Kuyang'anira Kuchita Bwino kwa Makonzedwe Ogawana Mphamvu ku South Sudan: Njira Yomanga Mtendere ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano.
Mfundo:
Nkhondo yachiwawa ku South Sudan ili ndi zifukwa zambiri komanso zovuta. Palibe mphamvu zandale kuchokera kwa Purezidenti Salva Kiir, wa fuko la Dinka, kapena Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Riek Machar, wafuko la Nuer, kuti athetse chidani. Kugwilizanitsa dziko ndi kusunga boma logawana maulamuliro kudzafunika kuti atsogoleri akhazikitse kusiyana kwawo. Pepalali limagwiritsa ntchito njira yogawana mphamvu ngati njira yokhazikitsira mtendere ndi kuthetsa mikangano pothetsa mikangano pakati pa anthu komanso kuthetsa magawano akuluakulu m'madera omwe ali ndi nkhondo. Deta yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa pa kafukufukuyu idapezedwa kudzera mu kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa zolemba zomwe zidalipo pa mkangano waku South Sudan ndi njira zina zogawana mphamvu pambuyo pa mikangano ku Africa konse. Zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire zomwe zidayambitsa ziwawa komanso zovuta zomwe zidayambitsa ziwawa ndikuwunika mgwirizano wamtendere wa Ogasiti 2015 ARCSS komanso mgwirizano wamtendere wa Seputembala 2018 R-ARCSS, womwe unayamba kugwira ntchito pa February 22.nd, 2020. Pepalali likuyesera kuyankha funso limodzi: Kodi kugawana mphamvu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yokhazikitsira mtendere ndi kuthetsa mikangano ku South Sudan? Theory of Structural violence and intergroup conflict theory ikupereka kufotokozera kwamphamvu za kusamvana ku South Sudan. Pepalali likuti, kuti njira iliyonse yogawana mphamvu ichitike ku South Sudan, kudalirana kuyenera kumangidwanso pakati pa omwe akuchita nawo mkanganowo, womwe umafuna kuchotsedwa kwa zida, kuchotsedwa, ndi kubwezeretsedwanso (DDR) kwa magulu achitetezo, chilungamo ndi kuyankha. , magulu a anthu amphamvu, ndi kugawa mofanana zinthu zachilengedwe pakati pa magulu onse. Kuphatikiza apo, kugawana mphamvu kokha sikungabweretse mtendere ndi chitetezo ku South Sudan. Mtendere ndi bata zingafunike njira yowonjezereka yochotsa ndale kuchokera ku fuko, ndi kufunikira kwa oyimira pakati kuti aganizire mozama zomwe zimayambitsa ndi madandaulo a nkhondo yapachiweniweni.
Tsitsani Nkhaniyi
Kuchokera Kufotokozera:
Darboe, F. (2022). Kuyang'ana momwe kugawana mphamvu ku South Sudan kumathandizira: Njira yokhazikitsira mtendere ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Journal of Living Together, 7(1), 26-37.
Zambiri Zankhani:
@Nkhani{Darboe2022}
Mutu = {Kuwona Ubwino wa Makonzedwe Ogawana Mphamvu ku South Sudan: Njira Yomanga Mtendere ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano}
Wolemba = {Foday Darboe}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/assessing-the-effectiveness-of-power-sharing-arrangements-in-south-sudan-a-peacebuilding-and-conflict-resolution-approach/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Sindikizani); 2373-6631 (Pa intaneti)}
Chaka = {2022}
Tsiku = {2022-12-10}
Journal = {Journal of Living Together}
Mphamvu = {7}
Nambala = {1}
Masamba = {26-37}
Wosindikiza = {International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Adilesi = {White Plains, New York}
Kusindikiza = {2022}.
Introduction
Theory of Structural violence and intergroup conflict theory ikupereka kufotokozera kwamphamvu za kusamvana ku South Sudan. Akatswiri ofufuza za mtendere ndi mikangano amasungabe kuti chilungamo, zosowa zaumunthu, chitetezo, ndi kudziwika ndizo zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano pamene zisiyanitsidwa (Galtung, 1996; Burton, 1990; Lederach, 1995). Ku South Sudan, ziwawa zamakhalidwe zimatengera kusalangidwa kofala, kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa pofuna kulimbikitsa mphamvu, kusalidwa, komanso kusowa kwazinthu ndi mwayi. Kusalinganika kumeneku kwadzilowetsa m'zandale, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko.
Zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano ku South Sudan ndi kusalidwa kwachuma, kupikisana kwamitundu pazamphamvu, chuma, komanso ziwawa zazaka zambiri. Akatswiri a sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu afotokoza kugwirizana pakati pa kudziwika kwamagulu ndi mikangano yamagulu. Atsogoleri a ndale nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zamagulu ngati kulira kolimbikitsa kulimbikitsa otsatira awo podzifotokozera okha mosiyana ndi magulu ena a anthu (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). Kuyambitsa magawano amitundu mwa njira iyi kumabweretsa kukwera kwa mpikisano wa mphamvu zandale ndikulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa magulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuthetsa mikangano ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere kukhala kovuta. Potengera zochitika zingapo ku South Sudan, atsogoleri andale ochokera m'mitundu ya Dinka ndi Nuer agwiritsa ntchito mantha ndi kusatetezeka kulimbikitsa mikangano pakati pamagulu.
Boma lomwe lilipo pano ku South Sudan lidachokera ku mgwirizano wamtendere wophatikiza womwe umadziwika kuti Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Mgwirizano Wamtendere Wonse, womwe udasainidwa pa Januware 9, 2005 ndi Boma la Republic of the Sudan (GoS) ndi gulu lalikulu lotsutsa ku South, Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), lidatha. Kuposa zaka makumi awiri za nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sudan (1983-2005). Pamene nkhondo yapachiweniweni inali kutha, mamembala apamwamba a Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army adayika pambali kusiyana kwawo kuti apereke mgwirizano ndipo, nthawi zina, kudziyimira paudindo wandale (Okiech, 2016; Roach, 2016; de Vries & Schomerus, 2017). Mu 2011, patatha zaka zambiri zankhondo, anthu aku Southern Sudan adavota kuti adzipatule kumpoto ndikukhala dziko lodzilamulira. Komabe, patangopita zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene dzikolo linalandira ufulu wodzilamulira, dzikoli linayambiranso kuchita nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Poyambirira, kugawanika kudali pakati pa Purezidenti Salva Kiir ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Riek Machar, koma machitidwe a ndale adalowa m'mavuto amitundu. Boma la Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) ndi gulu lake lankhondo, Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), adagawanika kutsatira mkangano wandale womwe wakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Pamene nkhondoyo inafalikira kupitirira Juba kupita kumadera ena, chiwawa chinalekanitsa mafuko onse akuluakulu (Aalen, 2013; Radon & Logan, 2014; de Vries & Schomerus, 2017).
Poyankhapo, bungwe la Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) linakhala mkhalapakati wa mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa magulu omenyanawo. Komabe, mayiko omwe ali mamembala adawonetsa kuti alibe chidwi chofuna kupeza yankho lokhazikika kudzera mumgwirizano wamtendere wa bungwe la Inter-Governmental Authority on Development kuti athetse kusamvana. Poyesa kupeza njira yothanirana ndi mikangano yakumpoto ndi kumwera kwa Sudan, njira yogawana mphamvu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana idapangidwa mkati mwa Pangano la Mtendere la 2005, kuphatikiza pa Pangano la Ogasiti 2015 pa Resolution of the Crisis in South Sudan (ARCSS), zomwe zidathana ndi kufalikira kwa ziwawa zapakati pa South (de Vries & Schomerus, 2017). Akatswiri angapo amaphunziro ndi okonza mfundo awona kuti mkangano wa ku South Sudan ndi mkangano wapakati pamagulu - koma kuyambitsa mkanganowu makamaka motsatira mafuko sikungathetse mavuto ena ozama.
