Mgbagwoju anya na omume: Mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukperechi na ime udo na Burma na New York
Okwu Mmalite
Ọ dị mkpa na obodo na-edozi esemokwu ịghọta njikọ nke ọtụtụ ihe na-agbakọta iji wepụta esemokwu n'etiti na n'etiti obodo okwukwe. Nnyocha dị mfe banyere ọrụ okpukpe adịghị arụpụta ihe.
Na USA, nyocha a na-ezighi ezi na-egosipụta na okwu mgbasa ozi gbasara ISIS na mkpagbu ya nke ndị obere okpukpe. A pụkwara ịhụ ya na nnọkọ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (nke na-adịbeghị anya na June 2016) na-enye ndị ọkachamara pseudo ohere ikwu okwu n'ihu ndị omeiwu mba. Nnyocha ndị dị ka "Egwu Inc."[1] na-aga n'ihu na-egosi otú akụkụ aka nri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si na-agbasawanye netwọk nke ndị na-eche echiche iji kwalite "ahụmahụ" dị otú ahụ na mgbasa ozi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọbụna na-erute United Nations.
A na-emetọwanye okwu ọha site na mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume na xenophobic, ọ bụghị naanị na Europe na USA kamakwa n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na South na East Asia Islamophobia aghọwo ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emebi emebi na Myanmar / Burma, Sri Lanka na India. Ọ dị mkpa ka ndị nyocha ghara inwe ihe ùgwù 'Western' ahụmahụ nke esemokwu, esemokwu ma ọ bụ okpukpe; ọ dịkwa mkpa ka a ghara inye okpukpe atọ nke Abraham ihe ùgwù na ewepu omenala okpukpe ndị ọzọ nke nwekwara ike ịdọrọ site na ọdịmma mba ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ.
N'ịbụ ndị na-aga n'ihu n'ezie na egwu egwu nke esemokwu na ụjọ, nchekwa nke okwu ọha na eze na amụma ọha nwere ike iduga n'echiche gbagọrọ agbagọ nke mmetụta nke echiche okpukpe. Ụfọdụ ndị ogbugbo nwere ike na-ama ụma ma ọ bụ n'amaghị ama denye aha na echiche nke esemokwu nke mmepeanya ma ọ bụ mmegide dị mkpa n'etiti ụwa na nke ezi uche n'otu aka na okpukperechi na enweghị isi n'aka nke ọzọ.
Na-enweghị na-amalite na conflations na ụgha binaries nke na-ewu ewu na-ekwu okwu nche, kedu ka anyị ga-esi nyochaa usoro nkwenye - ma ndị ọzọ' na nke anyị-ịghọta ọrụ nke "okpukpe" ụkpụrụ na-emepụta echiche, nkwurịta okwu, na ime udo?
Dị ka onye nchoputa nke Flushing Interfaith Council, na ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi na-arụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta okpukpere chi, m na-atụ aro ka nyochaa ụdị dị iche iche nke itinye aka n'òtù okpukpe na New York City. Dịka onye isi mmemme UN maka ndị ọrụ Burma, m na-atụ aro ka m nyochaa ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịnyefe ụdị ndị a na mpaghara omenala ndị ọzọ, kpọmkwem na Burma na South Asia.
Mgbagwoju anya na omume: Mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukperechi na ime udo na Burma na New York
A na-emetọkwa okwu ọha na eze site na mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume na xenophobic, ọ bụghị naanị na Europe na USA kamakwa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ụwa ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-atụle n'akwụkwọ a, na South East Asia Islamophobia aghọwo ihe na-ebibi ihe karịsịa na Myanmar/Burma. N'ebe ahụ, òtù Islamophobic na-eme ihe ike nke ndị mọnk Buddhist na-eme ihe ike na-eduzi na ndị òtù nke ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị agha na-emebu emewo ka ndị Alakụba Rohingya nta bụrụ ndị na-enweghị obodo na ndị na-akpachapụ anya.
Ruo afọ atọ, arụwo m ọrụ na Burma Task Force dị ka New York na UN Programs Director. Burma Task Force bụ ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke ndị Alakụba America na-akwado maka ikike mmadụ nke ndị Rohingya a na-akpagbu site n'ịchịkọta ndị obodo, na-arụ ọrụ mgbasa ozi buru ibu na nzukọ na ndị na-eme iwu.[2] Akwụkwọ a bụ mgbalị iji ghọta ọnọdụ njikọ okpukpere chi dị ugbu a na Burma na iji chọpụta ikike ọ nwere maka ịmepụta udo ziri ezi.
Site na ntinye nke Eprel 2016 nke gọọmentị Burmese ọhụrụ nke onye ndụmọdụ steeti Aung San Suu Kyi na-edu, enwere n'ezie olile anya ọhụrụ maka ndozigharị amụma n'ikpeazụ. Otú ọ dị, site n'October 2016, ọ dịghị usoro ọ bụla iji weghachite ikike obodo ọ bụla na 1 nde Rohingya, bụ ndị a machibidoro iwu ịga njem n'ime Burma, nweta akwụkwọ, na-etolite ezinụlọ n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ma ọ bụ votu. (Akbar, 2016) Ọtụtụ narị puku ndị ikom, ndị inyom na ụmụaka agbapụla n'ime IDP na ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. Onye isi oche nke onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN bụ Kofi Annan na-achịkọta otu Advisory Commission na August 2016 iji nyochaa "ọnọdụ mgbagwoju anya" dị ka Daw Suu Kyi na-akpọ ya, ma Commission na-agụnye ọ dịghị ndị òtù Rohingya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-akpọkọta usoro udo nke mba iji dozie esemokwu agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị njọ, ogologo oge gburugburu mba ahụ - ma ọ dịghị agụnye ndị Rohingya nta. (Myint 2016)
N'ịtụle Burma karịsịa, mgbe a nọchibidoro ọtụtụ okpukpe, olee otú e si emetụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpukpe na ọkwa obodo? Mgbe gọọmenti malitere igosi akara ngosi nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, olee usoro na-apụta? Kedu obodo na-ebute ụzọ na mgbanwe esemokwu? A na-etinye mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukpere chi n'ime udo, ka enwere ụdị ntụkwasị obi ndị ọzọ na imekọ ihe ọnụ?
Otu ndetu na echiche: nzụlite m dị ka onye Alakụba America na New York City na-emetụta ka m ghọtara na hazie ajụjụ ndị a. Islamophobia enweela mmetụta ọjọọ na okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbasa ozi na post 9/11 USA. Site na egwu na-aga n'ihu na egwu egwu nke esemokwu na ụjọ, nchekwa nke okwu ọha na eze na amụma ọha nwere ike iduga nyocha gbagọrọ agbagọ nke mmetụta nke echiche okpukpe. Mana kama otu ihe kpatara ya—Islam – ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na omenala na-agbakọta iji weta esemokwu n'etiti na n'etiti obodo okwukwe. Nyocha dị mfe gbasara ọrụ nkuzi okpukpe adịghị arụpụta ihe, ma gbasara Islam ma ọ bụ okpukpe Buddha ma ọ bụ okpukperechi ọ bụla. (Jerryson, 2016)
N'ime mpempe akwụkwọ a, m na-atụ aro ịmalite site n'inyocha usoro dị ugbu a na ntinye aka n'òtù okpukpe Burmese, na-esote nleba anya nkenke n'ụdị njikọ okpukpere chi na New York City, nke enyere dị ka usoro ntụnyere na ntụgharị uche.
N'ihi na enwere ntakịrị data enwere ike ugbu a sitere na Burma, ọmụmụ mmalite a dabere na mkparịta ụka ya na ndị ọrụ ibe dị iche iche kwadoro site na akụkọ na akụkọ ịntanetị. Ma ndị na-anọchite anya ma soro obodo Burmese na-alụ ọgụ, ndị ikom na ndị inyom a na-eji nwayọọ na-ewu ntọala nke ụlọ udo n'ọdịnihu, n'echiche kachasị.
Ndị Baptist na Burma: Narị Afọ Abụọ nke Mmekọrịta
Na 1813 American Baptists Adoniram na Ann Judson ghọrọ ndị ozi ala ọzọ mbụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ biri ma nwee mmetụta na Burma. Adoniram chịkọtakwara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke asụsụ Bọma ma sụgharịa Bible. N’agbanyeghị ọrịa, ụlọ mkpọrọ, agha, na enweghị mmasị n’etiti ọtụtụ ndị Buddha, n’ime afọ iri anọ, ndị Judson nwere ike guzobe ọnụnọ Baptist na-adịgide adịgide na Burma. Isua 63 ke Adoniram ama akakpa, Burma ama enyene ufọkabasi Christian 163, mme isụn̄utom 7,000, ye se ibede owo XNUMX ẹma ẹkabade esịt. Myanmar nwere ugbu a ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Baptist nke atọ n'ụwa, na-esote USA na India.
Ndị Judson kwuru na ha bu n’obi “ikwusa ozi ọma, ọ bụghị imegide okpukpe Buddha.” Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime uto nke ìgwè atụrụ ha sitere n'ebo ndị na-eme ihe ike, kama site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị Buddha. Karịsịa, ndị a tọghatara sitere na ndị Karen, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta a kpagburu nwere ọtụtụ ọdịnala oge ochie nke yiri ka ọ na-akwado Agba Ochie. Omenala okwu ọnụ ha akwadebewo ha ịnakwere Mesaịa na-abịa na ozizi ịzọpụta ha.[3]
Ihe nketa Judson na-aga n'ihu na mmekọrịta okpukperechi Burmese. Taa na Burma, Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Judson na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Theological Myanmar na-eje ozi dị ka ikpo okwu maka ndị ọkà mmụta dị iche iche, ndị ndú okpukpe, na ụmụ akwụkwọ nkà mmụta okpukpe "iji zụlite mkparịta ụka na omume iji lebara okwu ndị dị ugbu a anya maka ọdịmma obodo anyị." Kemgbe 2003 JRC achịkọtala ọtụtụ nnọkọ na-achịkọta ndị Buddhist, ndị Alakụba, ndị Hindu na ndị Kraịst ọnụ, "iji wulite ọbụbụenyi, nghọta, ntụkwasị obi na imekọ ihe ọnụ." (Akụkọ na ihe omume, webụsaịtị)
Nzukọ ndị ahụ na-enwekarị akụkụ bara uru. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2014 Center ahụ kwadoro ọzụzụ iji kwadebe 19 ndị na-akwado ọtụtụ okpukpe ka ha bụrụ ndị nta akụkọ ma ọ bụ na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi. Na August 28, 2015 ihe karịrị ndị nkuzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ 160 sonyere na Mkparịta ụka Ọmụmụ n'etiti ITBMU (International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University) na MIT (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọchịchị Myanmar) na isiokwu bụ "Ntụle Dị Mkpa nke Mkpekọrịta site na Buddhist na Ndị Kraịst." Mkparịta ụka a bụ nke atọ n'usoro e mere iji mee ka nghọta dị n'etiti obodo dịkwuo omimi.
Maka ọtụtụ n'ime 20th narị afọ Burma gbasoro usoro agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị colonial nke Britain tinyegoro ma gbasie ike ruo mgbe nnwere onwe na 1948. N'ime iri afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke mba na mba dara ogbenye kpapụrụ ụfọdụ ndị Burmese site n'ịkwado njirimara agbụrụ mana jisiri ike ịtachi obi, ọkachasị maka otu ndị ama ama. Agbanyeghị, na-esochi ngagharị ochichi onye kwuo uche ya nke 1988, e bibiri usoro agụmakwụkwọ mba n'ime ogologo oge mmegide ụmụ akwụkwọ. N'ime 1990s mahadum mechiri maka oge ngụkọta opekata mpe afọ ise na n'oge ndị ọzọ a na-ebelata afọ agụmakwụkwọ.
