Hindutva na USA: Ịghọta nkwalite nke esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukperechi

Mụrụ

India bụ obodo dị iche iche nwere ijeri 1.38. Ebe ndị Alakụba pere mpe nke ya mere atụmatụ na ha ruru nde 200, a ga-atụ anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India nabata ọtụtụ mmadụ dị ka akụkụ nke njirimara ya dị ka “ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya kacha ukwuu n'ụwa.” N'ụzọ dị mwute, n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India adịla nkewa na nke Islam kpọrọ asị.

Iji ghọta okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala nke na-ekewa ya, mmadụ nwere ike iburu n'uche afọ 200 nke ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị, nke mbụ nke British East India Company na nke British Crown. Ọzọkwa, nkewa nke India na Pakistan nke ọbara na 1947 kewara mpaghara ahụ n'usoro okpukperechi, kpatara ọtụtụ iri afọ nke esemokwu n'etiti India na onye agbata obi ya, Pakistan, mba nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Alakụba nke nde 220.

"Hindutva" bụ echiche kachasị elu nke jikọtara ya na mba Hindu na-amaliteghachi nke na-emegide okpukpe ụwa ma na-ele India anya dị ka "Hindu Rashtra (mba)." Hindutva bụ ụkpụrụ nduzi nke Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), onye aka nri, onye mba Hindu, òtù paramilitary tọrọ ntọala na 1925 nke jikọtara ya na nnukwu netwọkụ nke otu aka nri, gụnyere Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) nke nwere. duru gọọmentị India kemgbe 2014. Hindutva abụghị naanị na-arịọ ndị isi nke elu Brahmin na-achọ ijide ihe ùgwù mana a haziri ya dị ka òtù populist nke na-amasị “ndị etiti leghaara anya. ^[1]. "

N'agbanyeghị iwu ọchịchị nke India mgbe ọchịchị gachara machibido ịkpa ókè dabere na njirimara ndị agbụrụ, usoro nke cast na ka bụ ike omenala na India, dịka ọmụmaatụ, chịkọtara n'òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. A ka na-akọwa ime ihe ike ọha na eze na ọbụna igbu ọchụ na ọbụna na-edozi ya n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ. Onye edemede India, Devdutt Pattanaik, na-akọwa otú "Hindutva sirila wusie ụlọ akụ votu Hindu ike nke ọma site n'ịkweta eziokwu nke caste yana Islamophobia na-akpata ya na iji n'atụghị egwu tụnyere ya na ịhụ mba n'anya." Na Prọfesọ Harish S. Wankhede kwubiri^[2], "Ọgbara aka nri dị ugbu a achọghị ịkpaghasị ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-arụ ọrụ. Kama nke ahụ, ndị na-akwado Hindutva na-eme ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nkewa, na-akwado ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta nke ndị nna nna ma na-eme ememe omenala Brahmanical. "

Na-abawanye, obere obodo atawo ahụhụ site na nnabata okpukperechi na ajọ mbunobi n'okpuru ọchịchị BJP ọhụrụ. Ezubere nke ọma, ndị Alakụba India ahụla ịrị elu dị egwu nke mkpali sitere n'aka ndị isi ahọpụtara site na nkwalite mgbasa ozi iyi egwu n'ịntanetị yana mwepu akụ na ụba nke azụmahịa ndị Alakụba na oku siri ike maka mgbukpọ nke ụfọdụ ndị isi Hindu. Ime ihe ike na-emegide ndị pere mpe agụnyela ịchị ọchị na ịmụrụ anya.^[3]

N'ọkwa amụma, mba Hindu na-ekewapụ onwe ya na iwu ndezigharị ụmụ amaala India nke 2019 (CAA), nke na-eyi egwu ịnapụ nde ndị Alakụba si Bengali. Dị ka US Commission on International Freedom si kwuo, "CAA na-enye usoro ngwa ngwa maka ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụba si Afghanistan, Bangladesh, na Pakistan nke ndị Alakụba na-enwekarị maka itinye akwụkwọ ma nweta amaala India. Iwu ahụ na-enye ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ahọpụtara, ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụba nọ na mba ndị a ọkwa gbara ọsọ ndụ n'ime India ma dobere ndị Alakụba naanị otu 'onye kwagara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị'.^[4] Ndị Alakụba Rohingya na-agbanarị mgbukpọ na Myanmar ma bi na Jammu egwu egwu ime ihe ike yana ndị isi BJP chụpụrụ ha.^[5] A kpagburu ndị na-emegide CAA, ndị nta akụkọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ ma jide ha.

Ọtụtụ òtù na-agbasa echiche Hindutva na opekata mpe mba 40 gburugburu ụwa, nke ndị na-akwado otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India na-achị na nke Prime Minister Narendra Modi na-edu. Sangh Parivar (“Ezinụlọ nke RSS”) bụ okwu nche anwụ maka mkpokọta ndị otu mba Hindu gụnyere Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, ma ọ bụ “World Hindu Organisation,”) nke CIA kewara dị ka ọgbakọ okpukperechi na ụwa ya. Ntinye akwụkwọ eziokwu 2018^[6] maka India. N'ịzọrọ 'ichebe' okpukperechi na omenala ndị Hindu, ndị ntorobịa VHP Bajrang Dal emeela ọtụtụ ihe ike.^[7] na-ezubere iche ndị Alakụba India ma bụrụkwa nkewa dị ka ndị agha. Agbanyeghị na Factbook emebeghị mkpebi dị otú ahụ ugbu a, enwere akụkọ na August 2022 na Bajrang Dal na-ahazi “ọzụzụ ngwa ọgụ maka ndị Hindu.”^[8]

Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọzọ agbasawokwa echiche mba Hindutva na India ma n'ụwa niile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Vishwa Hindu Parishad nke America (VHPA) nwere ike ịnọpụ iche n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na VHP dị na India nke kpalitere mbibi nke ụlọ alakụba Babri nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na 1992 na nnukwu ime ihe ike n'etiti obodo sochirinụ.^[9] Agbanyeghị, ọ kwadoro ndị isi VHP nke ọma na-akwalite ime ihe ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2021, VHPA kpọrọ Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, onye isi nchụaja nke Temple Dasna Devi na Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, na onye ndu Hindu Swabhiman (Hindu Self-Respect), ka a sọpụrụ onye ọkà okwu n'ememme okpukpe. N'ime mkpasu iwe ndị ọzọ, Saraswati bụ onye a ma ama maka ito ndị Hindu na-egbu Mahatma Gandhi, na ịkpọ ndị Alakụba mmụọ mmụọ.^[10] A manyere VHPA ịkagbu ọkpụkpọ òkù ha na-eso arịrịọ #RejectHate, mana ndị ọzọ metụtara nzukọ a, dị ka Sonal Shah, ka ahọpụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ọkwa dị mkpa na nchịkwa Biden.^[11]

N'India, Rashtrasevika Samiti na-anọchite anya nku ụmụ nwanyị, nọ n'okpuru nzukọ nwoke nke RSS. Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) arụwo ọrụ na USA, malite na njedebe na njedebe 1970 wee tinye ya na 1989, ebe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na mba 150 ndị ọzọ nwere atụmatụ 3289 alaka.^[12]. Na USA, ndị Hindu American Foundation (HAF) na-ekwupụtakwa ụkpụrụ Hindutva ma kwalitekwa ya, otu na-akwado nkwado nke na-akọwa nkatọ nke Hindutva dị ka Hinduphobia.^[13]

Ndị otu ndị a na-agbakọkarị, na-etolite netwọkụ nke ndị isi Hindutva na ndị na-eme ihe ike. Njikọ a pụtara ìhè na Septemba 2019 n'oge ngagharị Howdy Modi na Houston, Texas, oge ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị America America nwetara nlebara anya mgbasa ozi zuru oke na USA. N'ịbụ ndị guzo n'akụkụ, Onye isi ala Trump na Prime Minista Modi toro ibe ha otuto. Mana 'Howdy, Modi' gbakọtara ọ bụghị naanị Onye isi ala Trump na ndị India America 50,000, mana ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere onye isi oche Democratic House Steny Hoyer na ndị omebe iwu Texas Republican John Cornyn na Ted Cruz.

Dị ka Intercept kọrọ n'oge ahụ^[14], “Onye isi oche kọmitii na-ahazi 'Howdy, Modi' bụ Jugal Malani bụ ọgọ nwoke osote onye isi oche mba HSS.^[15] na onye ndụmọdụ Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation nke USA^[16], agụmakwụkwọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke onye otu India jikọtara ya na offshoot RSS. Nwa nwanne Malani, Rishi Bhutada*, bụ onye isi ọnụ na-ekwuchitere mmemme ahụ ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Hindu American Foundation.^[17], mara maka ụzọ ike ike ya iji metụta okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na India na okpukpe Hindu. Onye nkwuchite ọnụ ọzọ, Gitesh Desai, bụ onye isi ala^[18] nke isi nke Houston nke Sewa International, ọgbakọ ọrụ jikọtara na HSS."