Seputembara 2018 Rkuthamangitsidwa Amgwirizano pa Rkuchotsedwa kwa Ckugwa mu Skunja SMgwirizano wa udan (R-ARCSS) unkafuna kukonzanso Mgwirizano wa August 2015 pa Kuthetsa Mavuto ku South Sudan, omwe anali ndi zofooka zambiri ndipo analibe zolinga zodziwika bwino, malangizo, ndi ndondomeko zokhazikitsa mtendere ndi kuchotsa zida zamagulu opanduka. Komabe, Mgwirizano wa Kuthetsa Mavuto ku South Sudan ndi Rkuthamangitsidwa Amgwirizano pa Rkuchotsedwa kwa Ckugwa mu Skunja Sudan anatsindika kugawidwa kwa mphamvu pakati pa akuluakulu a ndale ndi ankhondo. Kugawanikana kocheperakoku kukukulitsa tsankho la ndale, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zikuyambitsa ziwawa ku South Sudan. Palibe mwa mapangano awiriwa amtendere omwe ali ndi tsatanetsatane wokwanira kuthana ndi magwero ozama a mikangano kapena kuwonetsa njira yolumikizira magulu ankhondo kukhala gulu lachitetezo pomwe amayang'anira kusintha kwachuma ndikuwongolera madandaulo.
Pepalali limagwiritsa ntchito njira yogawana mphamvu ngati njira yokhazikitsira mtendere ndi kuthetsa mikangano pothetsa mikangano pakati pa anthu komanso kuthetsa magawano akuluakulu m'madera omwe ali ndi nkhondo. Ngakhale zili choncho, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kugawana mphamvu kuli ndi kuthekera kolimbikitsa magawano kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa mgwirizano wadziko ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere. Zambiri zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pa kafukufukuyu zidapezedwa powunikira mwatsatanetsatane zolemba zomwe zidalipo pa mkangano waku South Sudan ndi njira zina zogawana mphamvu pambuyo pa mikangano ku Africa konse. Detayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa zomwe zidasokoneza komanso zovuta zachiwawa ndikuwunika Pangano la Ogasiti 2015 pa Resolution of the Crisis ku South Sudan komanso Seputembala 2018. Rkuthamangitsidwa Amgwirizano pa Rkuchotsedwa kwa Ckugwa mu Skunja Sudan, yomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito pa February 22nd, 2020. Pepalali likuyesera kuyankha funso limodzi: Kodi kugawana mphamvu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yokhazikitsira mtendere ndi kuthetsa mikangano ku South Sudan?
Kuti tiyankhe funsoli, ndikufotokozera mbiri yakale ya mkangano. Kuwunika kwa zolemba kumawunikira zitsanzo zamakonzedwe am'mbuyomu ogawana mphamvu ku Africa ngati mfundo yotsogolera. Kenako ndikufotokozera zinthu zomwe zingapangitse kuti boma la mgwirizano lichite bwino, ndikunena kuti kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi bata, kugwirizanitsa dziko, ndikupanga boma logawana mphamvu zidzafuna kuti atsogoleri akhazikitsenso chidaliro, kugawana zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mwayi wachuma pakati pamitundu yosiyanasiyana. mafuko, kusintha apolisi, kuchotsera zida zankhondo, kulimbikitsa gulu la anthu okangalika komanso lokhazikika, ndikukhazikitsa njira yoyanjanitsa kuti athane ndi zakale.
Njira Zokhazikitsa Mtendere
Mgwirizano wa August 2015 pa Kuthetsa Mavuto ku South Sudan Mgwirizano wamtendere, womwe unakhala pakati pa Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), cholinga chake chinali kuthetsa mkangano wa ndale pakati pa Purezidenti Kiir ndi Wachiwiri wake wakale, Machar. Nthawi zambiri pamakambirano, Kiir ndi Machar adaphwanya mgwirizano wam'mbuyomu chifukwa cha kusagwirizana pakugawana mphamvu. Pokakamizidwa ndi bungwe la United Nations Security Council (UNSC) ndi zilango zomwe dziko la United States linapereka, komanso chiletso cha zida kuti chiwawacho chithe, mbali zonse ziwiri zinasaina pangano logawana mphamvu lomwe linathetsa chiwawacho kwakanthawi.