Kemgbe mmalite ya na 1927, nzukọ nne na nna JRC Myanmar Institute of Theology (MIT) enyela naanị mmemme akara mmụta okpukpe. Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 2000, na nzaghachi maka ihe ịma aka na mkpa agụmakwụkwọ nke mba ahụ, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Seminary malitere mmemme Liberal Arts nke a na-akpọ Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies (BARS) nke dọtara ndị Alakụba na ndị Buddha nakwa ndị Kraịst. Ihe omume a sochiri ọtụtụ mmemme ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere MAID (Master of Arts in Interfaith Studies and Dialogue).
Rev. Karyn Carlo bụ onye isi ndị uwe ojii New York lagoro ezumike nka tụgharịrị bụrụ onye nkwusa, onye nkuzi, na onye ozi ala ọzọ Baptist bụ onye nọrọ ọtụtụ ọnwa n'etiti 2016 nkuzi na Seminary Pwo Karen Theological Seminary dị nso na Yangon na Burma. (Carlo, 2016) E jiri ya tụnyere 1,000 ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mianmaa Theological Seminary, seminarị ya dị otu ụzọ n’ụzọ ise, ma guzosiekwa ike nke ọma, ebe a malitere na 1897 dị ka “Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Bible Nwanyị Karen.” Na mgbakwunye na nkà mmụta okpukpe, klaasị gụnyere Bekee, nkà kọmputa na omenala Karen.[4]
N'ịgụ ihe dị ka nde asaa, ndị agbụrụ Karen enwewokwa nnukwu ahụhụ site na esemokwu na mwepu n'okpuru atumatu "Burmanization" e mere iji mebie ha. Ahụhụ ahụ adịla ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ, na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nne nne ya zụlitere n'oge oge a nke enweghị ntụkwasị obi, a kụziiri Seminary President Rev Dr. mkpụrụ osisi ole na ole kwa ụbọchị. (Nkwukọrịta nkeonwe na K. Carlo)
N’agbata afọ 1968 na 1988, ọ dịghị onye mba ọzọ a kwereghị na Burma, ịnọpụ iche a dugakwara n’ịtụle nkà mmụta okpukpe Baptist ka oge na-aga. Esemokwu gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe nke oge a dị ka okwu LGBT na nkà mmụta okpukpe nnwere onwe amabeghị. Otú ọ dị, n'ime iri afọ gara aga, a na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe n'etiti ndị seminarị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị na ọkwa ụka obodo, nke na-anọgide na-echekwa oke. N'ịkwado na "Mkparịta ụka dị mkpa n'okwukwe Ndị Kraịst," Rev. Carlo wetara okwu udo na mgbe ọchịchị gachara na usoro ọmụmụ Seminarị.
Rev. Carlo ghọtara akụkụ nke colonial nke akụkọ Adoniram Judson mana ọ nakweere ọrụ ya n'ịtọ ntọala ụka na Burma. Ọ sịrị m, “Agwara m ụmụ akwụkwọ m: Jizọs bụ onye Eshia. Ị nwere ike ime ememe Judson - ka ị na-enwetakwa mgbọrọgwụ ndị Eshia nke okwukwe Ndị Kraịst. " Ọ kụzikwaara klaasị “anabatara nke ọma” banyere ọtụtụ okpukperechi na ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ gosipụtara mmasị n'iso ndị Alakụba nwee mkparịta ụka. N'ọkwa okpukpe ha kwenyere na, "Ọ bụrụ na okpukpe enweghị ike ijikọ mmụọ nsọ, Mmụọ Nsọ n'ịgwa ndị Alakụba okwu."
Rev. Carlo kụzikwaara ndị Seminar ya site n'ọrụ Reverend Daniel Buttry, onye edemede a ma ama na onye na-enye ọzụzụ jikọtara ya na Ministri mba ụwa, bụ ndị na-eme njem n'ụwa nile iji zụọ obodo na mgbanwe mgbanwe esemokwu, ime ihe ike na ime udo. Opekempe kemgbe 1989, Rev. Buttry gara Burma iji nye nnọkọ otu maka nyocha esemokwu, ịghọta ụdị esemokwu onwe onye, njikwa mgbanwe, ijikwa ụdị dị iche iche, ike ike na ọgwụgwọ trauma. Ọ na-akpakarị akpa n’akwụkwọ nsọ ochie na nke agba ọhụrụ iji duzie mkparịta ụka ahụ, dịka 2 Samuel 21, Esta 4, Matiu 21 na Ọrụ 6: 1-7. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ejikwa nkà na-eji ihe odide sitere n'ọdịnala dịgasị iche iche eme ihe, dị ka na nchịkọta mpịakọta abụọ ya bipụtara na "Interfaith Just Peacemaking" na ụdị 31 ya nke nduzi ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha mmadụ sitere na gburugburu ụwa. (Buttry, 2008)
N'ịkọwapụta okpukperechi Abraham dị ka ụmụnne na-alụ ọgụ, Daniel Buttry esorola obodo ndị Alakụba si Nigeria ruo India, na Detroit ruo Burma arụkọ ọrụ. N'afọ 2007, ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta Alakụba 150 wepụtara nkwupụta bụ́ “Okwu nkịtị n'etiti Anyị na Gị” na-achọ ịmata ihe jikọrọ ọnụ iji wulite mmekọrịta dị n'udo.[5] Ụka Baptist nke America hazikwara usoro ọgbakọ ndị Alakụba-Baptist gburugburu akwụkwọ a. Na mgbakwunye na ịtinye ihe a, Buttry dakọtara ederede Christian na Muslim maka ime udo n'oge ọzụzụ December 2015 ya na IONA Mosque na Detroit, na mmekorita "na-aga nke ọma" ya na Imam El Turk nke Interfaith Leadership Council nke Metro Detroit. N'ime ụbọchị iri nke ọzụzụ ndị America dị iche iche si Bangladesh na Ukraine kesara ihe odide ndị lekwasịrị anya na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha mmadụ, ọbụna gụnyere "Ozizi Elu Ugwu" dị ka "Jihad nke Jizọs." (Buttry 2015A)
Buttry's "interfaith Just Peacemaking" dabara na ụkpụrụ 10 nke usoro "Just Peacemaking" nke onye otu ya na-arụkọ ọrụ Baptist Glen Stassen mepụtara, bụ onye chepụtara omume ndị nwere ike inye aka wulite udo na ntọala siri ike, ọ bụghị nanị imegide agha. (Stassen, 1998)
N'oge njem ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ, Daniel Buttry blọọgụ banyere mbọ ya na mpaghara esemokwu dị iche iche. Otu n'ime njem 2011 ya nwere ike ịbụ ileta Rohingya[6]; ehichapụla nkọwapụta niile na akaụntụ ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na nkọwa ahụ yiri ka ọ dabara nke ọma. Nke a bụ ntule; ma n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ọ na-akọwapụta nke ọma na akụkọ ọha ya sitere na Burma. N’Isi nke 23 (“Ihe Ị Na-ekwu abaghị uru,” na Anyị bụ sọks) onye na-eme udo na-akọ akụkọ banyere ọzụzụ ọzụzụ na Northern Burma, ebe ndị agha na-egbu ndị agha agbụrụ (agbụrụ na-enweghị aha). N'ọtụtụ akụkụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Burmese na-asọpụrụ onye nkuzi ha nke ukwuu ruo n'ókè nke na ha agaghị anwa ikwupụta echiche onwe ha. Ọzọkwa, dị ka ọ na-ede, "Enwere ọtụtụ egwu ndị agha nke mere na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ala azụ ikwu ihe ọ bụla na ogbako ahụ. Ndị sonyere nwere “mpaghara nkasi obi” pere mpe ma ọ nọghị anya na “mpaghara mkpu” ebe naanị ihe na-eche bụ ichebe onwe ya. Otú ọ dị, Buttry na-akọ banyere otu nwa akwụkwọ bụ́ onye mara ya aka nke ukwuu n'ụzọ mmetụta uche ma kwuo na ụzọ aghụghọ adịghị eme ihe ga-eme nanị igbu ha nile. Mgbe ha tụgharịrị uche, ndị nkuzi ahụ nwere ike ịtụgharị nke ahụ site n'igosipụta obi ike pụrụ iche nke onye jụrụ ajụjụ; "Gịnị na-enye gị ike dị otú ahụ?" ha jụrụ. Ha nyere onye na-ajụ ajụjụ ike, na-ejikọta ya na iwe ya na ikpe na-ezighị ezi ma si otú ahụ na-etinye aka na mkpali miri emi. Mgbe ha laghachiri n'ógbè ahụ ọtụtụ ọnwa ka e mesịrị, ha chọpụtara na ụfọdụ n'ime ụzọ ndị na-adịghị eme ihe ike anwalewo nke ọma n'ezie na onyeisi ndị agha nke kwetara n'ụlọ ụfọdụ. Ndị bịara ọmụmụ ihe ahụ kwuru na ọ bụ nke mbụ ha nwetara ụdị mmeri ọ bụla ha na ndị agha Burma na-arụ ọrụ. (Buttry, 2015)
N'agbanyeghị atumatu gọọmentị, esemokwu na ịda ogbenye nwere ike inye aka ịkwado mmetụta siri ike nke ịdabere n'etiti, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ịdị n'otu. Otu dị iche iche achọọla ibe ha maka nlanarị. Ndị isi Rohingya m gbara ajụjụ ọnụ niile na-echeta oge 30 gara aga mgbe alụmdi na nwunye na mmekọrịta na-adịkarị (Carroll, 2015). Karyn Carlo gwara m na e nwere ụlọ alakụba dị n'akụkụ ọnụ ụzọ Alone Township na Yangon, na ndị dị iche iche ka na-azụ ahịa ma na-akpakọrịta n'ahịa ahịa ikuku. O kwukwara na ndị nkuzi Ndị Kraịst na ụmụ akwụkwọ si na Seminary ga-aga n'ebe mgbapụ okpukpe Buddha dị n'ógbè ahụ iji tụgharịa uche. Ọ ghere oghe nye mmadụ niile.
N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, o kwuru na ndị ọrụ ibe ha na-atụ egwu ugbu a na site n'ịgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọgbaghara nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ nwere ike ịgbagha echiche nke ịdị n'otu obodo a, n'ihi na ọ na-akpaghasị ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ nke ọtụtụ ezinụlọ. Mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ọchịchị na mmegbu ndị agha gasịrị, nguzozi n'etiti ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịnala na imeghe n'ụwa sara mbara yiri ihe a na-ejighị n'aka na ọbụna na-atụ ọtụtụ ndị Burmese egwu, ma ndị Burma ma ndị nọ ná mba ọzọ.
Diaspora na ijikwa mgbanwe
Kemgbe 1995 ka edobere Chọọchị Baptist [7] na nnukwu ụlọ Tudor n'okporo ámá nwere akwụkwọ na Glendale, NY. Enwere ihe karịrị ezinụlọ Karen 2,000 na-aga Tabernacle Baptist Church (TBC) dị na Utica, mana MBC nke New York City juru maka ekpere Sọnde n'October 2016. N'adịghị ka Utica Church, ọgbakọ MBC dị iche iche, yana Mon na Kachin. na ọbụna ezinụlọ Burman na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe na Karen. Otu nwa okorobịa gwara m na nna ya bụ onye Buddha, nne ya bụkwa Onye Kraịst, nakwa na n’agbanyeghị ntakịrị nghọtahie nna ya emewo ka o kwekọọ ná nhọrọ o mere n’ịhọrọ Chọọchị Baptist. Ọgbakọ ahụ na-abụ abụ “Anyị Na-ezukọta Ọnụ” na “Amazing Grace” na Burmese, onye ozi ogologo oge ha bụ́ Rev. U Myo Maw malitekwara n’ozizi ya n’ihu ndokwa nke osisi orchid na-acha ọcha atọ.
