Kuthetsa Mikangano Yoyenera Mwachikhalidwe

Mtundu waukulu wa Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) unachokera ku US, ndipo umaphatikizapo mfundo za Euro-America. Komabe, kuthetsa kusamvana kunja kwa America ndi ku Ulaya kumachitika pakati pa magulu omwe ali ndi miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya chikhalidwe, mafuko, zipembedzo, ndi mafuko. Mkhalapakati wophunzitsidwa ku (Global North) ADR amavutika kuti athe kufananiza mphamvu pakati pa magulu azikhalidwe zina ndikusinthira ku zikhalidwe zawo. Njira imodzi yochitira bwino mkhalapakati ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zozikidwa pa miyambo yachibadwidwe ndi yachibadwidwe. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ADR ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupatsa mphamvu chipani chomwe chilibe mphamvu zochepa, komanso kubweretsa kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chamkhalapakati / oyimira pakati. Njira zachikhalidwe zomwe zimalemekeza zikhulupiliro zakumaloko zitha kukhala ndi zotsutsana ndi zomwe amatsata a Global North. Mfundo za Global North izi, monga ufulu wa anthu ndi zotsutsana ndi katangale, sizingakhazikitsidwe ndipo zingayambitse kufufuza kwa moyo movutikira ndi oyimira pakati pa Global North za zovuta zothetsera njira.  

“Dziko limene munabadwiramo ndi chitsanzo chimodzi chabe cha zinthu zenizeni. Zikhalidwe zina sizinalephereke kuyesa kukhala inu; ali mawonetseredwe apadera a mzimu wa munthu.” - Wade Davis, American/Canada anthropologist

Cholinga cha ulalikiwu ndi kukambirana momwe mikangano imathetsedwera m'maboma achikhalidwe ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe ndi mafuko, ndikupereka malingaliro a njira yatsopano yochitidwa ndi Global North practitioners of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Ambiri a inu muli ndi zochitika m'maderawa, ndipo ndikuyembekeza kuti mudzadumpha kuti mufotokoze zomwe mwakumana nazo.

Maphunziro pakati pa kachitidwe ndi kuthira feteleza akhoza kukhala abwino bola kugawana ndi kulemekezana. Ndikofunikira kuti dokotala wa ADR (ndi bungwe lomwe limamulemba ntchito kapena kumupatsa) kuti azindikire kukhalapo ndi phindu la ena, makamaka magulu achikhalidwe ndi achibadwidwe.

Pali njira zambiri zothanirana ndi mikangano. Zitsanzo zikuphatikiza kukambirana, kuyimira pakati, kukangana ndi kuweruza milandu. Anthu amagwiritsa ntchito njira zina zothanirana ndi mikangano mdera lawo, monga kutengera anzawo, miseche, kusalidwa, nkhanza, kuchititsa manyazi anthu, ufiti, kuchiritsa kwa uzimu, komanso kupatukana kwa abale kapena nyumba. Njira yayikulu yothanirana ndi mikangano/ADR idachokera ku US, ndipo imaphatikiza mfundo zaku Europe-America. Ndimatcha Global North ADR kuti ndisiyanitse ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Global South. Othandizira a Global North ADR angaphatikizepo malingaliro okhudza demokalase. Malinga ndi Ben Hoffman, pali "liturgy" ya kalembedwe ka Global North ADR, momwe oyimira pakati:

• salowerera ndale.
• alibe mphamvu zopanga zisankho.
• si malangizo.
• thandizira.
• sayenera kupereka mayankho kumaphwando.
• osakambirana ndi maphwando.
• alibe tsankho pa zotsatira za mkhalapakati.
• zilibe zosemphana maganizo.[1]

Pa izi, ndikuwonjezera kuti:

• ntchito ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino.
• amaphunzitsidwa ndi kutsimikiziridwa.
• kusunga chinsinsi.