Zomwe zili mu mgwirizano wamtendere wa Ogasiti 2015 zidapanga maudindo 30 a unduna wogawidwa pakati pa Kiir, Machar, ndi zipani zina zotsutsa. Purezidenti Kiir anali ndi ulamuliro pa nduna ndi mamembala ambiri otsutsa nyumba yamalamulo ya dziko pomwe Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Machar anali ndi ulamuliro wa mamembala onse otsutsa mu nduna (Okiech, 2016). Mgwirizano wamtendere wa 2015 udayamikiridwa chifukwa chothana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana za onse okhudzidwa, koma udalibe njira yosungitsira mtendere yoletsa ziwawa panthawi yakusintha. Komanso, mgwirizano wamtendere udali wanthawi yochepa chifukwa cha nkhondo yomwe idayambikanso mu Julayi 2016 pakati pa asitikali aboma ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Machar, zomwe zidakakamiza Machar kuthawa mdzikolo. Imodzi mwa mikangano pakati pa pulezidenti Kiir ndi otsutsa inali ndondomeko yake yogawa madera 10 m'dzikolo kukhala 28. Malinga ndi otsutsa, malire atsopanowa akuwonetsetsa kuti Pulezidenti Kiir wa Dinka fuko la akuluakulu a nyumba yamalamulo amphamvu komanso kusintha kusiyana pakati pa mafuko (Sperber, 2016). ). Pamodzi, izi zidapangitsa kuti Boma la Transitional of National Unity (TGNU) ligwe.
Mgwirizano wamtendere wa August 2015 ndi dongosolo la kugawana mphamvu la September 2018 linamangidwa kwambiri pa chikhumbo cha kukonzanso chikhalidwe ndi ndale m'mabungwe kusiyana ndi kupanga ndale za nthawi yaitali ndi njira zokhazikitsira mtendere. Mwachitsanzo, a Rkuthamangitsidwa Amgwirizano pa Rkuchotsedwa kwa Ckugwa mu Skunja Sudan inapanga ndondomeko ya boma latsopano losinthira lomwe lidaphatikizanso zofunikira pakusankhidwa kwa nduna. The Rkuthamangitsidwa Amgwirizano pa Rkuchotsedwa kwa Ckugwa mu Skunja Sudan adakhazikitsanso zipani zisanu ndikusankha wachiwiri kwa purezidenti anayi, ndipo wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti, Riek Machar, atsogolere gawo laulamuliro. Kupatula wachiwiri kwa purezidenti woyamba, sipakanakhala wotsogola pakati pa achiwiri kwa purezidenti. Dongosololi la Seputembala 2018 logawana mphamvu lidafotokoza momwe Transitional National Legislature (TNL) idzagwire ntchito, momwe Transitional National Legislative Assembly (TNLA) ndi Council of States idzakhazikitsire, komanso momwe Council of Ministers ndi Deputy Ministers pakati pa zipani zosiyanasiyana zidzakhazikitsidwe. ntchito (Wuol, 2019). Mapangano ogawana mphamvu analibe zida zothandizira mabungwe aboma ndikutsimikizira kuti kusinthaku kudzakhala kolimba. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza mapanganowo adasainidwa pankhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe ikupitilira, palibe m'modzi yemwe adaphatikizirapo mbali zonse zomwe zidayambitsa mkanganowo, zomwe zidayambitsa kuwonekera kwa owononga ndikutalikitsa dziko lankhondo.
Komabe, pa February 22, 2020, a Riek Machar ndi atsogoleri ena otsutsa adalumbiritsidwa kukhala Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti mu boma latsopano la mgwirizano ku South Sudan. Mgwirizanowu wamtendere udapereka chikhululukiro kwa zigawenga zomwe zidali pankhondo yapachiweniweni ku South Sudan, kuphatikiza Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Machar. Komanso, Purezidenti Kiir adatsimikizira mayiko khumi oyambilira, chomwe chinali chofunikira kwambiri. Mfundo ina yotsutsana inali chitetezo cha Machar ku Juba; komabe, monga gawo la chilolezo cha malire a mayiko 10 a Kiir, Machar adabwerera ku Juba popanda asilikali ake a chitetezo. Mavuto awiriwa atathetsedwa, maphwando adasindikiza mgwirizano wamtendere, ngakhale adasiya mfundo zazikuluzikulu - kuphatikizapo momwe angapititsire kugwirizanitsa kwa chitetezo cha Kiir kapena Machar kukhala gulu limodzi lankhondo la dziko - kuti athetsedwe pambuyo pa atsopano. boma lidayamba kuchitapo kanthu (International Crisis Group, 2019; British Broadcasting Corporation, 2020; United Nations Security Council, 2020).