Nkwusi okwu ike n'asụsụ bekee mere ka m soro okwuchukwu ahụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, mana onye otu ọgbakọ na pastọ n'onwe ya kọwakwara ihe ọ pụtara. Isiokwu nke okwuchukwu ahụ bụ "Daniel na ọdụm" nke pastọ Maw ji kọwaa ihe ịma aka nke iguzosi ike maka omenala na okwukwe, ma n'okpuru mmegbu agha na Burma ma ọ bụ na-emikpu na ndọpụ uche nke zuru ụwa ọnụ omenala Western. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, oku a na-akpọ ijidesi ọdịnala ike sokwa na ọtụtụ okwu ekele maka ọtụtụ okpukpe. Rev. Maw kọwara mkpa “Qibla” dị n'ụlọ ndị Alakụba Malaysian, iji na-echetara ha oge niile maka ntụzịaka ha na-ekpeku Chineke ekpere. O tokwara Ndịàmà Jehova ihe karịrị otu ugboro maka ntinye aka ha n’ihu ọha n’okwukwe ha. Ozi ahụ doro anya bụ na anyị niile nwere ike ịkwanyere ibe anyị ùgwù ma mụta ihe n’aka ibe anyị.
Ọ bụ ezie na Rev Maw apụghị ịkọwa ihe omume ofufe ọ bụla ọgbakọ ya mere, o kwetara na n’ime afọ 15 ọ nọrọ na New York City, na ya ahụla ịrị elu nke ihe omume ofufe dị ka nzaghachi na 9/11. O kwetara na m nwere ike ịkpọta ndị na-abụghị Ndị Kraịst ịbịa leta Chọọchị. Banyere Burma, o kwupụtara nchekwube nke ọma. Ọ chọpụtara na Minista na-ahụ maka Okpukpe bụ otu onye agha jere ozi n’okpuru ọchịchị ndị gara aga, ma na o yiri ka ọ̀ gbanwewo n’oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-agbanwe ọrụ Ozi ya n’ikpeazụ wee gụnye ọ bụghị nanị ndị Buddha kamakwa okpukpe ndị ọzọ dị na Burma.
Ndị Baptist na usoro ime udo
Ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà mmụta okpukpe Burmese, karịsịa ndị Baptist, yiri ka ha enweela njikọ siri ike n'etiti iwulite ntụkwasị obi n'etiti okpukpe na ime udo. Mgbakọ siri ike dị n'etiti agbụrụ na njirimara okpukpe Baptist nwere ike inye aka n'ịgbakọta ha abụọ, na-arụpụta ihe na-ewuli elu maka onye ndu dabere na okwukwe na usoro ime udo.
Ụmụ nwanyị nwere nanị pasent 13 nke ndị Burmese na-etinye aka na usoro udo nke mba, nke na-ewepụkwa ndị Alakụba Rohingya. (Lee Josephson, 2016, Win, 2015) Mana site na nkwado sitere n'aka gọọmentị Australia (kpọmkwem AUSAid) N Peace Network, otu netwọk mba dị iche iche nke ndị na-akwado udo, arụwo ọrụ iji kwalite idu ndú ụmụ nwanyị n'Eshia niile. (lee N Peace Fellows na http://n-peace.net/videos ) Na 2014 netwọk ahụ na-asọpụrụ ndị ọrụ Burmese abụọ na mkpakọrịta: Mi Kun Chan Non (otu agbụrụ Mon) na Wai Wai Nu (onye ndu Rohingya). N'ikpeazụ, netwọk ahụ asọpụrụla agbụrụ Rakhine na-enye ndụmọdụ Arakan Liberation Army na ọtụtụ ndị Kachin na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Burmese abụọ na-eduzi agbụrụ agbụrụ site na usoro udo nke mba yana njikọ na Shalom Foundation, otu NGO dabeere na Burma tọrọ ntọala site n'aka Senior Baptist Pastor Rev. Dr. Saboi Jum na ndị ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya Norway, UNICEF na Mercy Corps kwadoro ya.
Mgbe emepechara Ụlọ Ọrụ Udo nke gọọmentị Japan kwadoro, Shalom Foundation hiwere Mịnịstrị nke agbụrụ agbụrụ agbụrụ Myanmar na 2002, ma kpọkọta ndị otu mmekọrịta okpukpere chi na 2006. Na-elekwasị anya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mkpa Kachin State, na 2015 Foundation ahụ tụgharịrị uche na ndị nkịtị ha. Ọrụ nleba anya nkwụsị ọkụ, n'otu akụkụ na-arụ ọrụ site n'aka ndị ndú okpukpe dị iche iche, na ọrụ Space for Dialogue iji mepụta nkwado maka usoro udo. Atụmatụ a gụnyere mmadụ 400 dị iche iche Burmese na-ekere òkè n'ekpere Interfaith na Septemba 8, 2015 n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ ọ bụla nke Burma ma e wezụga Rakhine State. Akuko kwa afọ nke Foundation maka afọ ahụ na-agụta mmemme mmekọrịta okpukperechi 45 dị ka mmemme na mmemme mmekọrịta ọha na eze ndị ọzọ nwere ngụkọta ihe omume 526 nke itinye aka na ndị ntorobịa Buddhist, yana 457 na 367 maka Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba n'otu n'otu, na-enwe oke mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. [8]
O doro anya nke ukwuu na ndị Baptist ekerewo òkè na-eduga na mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukpe na ime udo na Burma. Otú ọ dị, òtù okpukpe ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu.
Pluralism ka ọ bụ ijikọ mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukpe zuru ụwa ọnụ?
N'ịzaghachi na mkpu na-arị elu xenophobia na mkpagbu okpukpe ezubere iche maka Rohingya na 2012, ọtụtụ mba dị iche iche agakwuru ndị isi obodo. N'afọ ahụ, Religions for Peace meghere 92 yand isi na Burma.[9] Nke a wetara nlebara anya na nkwado nke isi mpaghara mpaghara ndị ọzọ, yana ndụmọdụ ndị Japan na nso nso a. "Ogbako ụwa nke Okpukpe maka Udo a mụrụ na Japan,” ka Dr. William Vendley, bụ́ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke kwuru RfP Mba “Japan nwere ihe nketa pụrụ iche nke inyere ndị ndú okpukpe nọ ná mba ndị nwere nsogbu aka.” Ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ gụnyekwara ndị òtù okpukpe Buda bụ́ Ma Ba Tha. (ASG, 2016)
Ejikọtara ya na Islamic Center nke Myanmar, onye ntọala Al Haj U aye Lwin gwara m na September 2016 banyere mgbalị ndị RFP Myanmar Myint Swe na-edu; Ndị Alakụba na ndị otu Buddha na-eso obodo ha na-arụkọ ọrụ iji nye ndị na-adịghị ike enyemaka enyemaka mmadụ, karịsịa ụmụaka ndị esemokwu metụtara.
U Myint Swe, kwupụtara na "n'ịzaghachi maka ịhụ mba n'anya na esemokwu obodo na-arị elu na Myanmar, RfP Myanmar malitere ọrụ ọhụrụ "na-anabata ndị ọzọ" na mpaghara ezubere iche." Ndị sonyere na-akwado mkpebi esemokwu na ihe omume ime akwa akwa obodo. Na 28-29 Maachị 2016, U Myint Swe, Onye isi oche RfP Myanmar na Rev. Kyoichi Sugino, osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke RfP International, gara Sittwe, Rakhine State, Myanmar, “ebe a na-eme nnukwu ihe ike n'etiti obodo.”
Ndị Alakụba Burme anaghị akwado asụsụ mkparị gbasara “ime ihe ike obodo”, na-eburu n'uche mkpagbu ndị Buddhist na-akpagbu kpagbuo ntakiri Rohingya. Al Haj U Aye Lwin, kwukwara na "RfP Myanmar ghọtara na ndị Rohingya kwesịrị ka a na-emeso ya ọ bụghị nanị n'ihi ọdịmma mmadụ kamakwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi na n'ụzọ ziri ezi dabere na iwu ndị kwekọrọ na ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ mba ụwa. RfP Myanmar ga-akwado ọchịchị Daw Aung San Suu Kyi na nguzobe nke iwu na ikike mmadụ. Nke nta nke nta, n'ihi ya, ikike mmadụ na enweghị ịkpa ókè n'ihi agbụrụ na okpukpe ga-esochi ya."
Ndịrịta iche echiche na izi ozi akwụsịbeghị Religions for Peace na Myanmar. N'ịbụ onye otu onye ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ mana enweghị nkwado gọọmentị, n'afọ 2014, ngalaba inye ike ụmụ nwanyị wepụtara "Women of Faith Network" jikọtara na Global Women of Faith Network. N'afọ 2015, otu ndị ntorobịa na ụmụ nwanyị haziri nzaghachi afọ ofufo maka idei mmiri na Mektila, na steeti Rakhine nke nwere agbụrụ agbụrụ. Ndị otu mere ihe ọmụmụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà mmụta okpukpe Myanmar kwadoro ma sorokwa na mmemme okpukpere chi nke ibe ya, gụnyere mmemme ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke onye amụma na Diwali Hindu.
Ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya U Myint Swe, a gwara Al Haj U Aye Lwin ka ọ sonye na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndụmọdụ ọhụrụ na-arụrịta ụka nke e nyere ọrụ iji nyochaa "Isiokwu Rakhine" gụnyere ajụjụ Rohingya "ma ụfọdụ mejọrọ ya maka ịghara itinye okwu ahụ. Nsogbu agbụrụ na iwu okpukpe na-elekwasị anya ikike nke Rohingya. (Akbar 2016) Otú ọ dị, Aye Lwin gwara m na ya edewo ma kesaa n'ego nke ya akwụkwọ na-agbagha Iwu agbụrụ na okpukpe nwere nsogbu. Iji kpochapụ ụfọdụ nkwenkwe ndị na-akpata mmụba nke Islamophobia, ọ lere anya iji mesie ndị ọrụ ibe ya Buddhist obi ike. N'ịkọba n'echiche akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Alakụba na-aghaghị imeri mba ndị Buddha, o gosipụtara na aghọtara nke ọma, "dawah" Islam ma ọ bụ ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ enweghị ike ịgụnye mmanye.
Ndị sonyere Religions for Peace nyekwara aka kwado ọtụtụ mmekọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2013 n'aha International Network of Engaged Buddhist (INEB), International Movement for a Just World (JUST), na Religions for Peace (RfP) Maazị Aye Lwin nyere aka n'ịkpọkọta ndị isi Alakụba na ndị Buddha. site na gburugburu mpaghara na-agbakọta ọnụ iji kwado nkwupụta Dusit 2006. Nkwupụta ahụ kpọkuru ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mgbasa ozi na ndị nkuzi ka ha nwee ezi uche na nkwanye ùgwù maka ọdịiche okpukpe. (Blọọgụ nzuko omeiwu 2013)
Na 2014 Interfaith for Children gbakọtara na nkwado nke nchekwa ụmụaka, nlanarị na agụmakwụkwọ. Site na nkwado sitere n'aka Religions for Peace partner Ratana Metta Organisation (RMO) ndị Buddhist, Christian, Hindu na Muslim ndị otu a mekwara nkwupụta tupu ntuli aka 2015 na-ahụ maka ọha mmadụ nwere ndidi na-asọpụrụ okpukperechi na agbụrụ dị iche iche. Bertrand Bainvel nke òtù UNICEF kwuru, sị: “Ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ọdịnihu Myanmar dabeere n'ihe ndị Mianmaa ga-enwe ike imere ụmụaka ugbu a. Ntuli aka na-abịanụ bụ oge zuru oke ọ bụghị naanị itinye aka na atumatu, ebumnuche na akụrụngwa ọhụrụ maka ụmụaka, kamakwa iji mesie ụkpụrụ udo na ndidi nke dị oke mkpa maka mmepe nkwekọ.
Ndị ntorobịa Burmese etinyewo aka na Religions for Peace "Global Interfaith Youth Youth Network", na-akpọ maka ịmepụta ogige udo, agụmakwụkwọ ikike mmadụ, yana ohere maka mgbanwe ndị ntorobịa dị ka ụgbọ maka ntinye aka zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ndị ntorobịa Eshia tụpụtara atụmatụ “Centre for Comparative Study of Religions and Culture of Asia.” [10]
Ikekwe karịsịa maka ndị na-eto eto, mmeghe nke obodo Burmese na-enye oge olileanya. Mana na nzaghachi, ndị isi okpukpe dị iche iche na-enyekwa ọhụụ ha maka udo, ikpe ziri ezi na mmepe. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-eweta echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ yana akụrụngwa iji tinye ego na akụ na ụba omume ọma nke Burma. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ na-esochi.