ADR ina imachitidwa pakati pa magulu omwe ali ndi miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya chikhalidwe, mafuko, ndi mafuko, kumene wogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amavutika kuti asunge tebulo (masewera) pakati pa maphwando, chifukwa nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusiyana kwa mphamvu. Njira imodzi yoti mkhalapakati akhale wokhudzidwa ndi zosowa za maphwando ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira za ADR zomwe zimachokera ku njira zachikhalidwe. Njira imeneyi ili ndi ubwino ndi kuipa. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa mphamvu chipani chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso kubweretsa kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa gulu lalikulu lachikhalidwe (mwa omwe ali mkangano kapena oyimira pakati). Ena mwa machitidwewa ali ndi njira zowonetsetsa kuti atsatidwe ndi kuwunika, ndipo amalemekeza zikhulupiliro za anthu omwe akukhudzidwa.

Madera onse amafunikira maulamuliro ndi mabwalo othetsera mikangano. Njira zachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati za mtsogoleri wolemekezeka kapena akulu omwe amatsogolera, kuyimira pakati, kukambirana, kapena kuthetsa mikangano pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano ndi cholinga chofuna "kukonza ubale wawo" osati "kupeza chowonadi, kapena kudziwa kuti ndi wolakwa kapena wolakwa). udindo."

Momwe ambiri aife timachitira ADR amatsutsidwa ndi omwe akufuna kukonzanso ndi kubwezeretsanso kuthetsa mikangano molingana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha chipani chachikhalidwe kapena gulu lapafupi, zomwe zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri.

Kugamulidwa kwa mikangano yapambuyo pautsamunda ndi kumayiko ena kumafuna chidziwitso choposa zomwe katswiri wa ADR wopanda chidziwitso chachipembedzo kapena chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe angapereke, ngakhale akatswiri ena ku ADR akuwoneka kuti atha kuchita chilichonse, kuphatikiza mikangano ya diaspora yomwe imachokera ku zikhalidwe zakunja ku United States ndi Europe. .

Makamaka, ubwino wa machitidwe achikhalidwe a ADR (kapena kuthetsa mikangano) ukhoza kudziwika motere:

• chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino.
• wopanda ziphuphu. (Izi ndizofunikira, chifukwa maiko ambiri, makamaka ku Middle East, samakwaniritsa miyezo ya Global North yamalamulo komanso yodana ndi katangale.)

Makhalidwe ena achikhalidwe cha ADR ndi awa:

• ofulumira kufikira chigamulo.
• zotsika mtengo.
• zofikirika kwanuko komanso zothandizidwa.
• zokhazikika m'madera osakhazikika.
• odalilika.
• inasumika maganizo pa chilungamo chobwezeretsa m’malo mwa kubwezera—kusunga mgwirizano pakati pa anthu.
• yochitidwa ndi atsogoleri ammudzi omwe amalankhula chilankhulo cha komweko ndikumvetsetsa zovuta zapaderalo. Zigamulo zikhoza kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu onse.

Kwa iwo omwe ali m'chipindamo omwe adagwirapo ntchito ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe, kodi mndandandawu ndi womveka? Kodi mungawonjezeko zina mwa izo, kuchokera muzochitikira zanu?

Njira zakomweko zingaphatikizepo:

• mabwalo okhazikitsa mtendere.
• kuyankhula mozungulira.
• msonkhano wapabanja kapena wamagulu.
• machiritso mwamwambo.
• kusankhidwa kwa mkulu kapena munthu wanzeru kuti aweruze mkangano, bungwe la akulu akulu, ndi mabwalo amilandu akumidzi.

