj los ntawm qhov pib.^[27]

Nyob rau hauv 2005 Hindutva activists foob [uas] los tiv thaiv "cov duab tsis zoo" ntawm caste los ntawm muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm^[28]. Raws li Equality Labs tau piav nyob rau hauv lawv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas 2018 ntawm caste hauv Amelikas, "lawv cov kev hloov kho suav nrog sim tshem tawm lo lus "Dalit", tshem tawm keeb kwm ntawm Caste hauv Hindu vaj lug kub, thaum tib lub sij hawm txo qis cov teeb meem rau Caste thiab Brahmanism los ntawm Sikh, Kev cai dab qhuas, thiab Islam. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau sim ua kom paub cov ntsiab lus mythical rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Indus Valley Civilization thaum sim ua phem rau Islam tsuas yog kev ntseeg ntawm kev nruj kev tsiv hauv South Asia. "^[29]

Rau Hindu haiv neeg, Is Nrias teb yav dhau los muaj kev vam meej Hindu kev vam meej ua raws li ntau pua xyoo ntawm Muslim txoj cai uas Prime Minister Modi tau piav txog ib txhiab xyoo ntawm "kev ua cev qhev."^[30] Cov kws sau keeb kwm hwm uas pheej piav qhia qhov kev pom ntau dua tau txais kev thab plaub hauv online rau "kev tawm tsam Hindu, tawm tsam Is Nrias teb" views. Piv txwv li, 89-xyoo-laus pre-eminent historian, Romila Thapar, tau txais ib txwm kwj ntawm pornographic invective los ntawm Modi followers.^[31]

Xyoo 2016 lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab California (Irvine) tau thim nyiaj 6 lab nyiaj daus las los ntawm Dharma Civilization Foundation (DCF) tom qab ntau tus kws tshaj lij kev kawm tau kos npe rau daim ntawv thov sau tseg tias DCF cov koom tes tau sim qhia qhov tseeb qhov tsis raug hloov pauv rau California cov ntawv kawm qib rau qib XNUMX. hais txog Hinduism^[32], thiab qhia txog kev txhawj xeeb txog kev tshaj tawm xov xwm qhia tias qhov nyiaj pub dawb yog nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv xaiv DCF cov neeg sib tw xav tau. Pawg kws qhia ntawv pom lub hauv paus "muaj kev xav zoo heev" nrog "txoj cai sab xis heev."^[33] Tom qab ntawd, DCF tau tshaj tawm cov phiaj xwm yuav nce ib lab daus las^[34] rau Hindu University of America^[35], uas muab kev txhawb nqa hauv tsev rau cov neeg hauv kev kawm ua ntej los ntawm Sangh, raws li kev kawm tis ntawm VHPA.

Xyoo 2020, cov niam txiv cuam tshuam nrog Cov Niam Txiv Tiv Thaiv Kev Tshaj Tawm Hauv Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv (Project-MATHS) tau nug vim li cas Epic nyeem ntawv app, uas cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem thoob plaws Tebchaws Meskas muaj hauv lawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Prime Minister Modi qhia txog nws cov lus tsis tseeb txog nws. kev kawm tiav, nrog rau nws qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Congress Party ntawm Mahatma Gandhi.^[36]

Kev ntxhov siab tau txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv. Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 2021 cov neeg tawm tswv yim txoj cai thiab cov neeg thuam ntawm Modi tsoomfwv tau teeb tsa lub rooj sib tham hauv online, Dismantling Global Hindutva, suav nrog cov vaj huam sib luag ntawm cov txheej txheem caste, Islamophobia thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm Hinduism kev ntseeg thiab Hindutva lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb. Qhov kev tshwm sim tau koom tes los ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm ntau dua 40 Asmeskas cov tsev kawm qib siab, suav nrog Harvard thiab Columbia. Lub Hindu American Foundation thiab lwm tus tswvcuab ntawm Hindutva lub zog tawm tsam qhov kev tshwm sim yog tsim kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb rau cov tub ntxhais kawm Hindu.^[37] Ze li ntawm ib lab email tau xa tawm hauv kev tawm tsam rau cov tsev kawm qib siab, thiab lub vev xaib tshwm sim tau tawm mus rau ob hnub tom qab qhov tsis txaus siab. Thaum lub sij hawm qhov kev tshwm sim tshwm sim rau lub Cuaj Hlis 10, nws cov koom haum thiab cov neeg hais lus tau txais kev hem thawj rau kev tuag thiab rape. Hauv Is Nrias teb, Pro-Modi xov xwm tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm cov lus sib liam tias lub rooj sib tham tau muab "kev txawj ntse npog rau cov Taliban."^[38]

Cov koom haum Hindutva tau thov tias qhov xwm txheej kis "Hinduphobia." Gyan Prakash, tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm Princeton University uas yog tus hais lus ntawm Hindutva lub rooj sab laj hais tias "Lawv siv hom lus ntawm Asmeskas kev coj noj coj ua los tsim cov kev thuam zoo li Hinduphobia."^[39] Qee qhov kev kawm tau thim tawm ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim tawm ntawm kev ntshai rau lawv tsev neeg, tab sis lwm tus zoo li Audrey Truschke, tus xibfwb ntawm South Asian keeb kwm ntawm Rutgers University, twb tau txais kev tuag thiab rape hem los ntawm Hindu haiv neeg rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm Muslim cov thawj coj ntawm Is Nrias teb. Nws feem ntau xav tau kev ruaj ntseg riam phom rau pej xeem cov xwm txheej hais lus.

Ib pawg ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm Hindu los ntawm Rutgers thov rau kev tswj hwm, thov kom nws tsis pub nws qhia cov kev kawm ntawm Hinduism thiab Is Nrias teb.^[40] Xib fwb Audrey Truschke kuj muaj npe nyob rau hauv HAF foob rau tweeting^[41] hais txog al Jazeera zaj dab neeg thiab Hindu American Foundation. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 8, 2021, nws kuj tau ua tim khawv hauv Congressional Briefing, "Hindutva Attacks on Academic Freedom."^[42]

Txoj cai-tis Hindu Nationalism tau tsim nws txoj kev nkag mus rau hauv kev kawm li cas?^[43] Nyob rau thaum ntxov 2008 lub phiaj xwm kom tsis txhob muaj nyiaj txiag ntxub (CSFH) tau tshaj tawm nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom, "Unmistakably Sangh: Lub teb chaws HSC thiab nws cov Hindutva Agenda," tsom rau kev loj hlob ntawm Sangh Parivar cov tub ntxhais kawm tis nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws USA - lub Hindu Students Council (HSC. ).^[44] Raws li VHPA cov ntaub ntawv sau se, xa mus rau US Patents Office, Internet sau npe cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm HSC, daim ntawv tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv "ntev thiab ntom ntom ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm HSC thiab Sangh los ntawm 1990 txog tam sim no." HSC tau tsim muaj nyob rau hauv 1990 raws li ib qhov project ntawm VHP ntawm America.^[45] HSC tau txhawb nqa cov neeg hais lus sib cais thiab cais tawm xws li Ashok Singhal thiab Sadhvi Rithambara thiab tawm tsam cov tub ntxhais kawm kev siv zog los txhawb kev koom nrog.^[46]

Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub ntxhais hluas Khab Asmeskas tuaj yeem koom nrog HSC yam tsis muaj kev paub txog "tsis pom" kev sib txuas ntawm HSC thiab Sangh. Piv txwv li, ua ib tus tswv cuab ntawm nws lub koom haum Hindu cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv Cornell University, Samir tau saib xyuas kom nws cov zej zog koom nrog kev sib tham txog kev ncaj ncees thiab haiv neeg, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Nws tau hais rau kuv tias nws tau hu mus rau National Hindu Council los npaj cov tub ntxhais kawm lub rooj sib tham loj dua uas tau tuav ntawm MIT hauv 2017. Hauv kev hais lus nrog nws cov neeg koom tes, nws tsis ntev thiab poob siab thaum HSC tau caw tus sau Rajiv Malhotra los ua tus hais lus tseem ceeb.^[47] Malhotra yog tus txhawb nqa hnyav ntawm Hindutva, tus neeg tawm tsam tawm tsam Hindutva cov neeg thuam thiab hauv online tus hais lus tawm tsam kev kawm nws tsis pom zoo nrog^[48]. Piv txwv li, Malhotra tau tsom mus rau tus kws tshawb fawb Wendy Doniger, tawm tsam nws hauv kev sib deev thiab tus kheej cov ntsiab lus uas tau rov qab hais dua hauv kev sib liam zoo hauv Is Nrias teb uas xyoo 2014 tau txais nws phau ntawv, "The Hindus," txwv hauv lub tebchaws ntawd.