Ndị ọchụnta ego nke Udo: Buddhist na Muslim Initiatives
Dharma Master Hsin Tao
Nna-ukwu Hsin Tao mụrụ site na nne na nna agbụrụ China na Upper Burma mana ọ kwagara Taiwan mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ka ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi Buddhist nke nwere mmemme bụ isi bụ Chan, ọ nọgidere na-enwe njikọ na ọdịnala Theravāda na Vajrayāna, nke ma Onyeisi Kasị Elu nke Burma na agbụrụ Nyingma Kathok nke okpukpe Buddha Tibet ghọtara. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na njikọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Buddhist niile, ụdị omume ọ na-ezo aka dị ka "ịdị n'otu nke ụgbọ ala atọ ahụ."
Ebe ọ bụ na ọ pụtara na nkwụghachi azụ na 1985 Master Tao achọtabeghị ebe obibi ndị mọnk kamakwa ọ malitekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ iwu ụlọ udo dị iche iche, nke e mere iji kwalite nkwekọ n'etiti obodo. Dị ka ọ na-ekwu na webụsaịtị ya, "N'ịbụ onye tolitere na mpaghara agha, aghaghị m ịrara onwe m nye iji kpochapụ nhụjuanya nke esemokwu kpatara. Agha enweghị ike iweta udo ma ọlị; naanị nnukwu udo nwere ike idozi nnukwu esemokwu.” [11]
N'ịbụ onye na-ekpo ọkụ, obi ike na ọmịiko, Master Tao yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ nanị iji mee enyi. Ọ na-eme njem n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka onye nnọchianya nke ịdị n'otu n'otu okpukpe ma na-ejikọta ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ịlaịja. Tọrọ ntọala site na Rabbi Dr. Alon Goshen-Gottstein na 1997 Elijah "na-abịaru nso ọrụ mmekọrịta okpukpe site na ikpo okwu agụmakwụkwọ", na usoro n'elu ala maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha mmadụ, "malite na ndị isi nke okpukpe, na-aga n'ihu na ndị ọkà mmụta na-erute obodo n'ozuzu. ” Nna-ukwu Tao eduziwokwa mkparịta ụka panel na ọgbakọ nzuko omeiwu nke ụwa. M zutere ya na United Nations n'oge usoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukpe na njedebe oge okpomọkụ 2016.
Ọ malitere usoro mkparịta ụka Muslim-Buddhist, nke dị ka webụsaịtị ya si kwuo "emeela ugboro iri n'obodo itoolu dị iche iche." [12] Ọ na-achọta ndị Alakụba "ndị dị nro ma ọ bụrụ na ha emeghị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" ma nwee ndị enyi na Turkey. O gosila "Iwu ise nke okpukpe Buddha" na Istanbul. Nna-ukwu Tao kwuru na enwere ike mebie okpukpere chi niile site n'ụdị mpụga. Ọ gbakwụnyere na maka Burmese, ịhụ mba n'anya adịchaghị mkpa karịa njirimara agbụrụ.
N'afọ 2001, Master Tao meghere "Museum of World Religions" na Taiwan, nwere ọtụtụ usoro ọmụmụ iji kwalite " mmụta ndụ." Ọ zụlitekwara mbọ ọrụ ebere; Ezinụlọ ya nke ịhụnanya na udo zuru ụwa ọnụ eguzobewo ụlọ ụmụ mgbei na Burma yana "ugbo eco mba ụwa" na Burma's Shan State, nke na-akọ ihe ọkụkụ dị oke ọnụ dị ka citronella na vetiver, na-eji naanị mkpụrụ osisi na osisi GMO. [13]
Nna-ukwu Hsin Tao na-atụ aro ugbu a otu njikọ okpukpere chi “Mahadum nke Okpukpe Ụwa” iji kuzie nkwekọ n'etiti ọha na eze na nke mmụọ na tiori na omume. Dị ka ọ gwara m, "Ugbu a teknụzụ na mmetụta ọdịda anyanwụ dị ebe niile. Onye ọ bụla nọ na ekwentị mgbe niile. Ọ bụrụ na anyị nwere ezigbo omenala ọ ga-eme ka uche dị ọcha. Ọ bụrụ na ha tufuo omenala ha na-atụfu omume ọma na ọmịiko. Yabụ na anyị ga-akụzi akwụkwọ nsọ niile n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Peace."
N'ọtụtụ akụkụ, ọrụ Dharma Master na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ọrụ nke Judson Research Center nke Myanmar Theological Seminary, na ihe ịma aka ọzọ nke ịmalite ya niile site na mbụ.
Imam Malik Mujahid
Imam Malik Mujahid bụ onye guzobere Soundvision. Tọrọ ntọala na 1988 na Chicago, ọ bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na-emepụta ọdịnaya mgbasa ozi Islam, gụnyere mmemme Redio Islam, na-akwalite udo na ikpe ziri ezi. Imam Mujahid hụrụ mkparịta ụka na imekọ ihe ọnụ ka ihe eji eme ihe dị mma. Na Chicago ọ sonyeere ụlọ ụka, ụlọ alakụba na ụlọ nzukọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ maka mgbanwe obodo. O kwuru na "Illinois na-abụbu 47th n'etiti steeti n'ihe gbasara ahụike. Taa, ọ na-ejide ọnọdụ nke abụọ na mba ahụ, n'ihi ike nke mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukperechi… na-arụ ọrụ." (Mujahid 2011)
N'otu aka ahụ na mbọ mpaghara ndị a, Imam Mujahid na-elekọta ndị ọrụ Burma nke bụ isi mmemme nke NGO Justice for All. Ọ zụlitere mkpọsa nkwado iji nyere ndị Alakụba pere mpe na Burma aka, egosipụtara na mbọ ọ gbara na mbụ n'aha ndị Bosnia n'oge 1994 “mkpochapụ agbụrụ.”
Banyere ikike pere mpe na Burma, na ịkatọ mmegide ọchịchị ọhụrụ nke Eprel 2016 nye ndị mọnk na-eme ihe ike, Imam Malik kpọrọ oku maka nkwado zuru oke maka ọtụtụ mmadụ na nnwere onwe okpukpe; "Nke a bụ oge Burma ga-emeghe ndị Burma niile." (Mujahid 2016)
Imam Mujahid anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na òtù okpukperechi mba ụwa kemgbe eweghachiri nzuko omeiwu nke okpukpe ụwa nke 1993. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke nzuko omeiwu ruo afọ ise, ruo na January 2016. Ụlọ omebe iwu na-arụ ọrụ iji "na-elekọta okpukpe na mba dị iche iche na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ maka ọdịmma nke mmadụ" na nnọkọ kwa afọ na-adọta ihe dịka 10,000 dị iche iche sonyere, gụnyere Master Hsin. Tao, dị ka e kwuru n'elu.
Na May 2015, nzuko omeiwu kwanyere ndị mọnk atọ bụ́ ndị Burmese ugwu n’ọgbakọ Oslo ụbọchị atọ iji kwụsị mkpagbu Myanmar na-akpagbu ndị Rohingya.” Ndị na-ahazi World Harmony Award bu n'obi inye ndị Buddhist nkwado dị mma ma gbaa ha ume ka ha jụ mmegide Muslim Ma Ba Tha nke onye mọnk U Wirathu. Ndị mọnk ahụ bụ U Seindita, onye nchoputa nke Asia Light Foundation, U Zawtikka, na U Withudda, onye chebere ọtụtụ narị ndị ikom, ndị inyom na ụmụaka ndị Alakụba na ebe obibi ndị mọnk ya n'oge mwakpo March 2013.
Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'azụ ihe nkiri ruo ọtụtụ afọ iji hụ na ndị ndú Buddhist dị ka Dalai Lama ga-ekwu okwu megide mgbagwoju anya nke okpukpe Buddha na mkpagbu nke Rohingya, na July 2016 ọ nwere obi ụtọ ịhụ Sangha ( State Buddhist Council ) mechara jụ. ma gọnarị ndị mmụọ nsọ Ma Ba Tha.
Dịka ọ hụrụ n’ememe onyinye onyinye ahụ, “Buda kwusara na anyị ga-ahụrịrị ma na-elekọta ihe niile e kere eke. Onye Amụma Muhammad, udo dịrị ya, kwuru na ọ dịghị onye n'ime unu bụ ndị kwere ekwe n'ezie ma ọbụghị na ị na-achọrọ onye ọzọ ihe ị chọrọ n'onwe ya. Ozizi ndị a dị n’etiti okpukpe anyị nile, bụ́ ebe ịma mma nke okpukpe gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ.” ( Akụkọ Mizzima June 4, 2015)
Kadịnal Charles Maung Bo
Na February 14, 2015 Charles Maung Bo ghọrọ Kadịnal mbụ nke Burma, site n'iwu nke Pope Francis. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gwara Wall Street Journal na ọ chọrọ ịbụ "olu maka ndị na-enweghị olu." Ọ megidere iwu agbụrụ na okpukperechi n'ihu ọha na 2015, na-ekwu na "Anyị chọrọ udo. Anyị kwesịrị ime mgbanwe. Anyị chọrọ njirimara nkekọrịta na ntụkwasị obi dị ka ụmụ amaala nke mba olile anya… mana iwu anọ ndị a yiri ka ha agbagoro ọnwụ na olileanya ahụ.”
Naanị ihe karịrị otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Kadịnal Bo mere njem nlegharị anya mba ụwa n'oge okpomọkụ nke 2016 iji dọta uche na olileanya na ohere ndị na-esochi ntuli aka nke ọchịchị NLD ọhụrụ. O nwekwara ozi ọma: N’oge mmegbu ahụ a na-akpagbu, Chọọchị Katọlik dị na Mianmaa ghọrọ “ụlọ chọọchị na-eto eto ma na-akpa ike.” "Ụka ahụ tolitere site na nanị dayọsis atọ ruo dayọsis iri na isii," Kadịnal Bo kwuru. “Site na 16 mmadụ, anyị karịrị 100,000 kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, site na ndị ụkọchukwu 800,000 ruo ndị ụkọchukwu 160, site n’okpukpe 800 anyị ji okpukpe 300 ugbu a na pasent 2,200 n’ime ha erubeghị afọ 60.”
Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị na-akpata otu larịị nke nhụjuanya dị ka Rohingya mkpagbu, ụfọdụ Ndị Kraịst dị iche iche na Burma e ezubere iche na chọọchị dị ọkụ na ikpeazụ ọtụtụ afọ. Na akụkọ kwa afọ nke 2016 US Commission on International Religious Freedom kọrọ ọtụtụ okwu iyi egwu, ọkachasị na steeti Kachin, na amụma gbadoro ụkwụ n'iwulite obe n'ụka. USCIRF kwukwara na esemokwu agbụrụ ndị dịteworo aka, “n’agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị okpukpe, emetụtala obodo Ndị Kraịst na nke okpukpe ndị ọzọ nke ukwuu, gụnyere site n’ibelata ohere ha nwere inweta mmiri dị ọcha, nlekọta ahụike, idebe ihe ọcha na idebe ihe ọcha, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.” Kadịnal Bo akatọkwala nrụrụ aka.