N'ime akwụkwọ nyocha 2014 dị mkpa na nke zuru oke^[19] na-akọwapụta odida obodo Hindutva na USA, ndị nyocha Weebụ South Asia akọwaworị Sangh Parivar (“ezinụlọ Sangh”), netwọkụ nke otu dị n'ihu nke mmegharị Hindutva, dị ka ndị nwere atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu nde na nde. na-enyefe ọtụtụ nde dollar n'aka ndị otu mba na India.

Gụnyere otu okpukperechi niile, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị India bi na Texas amụbaala okpukpu abụọ n'ime afọ 10 gara aga ruo ihe ruru 450,000, mana ọtụtụ na-adabere na Democratic Party. Mmetụta nke oge Howdy Modi^[20] gosipụtara ihe ịga nke ọma nke Prime Minister Modi n'igosipụta ọchịchọ ndị India karịa na mmasị ọ bụla na Onye isi ala Donald Trump. Ndị obodo nwekwara pro-Modi karịa pro-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), dị ka ọtụtụ ndị India kwabatara^[21] na United States si South India bịa ebe Modi na-achị BJP enweghị nnukwu ike. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị isi Hindutva na United States ji obi ike kwado mgbidi ókèala Trump na Texas, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị India kwabatara na-agafe ókèala ndịda.^[22], na usoro iwu siri ike nke nchịkwa ya na mbata na ọpụpụ - karịsịa oke na visa H1-B, yana atụmatụ iwepụ ndị nwere visa H-4 (ndị di na nwunye nke H1-B visa) ikike ịrụ ọrụ-napụrụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na obodo. Dieter Friedrich, onye nyocha ihe gbasara South Asia nke Intercept kwuru, sị: "Ndị na-akwado mba Hindu na America ejirila ọkwá ha dị nta chebe onwe ha ma na-akwado otu ndị isi ọchịchị n'India."^[23] Na ma India na USA, ndị isi mba na-ekewa nkewa nọ na-akwalite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ukwuu iji rịọ ndị na-eme ntuli aka ha.^[24]

Dị ka onye nta akụkọ bụ Sonia Paul dere na Atlantic,^[25] "Radha Hegde, onye prọfesọ Mahadum New York na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Routledge nke India Diaspora, kpụrụ Modi's Houston rally dị ka spotlighting a ịtụ vootu ọtụtụ America adịghị atụle. 'N'oge a nke ịhụ mba n'anya Hindu,' ọ gwara m, 'A na-akpọte ha dị ka ndị Hindu America.'" O yikarịrị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Hindu America so n'òtù ndị jikọrọ RSS agụbeghị nke ọma, kama ọ bụ nanị na ha na ndị India na-eweghachite azụ. ịhụ mba n'anya. Ma ọ ka bụ ihe na-enye nsogbu n'obi na "mbilite n'ọnwụ" a mere nanị izu ole na ole mgbe gọọmentị Modi wepụrụ Jammu na Kashmir ikike ha ma tinye nde ndị Alakụba abụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke enweghị obodo na Assam State.^[26]

Agha Culture Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ

Dị ka ndị America maralarị site na arụmụka "ikike nne na nna" na-aga n'ihu na arụmụka Critical Race Theory (CRT), agha usoro ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akpụzi ma bụrụ nke agha omenala obodo buru ibu na-akpụzi ya. Nhazigharị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ahaziri ahazi bụ akụkụ dị oke mkpa nke echiche mba Hindu na ntinye akwụkwọ nke Hindutva nke usoro ọmụmụ yiri ka ọ bụ ihe gbasara mba ma na India ma na USA. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndozi na ngosipụta nke ndị Hindu nwere ike ịdị mkpa, usoro a etinyela ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na mmalite.^[27]

N'afọ 2005, ndị na-akwado Hindutva gbara [onye] akwụkwọ iji gbochie "ihe oyiyi na-adịghị mma" nke caste isonye na usoro ọmụmụ.^[28]. Dị ka Equality Labs kọwara na nyocha ha nke 2018 nke caste na America, "nhazi ha gụnyere ịgbalị ihichapụ okwu ahụ bụ "Dalit", hichapụ mmalite nke Caste na akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hindu, ebe n'otu oge ahụ na-ebelata ihe ịma aka nke Caste na Brahmanism site na Sikh. Buddhist, na omenala Islam. Ọzọkwa, ha nwara iwebata nkọwa akụkọ ifo n'ime akụkọ ntolite mmepeanya nke Ndagwurugwu Indus ka ha na-agbalị ikwutọ Islam dị ka nanị okpukpe nke mmeri ime ihe ike na South Asia. "^[29]

Nye ndị na-akwado mba Hindu, oge gara aga India nwere mmepeanya Hindu mara mma nke ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ọchịchị Alakụba sochiri nke Prime Minista Modi kọwara dị ka otu puku afọ nke “ịgba ohu.”^[30] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme a na-akwanyere ùgwù bụ ndị nọgidere na-akọwa echiche dị mgbagwoju anya na-enweta mmekpa ahụ dị ukwuu n'ịntanetị maka echiche "mgbochi Hindu, mgbochi India". Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye gbara afọ 89 ama ama bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, Romila Thapar, na-enweta mgbasa ozi ndị gba ọtọ mgbe niile site n'aka ndị na-eso Modi.^[31]

Na 2016, Mahadum California (Irvine) jụrụ onyinye 6 nde dollar sitere na Dharma Civilization Foundation (DCF) mgbe ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara agụmakwụkwọ bịanyere aka na mkpesa na-ekwupụta na ndị mmekọ DCF nwara iwebata mgbanwe na-ezighi ezi na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ California nke isii. banyere okpukpe Hindu^[32], ma kwupụta nchegbu banyere akụkọ mgbasa ozi na-egosi na onyinye ahụ dabere na mahadum na-ahọpụta ndị DCF chọrọ. Kọmiti ngalaba ahụ chọtara ntọala ahụ “nwere echiche nke ukwuu” nwere “echiche oke aka nri.”^[33] Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, DCF kwupụtara atụmatụ ị nweta otu nde dollar^[34] maka Mahadum Hindu nke America^[35], nke na-enye nkwado ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị mmadụ na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ nke Sangh na-ebute ụzọ, dị ka akụkụ agụmakwụkwọ nke VHPA.

N'afọ 2020, ndị nne na nna ha na nne na nna megide ịkụzi asị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ (Project-MATHS) jụrụ ihe kpatara ngwa ịgụ akwụkwọ Epic, nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na US nwere na usoro ọmụmụ ha, gosipụtara akụkọ ndụ Prime Minister Modi na-egosipụta nkwupụta ụgha ya banyere ya. enwetara agụmakwụkwọ, yana mwakpo ya na Congress Party nke Mahatma Gandhi.^[36]

Esemokwu anọgidewo na-akawanye njọ. N'oge ọdịda nke 2021 ndị na-akwado ikike mmadụ na ndị nkatọ nke ọchịchị Modi haziri ọgbakọ n'ịntanetị, Dismantling Global Hindutva, gụnyere panels na sistemụ caste, Islamophobia na ọdịiche dị n'etiti okpukpe Hindu okpukpe na Hindutva echiche ndị isi. Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ihe karịrị mahadum 40 America, gụnyere Harvard na Columbia kwadoro mmemme ahụ. Ndị Hindu American Foundation na ndị ọzọ so n'òtù Hindutva katọrọ ihe omume ahụ dị ka ịmepụta gburugburu ebe obibi megide ụmụ akwụkwọ Hindu.^[37] E zipụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nde ozi-e maka mkpesa na mahadum, na webụsaịtị ihe omume ahụ na-anọghị n'ịntanetị maka ụbọchị abụọ mgbe mkpesa ụgha gasịrị. Ka ọ na-erule oge mmemme ahụ mere na Septemba 10, ndị nhazi ya na ndị na-ekwu okwu enwetala egwu ọnwụ na ndina n'ike. Na India, ọwa mgbasa ozi Pro-Modi kwalitere ebubo na ogbako ahụ nyere "mkpuchi ọgụgụ isi maka ndị Taliban."^[38]

Ndị otu Hindutva kwuru na ihe omume ahụ gbasara "Hinduphobia." Gyan Prakash, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Princeton bụ onye na-ekwu okwu na ogbako Hindutva kwuru, "Ha na-eji asụsụ nke ọtụtụ omenala America na-akpọ nkatọ ọ bụla dị ka Hinduphobia.^[39] Ụfọdụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ si na ihe omume ahụ pụọ n'ihi ụjọ maka ezinụlọ ha, ma ndị ọzọ dị ka Audrey Truschke, onye prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme South Asia na Mahadum Rutgers, enwetalarị ọnwụ na iyi egwu n'ike sitere n'aka ndị mba Hindu maka ọrụ ya na ndị ọchịchị Alakụba nke India. Ọ na-achọkarị nchekwa ngwa ọgụ maka mmemme ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha.