Txawm hais tias muaj kev pheej hmoo, qee cov tib neeg thiab cov koom haum tau txuas ntxiv thawb tawm tsam Hindutva rau pej xeem^[49], thaum lwm tus nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev. Txij li thaum nws qhov kev paub nrog HSC, Samir tau pom muaj kev sib koom siab thiab qhib siab rau cov neeg Hindu thiab tam sim no ua haujlwm ua tus thawj coj ntawm Sadhana, lub koom haum Hindu kev vam meej. Nws hais tias: “Kev ntseeg muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Tebchaws Meskas muaj cov kab lus ua txhaum cai ntawm haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg uas xav tau kev saib xyuas, tab sis hauv Is Nrias teb cov no feem ntau yog cov kab kev cai dab qhuas, thiab txawm tias koj xav khaws txoj kev ntseeg thiab kev nom kev tswv sib cais, nws tsis yooj yim kom tsis txhob xav txog qee cov lus los ntawm cov thawj coj hauv zej zog. Ntau qhov kev pom muaj nyob hauv txhua lub koom txoos, thiab qee lub tuam tsev nyob deb ntawm cov lus "kev nom kev tswv", thaum lwm tus qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua ntau dua, los ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub tuam tsev Ram Janmabhoomi ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Ayodhya puas, piv txwv li. Kuv tsis xav tias sab laug/txoj kev faib nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States yog tib yam li nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb. Lub Hindutva hauv Asmeskas cov ntsiab lus sib txuas nrog Txoj Cai Evangelical ntawm Islamophobia, tab sis tsis yog rau txhua qhov teeb meem. Txoj kev sib raug zoo sab xis yog qhov nyuaj. "

Txoj Cai Push Back

Cov kev cai lij choj tsis ntev los no tau ua rau qhov teeb meem ntawm pawg neeg pom ntau dua. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 2020, California cov tswj hwm tau foob lub tuam txhab thev naus laus zis Cisco Systems dhau qhov kev iab liam kev ntxub ntxaug rau tus kws tshaj lij Indian los ntawm nws cov npoj yaig Indian thaum lawv txhua tus ua haujlwm hauv lub xeev.^[50]. Qhov kev foob hais tias Cisco tsis txaus los hais txog qhov ua rau Dalit tus neeg ua haujlwm txhawj xeeb tias nws raug tsim txom los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm sab saud Hindu. Raws li Vidya Krishnan sau hauv Atlantic, "Cov ntaub ntawv Cisco yog lub sijhawm keeb kwm. Lub tuam txhab-ib lub tuam txhab-yuav tsis tau ntsib cov nqi no hauv Is Nrias teb, qhov twg kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg, txawm tias tsis raug cai, yog qhov lees paub tseeb ... hauv Is Nrias teb."^[51] 

Xyoo tom ntej, nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 2021, tsoomfwv foob tau liam tias ib lub koom haum Hindu, Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, dav hu ua BAPS, tau ntxias ntau dua 200 tus neeg ua haujlwm qis rau Asmeskas los tsim lub tuam tsev Hindu dav hauv New Jersey. , them lawv tsawg li $1.20 ib teev rau ob peb xyoos.^[52] Qhov kev foob tau hais tias cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob hauv ib lub tsev fenced-hauv qhov chaw uas lawv cov kev txav tau saib xyuas los ntawm cov koob yees duab thiab cov neeg saib xyuas. BAPS suav ntau dua 1200 mandirs hauv nws lub network thiab tshaj 50 lub tuam tsev hauv Asmeskas thiab UK, qee qhov loj heev. Thaum paub txog kev pabcuam hauv zej zog thiab kev pabcuam nyiaj txiag, BAPS tau txhawb nqa pej xeem thiab pab nyiaj rau Ram Mandir hauv Ayodhya, ua rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj keeb kwm rhuav tshem los ntawm Hindu haiv neeg, thiab Is Nrias teb tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Modi tau muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lub koom haum. BAPS tau tsis lees paub qhov kev iab liam ntawm kev siv neeg ua haujlwm.^[53]

Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, kev koom tes dav dav ntawm Indian Asmeskas cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cov koom haum pej xeem txoj cai tau hu rau US Small Business Administration (SBA) los soj ntsuam seb cov pab pawg sab xis Hindu tau txais ntau pua txhiab nyiaj hauv tsoomfwv cov nyiaj pab them nqi kho mob COVID-19, raws li tau tshaj tawm. los ntawm Al Jazeera lub Plaub Hlis 2021.^[54] Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias RSS txuas cov koom haum tau txais ntau dua $ 833,000 hauv kev them nyiaj ncaj qha, thiab qiv nyiaj. Al Jazeera tau hais los ntawm John Prabhudoss, tus thawj coj ntawm Federation of Indian American Christian Cov Koom Haum: "Tsoomfwv pawg saib xyuas nrog rau tib neeg cov koom haum yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov tsis tsim nyog ntawm COVID cov nyiaj txiag los ntawm Hindu cov pab pawg neeg siab tshaj hauv Tebchaws Meskas."

Islamophobia

Raws li twb tau sau tseg lawm, hauv Is Nrias teb kev txhawb nqa ntawm Anti-Muslim hais lus tau nthuav dav. Ib qho anti-Muslim pogrom hauv Delhi^[55] coincided nrog Donald Trump thawj tus thawj tswj hwm mus ntsib Is Nrias teb^[56]. Thiab nyob rau hauv ob xyoos dhau los kev tshaj tawm online tau txhawb kev ntshai txog "kev hlub jihad"^[57] (tsom mus rau kev sib raug zoo phooj ywg thiab kev sib yuav), Coronajihad"^[58], (kev thuam kev kis tus kabmob kis rau cov neeg Muslims) thiab "Spit Jihad" (xws li, "Thook Jihad") liam tias cov neeg muag khoom noj Muslim tau nchuav rau hauv cov zaub mov uas lawv muag.^[59]

Nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2021, Hindu cov thawj coj ntawm "Kev cai dab qhuas Parliament" hauv Haridwar tau hais tsis ncaj ncees rau kev tua neeg tua neeg Muslim.^[60], tsis muaj kev rau txim los ntawm Prime Minister Modi lossis nws cov thwjtim. Tsuas yog lub hlis dhau los, VHP ntawm Asmeskas^[61] tau caw Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, tus pov thawj ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Dasna Devi ua tus hais lus tseem ceeb^[62]. Qhov kev npaj tau raug muab tso tseg tom qab ntau qhov kev tsis txaus siab. Yati twb tau ua phem rau "kev ntxub ntxaug" rau ntau xyoo thiab raug coj mus kaw tom qab hu rau kev tua neeg loj thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis.

Tau kawg, muaj ntau qhov kev hais lus Islamophobic uas twb muaj lawm hauv Tebchaws Europe^[63], Tebchaws Asmeskas, Canada thiab lwm lub tebchaws. Kev tsim kho Mosque tau tawm tsam hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau ntau xyoo^[64]. Cov kev tawm tsam no feem ntau yog hais txog kev txhawj xeeb txog kev tsav tsheb ntau ntxiv tab sis hauv 2021 nws yog qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas cov neeg hauv zej zog Hindu tau pom tshwj xeeb cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm kev nthuav dav mosque hauv Naperville, IL^[65].