Bo gbakwụnyere na okwuchukwu 2016, “Mba m na-apụta site na ogologo abalị anya mmiri na mwute na chi ọbụbọ ọhụrụ. Mgbe a kpọgidere ya n'obe dịka mba, anyị na-amalite mbilite n'ọnwụ anyị. Mana ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-eto eto adịghị emebi emebi, a na-emebikwa ikike ụmụ mmadụ. Anyị bụ mba merụrụ ahụ, mba na-agba ọbara. Maka agbụrụ agbụrụ na okpukperechi, nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa, ọ bụ ya mere m ji kwubie site n'ikwusi ike na ọ dịghị obodo nwere ike ịbụ onye ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nweere onwe ya na udo ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị asọpụrụ - na ọbụna mee ememe - ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agbụrụ na okpukpe dị iche iche, yana chebe ikike ikike mmadụ nke onye ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ, okpukperechi ma ọ bụ okike… Ekwenyere m, n'ezie, igodo ahụ maka nkwekọ n'etiti okpukperechi na udo bụ nke kachasị isi n'ikike mmadụ, nnwere onwe okpukpe ma ọ bụ nkwenye maka mmadụ niile." (WorldWatch, Mee 2016)
Kadịnal Bo bụ onye rụpụtara Religions for Peace Myanmar. N'oge ọdịda nke 2016, o sonyeere Alissa Wahid, nwa nwanyị onye bụbu onye isi ala Indonesia, na-edekọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Op Ed siri ike nke e bipụtara na Wall Street Journal (9/27/2016) na-akpọ maka nnwere onwe okpukpe na Burma na Indonesia. Ha dọrọ aka ná ntị megide ọdịmma ndị agha na-achọ ịchịkwa obodo ha, ma kpọọ oku ka e wepụ "okpukpe" na akwụkwọ njirimara. Dị ka njikọ aka nke Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba, ha kpọrọ oku ka e megharịa ministri ihe gbasara okpukperechi ha ka ha wee chekwaa omenala niile n'otu aka ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ha gbakwụnyere, “Ndị mmanye iwu ebutela mmekọrịta ọha na eze ụzọ ọ bụrụgodị na ọ pụtara imegbu ndị pere mpe. Ekwesịrị iji ụzọ ọhụrụ dochie echiche a iji chebe nnwere onwe okpukpe dị ka ikike mmadụ…” (Wall Street Journal, Septemba 27, 2016)
Mmekọrịta na Nkwado
Ọstrịa, Spen na Saudi Arabia tọrọ ntọala, Eze Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Center for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue (KAICIID) akwadola mmemme nke ndị omeiwu nke okpukpe ụwa na okpukpe maka udo haziri. Ha akwadowokwa “usoro ọzụzụ ọnwa atọ maka ndị ntorobịa nọ na Myanmar, nke gụnyere nleta n’ebe a na-anọ efe ofufe” yana ọtụtụ ọgbakọ dị ka mkparịta ụka Septemba 2015 n’etiti ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst na Gris. Na mmekorita ya na Arya Samaj, KAICIID gosipụtara ogbako na "Onyinye nke Ọzọ" na India nke kwadoro ntinye nke mmemme Interfaith na nkuzi udo na mmepe, iji zere "usoro asọmpi." Ndị so na ya kpọkwara oku ka e nweta nkọwapụta nke okwu okpukpe iji nyere aka nzikọrịta ozi na ọtụtụ ntụgharị asụsụ na ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi.
N'April 2015 KAICIID haziri nzukọ nke ASEAN na ndị ọzọ na-emekọ ihe ọnụ, ndị ọrụ enyemaka mpaghara na òtù ndị ruuru mmadụ, mpaghara azụmahịa mpaghara, na ndị isi okpukperechi mpaghara, na-ezukọ na Malaysia iji "kparịta ụka maka ụzọ ndị otu obodo na ndị isi okpukpe ga-esi tinye aka na emeziwanye mmekọrịta Buddhist na Muslim na Myanmar na mpaghara… Na nkwupụta, Roundtable chetara n'uche na ebe ọ bụ na “Nkwuwapụta ikike mmadụ ASEAN gụnyere nchekwa nke ikike nnwere onwe nke okpukperechi, ọ dị mkpa na-aga n'ihu ịkwado njikọ aka n'etiti okpukpe na mkparịta ụka. n'ime Myanmar na mpaghara sara mbara." (KAIICID, Eprel 17, 2015)
KAICIID akwadola ndị ndú okpukpe na-emekọ ihe ọnụ site na mkpakọrịta na ihe nrite. N'ihe banyere Burma, nke a apụtawo ịnakwere ndị ndú okpukpe Buddhist na-eto eto dị njikere ịkwalite ọtụtụ okpukpe.[14] (Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e nyere onye mọnk Buddhist Burmese Ven Acinna mkpakọrịta, na-agụ akwụkwọ maka doctorate ya na Postgraduate Institute of Buddhist and Pali Studies, University of Kelaniya na Sri Lanka. "N'oge ọmụmụ ya, ọ na-ekere òkè n'ọtụtụ ogbako metụtara mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ime ka udo dịrị n'ime obodo ya, ebe ọtụtụ ndị Buddha na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Alakụba bi na Myanmar na-ebikọ ọnụ."
Enyere mkpakọrịta ọzọ Ashin Mandalarlankara onye na-eto eto Buddhist na-akụzi ihe n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk Burmese. Mgbe ọ gachara nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Islam nke Fr Tom Michael, onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik na ọkà mmụta gbasara ọmụmụ Islam si US, ọ zutere ndị isi Alakụba wee “wulite ọtụtụ enyi. Ọ gụkwara nkuzi iPACE na mgbanwe mgbanwe na Bekee na Jefferson Center na Mandalay. " (Ndị otu KAIICID)
Enyere otu mkpakọrịta ọzọ nye onye guzobere Theravada Dhamma Society of America, Venerable Ashin Nyanissara Onye nkuzi nke okpukpe Buddha na onye na-elekọta mmadụ, ọ bụ "onye guzobere BBM College na Lower Myanmar na ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ịrụ ọrụ mmiri. nke ugbu a na-enye ihe karịrị puku mmadụ asatọ ndị bi na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha yana ụlọ ọgwụ emezigharịrị nke ọma na Burma nke na-elekọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 250 kwa ụbọchị.”
N'ihi na KAICIID na-enye ndị Alakụba nọ na mba ndị ọzọ ọtụtụ mkpakọrịta, ihe kacha ya mkpa nwere ike ịbụ ịchọ ndị Buddha na-ekwe nkwa na nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na Burma. Otú ọ dị, mmadụ nwere ike ịtụ anya na n'ọdịnihu ndị Alakụba Burmese ga-amata site na Ụlọ Ọrụ Saudi a.
Ewezuga ole na ole a kpọtụrụ aha, itinye aka na ndị Alakụba Burma n'ihe omume mmekọrịta okpukpe adịghị ike. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe nwere ike na-enye aka na nke a. A machibidola ndị Alakụba Rohingya ịga njem na Burma, ndị Alakụba ndị ọzọ na-achọsi ike idobe profaịlụ dị ala. Ọbụna na mpaghara Yangon, a gbara ụlọ alakụba ọkụ n'oge Ramadan 2016. Ogologo oge ka amachibidoro ndị ọrụ ebere Muslim ịrụ ọrụ na Burma, na n'ime ederede a, e mebeghị nkwekọrịta iji kwe ka ụlọ ọrụ nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Njikọ Ndị Alakụba (OIC) mee ihe, ọ bụ ezie na nke a a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-agbanwe. Ndị ọrụ ebere na-achọ inyere ndị Alakụba Rohingya aka ga-eji akọ na-akpakọrịta na ndị ọrụ ebere ndị ọzọ enyerela ohere. Ọzọkwa, na Rakhine State, ọ dị mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji jeere obodo Rakhine ozi. Ihe a niile na-ewepụ ihe onwunwe site na ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ Muslim.
Akwụkwọ leaked sitere na mmemme OSF nke George Soros, bụ nke nyeworo ego na Burma Relief Center maka ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet n'etiti agbụrụ obodo, egosila na a kpachapụ anya na-etinye aka n'ịgbasa ajọ omume n'agbanyeghị na-azụ ndị ọkachamara mgbasa ozi na ịkwalite usoro agụmakwụkwọ gụnyere; na nyochaa mgbasa ozi mgbochi Muslim na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze ma wepụ ha mgbe enwere ike. Akwụkwọ ahụ gara n'ihu, "Anyị na-etinye ma ọnọdụ nhazi anyị na Burma na nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ anyị n'ihe ize ndụ site n'ịgbaso echiche a (mgbochi okwu ịkpọasị). Anyị anaghị eji ihe egwu ndị a egwuri egwu, anyị ga-ejikwa nlezianya mejuputa echiche a. " (OSF, 2014) Ma na-atụle Soros, Luce, Global Human Rights obere ego abanyela na otu obodo Rohingya ozugbo. Isi ihe dị iche, Wai Wai Nu mara mma Women Peace Network-Arakan, na-ejere Rohingya ozi mana enwere ike kewaa ya dị ka netwọkụ ikike ụmụ nwanyị.
Enwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara na ndị na-enye onyinye mba ụwa etinyebeghị ụzọ iwusi ụlọ ọrụ Muslim Burmese ike, ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịnweta ndị isi Alakụba. Nke mbụ, ọnyà nke nchụpụ pụtara na enweghị ike idebe ndekọ yana enweghị ike ide akụkọ nye ndị na-enye onyinye. Nke abụọ, ibi n'esemokwu adịghị adị mma mgbe nile ịzụlite ntụkwasị obi ọbụna n'ime ìgwè a na-akpagbu. Enwere ike ịbanye na mmegbu. Dịkwa ka m hụworo n'ime afọ atọ gara aga, ndị isi Rohingya na-enwekarị asọmpi na ibe ha. Aha njirimara ha ka bụ nke a na-anabataghị n'ihu ọha, ma ọ bụ opekata mpe nke na-arụrịta ụka, maka okwu ọha. N'agbanyeghị ikike ha nwere ịkọwa onwe ha, Aung San Suu Kyi n'onwe ya arịọla ndị ọrụ enyemaka na gọọmentị mba ọzọ ka ha ghara ọbụna ịkpọ aha ha. Ha na-anọgide na-abụghị ndị mmadụ.
Na n'afọ nhoputa ndi ochichi, ihe ojoo gbasara na ndi Alakụba Burme. Dị ka USCIRF si tinye ya, n'oge 2015, "Ndị mba Buddhist kpọrọ aha ndị na-eme ntuli aka na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị 'pro-Muslim' iji mebie aha ha na nhọpụta ha." N'ihi ya, ọbụna otu NLD meriri na ntuli aka jụrụ ịzọ ọkwa Muslim ọ bụla ma ọlị. Ya mere, ọbụna maka ndị Alakụba na-abụghị ndị Rohingya, enwewo mmetụta nke nnọchibido nke nwere ike ime ka ọtụtụ ndị ndú Alakụba na-akpachapụ anya na ọrụ. (USCIRF, 2016)
Na nkwurịta okwu nkeonwe (October 4, 2016) Mana Tun, onye ọrụ ibe na-akụzi na Myanmar Theological Seminary na-ekwu na ha Liberal Arts Programme na-anabata ụmụ akwụkwọ n'agbanyeghị okpukpe, agbụrụ na okike ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ Buddha-nwere ike ịbụ 10-20% nke ụmụ akwụkwọ - mana ụmụ akwụkwọ Alakụba pere mpe, ụmụ akwụkwọ 3-5 n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ 1300.
Gịnị mere ole na ole? A kụziiri ụfọdụ ndị Alakụba ka ha zere ọnọdụ ọha na eze nwere ike imebi echiche nke ịdị obi umeala ma ọ bụ ịdị ọcha. Ụfọdụ nwere ike izere idebanye aha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst n'ihi egwu 'ịhapụ okpukpe ha.' Insularity Muslim nwere ike n'ezie na-esite na otu nkọwa nke Islam. Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na obodo ndị Alakụba na Burma dị nnọọ iche, ọ bụghị nanị na agbụrụ, ma na okpukperechi ya, ọ nwere ike ịka mma ịtụle nnukwu nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze, akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka ndị na-ekpebisi ike karị.
Ntụnyere New York City
M ga-ejedebe akwụkwọ a site na nyocha ntụnyere nke ọrụ Interfaith na New York, na-emesi ike na ntinye aka Muslim dabere na ahụmahụ onwe onye. Ebumnobi a bụ ime ka ìhè ụfọdụ dị na mmetụta nke Islamophobia n'ụdị ya dị iche iche, yana ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka omenala na nkà na ụzụ.