Otu ụmụ akwụkwọ Hindu sitere na Rutgers rịọrọ ndị nchịkwa ahụ, na-achọ ka a ghara ikwe ya ka ọ kụziri ihe ọmụmụ gbasara okpukpe Hindu na India.^[40] Akpọkwara Prọfesọ Audrey Truschke na HAF n'ụlọ ikpe maka tweeting^[41] banyere akụkọ al Jazeera na Hindu American Foundation. Na Septemba 8, 2021, ọ gbakwara akaebe na nkọwa nke Congressional, "Mwakpo Hindutva na nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ."^[42]

Kedu ka mba Hindu nke aka nri siri zụlite oke iru ya na agụmakwụkwọ?^[43] Na mbido 2008 Mgbasa Ozi Kwụsị Ịkwụsị Ịkpọasị (CSFH) ewepụtala akụkọ ya, "Sangh na-enweghị atụ: National HSC na Hindutva Agenda," na-elekwasị anya na uto nke nku ụmụ akwụkwọ Sangh Parivar na USA - Kansụl Ndị Mmụta Hindu (HSC). ).^[44] Dabere na nkwụghachi ụtụ VHPA, ntinye akwụkwọ na US Patent Office, ozi ndekọ ngalaba ịntanetị, ebe nchekwa na mbipụta nke HSC, akụkọ ahụ dekọbara “ụzọ ogologo na nnukwu njikọ dị n'etiti HSC na Sangh site na 1990 ruo ugbu a.” E hiwere HSC na 1990 ka oru ngo nke VHP nke America.^[45] HSC akwalitela ndị na-ekwu okwu nkewa na nke otu dị ka Ashok Singhal na Sadhvi Rithambara na imegide mbọ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agba iji kwalite nsonye.^[46]

Agbanyeghị, ndị ntorobịa India America nwere ike isonye na HSC na-amataghị njikọ “anaghị ahụ anya” dị n'etiti HSC na Sangh. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ Hindu ya na Mahadum Cornell, Samir lere anya ịgba ndị obodo ya ume itinye aka na mkparịta ụka ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze nakwa n'ịkwalite ọnọdụ ime mmụọ. Ọ gwara m otú o si ruo National Hindu Council iji hazie ogbako ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ukwuu nke e mere na MIT na 2017. N'ịgwa ndị mmekọ ya na-ahazi okwu, n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ bịara nwee ahụ iru ala na ndakpọ olileanya mgbe HSC kpọrọ onye edemede Rajiv Malhotra dị ka onye isi okwu.^[47] Malhotra bụ ezigbo onye na-akwado Hindutva, onye na-emegide ndị nkatọ Hindutva yana ịntanetị. onye na-agba ọsọ megide agụmakwụkwọ ọ kwenyeghị^[48]. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Malhotra na-achọkarị onye ọkà mmụta Wendy Doniger, na-awakpo ya na mmekọahụ na nke onwe nke e mesịrị kwughachi na ebubo ịga nke ọma na India na 2014 nwetara akwụkwọ ya, "Ndị Hindu," amachibidoro na obodo ahụ.

N'agbanyeghị ihe egwu dị na ya, ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ gara n'ihu na-agbagha megide Hindutva n'ihu ọha^[49], ebe ndị ọzọ na-achọ ụzọ ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na ahụmahụ ya na HSC, Samir achọtala obodo Hindu na-emepe emepe ma na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi oche nke Sadhana, otu òtù Hindu na-aga n'ihu. Ọ na-ekwu, sị: “Okwukwe nwere akụkụ nke onwe. Otú ọ dị, na USA, e nwere ahịrị mmejọ agbụrụ na nke agbụrụ chọrọ nlebara anya, ma na India ndị a na-adabere n'usoro okpukpe, ma ọ bụrụgodị na ịchọrọ idobe okwukwe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ na-esi ike ịghara ịtụ anya nkọwa ụfọdụ sitere n'aka ndị ndú okpukpe obodo. Echiche dị iche iche dị n'ọgbakọ ọ bụla, ụfọdụ ụlọ arụsị na-ezere okwu ọ bụla "ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", ebe ndị ọzọ na-egosi ntụgharị uche nke mba ọzọ, site na nkwado maka owuwu nke Ram Janmabhoomi Temple na ebe ụlọ alakụba Ayodhya mebiri emebi dịka ọmụmaatụ. Echeghị m na nkewa aka ekpe/nri na USA bụ otu na India. Hindutva na ọnọdụ America na-ejikọta na Evangelical Right on Islamophobia, ma ọ bụghị n'okwu niile. Njikọ aka nri dị mgbagwoju anya. "

Nkwụghachi azụ n'iwu

Omume iwu na nso nso a emewo ka okwu nke caste pụtakwuo ìhè. Na Julaị 2020, ndị na-achịkwa California gbara ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ Cisco Systems akwụkwọ maka ebubo ịkpa ókè e mere onye injinia India site n'aka ndị ọrụ ibe ya mgbe ha niile na-arụ ọrụ na steeti ahụ.^[50]. Akwụkwọ ikpe ahụ na-ekwu na Cisco ekwupụtaghị nke ọma nchegbu onye ọrụ Dalit kpasuru iwe na ndị otu ndị otu Hindu na-arụkọ ọrụ na-emegbu ya. Dị ka Vidya Krishnan na-ede na Atlantic, "ikpe Cisco bụ oge akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ-ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla-gaara ebubo ndị dị otú ahụ n'India, ebe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọ bụ ezie na iwu na-akwadoghị, bụ eziokwu nabatara ... mkpebi ahụ ga-esetịpụ ụkpụrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ America niile, karịsịa ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ọrụ India ma ọ bụ ọrụ. na India."^[51] 

N'afọ na-esote, na Mee nke 2021, ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị boro ebubo na otu òtù Hindu, Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, nke a na-akpọkarị BAPS, rapaara ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 200 obere na US iji wuo nnukwu ụlọ nsọ Hindu na New Jersey. , na-akwụ ha ihe dị ka $1.20 otu awa ruo ọtụtụ afọ.^[52] Ikpe ahụ kwuru na ndị ọrụ bi n'ime ogige ndị gbara ogige ebe igwefoto na ndị nche na-enyocha mmegharị ha. BAPS gbakọrọ ihe karịrị 1200 mandirs na netwọk ya yana ihe karịrị ụlọ nsọ 50 na USA na UK, ụfọdụ ọmarịcha. Ebe ama ama maka ọrụ obodo na ọrụ enyemaka, BAPS akwadola n'ihu ọha ma kwado Ram Mandir na Ayodhya, nke e wuru na saịtị nke ụlọ alakụba mere eme nke ndị mba Hindu kwaturu, na Prime Minista India Modi nwere njikọ chiri anya na nzukọ a. BAPS agọọla ebubo nke mmegbu ndị ọrụ.^[53]

N'otu oge ahụ, otu ndị otu ndị na-akwado ndị India America na ndị otu na-ahụ maka ikike obodo kpọrọ oku US Small Business Administration (SBA) ka ha nyochaa etu ndị otu aka nri Hindu si nweta narị puku kwuru puku dollar na enyemaka enyemaka gọọmentị etiti COVID-19, dị ka akọwara. nke Al Jazeera na Eprel 2021.^[54] Nnyocha egosila na otu ndị jikọrọ RSS nwetara ihe karịrị $833,000 na ịkwụ ụgwọ ozugbo, yana maka mgbazinye ego. Al Jazeera hotara John Prabhudoss, onye isi oche nke Federation of Indian American Christian Organisation, sị: “Ndị otu na-ahụ maka gọọmentị yana otu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ kwesịrị iji nlezianya rịba ama n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi nke ndị otu ndị Hindu na-akwado ọchịchị na United States na-emefu ego COVID."

Ndị Alakụba

Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, n'India nkwalite okwu Anti-Muslim juru ebe niile. Onye na-emegide Muslim pogrom na Delhi^[55] dabara na nleta onye isi ala mbụ Donald Trump na India^[56]. Na n'ime afọ abụọ gara aga mkpọsa online akwalitela egwu banyere "ịhụnanya jihad"^[57] (ezubere ọbụbụenyi na alụmdi na nwunye dị n'etiti okpukperechi), Coronajihad”^[58], (na-ebo ndị Alakụba ụta na mgbasa nke ọrịa a na-efe efe) na "Spit Jihad" (ya bụ, "Thook Jihad") na-ebo ebubo na ndị na-ere nri Muslim na-agbanye mmiri n'ime nri ha na-ere.^[59]

Na Disemba 2021, ndị isi Hindu na "Nzuko omeiwu okpukpe" na Haridwar kpọrọ oku maka igbuchapụ ndị Alakụba.^[60], na-enweghị nkatọ sitere n'aka Prime Minister Modi ma ọ bụ ndị na-eso ụzọ ya. Naanị ọnwa ole na ole gara aga, VHP nke America^[61] akpọwo Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, onye isi nchụaja nke Temple Dasna Devi dị ka onye isi okwu.^[62]. A kagburu mmemme ahụ akwadoro ka ọtụtụ mkpesa gasịrị. Yati abụrụla aha ọjọọ maka "ịkpọsa ịkpọasị" kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ ma kpọga ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe ọ kpọchara oku maka igbu ọchụ na Disemba.

N'ezie enwere nnukwu okwu Islamophobic dị na Europe^[63], USA, Canada na mba ndị ọzọ. A na-emegide iwu ụlọ alakụba na USA kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ^[64]. A na-egosipụtakarị mmegide dị otú ahụ n'ihe gbasara nchegbu okporo ụzọ na-abawanye mana na 2021 ọ bụ ihe ama ama ka ndị otu obodo Hindu si bụrụ ndị na-emegide mgbasawanye ụlọ alakụba na Naperville, IL.^[65].