Hauv Naperville cov neeg tawm tsam tau hais txog kev txhawj xeeb txog qhov siab ntawm minaret thiab muaj peev xwm hu rau kev thov Vajtswv tau tshaj tawm. Tsis ntev los no hauv Canada, Ravi Hooda, tus neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb rau cov ceg hauv zos ntawm Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS)^[66] thiab tus tswv cuab ntawm Peel District School Board nyob rau hauv Toronto cheeb tsam, tweeted hais tias tso cai Muslim thov Vajtswv hu xov tooj cua qhib lub qhov rooj rau "Sib cais txoj kab rau cov ntxhuav & tshis caij" los yog txoj cai "yuav tsum tau tag nrho cov poj niam los npog lawv tus kheej ntawm taub hau mus rau ntiv taw nyob rau hauv cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub. ”^[67]

Kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev ntxub ntxaug zoo li no tau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab txhawb kev ua phem. Nws yog qhov paub zoo tias xyoo 2011, txoj cai tis neeg ua phem Anders Behring Breivik tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm Hindutva cov tswv yim los tua 77 cov tub ntxhais hluas koom nrog Norwegian Labor Party. Hauv Lub Ib Hlis 2017^[68], kev ua phem tawm tsam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Quebec City tua 6 tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Muslim thiab raug mob 19^[69], kev tshoov siab los ntawm txoj cai tis muaj zog nyob hauv zos (suav nrog ib tshooj ntawm Nordic ntxub pawg^[70]) raws li kev ntxub ntxaug online. Ib zaug ntxiv hauv Canada, xyoo 2021 Canadian Hindu Advocacy pab pawg coj los ntawm Islamophobe Ron Banerjee, tau npaj ib lub rooj sib tham txhawb nqa tus txiv neej uas tua plaub tus neeg Muslim nrog nws lub tsheb hauv Canadian lub nroog London.^[71]. Txawm tias UN Secretary General tau pom thiab rau txim rau qhov kev tawm tsam no^[72]. Banarjee yog tsis muaj npe. Hauv ib daim vis dis aus tshaj tawm ntawm Rise Canada tus account YouTube thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2015, Banerjee tuaj yeem pom tuav lub Qur'an thaum nto qaub ncaug rau nws thiab so nws hla nws lub nraub qaum. Hauv ib daim vis dis aus tso rau ntawm Rise Canada tus account YouTube thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2018, Banerjee tau piav txog Islam li "qhov tseem ceeb yog kev ua phem rau kev ua phem."^[73]

Kev Tshaj Tawm

Pom tseeb tias feem ntau cov neeg Hindu haiv neeg hauv Asmeskas tsis txhawb kev tsim txom lossis kev ua phem li no. Txawm li cas los xij, Hindutva cov koom haum tau tshoov siab yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm kev ua phooj ywg thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg hauv tsoomfwv. Qhov kev vam meej ntawm lawv cov kev siv zog tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm US Congress los rau txim rau kev tshem tawm Kashmir txoj cai tswjfwm hauv 2019 lossis kev tsis txaus siab ntawm cov neeg Muslim hauv Assam State. Nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg hauv Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm los xaiv Is Nrias teb ua Lub Tebchaws Ntawm Kev Nyuaj Siab (CPC), txawm tias muaj kev pom zoo los ntawm US Commission of International Kev Ntseeg ywj pheej.

Raws li muaj zog thiab txiav txim siab raws li nws nkag mus rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas txoj kev kawm, Hindutva nthuav tawm lub hom phiaj rau txhua theem ntawm tsoom fwv, raws li lawv muaj txhua txoj cai ua. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov tactics siab tuaj yeem ua nruj. Lub Intercept^[74] tau piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas Khab Neeg Asmeskas Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Ro Khanna tau thim rov qab los ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 2019 cov lus qhia luv luv ntawm Caste Discrimination nyob rau hauv feeb kawg vim "kev ntxhov siab los ntawm ntau pab pawg Hindu muaj hwj chim."^[75] Nws cov npoj yaig Pramila Jayapal tseem yog tus txhawb nqa ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim. Nrog rau kev teeb tsa kev tawm tsam ntawm nws cov xwm txheej hauv zej zog,^[76] Cov neeg tawm tsam tau tshaj tawm ntau dua 230 Hindu thiab Indian American pawg thiab cov tib neeg, suav nrog Hindu American Foundation, xa Khanna tsab ntawv thuam nws cov lus hais txog Kashmir thiab thov kom nws thim tawm ntawm Congressional Pakistan Caucus, uas nws tau koom nrog tsis ntev los no.

Cov neeg sawv cev Ilham Omar thiab Rashida Tlaib tau tiv taus cov kev siv zog zoo li no, tab sis ntau lwm tus tsis tau; Piv txwv li, Rep. Tom Suozzi (D, NY), uas tau xaiv rov qab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Kashmir. Thiab ua ntej kev xaiv tsa Thawj Tswj Hwm, Hindu American Foundation tau ceeb toom tsaus ntuj txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Democratic Party tseem tshuav "tus neeg saib tsis pom" ntawm "kev loj hlob Hinduphobia" hauv tog.^[77].

Tom qab kev xaiv tsa xyoo 2020 ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Biden, nws cov thawj coj tau tshwm sim los ua raws li kev thuam ntawm nws txoj kev xaiv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev sib tw.^[78]. Nws txoj kev tshaj tawm txoj kev xaiv ntawm Amit Jani ua kev sib txuas lus rau cov zej zog Muslim tau tsa qee qhov muag muag, vim nws tsev neeg muaj kev sib txuas zoo rau RSS. Qee cov neeg tawm tswv yim thuam "kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg Muslim, Dalit, thiab cov pab pawg sab laug radical" rau nws txoj kev sib tw hauv internet tawm tsam Jani, uas nws txiv lig tau koom nrog Overseas Friends of BJP.^[79]

Ntau cov lus nug tseem tau raug tsa los ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev Sawv Cev (thiab Thawj Tswj Hwm tus neeg sib tw) Tulsi Gabbard qhov txuas mus rau sab xis ntawm Hindu cov duab^[80]. Thaum txoj cai-tis Christian evangelical thiab sab xis-tis Hindu kev xa xov ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm tsis yog kev sib tshuam, Rep Gabbard yog qhov txawv txav hauv kev sib txuas rau ob lub chaw xaiv tsa.^[81]

Ntawm New York State pawg neeg tsim cai lij choj, Pawg Neeg Koom Tes Jenifer Rajkumar tau raug thuam rau nws cov neeg koom nrog Hindutva.^[82] Cov pab pawg hauv zej zog hauv zej zog poj huab tais tawm tsam Hindu Fascism kuj tau sau tseg tias nws tau qhia txog kev txhawb nqa rau Prime Minister Modi. Lwm tus neeg sawv cev hauv cheeb tsam, Ohio Xeev Senator Niraj Antani tau hais nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli 2021 cov lus hais tias nws tau rau txim rau lub rooj sib tham 'Dismantling Hindutva" "nyob rau hauv cov lus muaj zog tshaj plaws" uas yog "tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev loj hlob tawm tsam Hindus."^[83] Nws zoo li muaj ntau cov piv txwv zoo sib xws ntawm pandering uas tuaj yeem raug khawb nrog kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.

Thaum kawg, muaj kev siv zog mus cuag cov thawj coj hauv zos thiab cob qhia tub ceev xwm.^[84] Thaum cov zej zog Indian thiab Hindu muaj txhua txoj cai los ua qhov no, qee cov neeg soj ntsuam tau nug txog Hindutva kev koom tes, piv txwv li HSS kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tub ceev xwm hauv Troy thiab Caton, Michigan, thiab Irving, Texas.^[85]

Nrog rau cov thawj coj Hindutva muaj hwj chim, xav txog cov tso tsheb hlau luam, cov chaw tos txais thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj ntse txhawb nqa Modi tsoomfwv cov kev tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws Meskas thiab hauv tebchaws Canada.^[86] Txawm li cas los xij, dhau qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab zoo txog kev soj ntsuam, kev qhia tsis tseeb thiab kev tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm hauv online.

Social Media, Journalism thiab Culture Wars

Is Nrias teb yog Facebook lub lag luam loj tshaj plaws, nrog 328 lab tus tib neeg siv lub social media platform. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee tus 400 lab Isdias Asmesliskas siv Facebook cov kev pabcuam xa xov, WhatsApp^[87]. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov kev tshaj xov xwm social media no tau dhau los ua lub tsheb rau kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev qhia tsis tseeb. Hauv Is Nrias teb, ntau tus nyuj vigilante tua neeg tshwm sim tom qab cov lus xaiv tau tshaj tawm hauv kev tshaj xov xwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog WhatsApp^[88]. Cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm lynching thiab beatings feem ntau muab qhia rau WhatsApp ib yam nkaus.^[89] 

Cov poj niam reporters tau raug kev txom nyem tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev hem ntawm kev ua phem rau kev sib deev, "deepfakes" thiab doxing. Cov neeg thuam tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Modi tau tuaj rau hauv kev tsim txom tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, hauv 2016, tus neeg sau xov xwm Rana Ayub tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv hais txog tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog kev kub ntxhov hauv 2002 hauv Gujarat. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, ntxiv rau qhov tau txais ntau yam kev hem thawj rau kev tuag, Ayub tau paub txog cov yeeb yaj kiab duab liab qab uas tsis txaus ntseeg tau muab qhia rau ntau pawg WhatsApp.^[90] Nws lub ntsej muag yog superimposed ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm ib tug porn zaj duab xis actor, siv Deepfake thev naus laus zis uas tswj Rana lub ntsej muag kom hloov cov lustful.