Kulephera kuzolowera zovuta zomwe zikuchitika mdera lanu ndizomwe zimayambitsa kulephera ku ADR pogwira ntchito ndi zikhalidwe kunja kwa Global North. Miyezo ya opanga zisankho, akatswiri, ndi owunika omwe akupanga projekiti idzakhudza malingaliro ndi zisankho za omwe akukhudzidwa pakuthetsa mikangano. Zigamulo za kusinthana pakati pa zosowa zosiyana za magulu a anthu zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zikhalidwe. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kudziwa zovuta izi ndikuzifotokoza, makamaka kwa iwo eni, panthawi iliyonse yomwe ikuchitika. Kusamvana kumeneku sikudzathetsedwa nthawi zonse koma kungathe kuchepetsedwa povomereza udindo wa makhalidwe abwino, ndikugwira ntchito kuchokera ku mfundo yachilungamo muzochitika zomwe zaperekedwa. Ngakhale pali malingaliro ambiri ndi njira zochitira chilungamo, nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa ndi izi zinthu zinayi zazikulu:

• ulemu.
• kusalowerera ndale (kukhala wopanda tsankho ndi chidwi).
• Kutenga nawo mbali.
• kukhulupirika (zosakhudzana kwambiri ndi kukhulupirika kapena luso koma m'malo mwake ndi lingaliro la kusamala pamakhalidwe).

Kutenga nawo mbali kumatanthauza lingaliro lakuti aliyense ali ndi mwayi wokwanira kuti akwaniritse zomwe angathe. Koma ndithudi m’madera ambiri azikhalidwe, akazi sapatsidwa mwayi—monga momwe zinaliri m’mabuku oyambilira a United States, mmene “amuna onse analengedwa mofanana” koma kwenikweni anali kusalidwa chifukwa cha fuko, ndipo akazi sanapatsidwe mwaŵi mopambanitsa. maufulu ndi maubwino ambiri.

Mfundo ina yofunika kuiganizira ndi chinenero. Kugwira ntchito m'chinenero china chosiyana ndi chinenero chanu kungakhudze maganizo abwino. Mwachitsanzo, Albert Costa wa ku Universitat Pompeu Fabra ku Spain ndi anzake anapeza kuti chinenero chimene anthu amatsutsa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino chingasinthe mmene anthu amachitira ndi vutolo. Iwo adapeza kuti mayankho omwe anthu adapereka anali omveka bwino komanso othandiza potengera zabwino zambiri kwa anthu ambiri. Kutalikirana kwamalingaliro ndi malingaliro kudapangidwa. Anthu amakondanso kuchita bwino pamayeso amalingaliro abwino, chilankhulo chakunja, makamaka pa mafunso omwe ali ndi yankho lodziwikiratu koma lolakwika komanso yankho lolondola lomwe limatenga nthawi kuti limvetsetse.

Komanso, chikhalidwe chimatha kudziwa malamulo a khalidwe, monga momwe zinalili ndi Afghanistani ndi Pakistani Pashtunwali, omwe chikhalidwe chawo chimakhala chozama mu malingaliro a fuko; likuwoneka ngati 'lamulo' losalembedwa la fuko. Kudziwa bwino pazikhalidwe, mokulirapo, ndi mndandanda wamakhalidwe, malingaliro, ndi mfundo zomwe zimabwera palimodzi mu dongosolo, bungwe, kapena pakati pa akatswiri omwe amathandizira kugwira ntchito mogwira mtima pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Zimawonetsa kuthekera kopeza ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha zikhulupiriro, malingaliro, machitidwe ndi njira zolankhulirana za anthu okhalamo, makasitomala ndi mabanja awo kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito, kulimbikitsa mapologalamu, kukulitsa kutengapo gawo kwa anthu, ndikutseka mipata pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana a anthu.

Choncho, zochitika za ADR ziyenera kukhala zozikidwa pa chikhalidwe ndi kukhudzidwa, ndi zikhulupiriro, miyambo, ndi zikhulupiriro zomwe zimatsimikizira ulendo wa munthu ndi gulu ndi njira yapadera yopezera mtendere ndi kuthetsa kusamvana. Ntchito ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pachikhalidwe komanso zokonda munthu.  Ethnocentrism iyenera kupewedwa. Chikhalidwe, komanso mbiri yakale, ziyenera kuphatikizidwa mu ADR. Lingaliro la maubwenzi liyenera kukulitsidwa kuti liphatikizepo mafuko ndi mabanja. Chikhalidwe ndi mbiri zikasiyidwa kapena kusamalidwa mosayenera, mwayi wa ADR ukhoza kusokonezedwa ndikuyambitsa mavuto ambiri.