Kemgbe mwakpo ụjọ nke Septemba 11, 2001, mmekorita okpukperechi na imekọ ihe ọnụ amụbaala na New York City, ma n'ọkwa onye isi na dịka otu nzuko ala jikọtara ya na ọrụ afọ ofufo na atụmatụ ikpe ziri ezi. Ọtụtụ ndị sonyere na-aga n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, opekata mpe n'okwu ụfọdụ, yana ndị ụka Christian, ndị Juu Ọtọdọks na ndị Alakụba Salafi na-ahapụkarị.
Nkwụghachi azụ nke Islamhobic na-aga n'ihu, ọbụna na-abawanye n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, na-akwado ma kwado ya site na otu mgbasa ozi na ndị otu mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. A na-akwado azụ azụ site na esemokwu geopolitical na iwe maka ịrị elu nke ISIS, ịrị elu nke populism nku aka nri mmeghachi omume, na nghọta zuru ebe niile nke ụkpụrụ Alakụba. (CAIR, 2016)
Echiche nke Islam dị ka ihe iyi egwu dị adị agbasawo na Europe, yana USA, na-emepụta nzaghachi ntaramahụhụ na mmeghachi omume maka ọnụnọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Alakụba. Mgbochi ndị Alakụba agbasawokwa na India, ebe ndị Alakụba pere mpe n'ụwa nwere nde 150, yana Thailand na Sri Lanka. Omume ịkpọasị a pụtakwara ìhè n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke bụbu Soviet Union na China. Ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-akpagbu ndị Alakụba pere mpe n'aha ịdị ọcha nke okpukperechi, nghọta na-abụghị nke ọtụtụ mmadụ banyere njirimara mba, na nkwupụta nchekwa mba.
Na New York City, nchegbu nchekwa 'agbalarị' usoro mbuso agha ndị ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị na etinyekwara mbọ ndị yiri ya iji megharịa ụkpụrụ ịdị umeala n'obi ọdịnala dịka mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị na mkparị nnwere onwe. Ụlọ alakụba na òtù ndị Alakụba ndị ọzọ aghaghị iguzogide mkpọsa mkparị na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ndị nta akụkọ tabloid, yana nleba anya dị ukwuu site na ụlọ ọrụ mmanye iwu na-asọmpi.
N'okwu a, mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukperechi na imekọ ihe ọnụ na-enye ohere dị mkpa na nnabata nke ọha mmadụ, na-ekwe ka ndị ndú Muslim na ndị na-eme ihe ike pụta site na mmanye ma ọ dịkarịa ala site n'oge ruo n'oge gafere ọnọdụ nke "onye a tara ahụhụ" site na imekọ ihe ọnụ obodo. Ihe omume n'etiti okpukpere chi gụnyere mbọ iji wulite ntụkwasị obi site na mkparịta ụka dabere na ederede gbasara ụkpụrụ ọnụ; ịkpakọrịta n'oge ezumike okpukpe; imepụta oghere nchekwa, na-anọpụ iche dịka mkpakọrịta maka nkwado n'etiti ndị agbata obi dị iche iche; na ọrụ ọrụ iji zụọ ndị agụụ na-agụ, ịkwado maka udo, nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi na nchegbu ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ọha mmadụ.
Iji maa atụ (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maapụ) mpaghara njikọ okpukpere chi, aga m akọwa nkenke ọrụ abụọ m jikọtara ya na ya. Enwere ike ịghọta ha abụọ dị ka nzaghachi nye mwakpo 9/11.
Ihe oru ngo nke mbu bu mmekorita ndi otu okpukperechi na nzaghachi ọdachi 9/11, nke a maara na mbu dika mmekorita NYDRI na New York City Council of Churches, ma tinyezie ya na New York Disaster Interfaith Services (NYDIS)[15]. Otu nsogbu dị na mbido mbụ bụ nghọtahie nke ụdị ndu ndị Alakụba dị iche iche na nke enweghị isi, nke butere ụfọdụ mwepu na-enweghị isi. Ụdị nke abụọ, nke Peter Gudaitis sitere na Ụka Episcopal na-edu ma bụrụ nke e ji ọkwa dị elu nke ọkachamara mara, gosipụtara na ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ ihe. NYDIS na ụlọ ọrụ obodo na-arụkọ ọrụ iji hụ na ndị na-adịghị ike na ndị otu (gụnyere ndị mbata na-enweghị akwụkwọ) agaghị enweta ohere niile na ọrụ enyemaka. NYDIS kpọkọtara “Roundtable Needs Unmets” nke nyere ndị otu obodo dị iche iche ihe enyemaka nde dollar 5, ndị ọrụ ikpe sitere na mpaghara okwukwe dị iche iche gosipụtara mkpa ha. NYDIS kwadokwara ọrụ ụkọchukwu ma lebaara "nlaghachi azụ metụtara ọdachi." Mgbe o belatara ndị ọrụ ya, ọ rụgharịrị ọrụ ọzọ n'ihi Hurricane Sandy na 2012, na-enye ihe karịrị nde 8.5 enyemaka.
Abụ m onye otu bọọdụ NYDIS site na mmalite ya, na-anọchite anya Islamic Circle (ICNA Relief USA) na ogologo ndekọ ya nke enyemaka ọdachi. Mgbe m hapụrụ ICNA na njedebe nke 2005, m nọchitere anya Muslim Consultative Network ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ma nyere aka na obere oge ọrụ data obodo NYDIS mgbe Hurricane Sandy gasịrị. N'ime oge a niile, ahụrụ m mmetụta dị mma nke nsonye yana ndị isi okwukwe sitere na ọdịnala okpukpe a haziri ahazi yana mmemme mba nwere nnukwu ego. N'agbanyeghị nrụgide nke ụfọdụ ndị mmekọ, ọkachasị ndị otu ndị Juu America, ịhapụ otu ndị Alakụba, ntụkwasị obi na usoro ọchịchị dị mma kwere ka mmekorita ahụ gaa n'ihu.
Site na 2005 ruo 2007 "Livingroom Project," mbọ iji kwalite mmekọrịta n'etiti ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị Juu na NYC Muslim obodo, kwụsịrị na ndakpọ olileanya na ọbụna ụfọdụ acrimony. A gbasaa oghere ndị dị otú ahụ na 2007 n'oge mgbasa ozi na-awakpo ndị mmekọ Muslim nso dị ka Debbie Almontaser, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Kahlil Gibran, mgbe ndị mmekọ mkparịta ụka na-agbachitere ya n'ihu ọha ma ọ bụ ịgbagha ụgha na nkọwa ụgha n'ihu ọha. Nzaghachi mmekọrịta ofufe na mwakpo 2010 na Park 51 (nke a na-akpọ "ụlọ alakụba na ala efu") ka mma mana ọ ka na-agwakọta ya. Akuko na 2007 gbasara nyocha ndị uwe ojii na-ezighi ezi na n'ofe mgbasa nke Muslim radicalization sochiri mkpughe na 2011-12 gbasara oke nlebanya ndị uwe ojii na ndị isi Alakụba na ụlọ ọrụ obodo New York. Mmekọrịta ya na ndị na-ekpe ikpe nke New York City ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala tara ahụhụ.
N'ihi ike a dị ike, ndị isi ndị Alakụba na New York kewara ụzọ abụọ. Ogige ndị ọzọ na-anabata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emesi njikọ aka, ebe ogige ndị na-eme ihe ike na-ebute ụkpụrụ. Otu nwere ike ịchọpụta njikọ nke ndị imam Africa America na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na ndị Arab na-akwado otu akụkụ, yana ndị mgba mbata dị iche iche n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke mmadụ abụghị ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya. Ma ọ bụ otu ogige adịghị enwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze ma ọ bụ okpukperechi karịa nke ọzọ. Ka o sina dị, opekata mpe na ọkwa onye isi ala mmekọrịta okpukperechi nke Alakụba asụwo ngọngọ maka nhọrọ atụmatụ dị n'etiti “ikwu eziokwu n'ike” na ọdịnala nke igosi nkwanye ugwu na iwulite njikọ n'akụkụ abụọ nke ụzọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Afọ ise gara n'ihu, ọrịa a agwọbeghị.
Ọdịiche dị n'ụdị mmadụ so na nkewa a. Otú ọ dị, ezigbo ndịiche na echiche na echiche pụtara gbasara mmekọrịta kwesịrị ekwesị na ikike ọchịchị US. Enweghị ntụkwasị obi bilitere n'ihe mere ndị na-etinye onwe ha nso na ndị uwe ojii ma yie ka ha kwetara na ọ dị mkpa ka e lekọta ha n'ebe nile. N'afọ 2012, otu pati haziri mwepu nke nri ụtụtụ n'etiti okpukpere chi nke NY Mayor Bloomberg,[16] iji mee mkpesa na nkwado ya maka amụma NYDP nwere nsogbu. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a dọtara mmasị mgbasa ozi, karịsịa maka afọ mbụ nke boycott, ogige ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu na-aga mmemme ahụ, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị ndú okpukpe dị iche iche si gburugburu obodo ahụ mere.
Ụfọdụ ndị ndú Alakụba na ndị na-eme ihe ike ghọtara omenala ha dị ka ndị na-emegide ike ụwa na ikike ụwa yana nhọrọ amụma mba ọzọ nke ọdịda anyanwụ. Echiche a arụpụtala atụmatụ nke idobe ókèala na obodo ndị ọzọ, yana itinye uche na mpụ ịkpọasị na ịgbachitere ọdịmma ndị Alakụba n'oge oge agha. Akwụsịghị imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti okpukperechi - mana a na-ahọrọ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-enyere aka na ikpe ziri ezi ọha.
Abụkwa m onye otu Flushing Interfaith Council[17], bụ nke tolitere dịka mpụta nke Flushing Interfaith Unity Walk. The Walk n'onwe ya dabere na Children of Abraham Interfaith Peace Walk, hibere na 2004 site Rabbi Ellen Lippman na Debbie Almontaser iji wuo àkwà mmiri nke nghọta n'etiti ndị bi na Brooklyn na mpaghara dị iche iche. Echiche a bụ mmegharị nke ụdị ụlọ mepere emepe, yana nleta, mkparịta ụka na nri nri n'ụlọ ofufe dị iche iche n'akụkụ ụzọ ahụ. N'afọ 2010, Walk nke dabeere na Brooklyn kwụsịrị na saịtị nke ụlọ alakụba a tụrụ aro na Sheepshead Bay nke dọtara ndị na-emegide ndị Alakụba, na ndị sonyere Walk nyere ìgwè mmadụ iwe ahụ okooko osisi. Iji jee ozi ógbè Queens, Flushing Walk malitere na 2009 wee gbanarị esemokwu, ebe ọ na-eme ka usoro mmekọrịta okpukpe dị n'etiti gụnyere obodo dị iche iche na nke Eshia gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị Hindu, ndị Sikh na ndị Buddhist nke Flushing. Ọ bụ ezie na o ruola na ụdị dị iche iche a maka Walk na ihe omume ndị ọzọ, n'otu oge ahụ, Kansụl ahụ ka na-akwado site na ntinye nke ndị òtù "ụka udo" - Quakers na Unitarians.
N'ime mpaghara Queens, Flushing, NY bụkwa ebe 1657 Flushing Remonstrance, akwụkwọ ntọala nke nnwere onwe okpukpe na US. N’oge ahụ, Peter Stuyvesant, bụ́ Gọvanọ nke ihe bụbu New Netherlands n’oge ahụ, amachibidowo iwu okpukpe nile nke na-abụghị Chọọchị Dutch Reformed. E jidere ndị Baptist na Quaker maka omume okpukpe ha na mpaghara Flushing. Na nzaghachi, otu ndị bi na Bekee gbakọtara iji bịanye aka na Remonstrance, oku maka nnabata ọ bụghị naanị ndị Quakers kama "ndị Juu, ndị Turks na ndị Ijipt, ebe a na-ewere ha dị ka ụmụ Adam."[18] E mesịa, a tụrụ ndị na-akwado ya mkpọrọ n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike. na otu nwoke onye England bụ́ John Bowne a chụgara Holland, n’agbanyeghị na ọ naghị asụ Dutch. Mwakpo ahụ mechara daa Stuyvesant mgbe ụlọ ọrụ Dutch West India kwadoro ndị na-emegide ya.