Ms. Ayub sau hais tias, "Feem ntau ntawm Twitter tuav thiab Facebook account uas tau tshaj tawm cov yeeb yaj kiab duab liab qab thiab cov duab thaij duab qhia lawv tus kheej li cov kiv cua ntawm Mr. Modi thiab nws tog."^[91] Xws li kev hem rau poj niam cov neeg sau xov xwm kuj tau ua rau muaj kev tua neeg tiag tiag. Xyoo 2017, tom qab muaj kev tsim txom thoob plaws hauv kev sib raug zoo, cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab tus kws sau xov xwm Gauri Lankesh raug tua los ntawm txoj cai-tis radicals sab nraum nws lub tsev.^[92] Lankesh tau khiav ob phau ntawv xov xwm txhua lub lim tiam thiab yog tus thuam ntawm txoj cai-tis Hindu kev tawm tsam uas lub tsev hais plaub hauv nroog tau txiav txim tias nws ua txhaum rau nws kev thuam BJP.

Niaj hnub no, "slut-shaming" provocations txuas ntxiv. Xyoo 2021, ib qho app hu ua Bulli Bai tau tuav ntawm GitHub lub vev xaib platform tau qhia cov duab ntawm ntau dua 100 tus poj niam Muslim hais tias lawv tau "muag."^[93] Cov social media platforms ua dab tsi los tuav txoj kev ntxub ntxaug no? Thaj tsis ze li txaus.

Hauv ib tsab xov xwm nyuaj 2020, Facebook txoj kev sib raug zoo rau Is Nrias teb txoj cai tswj hwm cuam tshuam nws kev tawm tsam kev ntxub ntxaug, Time Magazine tus kws sau xov xwm Tom Perrigo tau piav qhia meej txog yuav ua li cas Facebook Is Nrias teb ncua kev tshem tawm cov lus ntxub ntxaug-Muslim thaum nws raug ua phem los ntawm cov thawj coj qib siab, txawm tias tom qab Avaaz thiab lwm pab pawg neeg tawm tsam tau tsis txaus siab thiab Facebook cov neeg ua haujlwm tau sau cov lus tsis txaus siab sab hauv.^[94] Perrigo kuj tau sau txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm laus Facebook hauv Is Nrias teb thiab Modi's BJP tog.^[95] Thaum nruab nrab Lub Yim Hli 2020, Wall Street Journal tau tshaj tawm tias cov neeg ua haujlwm laus tau sib cav tias kev rau txim rau cov neeg tsim cai lij choj yuav ua rau Facebook txoj kev cia siab rau kev lag luam.^[96] Lub lim tiam tom ntej, Reuters piav li cas, hauv kev teb, cov neeg ua haujlwm Facebook tau sau tsab ntawv qhib sab hauv hu rau cov thawj coj los tawm tsam kev tawm tsam cov neeg Muslim loj thiab siv cov cai hais lus ntxub ntxaug ntau ntxiv. Tsab ntawv kuj tau liam tias tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm Muslim ntawm lub platform hauv Is Nrias teb txoj cai pab pawg.^[97]

Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2021 New York Times raws li ib tsab xov xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sab hauv, ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj uas hu ua Cov ntaub ntawv Facebook sau los ntawm tus whistleblower Frances Haugen, yav tas los tus thawj tswj khoom Facebook.^[98] Cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog cov lus ceeb toom txog yuav ua li cas bots thiab cov nyiaj tsis raug cai, feem ntau txuas nrog cov nom tswv txoj cai tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev xaiv tsa hauv tebchaws, raws li lawv muaj nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas.^[99] Lawv kuj piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas Facebook cov cai tau ua rau muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug ntau hauv Is Nrias teb, tshwj xeeb yog muaj kev kub ntxhov thaum muaj kev sib kis.^[100] Cov ntaub ntawv piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas lub platform feem ntau ua tsis tiav los tuav kev ntxub ntxaug. Raws li tsab xov xwm: "Facebook kuj tseem tsis kam xaiv RSS ua lub koom haum txaus ntshai vim tias "kev cuam tshuam kev nom kev tswv" uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev sib raug zoo hauv lub tebchaws."

Thaum ntxov 2022 Indian xov xwm magazine, The Hlau, qhia txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov ntawv zais tsis pub lwm tus paub hu ua 'Tek Fog' uas tau siv los ntawm trolls koom nrog Is Nrias teb tus thawj tswj hwm los nyiag cov kev tshaj xov xwm loj thiab cuam tshuam cov kev sib txuas lus sib tham zoo li WhatsApp. Tek Fog tuaj yeem nyiag qhov 'kev nyiam' ntu ntawm Twitter thiab 'kev nyiam' ntawm Facebook. Tek Fog cov tswv lag luam kuj tuaj yeem hloov kho cov dab neeg uas twb muaj lawm los tsim cov xov xwm cuav.

Tom qab kev tshawb nrhiav 20 lub hlis ntev, ua haujlwm nrog tus kws tshaj lij tab sis lees paub ntau ntawm nws cov lus iab liam, tsab ntawv ceeb toom tshuaj xyuas seb lub app ua haujlwm li cas thiaj ntxub thiab tsom thab plaub thiab tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm sau tseg cov app kev sib txuas rau Indian Asmeskas kev lag luam kev lag luam thev naus laus zis lub tuam txhab, Persistent Systems, tau nqis peev ntau hauv kev tau txais tsoomfwv cov ntawv cog lus hauv Is Nrias teb. Nws kuj tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Is Nrias teb tus # 1 social media app, Sharechat. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia tias muaj peev xwm txuas mus rau hashtags ntsig txog kev ua phem thiab rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm COVID-19. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias "tawm ntawm tag nrho 3.8 lab cov lus tshuaj xyuas ... yuav luag 58% (2.2 lab) ntawm lawv tuaj yeem raug sau npe tias yog 'kev ntxub ntxaug'.

Hauv 2019, EU DisinfoLab, ib lub koom haum ywj pheej tshawb nrhiav cov phiaj xwm tsis tseeb tsom rau EU, tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm qhia txog lub network ntawm ntau dua 260 pro-India "cov xov xwm cuav hauv zos" hla 65 lub tebchaws, suav nrog thoob plaws sab hnub poob.^[101] Qhov kev siv zog no pom tau tias yog txhawm rau txhim kho kev nkag siab ntawm Is Nrias teb, nrog rau txhawb nqa cov neeg nyiam Indian thiab tawm tsam Pakistan (thiab tawm tsam Suav). Xyoo tom ntej, tsab ntawv ceeb toom no tau ua raws li tsab ntawv tshaj tawm thib ob uas nrhiav tsis tau tsuas yog tshaj 750 qhov tshaj tawm xov xwm cuav, suav nrog 119 lub teb chaws, tab sis ntau tus neeg nyiag khoom, tsawg kawg 10 nyiag UN Human Rights Council tau lees paub NGOs, thiab 550 lub npe sau npe.^[102]

EU DisinfoLab tshawb pom tias "dag" magazine, EP Hnub no, yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog Indian, nrog kev sib raug zoo rau lub network loj ntawm kev xav tso tsheb hlau luam, NGOs, thiab cov tuam txhab los ntawm Srivastava Group.^[103] Cov kev ua haujlwm zoo li no tuaj yeem "tawm ntau tus MEPs mus rau hauv kev hais lus txhawb nqa Is Nrias teb thiab tawm tsam Pakistan, feem ntau siv cov laj thawj xws li cov haiv neeg tsawg thiab cov poj niam txoj cai los ua qhov chaw nkag."