Na Naperville, ndị mmegide kwupụtara nchegbu banyere ịdị elu nke minaret na ohere a na-akpọsa oku ekpere. Na nso nso a na Canada, Ravi Hooda, onye ọrụ afọ ofufo maka alaka ụlọ ọrụ Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) dị n'ógbè ahụ.^[66] na onye otu Peel District School Board na mpaghara Toronto, tweeted na ikwe ka akpọsa oku ekpere ndị Alakụba na-emeghe ụzọ maka "ụzọ dị iche iche maka ndị na-agba kamel & ewu" ma ọ bụ iwu "chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị niile kpuchie onwe ha site n'isi ruo n'ụkwụ n'ụlọikwuu. "^[67]

Okwu ịkpọasị na mkparị dị otú ahụ akpaliwo ime ihe ike na nkwado maka ime ihe ike. A maara nke ọma na n'afọ 2011, onye na-eyi egwu nku aka nri Anders Behring Breivik sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Hindutva gbuo ndị ntorobịa 77 jikọtara na Norwegian Labour Party. Na Jenụwarị 2017^[68], mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu wakporo ụlọ alakụba dị na Quebec City gburu ndị Alakụba 6 si mba ọzọ ma merụọ mmadụ 19 ahụ^[69], nke sitere na ọnụnọ nku aka nri siri ike na mpaghara (gụnyere isiakwụkwọ nke otu ịkpọasị Nordic^[70]) yana ịkpọasị n'ịntanetị. Ọzọ na Canada, na 2021 otu Canadian Hindu Advocacy otu nke Islamophobe Ron Banerjee na-edu, haziri nzukọ iji kwado nwoke ahụ ji gwongworo ya gbuo ndị Alakụba anọ na obodo Canada dị na London.^[71]. Ọbụna odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN achọpụtala ma katọọ mwakpo a ezubere iche^[72]. Banarjee bụ onye ama ama. Na vidiyo ezisara na akaụntụ YouTube nke Rise Canada na Ọktoba 2015, enwere ike ịhụ Banerjee ka ọ na-efesa kor'an ma na-ehichapụ ya n'azụ azụ ya. Na vidiyo ebugoro na akaụntụ YouTube nke Rise Canada na Jenụwarị 2018, Banerjee kọwara Islam dị ka "òtù nzuzo n'ike."^[73]

Mmetụta Na-agbasa

O doro anya na ọtụtụ ndị Hindu mba na USA anaghị akwado mkpali ma ọ bụ omume ime ihe ike dị otú ahụ. Otú ọ dị, òtù Hindutva sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ bụ ndị na-ebute ụzọ n'imeta enyi na imete ndị mmadụ n'ọchịchị. Enwere ike ịhụ ọganihu nke mbọ ha na ọdịda nke US Congress katọọ mkpochapụ nke nnwere onwe Kashmir na 2019 ma ọ bụ enweghị ikike nke ndị Alakụba na steeti Assam. Enwere ike ịdeba ama na Ngalaba Steeti US ọdịda ịhọpụta India dị ka mba nke nchegbu pụrụ iche (CPC), n'agbanyeghị nkwado siri ike nke US Commission of International Religious Freedom.

Dị ka ike na mkpebi siri ike dị ka ọ na-abanye na usoro agụmakwụkwọ US, mgbasa ozi Hindutva na-elekwasị anya n'ọkwa gọọmentị niile, dịka ha nwere ikike ime. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ nrụgide ha nwere ike isi ike. The Intercept^[74] Kọwapụtala etu onye omebe iwu India America Ro Khanna siri pụọ na mkparịta ụka Mee 2019 maka ịkpa oke nke Caste na nkeji ikpeazụ n'ihi “nrụgide sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị otu Hindu nwere mmetụta.”^[75] Onye otu ya Pramila Jayapal ka bụ naanị onye nkwado mmemme ahụ. Tinyere ịhazi ngagharị iwe na mmemme obodo ya.^[76] Ndị na-eme ihe ike kpọkọtara ihe karịrị ndị otu Hindu na ndị India America 230 na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, gụnyere Hindu American Foundation, iziga Khanna akwụkwọ ozi na-akatọ nkwupụta ya na Kashmir ma rịọ ya ka ọ pụọ na Congressional Pakistan Caucus, nke ọ sonyere na nso nso a.

Ndị nnọchiteanya Ilham Omar na Rashida Tlaib eguzogidewo ụzọ nrụgide dị otú ahụ, ma ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ emeghị; dịka ọmụmaatụ, Rep. Tom Suozzi (D, NY), onye họọrọ ịla azụ na nkwupụta ụkpụrụ na Kashmir. Na tupu ntuli aka onye isi ala, Hindu American Foundation dọrọ aka ná ntị n'ọchịchịrị banyere ndị ọchịchị Democratic Party na-abụ "onye na-ekiri ogbi" nke " Hinduphobia na-eto eto" na pati ahụ.^[77].

Mgbe ntuli aka nke 2020 nke Onye isi ala Biden gasịrị, nchịkwa ya pụtara na-a ntị nkatọ nke nhọrọ ndị nnọchi anya mkpọsa ya.^[78]. Nhọrọ mkpọsa ya nke Amit Jani dị ka njikọ nke ndị Alakụba welitere ụfọdụ nku anya, n'ihi na ezinụlọ ya nwere njikọ ama ama na RSS. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu katọrọ "mmekọrịta motley nke Muslim, Dalit na ndị otu hapụrụ radical" maka mgbasa ozi ịntanetị ya megide Jani, onye nna ya nwụrụ anwụ mebere ndị enyi Overseas nke BJP.^[79]

Ewelitekwara ọtụtụ ajụjụ gbasara onye nnọchi anya ọgbakọ omebe iwu (na onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi onye isi ala) njikọ Tulsi Gabbard na ndị Hindu nwere aka nri.^[80]. Ọ bụ ezie na izisa ozi ọma nke Ndị Kraịst na aka nri Hindu na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge kama ịgbakọ ọnụ, Rep Gabbard bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na njikọta na mpaghara abụọ ahụ.^[81]

N'ọkwa ndị omebe iwu steeti New York, onye otu Assembly Jenifer Rajkumar katọrọ maka ndị nyere onyinye ya nwere njikọ Hindutva.^[82] Otu obodo Queens Against Hindu Fascism kwukwara na ọ kwadoro Mịnịsta Ala Modi. Onye nnọchi anya mpaghara ọzọ, Senator Ohio State Senator Niraj Antani kwuru na nkwupụta Septemba 2021 na ọ katọrọ ogbako 'Dismantling Hindutva' "n'okwu siri ike" dịka "ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla karịa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na imegide ndị Hindu."^[83] O yikarịrị ka enwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ ndị yiri nke pandering nke enwere ike igwu ya site na nyocha ọzọ.

N'ikpeazụ, a na-agba mbọ mgbe niile ịkpọtụrụ ndị isi obodo na ịzụ ngalaba ndị uwe ojii.^[84] Ọ bụ ezie na obodo ndị India na ndị Hindu nwere ikike ime nke a, ụfọdụ ndị na-ekiri ajụwo ajụjụ gbasara itinye aka Hindutva, dịka ọmụmaatụ mmekọrịta HSS na ngalaba ndị uwe ojii na Troy na Caton, Michigan, na Irving, Texas.^[85]

Tinyere ndị isi Hindutva a ma ama, ndị na-eche echiche, ndị na-agba ọsọ na ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na-akwado mkpọsa mmetụta gọọmentị Modi na USA na Canada.^[86] Agbanyeghị, gafere nke a, ọ dị oke mkpa ịghọta nke ọma nleba anya, mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi a na-akwalite n'ịntanetị.

Mgbasa ozi ọha, akụkọ nta akụkọ na agha omenala

India bụ nnukwu ahịa Facebook, yana nde mmadụ 328 na-eji usoro mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Na mgbakwunye, ihe dị ka nde ndị India 400 na-eji ọrụ ozi Facebook, WhatsApp^[87]. N'ụzọ dị mwute, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi a aghọwo ụgbọala maka ịkpọasị na mgbasa ozi. N'India, ọtụtụ igbu ọchụ na-eche nche na-eme mgbe asịrị gbasaara na mgbasa ozi ọha, ọkachasị WhatsApp^[88]. A na-ekekọrịta vidiyo nke igbu mmadụ na iti ihe na WhatsApp kwa.^[89] 

Ndị nta akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị atawo ahụhụ karịsịa site na iyi egwu nke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, "deepfakes" na doxing. Ndị nkatọ nke Prime Minister Modi abatala maka mmegbu ime ihe ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'afọ 2016, onye nta akụkọ Rana Ayub bipụtara akwụkwọ gbasara nkwado Prime Minister na ọgbaghara 2002 na-egbu egbu na Gujarat. N'oge na-adịghị anya, na mgbakwunye na ịnweta ọtụtụ egwu ọnwụ, Ayub matara na vidiyo na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ a na-ekesa na WhatsApp dị iche iche.^[90] Ekpuchiri ihu ya n'ihu onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, na-eji teknụzụ Deepfake na-emegharị ihu Rana iji gbanwee okwu agụụ mmekọahụ.