Na-eme mmemme ihe nketa a, na 2013 Flushing Interfaith Council melitere Mkpesa ahụ iji lebara amụma nleba anya mgbochi Muslim na mgbochi aka ekpe na New York City. Atụgharịrị n'asụsụ obodo iri na otu, akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ahụ gwara onye isi obodo Michael Bloomberg ozugbo na mkpesa ndị metụtara nleba anya na nkwụsị na amụma nzuzo.[11] Council na-aga n'ihu na-egosi ịdị n'otu na ndị Alakụba Queens, bụ ndị e lekwasịrị anya na mpụ ịkpọasị na ọbụna igbu ọchụ na 19. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2016 Council kwadoro okwu ndị edemede Muslim na otu ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ. The Pluralism Project na Harvard aghọtala Flushing interfaith Council nke "omume na-ekwe nkwa" maka njikọ ọhụrụ ya na ihe nketa dị mkpa nke Flushing nke ọtụtụ mmadụ.[2016]
E wezụga ihe atụ abụọ a, New York cityscape nke mmekọrịta okpukpere chi na-agụnye ụlọ ọrụ na mmemme ndị metụtara United Nations (dị ka Alliance of Civilizations, Religions for Peace, Temple of Understanding) yana njikọ obodo n'etiti ụlọ ofufe na ọbụna klọb ụmụ akwụkwọ. Nke kachasị n'etiti, ebe ọ bụ na e bilitere na 1997 site na mmemme mmekọrịta okpukperechi nke Rev James Parks Morton nke mmụọ nsọ na Katidral St John the Divine, Interfaith Center nke New York enyela nzukọ ọmụmụ na ọzụzụ n'ọtụtụ okwu gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka “ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi okpukpe, ndị isi nkịtị. , ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ nduzi iji jeere obodo okwukwe ha ozi.”
Na New York City, Union Theological na seminarị ndị ọzọ, Tanenbaum Center of Interreligious Understanding, Foundation for Ethnic Understanding (FFEU), Center for Ethnic, Religious and Racial Understanding (CERRU) Interfaith Worker Justice, na Intersections International niile na-agbakọ na mmemme na obodo okwukwe. ndị otu.
Ọtụtụ NGO ndị a agbala azụ megide mgbasa nke Islamophobia, na-akwado atụmatụ mba dị ka "Ubu na Ubu." mana mmepụta nke ngwa akụrụngwa dị ka onye agbata obi m bụ onye Alakụba, akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọmụmụ akụkụ asaa nke Lutheran Social Service nke Minnesota mepụtara na mba, yana usoro ọmụmụ Peace and Unity Bridge nke Churchka Unitarian Universalist nke Vermont kwadoro.[21] Na Septemba 22 Unitarian Universalist Church (UUSC) tinyekwara ihe omume "Muslim Solidarity Event" n'ọrụ mmemme ha jikọtara na ihe nkiri Ken Burns gbasara mbọ Unitarian iji zọpụta ndị mmadụ n'aka ndị Nazi. Njikọ ahụ ezoro ezo bụ nke mere ka ọ dị mma. Ọ dị oke oke ịmara mmadụ ole ga-eji akụrụngwa ndị a.
N'agbanyeghị ebubo ebubo na-aga n'ihu n'oge nhoputa ndi ochichi nke 2016, a na-aga n'ihu na mmekorita ya na ndi Alakụba, ma ndị na-emighị emi na nke miri emi, n'etiti obodo okwukwe. Ma ọzọ, dị ka ọ dị na Burma, ndị Alakụba enweghị ihe onwunwe na nhazi na ikekwe ọchịchọ nke ibute ụzọ na mmekọrịta okpukpe. Ụdị ndu ndị Alakụba ka bụ nke ụdị “Charismatic” nke na-ewulite njikọ nkeonwe mana anaghị enyefe ma ọ bụ zụlite ikike ụlọ ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide. Ọtụtụ n'ime otu ndị ahụ na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukperechi mana ha enweghị ike ma ọ bụ enweghị ike iwebata ndị sonyere ọhụrụ. Enwere ezigbo ndị na-ekwu okwu Alakụba ole na ole karịa ezigbo ndị nchịkwa iji nweta onyinye na ịkwado itinye aka. Ọbịbịa ụlọ alakụba adịghị elu, ọ bụrụgodị na ha na-anabata njirimara okpukpe n'ụzọ siri ike, ndị Alakụba na-eto eto na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-ajụ ụzọ nne na nna ha.
Njiri mara mmadụ dị mgbagwoju anya yana ọtụtụ, mana okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ewu ewu gbasara agbụrụ, akụnụba, okpukperechi na okike na-adịkarị mfe karịa. Inye ego na-eso usoro nke mmasị ndị ama ama, dị ka Black Lives Matter, mana ọ naghị enye ndị ọ metụtara aka ozugbo.
N'afọ 2008 Kusumita Pederson kwuru, "N'ezie akụkụ kachasị dị egwu na nke dị mkpa na mmegharị okpukpere chi taa… bụ uto nke ọrụ mmekọrịta okpukpere chi na ọkwa mpaghara. Nke a bụ nnukwu ọdịiche dị na mmalite afọ nke mmegharị ahụ, ọ dịkwa ka ọ na-egosi usoro ọhụrụ. " Nke a bụ eziokwu na New York City dị ka a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ atụmatụ ime obodo kemgbe 9/11. Ụfọdụ mgbalị mpaghara na-ahụ "anya" karịa ndị ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, akụkụ ntọala a ugbu a gbagwojuru anya site na mgbagwoju anya ọha mmadụ nke teknụzụ ọhụrụ. Na ịrị elu nke mgbasa ozi ọha na eze, ọtụtụ "mkparịta ụka" na-eme ugbu a na ntanetị, yana otu nde ndị ọbịa nọpụrụ iche. Ndụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze New York ugbu a bụ onye ogbugbo nke ukwuu, na ire akụkọ, akụkọ, nkwupụta ikike, bụ akụkụ nke akụ na ụba onye isi obodo asọmpi. (Pederson, 2008)
N'ezie, smart ekwentị na-agbasakwa na Burma. Ọrụ mgbasa ozi facebook dabeere na facebook dị ka mkpọsa enyi m ọhụrụ [23], nke na-eme ọbụbụenyi n'etiti Burmese nke agbụrụ dị iche iche, ga-aga nke ọma n'iwulite omenala na-eme ememe niile? Nke a ọ̀ bụ “mmebe udo n’etiti okpukpe” nke ọdịnihu? Ka ekwe ntị hà ga-aghọ ngwá agha n’aka ndị na-eme ihe ike, dị ka o meworo? (Baker, 2016, Holland 2014)
Xenophobia na nchụpụ ọtụtụ mmadụ na-emepụta usoro ọjọọ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-atụle mkpokọta "ndị iwu na-akwadoghị" na USA, ma mejuputa ya na Burma, enweghị nchebe nke okwu a kwalitere na-emetụta onye ọ bụla. Tinyere ndị otu ndị na-adịghị ike na-akpachapụ anya, ihe ịma aka dị ugbu a maka ọtụtụ okpukpe na agbụrụ bụ ihe mgbaàmà nke nnukwu mgbanwe omenala na nke ime mmụọ metụtara ọchịchị ike zuru ụwa ọnụ.
N'afọ 2000, Mark Gopin kwuru, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na ị ga-anwa ịkwaga omenala okpukpe, ma ọ bụ omenala ọ bụla maka nke ahụ, gaa n'usoro akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ, dị ka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ma ọ bụ ahịa efu, emela elu na-enweghị isi. ala, ala na-enweghị elu, ma ọ bụ ọbụna dị n'etiti, ọ gwụla ma ị dị njikere ịkpata mwụfu ọbara… Omenala okpukpe abụghị naanị isi n'elu gbadaa. N'ezie, enwere ike dị ịrịba ama nke na-agbasa, nke bụ kpọmkwem ihe mere ndị isi ji amachibido. " (Gopin, 2000, p 211)
Gopin na-agbakwụnyekwa n'ịdọ aka ná ntị ya- ịnakwere usoro mgbanwe nke dabeere na mbara igwe; ghara ịkwaga otu okpukpere chi ma ọ bụ agbụrụ na-enweghị nke ọzọ; emekwala ka esemokwu ka njọ site n'ịkwado otu okpukpe ma ọ bụ omenala karịa ibe ya, "karịsịa site n'itinye ego."
N'ụzọ dị mwute, United States-na mba ụwa nakwa-emela nke ahụ kpọmkwem dị ka akụkụ nke amụma mba ọzọ ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ, ma na-aga n'ihu n'ime afọ kemgbe Gopin dere okwu ndị ahụ. Otu ihe nketa nke itinye aka na mba ofesi ndị a bụ enweghị ntụkwasị obi miri emi, ka na-emetụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpukperechi na New York taa, nke kacha pụta ìhè na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti òtù ndị Alakụba na ndị Juu na-ekwu na ha na-anọchite anya ọdịmma obodo. Ndị Alakụba na ndị Arab na-atụ egwu nkwado na ọbụna njikọ na-agba ọsọ. Enweghị nchebe ndị Juu na nchegbu ịdị adị bụkwa ihe na-agbagwoju anya. Ahụmahụ Afrika Amerịka gbasara ịgba ohu na mwepu na-akawanye njọ. Mgbasa ozi na-agbasa gburugburu anyị na-enye ohere ka a kwurịta okwu ndị a ogologo oge. Mana dị ka ekwuru, ọ nwere ike dị ka ọ dị mfe ịmegharị, mebie na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
Ma gịnị ka anyị na-eme mgbe anyị “na-emekọ ihe ọnụ?” Ọ̀ bụ akụkụ nke ngwọta mgbe nile, ọ bụghịkwa nsogbu ahụ? Mana Tun kwuru na na Bọma, ndị na-akparịta ụka n’etiti okpukpe na-eji okwu Bekee bụ́ “interfaith” eme ihe dị ka okwu mbinye ego. Nke ahụ ọ̀ na-egosi na ndị na-eme udo Baptist na Burma na-ebubata ma na-amanye echiche nke mkparịta ụka nke sitere na anya Orientalizing, anya ọhụrụ nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ? Nke ahụ ọ na-atụ aro na ndị ndu Burmese (ma ọ bụ mpaghara New York) na-anabata ohere ime udo bụ ndị nwere ohere? Mba; ọ ga-ekwe omume iburu n'uche ịdọ aka ná ntị Gopin banyere nnyonye anya ezi uche dị na ime mgbanwe obodo mana buru n'uche mgbanwe mgbanwe mmadụ na-emepụta na dị mkpa nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na mkparịta ụka mgbe a na-atụfu akara na echiche.
N'ezie, na New York City ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime njikọ okpukpere chi bụ ihe efu kpamkpam. Uru nke tiori nwere ike ịbịa mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe a zụrụ ọgbọ nke abụọ ka ha na-aga n'ihu na mkparịta ụka ahụ, na-enye ndị na-enye ọzụzụ ọhụrụ aka ịmatakwu banyere mgbanwe otu na echiche nke mgbanwe.
Ndị mmekọ na-emeghe onwe ha maka ohere ọhụrụ. N'agbanyeghị ọdịdị dị egwu nke ahụmahụ m nke mkparịta ụka ndị Juu -Muslim na New York, otu n'ime ndị mmekọ mkparịta ụka ahụ nọgidere bụrụ enyi na nso nso a guzobe otu ndị Juu na-akwado maka ikike nke ndị Alakụba Rohingya na Burma. N'ihi mmetụta ọmịiko n'ebe ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ na ndị mmụọ ọjọọ dị nta, bụ ndị ahụmahụ ha na-egosipụta na nrọ ndị Juu na 1930s Europe, Jewish Alliance of Concern Over Burma (JACOB) abanyela na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ òtù 20 ndị Juu na-achị maka ịkwado ndị Alakụba na-akpagbu.