Xyoo 2019 nees nkaum xya tus tswv cuab ntawm European Parliament tau mus xyuas Kashmir raws li cov qhua ntawm lub koom haum tsis meej, Cov Poj Niam Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Xav Txog Kev Xav Tank, lossis WESTT, kuj pom tau tias txuas nrog lub network pro-Modi.^[104] Lawv kuj tau ntsib Prime Minister Narendra Modi thiab National Security Advisor Ajit Doval hauv New Delhi. Qhov kev nkag tau no tau tso cai txawm hais tias tsoomfwv Modi tsis kam tso cai rau US Senator Chris Van Hollen tuaj xyuas^[105] lossis txawm tias UN Human Rights Council xa nws cov neeg sawv cev mus rau thaj av ntawd^[106]. Leej twg yog cov qhua uas ntseeg siab no? Yam tsawg kawg 22 ntawm 27 yog los ntawm cov tog sab xis, xws li Fab Kis Lub Tebchaws Rally, Poland Txoj Cai Lij Choj thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees, thiab lwm txoj hauv kev rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, paub txog kev xav hnyav ntawm kev nkag tebchaws thiab lub npe hu ua "Islamization ntawm Tebchaws Europe".^[107] Qhov kev mus ncig "tus neeg saib xyuas cuav" no tau ua pov thawj tsis txaus ntseeg, vim nws tau tshwm sim tsis yog thaum ntau tus thawj coj Kashmiri tseem raug kaw thiab cov kev pabcuam hauv internet raug tshem tawm tab sis kuj tseem thaum muaj ntau tus MPs Indian raug txwv tsis pub mus xyuas Kashmir.

EU Disinfo Lab NGO muaj Twitter tuav ntawm @DisinfoEU. Kho lub npe tsis meej pem zoo ib yam, thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2020 qhov tsis paub meej "Disinfolab" tau tsim tawm hauv Twitter hauv qab tus tuav @DisinfoLab. Lub tswv yim hais tias Islamophobia hauv Is Nrias teb tau nce siab tau piav qhia tias yog "xov xwm cuav" hauv kev pabcuam Pakistani nyiam. Rov ua dua hauv tweets thiab cov lus ceeb toom, zoo li muaj kev xav nrog lub Indian American Muslim Council (IAMC) thiab nws tus tsim, Shaik Ubaid, ascribing rau lawv heev amazing ncav cuag thiab muaj hwj chim.^[108]

Hauv 2021, DisinfoLab ua kev zoo siab Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm rau npe Is Nrias teb ua lub tebchaws muaj kev txhawj xeeb tshwj xeeb^[109] thiab tso tawm nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom United States Commission on International Religious Freedom li "ib lub koom haum ntawm kev txhawj xeeb tshwj xeeb" nyob rau hauv thrall rau Muslim Brotherhood tswj cov koom haum.^[110]

Qhov no kov cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm tsab xov xwm ntev no, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv Tshooj Plaub ntawm nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom, "Disnfo Lab" piav qhia txog tib neeg txoj cai lub koom haum uas peb ua haujlwm rau, Kev Ncaj Ncees rau Txhua Tus, piav txog NGO ua ib hom kev lag luam ntxhua khaub ncaws nrog kev sib txuas tsis meej rau Jamaat /Muslim Brotherhood. Cov lus iab liam no rov hais dua cov uas tau ua tom qab 9/11 thaum Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) thiab lwm cov koom haum kev cai dab qhuas Muslim American tau smeared raws li ib tug loj Muslim koom tes thiab vilified nyob rau hauv txoj cai-tis xov xwm ntev tom qab cov tub ceev xwm tau qhwv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb.

Txij li thaum xyoo 2013 kuv tau ua haujlwm ua tus kws pab tswv yim nrog Kev Ncaj Ncees rau Txhua Tus, ib lub NGO tau tsim los ntawm Bosnian genocide los teb rau kev tsim txom ntawm cov neeg Muslim tsawg. Rov kho dua xyoo 2012 los tsom mus rau "kev kub hnyiab qeeb" kev tua neeg Rohingya, cov kev pab txhawb nqa tib neeg txoj cai tau nthuav dav suav nrog Uyghur thiab Indian haiv neeg tsawg, nrog rau cov Muslims hauv Kashmir thiab Sri Lanka. Thaum Is Nrias teb thiab Kashmir cov kev pab cuam pib, trolling thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsis tseeb tau nce ntxiv.

Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees rau Txhua Tus, Malik Mujahid, tau piav qhia tias muaj kev sib txuas nrog ICNA, uas nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb, raws li nws tau tawg nrog lub koom haum tshaj 20 xyoo dhau los.^[111] Ua hauj lwm raws li ib lub koom haum Muslim American nrog lub zej zog kev pabcuam kev coj noj coj ua, ICNA tau ua phem ntau los ntawm Islamophobic xav tso tsheb hlau luam ntau xyoo. Zoo li ntau ntawm lawv cov "scholarship," "Disinfo txoj kev kawm" yuav luag yog tias nws tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, tsim kev tsis ntseeg thiab kaw kev sib koom tes thiab nyiaj txiag. Cov kab kos "affinity map" ntawm Kashmir thiab Is Nrias teb tuaj yeem nyiam cov neeg nyiam tab sis txhais tau tias yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi.^[112] Cov no ua raws li kev pom kev ntxhi lus ntxhi, tab sis hmoov tsis tsis tau raug tshem tawm ntawm Twitter txawm tias lawv cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub koob npe nrov. Txawm li cas los xij, Kev Ncaj Ncees rau Tag Nrho tsis tau poob siab thiab tau nce nws cov lus teb rau Is Nrias teb txoj cai sib cais thiab txaus ntshai.^[113] Daim ntawv no tau sau nws tus kheej los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua.

Real yog dab tsi?

Raws li cov neeg Muslims nyob hauv North America, cov neeg sau ntawv sau tseg qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tias hauv tsab xov xwm no peb tab tom taug qab cov kev sib tham loj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kev ntseeg. Peb nug peb tus kheej: puas yog peb tshuaj xyuas lawv hauv txoj hauv kev uas zoo ib yam li Islamophobes 'kev tshawb xyuas" ntawm cov koom haum Muslim Asmeskas? Peb nco qab cov kab kos yooj yim ntawm Cov Tub Ntxhais Kawm Muslim thiab lawv qhov "txuas" mus rau Islamic Society of North America. Peb paub yuav ua li cas de-centralized Muslim cov tub ntxhais kawm cov koom haum feem ntau yog (tsis yog ib txoj saw ntawm cov lus txib) thiab xav paub yog tias peb ib yam nkaus yog overstating lub cohesion ntawm Hindutva tes hauj lwm sib tham nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv dhau los.

Puas yog peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib txuas ntawm cov pab pawg Hindutva tsim ib daim ntawv qhia kev sib raug zoo uas ua rau peb muaj kev txhawj xeeb? Kom meej meej zoo li lwm cov zej zog ua ntej lawv, cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Muslim thiab cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Hindus nrhiav kev nyab xeeb dua thiab muaj sijhawm. Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, Hinduphobia muaj, ib yam li Islamophobia thiab Antisemitism thiab lwm yam kev tsis ncaj ncees. Tsis muaj ntau tus neeg ntxub ntxaug los ntawm kev ntshai thiab kev chim siab ntawm lwm tus neeg, tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm ib txwm hnav khaub ncaws Hindu, Sikh lossis Muslim? Puas muaj tiag tiag tsis muaj chaw rau ntau yam?

Thaum kev sib tham sib tham muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, peb kuj tau pom tias qee qhov kev sib koom siab sib koom ua ke tau txhawb nqa Hindutva tsis txaus ntseeg hais tias kev thuam ntawm Hindutva sib npaug nrog Hinduphobia. Piv txwv li, hauv 2021 ib tsab ntawv sau los ntawm Interfaith Council of Metropolitan Washington tau thov kom cov tsev kawm ntawv tshem tawm ntawm kev txhawb nqa lub rooj sib tham Dismantling Hindutva. Lub Rooj Sib Tham Sib Tham feem ntau ua haujlwm hauv kev tawm tsam kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees. Tab sis los ntawm kev tshaj tawm xov xwm tsis tseeb, nrog rau cov tswv cuab loj thiab kev koom tes hauv pej xeem lub neej, American Hindutva cov koom haum qhia meej meej rau kev txaus siab ntawm lub koom haum loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb ua haujlwm los cuam tshuam ntau pluralism thiab kev ywj pheej los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev ntxub ntxaug.