Nwada Ayub na-ede, "Ọtụtụ n'ime aka Twitter na akaụntụ Facebook bụ ndị biputere vidiyo ndị gba ọtọ na nseta ihuenyo na-egosi onwe ha dị ka ndị na-akwado Mr. Modi na ndị otu ya."^[91] Ihe iyi egwu dị otú ahụ a na-eyi ụmụ nwanyị nta akụkọ ebutewokwa igbu mmadụ n'ezie. N'afọ 2017, mgbe mkparị juru ebe niile na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, onye odeakụkọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Gauri Lankesh bụ ndị radicals aka nri gburu na mpụga ụlọ ya.^[92] Lankesh na-agba akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ kwa izu ma bụrụ onye na-akatọ mmempụ Hindu nke aka nri nke ụlọ ikpe mpaghara kpere ikpe nkwutọ maka nkatọ ya na BJP.

Taa, mkpasu iwe “na-eme ihere” na-aga n'ihu. Na 2021, ngwa akpọrọ Bulli Bai kwadoro na ikpo okwu webụ GitHub kesara foto nke ihe karịrị 100 ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na-ekwu na ha nọ na "ere."^[93] Kedu ihe mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-eme iji nwetaghachi ịkpọasị a? O doro anya na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ zuo oke.

N'ime akụkọ 2020 siri ike, Njikọ Facebook na pati na-achị India na-agbagha ọgụ ya megide okwu ịkpọasị, Onye nta akụkọ Time Magazine Tom Perrigo kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu otú Facebook India si egbu oge iweda okwu ịkpọasị ant-Muslim mgbe ndị isi ọkwa dị elu mere ya, ọbụlagodi mgbe Avaaz na ndị otu ndị ọzọ na-eme mkpesa mere mkpesa na ndị ọrụ Facebook dere mkpesa n'ime.^[94] Perrigo dekọkwara njikọ dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ Facebook dị elu na India na ndị otu BJP nke Modi.^[95] N'etiti August 2020, akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street Journal kọrọ na ndị ọrụ agadi rụrụ ụka na ịta ndị omebe iwu ahụhụ ga-emebi atụmanya azụmahịa Facebook.^[96] N'izu na-abịa, Reuters kọwara otú, na nzaghachi, Facebook ndị ọrụ dere n'ime ime oghe leta na-akpọ ndị isi ka ha katọọ mgbochi-Muslim mkparị na itinye iwu ịkpọasị okwu mgbe niile. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ boro ebubo na ọ nweghị ndị ọrụ Alakụba na ndị otu amụma India nke ikpo okwu.^[97]

N'October 2021, New York Times dabere na edemede na akwụkwọ dị n'ime, akụkụ nke nnukwu ihe nchekwa a na-akpọ Akwụkwọ Facebook nke onye nkwuputa nke Frances Haugen chịkọtara, onye bụbu onye njikwa ngwaahịa Facebook.^[98] Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ gụnyere akụkọ gbasara bots na akaụntụ adịgboroja, nke jikọtara ya na ndị agha aka nri na-akpa ike na ntuli aka mba, dịka ha mere na United States.^[99] Ha kọwakwara etu amụma Facebook si eduga n'inwe ozi na-ezighi ezi na India, ọkachasị na-akpa ike n'oge ọrịa a.^[100] Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na-akọwa otú ikpo okwu na-esikarịghị akwụsị ịkpọasị. Dị ka isiokwu ahụ si kwuo: "Facebook akwụsịghị ịkpọ RSS dị ka nzukọ dị ize ndụ n'ihi "echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" nke nwere ike imetụta ọrụ netwọk mmekọrịta na mba ahụ."

Na mbido 2022 akwụkwọ akụkọ India, The Waya, kpughere ịdị adị nke ngwa nzuzo ọkaibe nke akpọrọ 'Tek Fog' nke trolls jikọtara ndị otu na-achị India ji gbuo nnukwu mgbasa ozi ọha na eze ma mebie nyiwe ozi ezoro ezo dị ka WhatsApp. Tek Fog nwere ike ịdọrọ ngalaba 'trending' nke Twitter na 'trend' na Facebook. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ Tek Fog nwekwara ike gbanwee akụkọ dị adị iji mepụta akụkọ adịgboroja.

N'ịgbaso nyocha nke ọnwa 20, na-arụ ọrụ na onye na-agba ọsọ mana na-akwado ọtụtụ ebubo ya, akụkọ ahụ na-enyocha otú ngwa ahụ si akpaghị aka ịkpọasị na mkpagbu ezubere iche ma gbasaa mgbasa ozi. Akụkọ ahụ kwuru na njikọ ngwa ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ na-ere ahịa n'ihu ọha nke India America, Persistent Systems, tinyere nnukwu ego n'inweta nkwekọrịta gọọmentị na India. Ngwa mgbasa ozi ọha #1 nke India, Sharechat kwalitekwara ya. Nkwupụta ahụ na-atụ aro na enwere ike njikọ hashtags metụtara ime ihe ike yana n'ịkọkọrịta COVID-19. Ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na “n'ime mkpokọta nde 3.8 nyochara… ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 58% (nde 2.2) n'ime ha ka enwere ike ịkpọ 'okwu ịkpọasị'.

N'afọ 2019, EU DisinfoLab, NGO nọọrọ onwe ya na-enyocha mkpọsa mgbasa ozi na-eche EU, bipụtara akụkọ na-akọwa netwọkụ karịrị 260 pro-India "ụlọ mgbasa ozi adịgboroja mpaghara" na-agbasa mba 65, gụnyere n'ofe ọdịda anyanwụ.^[101] O doro anya na e bu n'obi na-eme mgbalị a iji kwalite nghọta nke India, yana ịkwalite mmetụta pro-India na mgbochi Pakistan (na mgbochi China). N'afọ sochirinụ, akụkọ a sochiri akụkọ nke abụọ na-achọpụta ọ bụghị naanị ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi adịgboroja 750, na-ekpuchi mba 119, mana ọtụtụ izu ohi njirimara, ma ọ dịkarịa ala 10 hijacked UN Human Rights Council ndị NGO kwadoro, na aha ngalaba 550 debara aha.^[102]

EU DisinfoLab chọpụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ "adịgboroja", EP Taa, ndị India metụtara na-elekọta ya, na njikọ na nnukwu netwọk nke echiche tankị, NGO, na ụlọ ọrụ sitere na Srivastava Group.^[103] Aghụghọ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike "adọta ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị MEP n'ime okwu pro-India na mgbochi Pakistan, na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị ka ikike nke ndị nta na ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ebe ntinye."

Na 2019 ndị omeiwu Europe iri abụọ na asaa gara Kashmir dị ka ndị ọbịa nke nzukọ na-enweghị isi, Women's Economic and Social Think Tank, ma ọ bụ WESTT, nwekwara njikọ chiri anya na netwọkụ pro-Modi a.^[104] Ha zutere Prime Minista Narendra Modi na onye ndụmọdụ nchekwa mba Ajit Doval na New Delhi. Enyere ohere a n'agbanyeghị na gọọmentị Modi jụrụ ikwe ka Senator US Chris Van Hollen bịa^[105] ma ọ bụ ọbụna UN Human Rights Council iziga ndị nnọchianya ya na mpaghara ahụ^[106]. Ole ndị bụ ndị ọbịa a tụkwasịrị obi? Dịkarịa ala, 22 n'ime 27 ahụ sitere na pati aka nri, dị ka National Rally France, Poland's Law and Justice, na Alternative for Germany, mara maka echiche siri ike banyere mbata na ọpụpụ na ihe a na-akpọ "Islamization of Europe".^[107] Njem a "onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ adịgboroja" gosipụtara arụmụka, n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị mgbe ọtụtụ ndị isi Kashmiri ka nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na kwụsịtụrụ ọrụ ịntanetị kamakwa ebe amachibidoro ọtụtụ ndị omeiwu India ịga Kashmir.

EU Disinfo Lab NGO nwere aka Twitter @DisinfoEU. Na-emegharị aha yiri nke ahụ, n'April 2020 ihe omimi "Disinfolab" pụtara na Twitter n'okpuru aka @DisinfoLab. A kọwara echiche na Islamophobia na India na-ebili dị ka "akụkọ adịgboroja" maka ọdịmma Pakistan. Ugboro ugboro na tweet na akụkọ, ọ dị ka ọ na-enwe mmasị na nke Indian American Muslim Council (IAMC) na onye guzobere ya, Shaik Ubaid, na-akọwa ha dị nnọọ ịtụnanya iru na mmetụta.^[108]

Na 2021, DisinfoLab eme ememe Ngalaba Steeti US enweghị aha India dị ka obodo nwere nchegbu^[109] na kpochapụrụ N'ime akụkọ United States Commission on International Religious Freedom dị ka "nzukọ nke nwere nchegbu karịsịa" na-akpali mmasị na òtù òtù ụmụnna Muslim na-achịkwa.^[110]

Nke a na-emetụ ndị dere ogologo akụkọ a aka, n'ihi na n'Isi nke anọ nke akụkọ ya, "Disnfo Lab" na-akọwa òtù ọrụ ruuru mmadụ nke anyị na-arụ ọrụ maka, Justice for All, na-akọwa NGO dị ka ụdị ọrụ ịkwa akwa na njikọ na-enweghị isi na Jamaat. /Ụmụnna Muslim. Ebubo ụgha ndị a na-ekwughachi ihe ndị e mere ka 9/11 gasịrị mgbe Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) na òtù ndị Alakụba America ndị ọzọ na-echekwa okpukpe ka a kparịrị dị ka nnukwu nkata ndị Alakụba ma kwutọọ ya na mgbasa ozi aka nri ogologo oge mgbe ndị ọchịchị mechara nyocha ha.