Udindo wa akatswiri a ADR ukhoza kukhala wotsogolera yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino chamagulu amagulu, mikangano ndi zochitika zina, komanso kuthekera ndi kufuna kulowererapo. Pofuna kulimbikitsa ntchitoyi, payenera kukhala maphunziro okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu a ADR, ufulu wa anthu, magulu a ufulu wa anthu ndi mabungwe a boma omwe amalumikizana ndi / kapena kukambirana ndi First Peoples ndi magulu ena amtundu, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Maphunzirowa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yothetsa mikangano yomwe ili yoyenera kumadera awo. Makomiti a boma okhudza za ufulu wa anthu, boma la federal, asilikali ndi magulu ena aboma, magulu othandiza anthu, mabungwe omwe si aboma, ndi ena akhoza, ngati polojekitiyo yayenda bwino, athe kusintha mfundo ndi njira zothetsera mavuto omwe sali otsutsana ndi ufulu wa anthu. ndi nkhani zina komanso anthu azikhalidwe.

Njira zoyenera pachikhalidwe za ADR sizikhala zabwino nthawi zonse, kapena konsekonse. Iwo angadzetse mavuto a makhalidwe abwino—ophatikizapo kusoŵeka kwa ufulu kwa akazi, nkhanza, kuzikidwa pa zikondwerero za magulu kapena magulu, ndipo mwinamwake kusakwaniritsa miyezo ya mayiko ya ufulu wachibadwidwe. Pakhoza kukhala machitidwe opitilira chikhalidwe chimodzi.

Kuchita bwino kwa njira zoterezi popereka mwayi wopeza ufulu kumatsimikiziridwa osati kokha ndi milandu yomwe yapambana kapena yotayika, komanso ndi ubwino wa zigamulo zomwe zaperekedwa, kukhutitsidwa ndi zomwe wopemphayo angapereke, ndi kubwezeretsanso mgwirizano.

Pomaliza, dokotala wa ADR sangakhale womasuka kufotokoza zauzimu. Ku United States, kaŵirikaŵiri timaphunzitsidwa kuleka nkhani zachipembedzo poyera—makamaka “zosaloŵerera m’zandale”—nkhani. Komabe, pali vuto la ADR lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi zipembedzo. Chitsanzo ndi cha John Lederach, amene kachitidwe kake kanadziŵika ndi Tchalitchi cha Amennonite Kum’maŵa. Mulingo wauzimu wa magulu omwe munthu amagwira nawo ntchito nthawi zina umayenera kuzindikirika. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa Native American, First Peoples magulu ndi mafuko, komanso ku Middle East.

Zen Roshi Dae Soen Sa Nim adagwiritsa ntchito mawu awa mobwerezabwereza:

“Tayani maganizo onse, zokonda ndi zimene simukonda, ndipo sungani maganizo amene sakudziwa. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri.”  (Seung Sahn: Sindikudziwa; Ox Herding; http://www.oxherding.com/my_weblog/2010/09/seung-sahn-only-dont-know.html)

Zikomo kwambiri. Kodi muli ndi ndemanga ndi mafunso ati? Ndi zitsanzo ziti za zinthu izi kuchokera ku zomwe mwakumana nazo?

Marc Brenman ndi Wakale Exutive Kwa inuector, Washington State Human Rights Commission.

[1] Ben Hoffman, Canadian Institute of Applied Negotiation, Pambanani Pangano Limenelo: Kuvomereza kwa Mkhalapakati Weniweni Wadziko; CIIAN News; Zima 2009.