Qee pawg neeg ntseeg kev ntseeg pom tias muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev thuam Hindutva. Kuj tseem muaj lwm qhov tsis yooj yim: piv txwv li, ntawm United Nations, Is Nrias teb tau txwv qee pawg Dalit los ntawm kev lees paub rau ntau xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum xyoo 2022 qee pawg neeg sib koom ua ke maj mam pib koom nrog kev tawm tswv yim. Twb yog, Coalition Against Genocide[114] tau tsim tom qab muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv Gujarat (2002) thaum Modi yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub xeev, tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm Tikkun thiab Interfaith Freedom Foundation. Tsis ntev los no, los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm USCIRF, ntawm lwm tus, Lub Rooj Sib Tham Thoob Ntiaj Teb Kev Ntseeg Kev ywj pheej tau teeb tsa cov lus qhia luv luv, thiab thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2022 Kev Ntseeg rau Kev Thaj Yeeb (RFPUSA) tau tuav lub rooj sib tham muaj txiaj ntsig. Kev txhawb nqa pej xeem hauv zej zog thaum kawg tuaj yeem txhawb cov neeg tsim cai hauv Washington DC los tawm tsam cov kev sib tw ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Asmeskas cov phooj ywg thaj chaw xws li Is Nrias teb.

Asmeskas kev ywj pheej tseem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev ua phem - txawm zoo li lub Tsev Capitol thaum Lub Ib Hlis 6, 2021 - qhov kev tawm tsam uas suav nrog Vinson Palatingal, tus txiv neej Khab Asmeskas nqa tus chij Indian, tus neeg txhawb nqa Trump uas tau tshaj tawm tias tau raug xaiv tsa rau Thawj Tswj Hwm Export Council.^[115] Muaj tseeb muaj ntau tus neeg Hindu Asmeskas uas txhawb Trump thiab ua haujlwm rau nws rov qab los.^[116] Raws li peb tab tom nrhiav nrog kev sib txuas ntawm cov tub rog sab xis thiab tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm thiab cov tswv cuab ntawm cov kev pabcuam tub rog, tej zaum yuav muaj ntau ntxiv mus rau hauv qab ntawm qhov chaw thiab tsis tshua pom.

Yav dhau los tsis ntev los no, qee tus neeg Amelikas tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo tau thuam Hindu kab lig kev cai, thiab hauv Is Nrias teb, Evangelical Christians feem ntau yog marginalized thiab txawm tawm tsam. Muaj kev sib faib pom tseeb ntawm Hindutva zog thiab cov ntseeg Vajtswv txoj cai. Txawm li cas los xij, cov zej zog no sib koom ua ke los txhawb txoj cai ntawm haiv neeg, puag ntawm tus thawj coj tswj hwm, thiab Islamophobia. Tau muaj cov neeg txaj muag txawv txawv.

Salman Rushdie tau hu Hindutva "Crypto Fascism"^[117] thiab tau ua haujlwm los tawm tsam kev txav mus los hauv nws thaj av yug. Peb puas tso tseg txoj kev sib koom tes ntawm Steve Bannon, kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev xav ntawm esoteric nationalism qhia los ntawm Fascist Traditionalists, raws li kev ntxub ntxaug kev xav ntawm Aryan purity?^[118] Nyob rau lub sijhawm txaus ntshai hauv keeb kwm, qhov tseeb thiab lus dag tau tsis meej pem thiab tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab hauv internet tsim ib qho chaw sib raug zoo uas yog ob qho tib si tswj thiab txaus ntshai cuam tshuam. 

• Qhov tsaus ntuj poob dua; tab sis tam sim no kuv paub
• Qhov ntawd nees nkaum centuries ntawm pob zeb pw
• Tau vexed rau npau suav phem los ntawm ib tug rocking cradle,
• Thiab cov tsiaj nyaum zoo li cas, nws lub sij hawm los txog thaum kawg,
• Slouches rau Bethlehem yug?

References

[1] Devdutt Pattanaik, "Hindutva's Caste Masterstroke, " Cov Hindu, Lub ib hlis ntuj 1, 2022

[2] Harish S. Wankhede, Ntev npaum li caste bears Dividends, cov Hlau, Lub Xya hli ntuj 5, 2019

[3] Filkins, Dexter, "Ntshav thiab av hauv Modi Is Nrias teb, " Tshiab Yorker, Kaum Hlis 9, 2019

[4] Harrison Akins, thiab Txoj Cai Factsheet ntawm Is Nrias teb: CAA, USCIRF Lub Ob Hlis 2020

[5] Human Rights Watch, Is Nrias teb: Rohingya raug xa mus rau Myanmar ntsib kev phom sij, Lub Peb Hlis 31, 2022; Saib ntxiv: Kushboo Sandhu, Rohingya thiab CAA: Is Nrias teb Txoj Cai Lij Choj Neeg tawg rog yog dab tsi? BBC News, Lub Xya hli ntuj 19, 2022

[6] CIA World Factbook 2018, Saib kuj Akhil Reddy, "Cov Laus Version ntawm CIA Factbook," Qhov tseeb, Lub ob hlis ntuj 24, 2021

[7] Shanker Arnimesh, "Leej twg khiav Bajrang Dal? " Lub Sau, Kaum Hlis 6, 2021

[8] Bajrang Dal Organizes Weapons Training, Hindutva Saib, Lub Xya hli ntuj 11, 2022

[9] Arshad Afzaal Khan, Hauv Ayodhya 25 Xyoo Tom Qab Babri Masjid Demolition, cov Hlau, Kaum Hlis 6, 2017

[10] Sunita Viswanath, VHP America Qhov Kev Caw Kom Hatemonger Qhia Peb, cov Hlau, Lub Plaub Hlis 15, 2021

[11] Pieter Friedrich, uas Sonal Shah's Saga, Hindutva Saib, Lub Plaub Hlis 21, 2022

[12] Jaffrelot Christophe, Hindu Nationalism: Tus nyeem ntawv, Princeton University Xovxwm, 2009

[13] HAF website: https://www.hinduamerican.org/

[14] Rashmee Kumar, Lub Network ntawm Hindu Nationalists, Cov kev cuam tshuam, Cuaj hlis 25, 2019

[15] Haider Kazim, "Ramesh Butada: Nrhiav Cov Hom Phiaj Siab dua, " Indo American Xov Xwm, Cuaj hlis 6, 2018

[16] EKAL website: https://www.ekal.org/us/region/southwestregion

[17] HAF website: https://www.hinduamerican.org/our-team#board

[18] "Gitesh Desai Tau Txais, " Xov xwm Indo American, Lub Xya hli ntuj 7, 2017

[19] JM, "Hindu Nationalism hauv Tebchaws Meskas: Cov pab pawg tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, " SAC, NET, Lub Xya hli ntuj, 2014

[20] Tom Benning, "Texas muaj Tebchaws Meskas thib ob loj tshaj plaws Indian American zej zog, " Dallas Sawv ntxov Xov xwm   Lub kaum hli ntuj 8, 2020

[21] Devesh Kapur, "Indian Prime Minister thiab Trump, " Washington Post, Cuaj hlis 29, 2019

[22] Catherine E. Shoichet, Ib tug XNUMX-xyoo-laus los ntawm Is Nrias teb tuag, CNN, Lub Xya hli ntuj 14, 2019

[23] Tshaj tawm hauv Rashmee Kumar, Lub Network ntawm Hindu Nationalists, Cov kev cuam tshuam, Cuaj hlis 25, 2019

[24] Ntau tiam neeg sib txawv tseem ceeb. Raws li Carnegie Endowment Indian American Attitudes Survey, thawj tiam neeg Indian neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus rau Tebchaws Meskas yog "muaj feem ntau dua li cov neeg teb chaws Asmeskas yug los ua neeg txawv tebchaws. Raws li daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas no, feem coob ntawm cov neeg Hindus uas muaj cov haiv neeg tsawg-ntau tshaj li yim ntawm 10-tus kheej-tshwj xeeb yog cov neeg laus lossis cov neeg sab saud, thiab thawj tiam neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw tau nyiam sib cais tus kheej. Raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom 2021 Pew Forum ntawm Hindu Americans, cov neeg teb nrog kev pom zoo ntawm BJP kuj tseem muaj ntau dua li lwm tus los tawm tsam kev sib deev thiab kev sib yuav hauv tsev neeg: "Piv txwv li, ntawm Hindus, 69% ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kev sib haum xeeb. kev pom ntawm BJP hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum txwv tsis pub cov poj niam hauv lawv lub zej zog los ntawm kev sib yuav hla cov kab lis kev cai, piv nrog 54% ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kev pom tsis zoo ntawm tog. "

[25] Sonia Paul, "Howdy Modi yog ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm Khab Khab Asmeskas Kev Ncaj Ncees", Lub Atlantic, Cuaj hlis 23, 2019

[26] Nco ntsoov kuj 2022 Howdy Yogi tsheb sib sau ua ke hauv Chicago thiab Houston los txhawb rabid Islamophobe Yogi Adityanath.