Kemgbe 2013, arụwo m ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Justice for All, NGO tọrọ ntọala n'oge mgbukpọ nke Bosnia iji zaghachi mkpagbu nke obere Muslim. Ntughari na 2012 iji lekwasị anya na mgbukpọ agbụrụ Rohingya "na-agba ọkụ ngwa ngwa", mmemme ịkwado ikike mmadụ amụbawo na-agụnye ndị Uyghur na ndị India pere mpe, yana ndị Alakụba na Kashmir na Sri Lanka. Ozugbo mmemme India na Kashmir malitere, trolling na mgbasa ozi mụbara.

Onye isi oche nke Justice for All, Malik Mujahid, ka egosiri ka ọ na-etinye njikọ siri ike na ICNA, nke na-abụghị eziokwu, ka ọ kwụsịrị na nzukọ ahụ ihe karịrị afọ 20 gara aga.^[111] N'ịbụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka òtù ndị Alakụba America nwere ụkpụrụ omume siri ike nke obodo, ICNA ejiriwo ndị na-eche echiche Islamophobic mejọrọ ya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime "agụmakwụkwọ," ihe ọmụmụ "Disinfo" ga-abụ ihe ọchị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghịkwa ike imerụ mmekọrịta dị mkpa na-arụ ọrụ, wulite ntụkwasị obi na mechie mmekọ na ego. Eserese “affinity mapping” dị na Kashmir na India nwere ike dọta uche mana ọ pụtaghị ihe ọ bụla.^[112] Ndị a na-eje ozi dị ka mkpọsa ntanye a na-ahụ anya, mana ọ dị mwute ikwu na ewepụrụghị ya na Twitter n'agbanyeghị ọdịnaya mkparị ha na ikike ha nwere imerụ aha ọma. Agbanyeghị, Justice for All enwebeghị nkụda mmụọ ma mụbaa nzaghachi ya na amụma India na-abawanye nkewa na nke dị ize ndụ.^[113] Edere akwụkwọ a n'adabereghị na mmemme oge niile.

Gịnị bụ Adị?

Dị ka ndị Alakụba bi na North America, ndị odee na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe ijuanya na n'isiokwu a, anyị na-enyocha nnukwu netwọk nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ okpukpe. Anyị na-ajụ onwe anyị: ànyị na-enyocha ha n'ụzọ yiri "nyocha" ndị Islamophobe nke òtù Muslim America? Anyị na-echeta eserese dị mfe nke Òtù Ndị Mmụta Alakụba na “njikọ” ha na Islamic Society of North America. Anyị maara ka klọb ụmụ akwụkwọ Alakụba na-anọpụ iche na-abụkarị (ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ usoro iwu) na-eche ma anyị onwe anyị na-ekwupụtakwa njikọ nke netwọk Hindutva ndị a tụlere na ibe ndị bu ụzọ.

Nchọgharị anyị gbasara njikọ dị n'etiti otu Hindutva ọ na-emepụta maapụ mmekọrịta nke na-ekwupụta nchegbu anyị? N'ụzọ doro anya dị ka obodo ndị ọzọ n'ihu ha, ndị Alakụba kwabatara na ndị Hindu kwabatara na-achọ nchekwa dị ukwuu yana ohere. Obi abụọ adịghị ya, Hinduphobia dị, dị ka Islamophobia na Antisemitism na ụdị echiche ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụghị egwu na iwe nke onye ọ bụla dị iche na-akpali ọtụtụ ndị ịkpọasị, na-adịghị ama ọdịiche dị n'etiti onye Hindu, Sikh ma ọ bụ Muslim ejiji omenala? Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị ohere maka ihe kpatara ya?

Ọ bụ ezie na mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukpe na-enye ụzọ nwere ike isi mee udo, anyị achọpụtala na ụfọdụ njikọ okpukpere chi akwadola n'amaghị ama na-azọrọ Hindutva na nkatọ Hindutva na Hinduphobia. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2021 akwụkwọ ozi nke Interfaith Council of Metropolitan Washington dere chọrọ ka mahadum kwụsị ịkwado ogbako Hindutva Dismantling. Kansụl Interfaith na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'imegide ịkpọasị na nhụsianya. Mana site na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, yana nnukwu ndị otu na itinye aka na ndụ obodo, òtù ndị Hindutva America na-eje ozi n'ụzọ doro anya maka ọdịmma nke otu ndị isi ahaziri ahazi nke dabeere na India na-arụ ọrụ imebi ọtụtụ mmadụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya site n'ịkwalite ịkpọasị.

Ụfọdụ òtù okpukpere chi na-aghọta na ha nwere ihe ize ndụ n'ịkatọ Hindutva. Enwekwara nsogbu ndị ọzọ: dịka ọmụmaatụ, na United Nations, India gbochiri ụfọdụ ndị otu Dalit nzere nzere ntozu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Agbanyeghị, n'ime afọ 2022, ụfọdụ òtù okpukpere chi ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite itinye aka na nkwado. Ugbua, Coalition Against Genocide[114] Emebere ya ka emechara ihe ike na Gujarat (2002) mgbe Modi bụ onye isi ala steeti, na-enweta nkwado sitere na Tikkun na Interfaith Freedom Foundation. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, site na mmetụta nke USCIRF, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, International Religious Freedom Roundtable ahazila nkọwa nkenke, na Nọvemba 2022 Religions for Peace (RFPUSA) kwadoro mkparịta ụka panel bara uru. Nkwado obodo nwere ike mechaa gbaa ndị na-eme iwu na Washington DC ume ka ha chee ihe ịma aka nke ọchịchị aka ike n'etiti ndị mmekọ geopolitical America dị ka India.

Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche America na-apụtakwa n'okpuru nnọchibido-ọbụlagodi dị ka Ụlọ Capitol na Jenụwarị 6, 2021 - ọgba aghara nke gụnyere Vinson Palathingal, onye America America nke bu ọkọlọtọ India, onye na-akwado Trump onye ekwuputara na a họpụtara ya na Council Export Council.^[115] N'ezie enwere ọtụtụ ndị Hindu America na-akwado Trump na-arụ ọrụ maka nlọghachi ya.^[116] Dịka anyị na-ahụ na njikọ dị n'etiti ndị agha nku aka nri na ndị uwe ojii na ndị otu ndị ọrụ agha, enwere ike ịdị na-aga n'ihu n'okpuru ala na a naghị ahụ ya.

N’oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwusa ozi ọma n’Amerịka kparịrị omenala ndị Hindu, na n’India, a na-akpachapụkarị Ndị Kraịst na-ekwusa ozi ọma anya, ọbụnakwa na-awakpo ha. Enwere nkewa doro anya n'etiti mmegharị Hindutva na ikike Ndị Kraịst na-ekwusa ozi ọma. Agbanyeghị, obodo ndị a na-agbakọta n'ịkwado ịhụ mba n'anya aka nri, nabata onye ndu ọchịchị, na Islamophobia. Enweela ndị ọbịa ibe akwa.

Salman Rushdie kpọrọ Hindutva "Crypto Fascism"^[117] ma rụọ ọrụ imegide mmegharị ahụ n'ala a mụrụ ya. Ànyị na-achụpụ mgbalị nhazi nke Steve Bannon, nke sitere n'echiche nke ịhụ mba n'anya nke esoteric gosipụtara Ndị Omenala Fascist, dabere na echiche efu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ịdị ọcha Aryan?^[118] N'oge dị egwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme, eziokwu na ụgha na-enwe mgbagwoju anya na mgbagwoju anya, na ịntanetị na-akpụzi oghere ọha na eze nke na-achịkwa ma na-akpaghasị egwu. 

• Ọchịchịrị na-adakwa ọzọ; mana ugbu a amatala m
• Na narị afọ iri abụọ nke ụra nkume
• Otu nwa ehi na-ama jijiji kpasuru iwe na nro.
• Ma lee ka anụ ọhịa ahụ siri ike, oge awa ya na-abịa n'ikpeazụ;
• Slouches kwupụta Betlehem ga-amụ?