Kusanthula kwazolemba
Akatswiri angapo apititsa patsogolo chiphunzitso cha demokalase yolumikizana, kuphatikiza Hans Daalder, Jorg Steiner, ndi Gerhard Lehmbruch. Malingaliro amalingaliro a demokalase yolumikizana ndikuti makonzedwe ogawana mphamvu ali ndi mphamvu zambiri. Othandizira kugawana mphamvu akhazikitsa mikangano yawo yokhudza mfundo zoyendetsera mikangano kapena njira zokhazikitsira mtendere m'magulu ogawikana pa ntchito ya maphunziro ya Arend Lijphart, yemwe kafukufuku wawo wokhudza "demokalase yolumikizana ndi demokalase yogwirizana" adakhazikitsa njira yomvetsetsa njira. wa demokalase m'mabungwe ogawanika. Lijphart (2008) adanena kuti demokalase m'magulu ogawikana imatha kupezeka, ngakhale nzika zitagawanika, ngati atsogoleri apanga mgwirizano. Mu demokalase yolumikizana, mgwirizano umapangidwa ndi okhudzidwa omwe amayimira magulu onse amgulu la anthu ndipo amagawidwa molingana ndi maudindo ndi zothandizira (Lijphart 1996 & 2008; O'Flynn & Russell, 2005; Spears, 2000).
Esman (2004) adatanthauzira kugawana mphamvu ngati "makhalidwe, machitidwe, ndi mabungwe omwe mwachibadwa amakhala nawo, momwe luso laulamuliro limakhala nkhani yokambirana, kuyanjanitsa, ndi kusokoneza zikhumbo ndi madandaulo a mafuko ake" (p. 178). Chifukwa chake, demokalase yolumikizana ndi mtundu wa demokalase wokhala ndi makonzedwe ogawana mphamvu, machitidwe, ndi miyezo. Pazolinga za kafukufukuyu, mawu oti "kugawana mphamvu" alowa m'malo mwa "demokalase yolumikizana" popeza kugawana mphamvu kuli pamtima pamalingaliro amalingaliro a cosociation.
Pothetsa mikangano ndi maphunziro a mtendere, kugawana mphamvu kumawoneka ngati njira yothetsera mikangano kapena njira yokhazikitsira mtendere yomwe ingathe kuthetsa mikangano yovuta, yapakati pamagulu, mikangano yamagulu ambiri, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kuchepetsa kupititsa patsogolo mabungwe amtendere ndi demokalase, kuphatikizapo, ndi kumanga-mgwirizano (Cheeseman, 2011; Aeby, 2018; Hartzell & Hoddie, 2019). M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kukhazikitsa kugawana mphamvu kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuthetsa mikangano yapakati pamagulu mu Africa. Mwachitsanzo, njira zogawana mphamvu zakale zidapangidwa mu 1994 ku South Africa; 1999 ku Sierra Leone; 1994, 2000, ndi 2004 ku Burundi; 1993 ku Rwanda; 2008 ku Kenya; ndi 2009 ku Zimbabwe. Ku South Sudan, kugawana mphamvu kosiyanasiyana kunali kofunika kwambiri pa njira zothetsera mikangano mu 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), Mgwirizano wa 2015 pa Resolution of the Crisis in South Sudan (ARCSS) mgwirizano wamtendere, ndi September 2018 Revitalized. Pangano la mgwirizano wamtendere wa Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS). M'lingaliro, lingaliro la kugawana mphamvu limaphatikizapo dongosolo la ndale kapena migwirizano yomwe ingathe kuthetsa magawano aakulu m'madera omwe ali ndi nkhondo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Kenya, kugawana mphamvu pakati pa Mwai Kibaki ndi Raila Odinga adagwira ntchito ngati chida chothetsera ziwawa za ndale ndipo zinatheka chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe omwe amaphatikizapo mabungwe a anthu komanso kuchepetsa kulowerera ndale. coalition (Cheeseman & Tendi, 2010; Kingsley, 2008). Ku South Africa, kugawana mphamvu kudagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yokhazikitsira maphwando osiyanasiyana pamodzi pambuyo pa kutha kwa tsankho (Lijphart, 2004).