[27] Sau hauv “The Hindutva View of History”, Kamala Visweswaran, Michael Witzel et al, tshaj tawm tias thawj cov ntaub ntawv uas paub txog kev iab liam kev tawm tsam Hindu hauv Asmeskas cov phau ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv Fairfax County, Virginia hauv 2004. Cov kws sau ntawv hais tias: “Online 'kev kawm. ' cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ESHI lub vev xaib nthuav tawm cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis lees paub txog keeb kwm Indian thiab Hinduism uas ua raws li cov kev hloov pauv rau cov phau ntawv hauv Is Nrias teb. " Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws sau ntawv kuj tau sau tseg qee qhov kev sib txawv hauv lub tswv yim: "Cov ntawv nyeem hauv Gujarat nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem caste raws li kev ua tiav ntawm Aryan kev vam meej, thaum lub siab nyiam ntawm pawg Hindutva hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog tshem tawm cov pov thawj ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm Hinduism thiab cov txheej txheem caste. Peb kuj tau pom tias qhov kev hloov kho ntawm phau ntawv kawm hauv Gujarat ua rau muaj kev hloov kho ntawm Indian haiv neeg raws li ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog, uas ua rau cov neeg Muslim nrog cov neeg phem thiab rov hais dua Hitler cov keeb kwm zoo, thaum feem ntau (thiab tej zaum insidiously) muab cov ntsiab lus mythic thiab cov duab rau hauv. cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm."

[28] Theresa Harrington, "Hindus yaum kom California Lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas tsis lees txais cov phau ntawv, " Edsource, Kaum Ib Hlis 8, 2017

[29] Equality Labs, Caste hauv Tebchaws Meskas, 2018

[30] "Kev lig kev cai ntawm sab ntsuj plig ib lub zog uas tau khiav India, " Lub Sijhawm ntawm Is Nrias teb, Lub peb hlis ntuj 4, 2019

[31] Niha Mas, Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hla Is Nrias teb keeb kwm Hindu Nationalists Square Tawm, Lub Washington Post, Lub Ib Hlis. 3, 2021

[32] Megan Cole, "Kev pub dawb rau UCI Ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb, " New University, Ob Hlis 16, 2016

[33] Tus neeg sau xov xwm tshwj xeeb, "US University Turns Down Grant, " Cov Hindu, Lub ob hlis ntuj 23, 2016

[34] DCF los nce 1 lab nyiaj daus las rau Rejuvenate Hindu University of America, Indian Journal, Hlis ntuj nqeg 12, 2018

[35] Cuaj hlis 19, 2021 tawm tswv yim rau Quora

[36] "Pab Pawg Niam Txiv Tawm Tsam Kev Qhia ntawm Modi Biography hauv Asmeskas Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv, " Clarion Is Nrias teb, Cuaj hlis 20, 2020

[37] HAF tsab ntawv, Lub Xya hli ntuj 19, 2021

[38] Dismantle Hinduphobia, Video for Republic TV, Lub Xya hli ntuj 24, 2021

[39] Niha Masih, "Nyob rau hauv hluav taws los ntawm Hindu Nationalist pawg, " Washington Post, Kaum Hlis 3, 2021

[40] Google Doc ntawm tus tub kawm ntawv tsab ntawv

[41] Trushke Twitter Pub, Lub Plaub Hlis 2, 2021

[42] IAMC Youtube Channel Video, Cuaj hlis 8, 2021

[43]Vinayak Chaturvedi, thiab Lub Hindu Txoj Cai thiab Kev Tawm Tsam ntawm Kev Kawm Txuj Ci hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Hindutva Saib, Kaum Hlis 1, 2021

[44] site: http://hsctruthout.stopfundinghate.org/ tam sim no poob lawm. Cov ntawv luam ntawm Summary muaj nyob ntawm: Unmistakenly Sangh, Communalism Saib, Lub Ib Hlis 18, 2008

[45] Hindu Revival ntawm Campus, Txoj Haujlwm Pluralism, Harvard University

[46] Piv txwv li hauv Toronto: Marta Anielska, UTM Hindu Cov Tub Kawm Ntawv Pawg Sib Tham ntsib kev cuam tshuam, Lub Varsity, Cuaj hlis 13, 2020

[47] Identity Challenges ntawm Campus, Infinity Foundation Official Youtube, Lub Xya hli ntuj 20, 2020

[48] Shoaib Daniyal, Yuav Ua Li Cas Rajiv Malhotra Ua Ayn Rand ntawm Internet Hindutva, scroll.in, Lub Xya hli ntuj 14, 2015

[49] Rau qee qhov piv txwv, saib Lub Ob Hlis 22, 2022 Lub Rooj Sab Laj ntawm IAMC official youtube channel

[50] AP: "California Sues CISCO Alleging Discrimination, " LA Times, Lub Xya hli ntuj 2, 2020

[51] Vidya Krishnan, "Casteism Kuv Pom hauv Asmeskas, " Lub Atlantic, Kaum ib hlis 6, 2021

[52] David Porter thiab Mallika Sen, "Cov neeg ua haujlwm Lured los ntawm Is Nrias teb, " AP Xov Xwm, Tej zaum 11, 2021

[53] Biswajeet Banerjee thiab Ashok Sharma, "Indian PM Lays Foundation ntawm Tuam Tsev, " AP Xov Xwm, Lub Xya hli ntuj 5, 2020

[54] Thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 7, 2021 Hindu American Foundation tau foob ib qho kev foob rau qee tus neeg hais hauv cov ntawv, suav nrog Hindus for Human Rights co-founders Sunita Viswanath thiab Raju Rajagopal. Hindus rau Human Rights: Hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm Dismantling Hindutva, Txhua hnub Pennsylvanian, Hlis ntuj nqeg 11, 2021 

[55] Hartosh Singh Bal, "Vim li cas tub ceev xwm Delhi tsis muaj dab tsi los txwv kev tawm tsam rau cov neeg Muslim, " Lub New York Times, Peb Hlis 3, 2020

[56] Robert Mackey, "Trump qhuas Modi Is Nrias teb, " Cov kev cuam tshuam, Ob Hlis 25, 2020

[57] Saif Khalid, "Lub Myth ntawm 'Hlub Jihad' hauv Is Nrias teb, " Al Jazeera, Lub Xya hli ntuj 24, 2017

[58] Jayshree Bajoria, "Coronajihad tsuas yog qhov tseeb tshwm sim,” Human Rights Watch, Tsib Hlis 1, 2020

[59] Alishan Jafri, "Thook Jihad” yog riam phom kawg, " cov Hlau, Kaum Ib Hlis 20, 2021

[60] "Hindu Bigots tau qhib qhib rau Isdias Asmesliskas tua neeg," Tus kws xam nyiaj txiag, Lub ib hlis ntuj 15, 2022

[61] Sunita Viswanath, "VHP America Qhov Caw Kom Hatemonger… Qhia rau Peb,” The Wire, Plaub Hlis Ntuj 15, 2021

[62] "Hindu Monk raug them tshaj hu rau Genocide ntawm Muslims, " Al Jazeera, Lub Ib Hlis 18, 2022

[63] Kari Paul, "Facebook Stalling Report on Human Rights Impact hauv Is Nrias teb" tus saib xyuas, Lub Ib Hlis 19, 2022

[64] Nationwide Anti-Mosque Activity, ACLU Website, Hloov kho Lub Ib Hlis 2022

[65] Cov lus xa mus rau tsoom fwv hauv zos, Napierville, IL 2021

[66] Raws li ib Raksha Bandhan Tshaj Tawm ntawm Peel Police Department Website, Cuaj hlis 5, 2018

[67] Sharifa Nasser, "Kev cuam tshuam, Islamophobic Tweet, " CBC News, Tej zaum 5, 2020

[68] Norway Terrorist Pom Hindutva Movement li Anti Islam Ally, " Xub Thawj, Lub Xya hli ntuj 26, 2011

[69] "Tsib xyoos Tom Qab Tuag Mosque Attack, " CBC News, Lub Ib Hlis 27, 2022

[70] Jonathan Monpetit, "Sab hauv Quebec Txoj Cai Far: Cov Tub Rog ntawm Odin,” CBC News, Kaum Ob Hlis 14, 2016