References

[1] Devdutt Pattanaik, "Hindutva's Caste Masterstroke, " Ndi Hindu, January 1, 2022

[2] Harish S. Wankhede, Ogologo oge Kaste na-ebu Dividends, The Waya, August 5, 2019

[3] Filkins, Dexter, "Ọbara na ala na Modi India, " New Yorker, December 9, 2019

[4] Harrison Akins, Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara iwu na India: CAA, USCIRF Febụwarị 2020

[5] Watch Human Rights, India: A chụpụrụ Rohingya na Myanmar chere ihe ize ndụ ihu, Maachị 31, 2022; hụkwa: Kushboo Sandhu, Rohingya na CAA: Gịnị bụ amụma ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ India? BBC News, August 19, 2022

[6] CIA World Factbook 2018, Hụkwa Akhil Reddy, “Older Version of CIA Factbook,” N'ezie, February 24, 2021

[7] Shanker Arnimesh, "Onye na-agba Bajrang Dal? " The Print, December 6, 2021

[8] Bajrang Dal na-ahazi Ọzụzụ Ngwá Agha, Ihe nkiri Hindutva, August 11, 2022

[9] Arshad Afzaal Khan, Na Ayodhya afọ 25 ka e bibichara Babri Masjid, The Waya, December 6, 2017

[10] Sunita Viswanath, Ihe VHP America kpọrọ oku ịkpọasị na-agwa anyị, The Waya, April 15, 2021

[11] Pieter Friedrich, Sonal Shah's Saga, Ihe nkiri Hindutva, April 21, 2022

[12] Jafrelot Christophe, Nationalism Hindu: Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, Princeton University Press, 2009

[13] Webụsaịtị HAF: https://www.hinduamerican.org/

[14] Rashmee Kumar, Netwọk nke ndị Hindu Nationalists, Ntughari, September 25, 2019

[15] Haider Kazim, "Ramesh Butada: Ịchọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị elu, " Akụkọ Indo America, September 6, 2018

[16] Weebụsaịtị EKAL: https://www.ekal.org/us/region/southwestregion

[17] Webụsaịtị HAF: https://www.hinduamerican.org/our-team#board

[18] "Gitesh Desai weghaara ya, " Akụkọ Indo America, July 7, 2017

[19] JM,"Nationalism Hindu na United States: Otu ndị anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, " SAC, NET, Julaị, 2014

[20] Tom Benning, "Texas nwere obodo ndị India America nke abụọ kachasị na US, " Dallas Morning News   October 8, 2020

[21] Devesh Kapur, "Onye isi ala India na Trump, " Washington Post, September 29, 2019

[22] Catherine E. Shoichet, Otu nwata nwoke dị afọ isii si India nwụrụ, CNN, June 14, 2019

[23] Ekwuru na Rashmee Kumar, Netwọk nke ndị Hindu Nationalists, Ntughari, September 25, 2019

[24] Ọdịiche nke ọgbọ dị mkpa. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Carnegie Endowment Indian American Attitudes Survey si kwuo, ndị ọgbọ mbụ ndị India kwabatara na United States “yiri nke ọma karịa ndị amụrụ na United States ka ha nwee ike ịnakwere njirimara nke ezinụlọ. Dị ka nyocha a si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị Hindu nwere njirimara nke caste-ihe karịrị asatọ n'ime mmadụ 10-bụ ndị a na-amata onwe ha dị ka ndị izugbe ma ọ bụ nke elu, na ndị ọgbọ mbụ kwabatara na-ekewapụ onwe ha. Dabere na akụkọ Pew Forum nke 2021 banyere ndị Hindu America, ndị zara ajụjụ nwere echiche dị mma banyere BJP nwekwara ike karịa ndị ọzọ imegide okpukperechi na alụmdi na nwunye dị n'etiti: "Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'etiti ndị Hindu, 69% nke ndị nwere ihu ọma. Echiche nke BJP na-ekwu na ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ịkwụsị ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo ha ịlụ di na nwunye n'ofe agbụrụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 54% n'etiti ndị nwere echiche na-adịghị mma maka nnọkọ ahụ. "

[25] Sonia Paul, "Howdy Modi bụ ngosipụta nke ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị America America", Atlantic, September 23, 2019

[26] Rịba ama kwa ngagharị ụgbọ ala Howdy Yogi 2022 na Chicago na Houston iji kwado rabid Islamophobe Yogi Adityanath.

[27] Mgbe ọ na-ede na "The Hindutva View of History", Kamala Visweswaran, Michael Witzel et al, na-akọ na ikpe mbụ mara nke ebubo mgbochi Hindu na-ezighị ezi na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ US mere na Fairfax County, Virginia na 2004. Ndị dere akwụkwọ kwuru: "N'ịntanetị 'agụmakwụkwọ' 'Ihe ndị sitere na webụsaịtị ESHI na-ekwu na ikwubiga okwu ókè na enweghị isi gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme India na okpukpe Hindu dabara na mgbanwe emere na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na India. Otú ọ dị, ndị edemede ahụ kwukwara na e nwere ọdịiche dị n’atụmatụ ụfọdụ: “Akwụkwọ ndị dị na Gujarat na-egosi usoro ihe nkedo dị ka mmezu nke mmepeanya nke Aryan, ebe ọchịchọ nke òtù Hindutva dị na United States bụ ikpochapụ ihe àmà na-egosi njikọ dị n’etiti okpukpe Hindu na usoro okpukpe. Anyị ahụwokwa na mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na Gujarat rụpụtara ngbanwe nke ịhụ mba n'anya India dị ka onye na-alụ ọgụ n'ezie, nke jikọtara ndị Alakụba na ndị na-eyi ọha egwu ma mebie ihe nketa Hitler dị ka ihe ziri ezi, ebe n'ozuzu (na ikekwe n'ụzọ aghụghọ) na-etinye isiokwu akụkọ ifo na ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ime ya. akụkọ ihe mere eme.”

[28] Theresa Harrington, "Ndị Hindu na-arịọ California State Board ka ha jụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, " Edsource, November 8, 2017

[29] Ụlọ nyocha nha nhata, Caste na United States, 2018

[30] "Omenala ime mmụọ bụ ike nke gbagoro India, " Oge nke India, March 4, 2019

[31] Niha Mashih, Na agha n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme India ndị Hindu Nationalists Square Off, The Washington Post, Jan. 3, 2021

[32] Megan Cole, "Onyinye nye UCI na-ebute esemokwu mba ụwa, " Mahadum ọhụrụ, February 16, 2016

[33] Onye nta akụkọ pụrụ iche, "Mahadum US kwụsịrị inye onyinye, " Ndi Hindu, February 23, 2016

[34] DCF ga-ebulite nde dollar 1 iji mee ka Mahadum Hindu nke America dịghachi ọhụrụ, Akwụkwọ akụkọ India, December 12, 2018

[35] September 19, 2021 nkọwa na Quora

[36] "Otu ndị nne na-eme ngagharị iwe nkuzi Modi Biography na ụlọ akwụkwọ US, " Clarion India, September 20, 2020

[37] Akwụkwọ ozi HAF, August 19, 2021

[38] Kwụsị Hinduphobia, Vidiyo maka Republic TV, August 24, 2021

[39] Niha Masih, "N'okpuru ọkụ sitere na otu ndị otu mba Hindu, " Washington Post, October 3, 2021

[40] Akwụkwọ ozi Google Doc nke ụmụ akwụkwọ

[41] Trushke Twitter ndepụta, April 2, 2021

[42] IAMC Youtube Channel Video, September 8, 2021

[43]Vinayak Chaturvedi, Right Hindu na mwakpo na nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na USA, Ihe nkiri Hindutva, December 1, 2021

[44] Site: http://hsctruthout.stopfundinghate.org/ dị ugbu a ala. Ụdị nchịkọta dị na: Sangh n'amaghị ama, Watch Communalism, Jenụwarị 18, 2008

[45] Ntugharị Hindu na Campus, Ọrụ Pluralism, Mahadum Harvard

[46] Dịka ọmụmaatụ na Toronto: Marta Anielska, Kansụl ụmụ akwụkwọ Hindu UTM chere ihu azụ azụ, The Varsity, September 13, 2020

[47] Ihe ịma aka njirimara na campus, Infinity Foundation Official Youtube, July 20, 2020

[48] Shoaib Daniyal, Olee otú Rajiv Malhotra si ghọọ Ayn Rand nke Hindutva Internet, Pịgharịa, July 14, 2015

[49] Maka ihe atụ ụfọdụ, lee Febụwarị 22, 2022 Nzukọ na ọwa YouTube gọọmentị IAMC

[50] AP:"California gbara CISCO ebubo ịkpa oke, " LA Times, July 2, 2020

[51] Vidya Krishnan, "Kasteism m na-ahụ na America, " Atlantic, November 6, 2021

[52] David Porter na Mallika Sen, "Akpọrọ ndị ọrụ si India, " Akụkọ AP, Nwere ike 11, 2021

[53] Biswajeet Banerjee na Ashok Sharma, "PM India tọrọ ntọala nke Templelọ nsọ, " AP News, August 5, 2020

[54] Na Mee 7, 2021 ndị Hindu American Foundation gbara akwụkwọ nkwutọ megide ụfọdụ ndị ekwuru n'isiokwu ahụ, gụnyere ndị Hindus for Human Rights co-guzobere Sunita Viswanath na Raju Rajagopal. Ndị Hindu maka ikike mmadụ: N'ịkwado ịkwatu Hindutva, Pennsylvania kwa ụbọchị, December 11, 2021 

[55] Hartosh Singh Bal, "Ihe kpatara na ndị uwe ojii Delhi emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji kwụsị mwakpo ndị Alakụba, " The New York Times, Maachị 3, 2020