Anyị nwere ike chere ọdịnihu nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ (na enweghị afọ ojuju) chere ihu n'olileanya ma ọ bụ nhụsianya miri emi. Kedu ụzọ ọ bụla, enwere ike na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ maka otu ihe kpatara ya. Tinyere ọmịiko maka onye bịara abịa, na ụmụ mmadụ ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ike, ndị mmekọ okpukpe na-enwe oke egwu na nhụsianya pụtara ìhè nke mwakpo ụjọ a na-eche na ndị nkịtị, gụnyere ụdị nke mmadụ ibe ya na-adịghị anabata ndị obodo okpukpe, dị ka ndị ikom na ndị inyom LGBT. . N'ihi na okpukpe dị iche iche na-eche ugbu a mkpa dị ngwa maka ọtụtụ mgbanwe n'ime okwukwe na ebe obibi n'etiti "n'elu" na nke ala "ndu ndú, yana nkwekọrịta iji kwekọrịtaghị na itinye aka n'okwu metụtara mmekọrịta ọha na eze, akụkụ nke ọzọ nke njikọ aka okpukpe na-ekwe nkwa ịbụ. nnukwu mgbagwoju anya- mana nwere ohere ọhụrụ maka ọmịiko na-ekerịta.
References
Akbar, T. (2016, Ọgọọst 31) Chicago Monitor. Ewetara na http://chicagomonitor.com/2016/08/will-burmas-new-kofi-annan-led-commission-on-rohingya-make-a-difference/
Ali, Wajahat et al (2011, Ọgọst 26) Egwu Incorporated Center maka ọganihu America. Retrieved from: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/report/2015/02/11/106394/fear-inc-2-0/
ASG, (2016, Eprel 8) RFP Ndị isi Myanmar na-eleta Japan, okpukperechi maka udo Eshia. http://rfp-asia.org/rfp-myanmar-religious-leaders-leta-japan-to-strengthen-partnership-on-peacebuilding-and-reconciliation/#more-1541
Bo, CM na Wahid, A. (2016, Septemba 27) Ịjụ enweghị ndidi okpukpe na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia; Wall Street Journal. Ewetara na: http://www.wsj.com/articles/rejecting-religious-intolerance-in-southeast-asia-1474992874?tesla=y&mod=vocus
Baker, Nick (2016, Ọgọst 5) Olee otú mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta si bụrụ megaphone okwu ịkpọasị nke Myanmar Myanmar Times. Ewepụtara na: http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/21787-how-social-media-became-myanmar-s-hate-speech-megaphone.html
Akụkọ BBC (2011, Disemba 30) Ndị Alakụba na-ewepụ nri ụtụtụ nke ndị isi obodo Bloomberg. Ewepụtara na: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16366971
Buttry, D. (2015A, Disemba 15) Baptist mgbasa ozi n'otu alakụba, Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke International Ministries. Ewepụtara na: https://www.internationalministries.org/read/60665
Buttry, D. (2008, Eprel 8) Gụọ Mmụọ Nsọ. Ewepụtara vidiyo na: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2pUb2mVAFY
Buttry, D. 2013 Ihe nketa nke ụmụ Abraham sitere na Dan's Interactive Passport Blog. Ewetara na: http://dbuttry.blogspot.com/2013/01/legacy-of-children-of-abraham.html
Buttry, D. Anyị bụ sọks 2015 Gụọ akwụkwọ mmụọ (1760)
Carlo, K. (2016, Julaị 21) Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke International Ministries. Ewepụtara na https://www.internationalministries.org/read/62643
Carroll, PA (2015, Nọvemba 7) Ihe 7 I Kwesịrị Ịma Banyere Nsogbu Na Burma, Ọnwa nke Islam. Ewetara na: http://theislamicmonthly.com/7-things-you-should-know-about-the-crisis-in-burma/
Carroll, PA (2015) Onye Ọchịchị Ọchịchị: Ndụ na mgba nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Rohingya na USA, bipụtara na Winter / Spring Issue of Ọnwa nke Islam. Ewetara na: https://table32discussion.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/islamic-monthly-rohingya.pdf
Council of American Islamic Relations (CAIR) (2016m September) Ihe omume ụlọ alakụba. Ewepụtara na http://www.cair.com/images/pdf/Sept_2016_Mosque_Incidents.pdf
Eltahir, Nafisa (2016, Septemba 25) Ndị Alakụba kwesịrị ịjụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nkịtị; Atlantic. Ewetara na: http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/muslim-americans-should-reject-respectability-politics/501452/
Mkpesa na-egbuke egbuke, Flushing meeting Religious Society of Friends. Hụ http://flushingfriends.org/history/flushing-remonstrance/
Freeman, Joe (2015, Nọvemba 9) votu ndị Juu nke Myanmar. Mbadamba ụrọ. Ewetara na: http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/194863/myanmars-jewish-vote
Gopin, Marc N'etiti Iden na Amagedọn, Ọdịnihu nke Okpukpe Ụwa, Ime Ihe Ike na Ime Udo Oxford 2000
Ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ: Onyinye na-adịbeghị anya http://globalhumanrights.org/grants/recent-grants/
Holland, Ebe a 2014 June 14 Facebook na Myanmar: Ịkwalite okwu ịkpọasị? Al Jazeera Bangladesh. Ewetara na: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/06/facebook-myanmar-rohingya-amplifying-hate-speech-2014612112834290144.html
Jerryson, M. Mpịakọta nke 4, mbipụta 2, 2016 okpukpe Buddha, nkwulu, na ime ihe ike Peeji nke 119-127
KAIICID Dialogue Center Akwụkwọ akụkọ Summer 2015. http://www.kaiciid.org/file/11241/download?token=8bmqjB4_
Vidiyo Center Dialogue KAIICID na Youtube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1OLXWr_zK71qC6bv6wa8-Q/videos)
KAIICID News KAIICID na ndị mmekọ na-arụkọ ọrụ iji kwalite mmekọrịta Buddhist-Muslim na Myanmar. http://www.kaiciid.org/news-events/news/kaiciid-cooperates-partners-improve-buddhist-muslim-relations-myanmar
Ndị otu KAIICID www.kaiciid.org/file/3801/download?token=Xqr5IcIb
Ling Jiou Mount Buddhist Society “Mkparịta ụka” na ibe “mmalite”. Ewepụtara na: http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=136
Na "Mahadum nke Okpukpe Ụwa" http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=155
Johnson, V. (2016, Septemba 15) Usoro Udo nke Myanmar, Suu Kyi Style. Mbipụta USIP Ụlọ Ọrụ Udo nke United States (USIP). Ewepụtara na: http://www.usip.org/publications/2016/09/15/qa-myanmar-s-peace-process-suu-kyi-style
Judson Research Center 2016, July 5 Campus Mkparịta ụka na-amalite. Ewetara na: http://judsonresearch.center/category/news-activities/
Akụkọ Mizzima (2015, June 4) Ụlọ omeiwu nke Okpukpe Ụwa na-enye onyinye atọ nke ndị mọnk na-edu ndú na Myanmar. Ewetara na: http://www.mizzima.com/news-international/parliament-world%E2%80%99s-religions-awards-three-myanmar%E2%80%99s-leading-monks
Mujahid, Abdul Malik (2016, Eprel 6) Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka okpukpere chi nke Burma dị oke egwu ileghara Huffington Post anya. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/abdul-malik-mujahid/words-of-burmas-religious_b_9619896.html
Mujahid, Abdul Malik (2011, Nọvemba) Gịnị kpatara mkparịta ụka n'etiti okpukpere chi? Izu Mmekọrịta Okpukpe Ụwa. Ewepụtara na: http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/abdul_malik_mujahid.pdf
Myint, M. (2016, Ọgọst 25) ANP chọrọ ka a kagbuo Kofi Annan-Led Arakan State Commission. Ndị Irrawaddy. Ewetara na: http://www.irrawaddy.com/burma/anp-demands-cancellation-of-kofi-annan-led-arakan-state-commission.html
Open Society Foundation Burma Project 2014-2017. dcleaks.com/wp-content/uploads/…/burma-project-revised-2014-2017-strategy.pdf
Ụlọ omeiwu nke World Religions Blog 2013, Julaị 18. https://parliamentofreligions.org/content/southeast-asian-buddhist-muslim-coalition-strengthen-peace-efforts
Blog nzuko omeiwu 2015, Julaị 1 nzuko omeiwu na-enye ndị mọnk atọ. https://parliamentofreligions.org/content/parliament-world%E2%80%99s-religions-awards-three-burma%E2%80%99s-leading-monks-norway%E2%80%99s-nobel-institute
Pederson, Kusumita P. (June 2008) Ọnọdụ nke ngagharị okpukpere chi: Ntụle ezughị oke, Ụlọ omeiwu nke okpukpe ụwa. Ewetara na: https://parliamentofreligions.org/sites/default/files/www.parliamentofreligions.org__includes_FCKcontent_File_State_of_the_Interreligious_Movement_Report_June_2008.pdf
Ihe gbasara Pluralism Project (2012) nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọmụmụ ihe akụrụngwa dị n'etiti okpukpere chi. Ewepụtara na: http://pluralism.org/interfaith/report/
Prashad, Prem Calvin (2013, Disemba 13) Mweghachi ọhụrụ ezubere atụmatụ NYPD, Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Queens Times Ledger. http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2013/50/flushingremonstrance_bt_2013_12_13_q.html
Okpukpe maka Udo Asia: Nkwupụta: Nkwupụta Paris na November 2015. http://rfp-asia.org/statements/statements-from-rfp-international/rfp-iyc-2015-paris-statement/
Akụkọ Shalom Foundation kwa afọ. Ewetara na: http://nyeinfoundationmyanmar.org/Annual-Report)
Stassen, G. (1998) Naanị Ime Udo; Pilgrim Press. Hụkwa Nchịkọta: http://www.ldausa.org/lda/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Ten-Practices-for-Just-Peacemaking-by-Stassen.pdf
Akụkọ USCIRF 2016, Isi Burma. www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF_AR_2016_Burma.pdf
UNICEF Myanmar 2015, October 21 Media Center. Ewepụtara na: http://www.unicef.org/myanmar/media_24789.html
Win, TL (2015, Disemba 31) Ebee ka ụmụ nwanyị nọ na usoro udo Mianmaa nọ na Mianmaa Ugbu a? Myanmar Ugbu a. Retrieved from: http://www.myanmar-now.org/news/i/?id=39992fb7-e466-4d26-9eac-1d08c44299b5
Worldwatch Monitor 2016, Mee 25 nnwere onwe nke okpukpe so na ihe ịma aka kasịnụ na Myanmar. https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2016/05/4479490/
Notes
[1] Lee ntụaka Ali, W. (2011) Maka egwu Inc. 2.0 hụ www.americanprogress.org
[2] www.BurmaTaskForce.org
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoniram_Judson
[4] Lee webụsaịtị Seminarị http://www.pkts.org/activities.html
[5] Lee http;//www.acommonword.org
[6] Lee ntinye blọọgụ Eprel 1, 2011 http://dbuttry.blogspot.com/2011/04/from-undisclosed-place-and-time-2.html
[7] www.mbcnewyork.org
[8] Lee akụkọ kwa afọ maka ntọala Shalom
[9] Lee http://rfp-asia.org/
[10] Lee ntụaka RFP maka nkwupụta Paris. Maka njikọ na mmemme ndị ntorobịa RFP niile hụ http://www.religionsforpeace.org/
[11] "Mkparịta ụka" http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=136
[12] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Pakistan: http://www.gflp.org/WeekofDialogue/Pakistan.html
[13] Lee www.mwr.org.tw na http://www.gflp.org/
[14] KAIICID Video Documentation https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1OLXWr_zK71qC6bv6wa8-Q/videos)
[15] www.nydis.org
[16] BBC Disemba 30, 2011
[17] https://flushinginterfaithcouncil.wordpress.com/
[18] http://flushingfriends.org/history/flushing-remonstrance/
[19] http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2013/50/flushingremonstrance_bt_2013_12_13_q.html
[20] Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta okpukpere chi http://pluralism.org/interfaith/report/
[21] http://www.shouldertoshouldercampaign.org/
[22] http://www.peaceandunitybridge.org/programs/curricula/
[23] Lee https://www.facebook.com/myfriendcampaign/