[71] Newsdesk: “Hindutva Group hauv Canada Qhia Kev Txhawb Nqa rau London Attack Culprit, " Ntiaj teb Zos, Lub Xya hli ntuj 17, 2021

[72] Newsdesk: “UN Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws nthuav tawm kev npau taws txog kev tua tsev neeg Muslim, " Ntiaj teb Zos, Lub Xya hli ntuj 9, 2021

[73] Cov yeeb yaj kiab tshem tawm ntawm Youtube: Banarjee Factsheet Hais los ntawm Bridge Initiatives Team, Georgetown University, Lub peb hlis ntuj 9, 2019

[74] Rashmee Kumar, "Is Nrias teb Lobbies rau Stifle Criticism, " Cov kev cuam tshuam, Peb Hlis 16, 2020

[75] Maria Salim, "Historic Congressional lub rooj sib hais ntawm Caste, " cov Hlau, Tej zaum 27, 2019

[76] Iman Malik, "Kev tawm tsam sab nraum Ro Khanna lub Rooj Sib Tham Hauv Nroog, “ El Estoque, Lub kaum hli ntuj 12, 2019

[77] "Democratic Party ua neeg tsis mloog lus, " Tseeb xov xwm, Cuaj hlis 25, 2020

[78] Cov neeg ua haujlwm hlau, "Cov Neeg Qhab Asmeskas nrog RSS Txuas, " cov Hlau, Lub Ib Hlis 22, 2021

[79] Suhag Shukla, Hinduphobia hauv Asmeskas thiab qhov kawg ntawm Irony, " Is Nrias teb txawv teb chaws, Peb Hlis 18, 2020

[80] Sonia Paul, "Tulsi Gabbard's 2020 Bid Raises Questions, " Kev Ntseeg Xov Xwm, Lub Ib Hlis 27, 2019

[81] Txhawm rau pib, saib Tulsi Gabbard lub vev xaib https://www.tulsigabbard.com/about/my-spiritual-path

[82] "Jenifer Rajkumar Champions Fascists"ntawm lub vev xaib ntawm Poj huab tais tawm tsam Hindu Fascism, Lub ob hlis ntuj 25, 2020

[83] "Dismantling Global Hindutva Conference Anti-Hindu: Xeev Senator, " Lub sij hawm ntawm Is Nrias teb, Cuaj hlis 1, 2021

[84] "International Wing ntawm RSS Penetrates tsoom fwv chaw ua hauj lwm thoob plaws US, " OFMI website, Lub Xya hli ntuj 26, 2021

[85] Pieter Friedrich, "RSS International Wing HSS Sib tw thoob plaws hauv Asmeskas, " Ob lub voj voog.Net, Lub kaum hli ntuj 22, 2021

[86] Stewart Bell, "Canadian Politicians yog Lub Hom Phiaj ntawm Indian Kev Txawj Ntse, " Xov xwm thoob ntiajteb, Lub Plaub Hlis 17, 2020

[87] Rachel Greenspan, "WhatsApp Sib ntaus Fake News, " Lub sij hawm Magazine, Lub Ib Hlis 21, 2019

[88] Shakuntala Banaji thiab Ram Bha, "WhatsApp Vigilantes… Txuas rau Mob Ua Phem Hauv Is Nrias teb, " London Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Lag Luam, 2020

[89] Mohamed Ali, "Sawv ntawm Hindu Vigilante, " cov Hlau, Lub Plaub Hlis 2020

[90] "Kuv ntuav: Tus sau xov xwm Rana Ayoub Qhia, " Is Nrias teb hnub no, Kaum ib hlis 21, 2019

[91] Rana Ayoub, "Hauv Is Nrias teb Cov neeg sau xov xwm ntsib Slut Shaming thiab rape hem, " Lub New York Times, Tej zaum 22, 2018

[92] Siddartha Deb, "Kev tua ntawm Gauri Lankesh, " Columbia Journalism Rov Qab Xyuas, Lub caij ntuj no 2018

[93] "Bulli Bai: App Uas Tso Cov Poj Niam Muslim tuaj muag yog kaw, " BBC News, Peb 3, 2022

[94] Billy Perrigo, "Facebook's Ties to India's Ruling Party, " Lub sij hawm Magazine, Lub Xya hli ntuj 27, 2020

[95] Billy Perrigo, "Sab saum toj Facebook Is Nrias teb Tus Thawj Coj Tawm Tom Qab Nthuav Hais Lus Tsis Txaus Siab, " Lub sij hawm Magazine, Kaum Hlis 27, 2020

[96] Newley Purnell thiab Jeff Horwitz, Facebook ntxub kev hais lus sib tsoo nrog Indian kev nom kev tswv, WSJ, Lub Xya hli ntuj 14, 2020

[97] Aditya Kalra, "Facebook Internally Question Policy, " Reuters, 19 Aug 2020

[98] "Cov ntaub ntawv Facebook thiab lawv Fallout, " Lub New York Times, Kaum Hlis 28, 2021

[99] Vindu Goel thiab Sheera Frenkel, "Hauv Is Nrias teb kev xaiv tsa, Cov ntawv cuav thiab kev hais lus ntxub, " Lub New York Times, Lub Plaub Hlis 1, 2019

[100] Karan Deep Singh thiab Paul Mozur, Is Nrias teb Orders Critical Social Media Posts kom raug coj mus, " New York Times, Lub Plaub Hlis 25, 2021

[101] Alexandre Alaphilippe, Gary Machado et al., "Uncovered: Tshaj 265 Coordinated Fake Local Media Outlets, " Disinfo.Eu lub vev xaib, Kaum Ib Hlis 26, 2019

[102] Gary Machado, Alexandre Alaphilippe, thiab al: "Indian Chronicles: Sib sib zog nqus dhia mus rau hauv 15 Xyoo Kev Ua Haujlwm, " Disinfo.EU, Kaum Hlis 9, 2020

[103] DisinfoEU Lab @DisinfoEU, Twitter, Kaum Hlis 9, 2019

[104] Meghnad S. Ayush Tiwari, "Leej twg yog tus qab ntawm Obscure NGO, " Xov xwm ntxhua khaub ncaws, Lub kaum hli ntuj 29, 2019

[105] Joanna Slater, 'US Senator txwv tsis pub mus ntsib Kashmir, " Washington Post, Lub kaum hli ntuj 2019

[106] Suhasini Haider, "Is Nrias teb txiav tawm UN Panel, " lub Hindu, Tej zaum 21, 2019

[107] "22 ntawm 27 EU MPS tau caw tuaj rau Kashmir yog Los ntawm Far Right Party, " Lub Quint, Kaum Hlis 29, 2019

[108] DisnfoLab Twitter @DisinfoLabPlaub Hlis 8, 2021, 3:25 teev tsaus ntuj

[109] DisninfoLab @DisinfoLabPlaub Hlis 18, 2021, 4:43 teev tsaus ntuj

[110] "USCIRF: Ib Lub Koom Haum ntawm Kev txhawj xeeb tshwj xeeb, on DisinfoLab website, Lub Plaub Hlis 2021

[111] Peb ua hauj lwm nrog Mr. Mujahid rau Burma Task Force, tawm tsam Islamophobia, thiab deplore nws kev sib cav.

[112] Cov nplooj ntawv rub tawm hauv internet, DisinfoLab, Twitter, Lub Yim Hli 3, 2021 & Lub Tsib Hlis 2, 2022.

[113] Piv txwv li, peb lub rooj sib tham hauv JFA's Hindutva hauv North America series nyob rau hauv 2021

[114] lub vas sab: http://www.coalitionagainstgenocide.org/

[115] Arun Kumar, "Indian American Vinson Paathingal tau muab npe rau Thawj Tswj Hwm Export Council," American Bazaar, Lub Kaum Hli 8, 2020

[116] Hasan Akram, "RSS-BJP Cov neeg txhawb nqa waved Indian chij ntawm Capitol Hill", Muslim daim iav, Lub ib hlis ntuj 9, 2021

[117] Salman Rushdie, Excerpt Kev sib tham radical, Youtube Page, Kaum Ob Hlis 5, 2015 Kev Tshaj Tawm

[118] Aadita Chaudhry, Vim li cas Dawb Supremacists thiab Hindu Nationalists zoo ib yam, " Al Jazeera, Kaum Ob Hlis 13, 2018. Saib kuj S. Romi Mukherjee, “Steve Bannon's Roots: Esoteric Fascism thiab Aryanism, " Xov xwm Decoder, Lub Yim Hli 29, 2018