[56] Robert Mackey, "Trump toro Modi nke India, " Ntughari, February 25, 2020

[57] Saif Khalid, "Echiche Ụgha nke 'Ịhụnanya Jihad' na India, " Al Jazeera, August 24, 2017

[58] Jayshree Bajoria, "Coronajihad bụ naanị ngosipụta kacha ọhụrụ, "Human Rights Watch, Mee 1, 2020

[59] Alishan Jafri, "Thook Jihad” bụ ngwa ọgụ kacha ọhụrụ, " The Waya, November 20, 2021

[60] "Ndị Hindu Bigots na-agba ndị India ume ka ha gbuo ndị Alakụba," The Economist, January 15, 2022

[61] Sunita Viswanath, "Ihe VHP America kpọrọ oku ịkpọasị… na-agwa anyị” Waya, Eprel 15, 2021

[62] "E boro onye mọnk Hindu ebubo maka ịkpọ oku maka igbuchapụ ndị Alakụba, " Al Jazeera, Jenụwarị 18, 2022

[63] Kari Paul, "Akuko nkwusi okwu Facebook banyere mmetụta ikike mmadụ na India" The Guardian, Jenụwarị 19, 2022

[64] Ọrụ mgbochi ụlọ alakụba nke mba niile, weebụsaịtị ACLU, emelitere Jenụwarị 2022

[65] Enyere n'okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo, Napierville, IL 2021

[66] Dị ka ọ dị Raksha Bandhan biputere na weebụsaịtị ngalaba ndị uwe ojii Peel, Septemba 5, 2018

[67] Sharifa Nasser, "Na-akpaghasị, Islamophobic Tweet, " CBC News, Mee 5, 2020

[68] Onye na-eyi ọha egwu Norway hụrụ mmegharị Hindutva dị ka onye na-emegide Alakụba, " FirstPost, July 26, 2011

[69] "Afọ ise ka Mwakpo ụlọ alakụba gburu egbu, " CBC News, Jenụwarị 27, 2022

[70] Jonathan Monpetit, "N'ime Quebec's Far Right: Ndị agha Odin,” Akụkọ CBC, Disemba 14, 2016

[71] Akwụkwọ akụkọ: "Otu Hindutva dị na Canada na-akwado ndị omekome mwakpo London, " Obodo Nta Nile, June 17, 2021

[72] Akwụkwọ akụkọ: "Onye isi UN kwuputara iwe n'ihi ogbugbu egburu ezinaụlọ ndị Alakụba, " Obodo Nta Nile, June 9, 2021

[73] E wepụrụ vidiyo na Youtube: Akwụkwọ akụkọ Banarjee Ndị otu Bridge Initiatives zoro aka na ya, Mahadum Georgetown, March 9, 2019

[74] Rashmee Kumar"India Lobbies na-egbochi nkatọ, " Ntughari, March 16, 2020

[75] Maria Salim, "Akụkọ ihe mere eme Congressional ige na Caste, " The Waya, Mee 27, 2019

[76] Iman Malik, "Mkpesa n'èzí Nzukọ Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo Ro Khanna, " El Estoque, October 12, 2019

[77] "Democratic Party na-aghọ ogbi, " Akụkọ kacha ọhụrụ, September 25, 2020

[78] Ndị ọrụ waya, "Ndị India America nwere njikọ RSS, " The Waya, Jenụwarị 22, 2021

[79] Suhag Shukla, Hinduphobia na America na njedebe nke Irony, " India Mba Ọzọ, March 18, 2020

[80] Sonia Paul, "Ọgbara Tulsi Gabbard nke 2020 na-ewelite ajụjụ, " Okpukpe News Service, Jenụwarị 27, 2019

[81] Iji malite, lee Tulsi Gabbard webụsaịtị https://www.tulsigabbard.com/about/my-spiritual-path

[82] "Ndị Fascist Jenifer Rajkumar" na weebụsaịtị nke Ndị Queens megidere Fascist Hindu, February 25, 2020

[83] "Na-emebi ogbako Hindutva zuru ụwa ọnụ Anti-Hindu: Senator steeti, " Times of India, September 1, 2021

[84] "International Wing nke RSS na-abanye n'ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị n'ofe US, " weebụsaịtị OFMI, August 26, 2021

[85] Pieter Friedrich, "A na-ama RSS International Wing HSS aka na US dum, " Circles abụọ.Net, October 22, 2021

[86] Stewart Bell, "Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Canada bụ ebumnuche nke ọgụgụ isi India, " Akụkọ Global, April 17, 2020

[87] Rachel Greenspan, "WhatsApp na-alụ ọgụ akụkọ adịgboroja, " Time Magazine, Jenụwarị 21, 2019

[88] Shakuntala Banaji na Ram Bha, "WhatsApp Vigilantes… Ejikọtara ya na ime ihe ike na India," London School of Economics, 2020

[89] Mohamed Ali, "Ebili nke Vigilante Hindu, " The Waya, April 2020

[90] "M na-agbọ agbọ: Onye nta akụkọ Rana Ayoub na-ekpughe, " India taa, November 21, 2019

[91] Rana Ayoub"N'India, ndị nta akụkọ na-eche ihe ihere na-eyi egwu n'ike n'ike, " The New York Times, Nwere ike 22, 2018

[92] Siddarta Deb, "Ogbugbu nke Gauri Lankesh, " Nyocha akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Columbia, Oyi 2018

[93] "Bulli Bai: Ngwa na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba maka ọrịre bụ mechie, " BBC News, Jenụwarị 3, 2022

[94] Billy Perrigo, "Mmekọrịta Facebook na ndị otu ọchịchị India, " Time Magazine, August 27, 2020

[95] Billy Perrigo, "Top Facebook India Executive hapụrụ mgbe esemokwu okwu asị, " Time Magazine, October 27, 2020

[96] Newley Purnell na Jeff Horwitz, Iwu okwu ịkpọasị Facebook na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India na-ejikọta, WSJ, August 14, 2020

[97] Aditya Kalra, "Amụma ajụjụ gbasara ime Facebook, " Reuters, Ọgọst 19. 2020

[98] "Akwụkwọ Facebook na ọdịda ha, " The New York Times, October 28, 2021

[99] Vindu Goel na Sheera Frenkel, "Na ntuli aka India, akwụkwọ ozi ụgha na okwu ịkpọasị, " The New York Times, April 1, 2019

[100] Karan Deep Singh na Paul Mozur India nyere iwu ka ewetuo Posts Social Media Critical, " New York Times, April 25, 2021

[101] Alexandre Alaphilippe, Gary Machado et al., "Ekpuchighị: Ihe karịrị 265 ahaziri ahazi mgbasa ozi mpaghara adịgboroja, " Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Disinfo.Eu, November 26, 2019

[102] Gary Machado, Alexandre Alaphilippe, et al:Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke India: Mikpuo omimi n'ime ọrụ afọ 15, " Disinfo.EU, December 9, 2020

[103] DisinfoEU Lab @DisinfoEU, Twitter, October 9, 2019

[104] Meghnad S. Ayush Tiwari, "Onye nọ n'azụ NGO na-adịghị ahụkebe, " Ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, October 29, 2019

[105] Joanna Slater, 'Onye omebe iwu US gbochiri ịga Kashmir, " Washington Post, October 2019

[106] Suhasini Haider, "India wepụrụ UN panel, " The Hindu, Mee 21, 2019

[107] "22 n'ime 27 EU MPS akpọrọ na Kashmir sitere na ndị otu aka nri, " Quint, October 29, 2019

[108] DisnfoLab Twitter @DisinfoLab, Nọvemba 8, 2021 3:25 nke ụtụtụ

[109] DisninfoLab @DisinfoLab, Nọvemba 18, 2021 4:43 nke ụtụtụ

[110] "USCIRF: Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchegbu Pụrụ Iche, on Webụsaịtị DisinfoLab, April 2021

[111] Anyị na Mazi Mujahid na-arụkọ ọrụ maka Burma Task Force, na-emegide Islamophobia, ma na-akwa nke ya nkatọ.

[112] Webụsaịtị wepụrụ ịntanetị, DisinfoLab, Twitter, Ọgọst 3, 2021 na Mee 2, 2022.

[113] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkparịta ụka panel atọ dị na JFA Hindutva dị na North America usoro na 2021

[114] website: http://www.coalitionagainstgenocide.org/

[115] Arun Kumar, “India American Vinson Palathingal akpọrọ aha ya na Council Mbupụ Onye isi ala,” American Bazaar, Ọktoba 8, 2020

[116] Hasan Akram, "Ndị na-akwado RSS-BJP bufere ọkọlọtọ India na Capitol Hill", Mirror Muslim, January 9, 2021

[117] Salman Rushdie, nkọwa Mkparịta ụka radical, Ibe Youtube, Disemba 5, 2015 Mbipute

[118] Adiita Chaudhry, Ihe kpatara ndị na-ahụ maka ndị ọcha na ndị Hindu Nationalists ji bụrụ otu, " Al Jazeera, Disemba 13, 2018. Leekwa S. Romi Mukherjee, “Steve Bannon's Roots: Esoteric Fascism na Aryanism, " Ihe ndozi akụkọ, Ọgọst 29, 2018