Otsutsa makonzedwe ogawana mphamvu monga Finkeldey (2011) adatsutsa kuti kugawana mphamvu kuli ndi "mpata waukulu pakati pa chiphunzitso cha generalizing ndi ndale" (p. 12). Tull and Mehler (2005), panthawiyi, adachenjeza za "mtengo wobisika wa kugawana mphamvu," imodzi mwa izo ndikuphatikizidwa kwa magulu achiwawa osagwirizana ndi kufunafuna chuma ndi mphamvu zandale. Komanso, otsutsa kugawana mphamvu amanena kuti "pomwe mphamvu zimaperekedwa kwa anthu osankhidwa mwamafuko, kugawana mphamvu kungayambitse magawano amitundu" (Aeby, 2018, p. 857).
Otsutsa anenanso kuti zimalimbitsa zidziwitso zamitundu zomwe sizili bwino ndipo zimangopereka mtendere ndi bata kwakanthawi kochepa, motero zimalephera kupangitsa mgwirizano wa demokalase. M'chigawo cha South Sudan, kugawana mphamvu kwachiyanjano kwadziwika kuti ndi njira yothanirana ndi mikangano, koma njira yoyambira pansi iyi yogawana mphamvu sikunapereke mtendere wokhazikika. Kupatula apo, momwe mapangano ogawana maulamuliro angalimbikitsire mtendere ndi bata zimadalira, mwa zina, mbali ya mbali zomwe zili mkangano, kuphatikizapo udindo womwe ungakhalepo wa 'owononga'. Monga momwe Stedman (1997) adanenera, chiopsezo chachikulu chokhazikitsa mtendere pakagwa mikangano chimachokera kwa "owononga": atsogoleri awo ndi maphwando omwe ali ndi mphamvu komanso akufuna kuchita zachiwawa kuti asokoneze njira zamtendere pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwamagulu ambiri akugawikana ku South Sudan, magulu ankhondo omwe sanachite nawo mgwirizano wamtendere wa Ogasiti 2015 adathandizira kusokoneza dongosolo logawana mphamvu.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti kuti ntchito zogawana mphamvu ziyende bwino, ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kwa mamembala amagulu ena kupatula omwe adasaina. Ku South Sudan, chidwi chapakati pa mpikisano wa Purezidenti Kiir ndi Machar chidaphimba madandaulo a nzika wamba, zomwe zidalimbikitsa kumenyana pakati pa magulu ankhondo. Kwenikweni, phunziro kuchokera ku zochitika zotere ndiloti makonzedwe ogawana mphamvu ayenera kutsatiridwa ndi zenizeni, koma njira zosavomerezeka zotsimikizira kufanana kwa ndale pakati pa magulu ngati akufuna kukhala ndi mwayi wotukuka. Ku South Sudan, kugawikana kwa mafuko kuli pachimake pa mkangano ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa ziwawa, ndipo zikupitirizabe kukhala zandale mu ndale za South Sudan. Ndale za mafuko ozikidwa pa mpikisano wa mbiri yakale komanso kulumikizana kwa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana zakhazikitsa magulu omenyana ku South Sudan.
Roeder and Rothchild (2005) adanena kuti makonzedwe ogawana mphamvu akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zopindulitsa pa nthawi yoyamba ya kusintha kuchokera ku nkhondo kupita ku mtendere, koma zotsatira zovuta kwambiri panthawi yogwirizanitsa. Makonzedwe am'mbuyomu ogawana mphamvu ku South Sudan, mwachitsanzo, adayang'ana kwambiri njira yophatikizira mphamvu zogawana, koma adapereka chidwi pang'ono kwa osewera omwe ali mgulu la South Sudan. Pamlingo wamalingaliro, akatswiri ndi opanga mfundo adatsutsa kuti kusowa kwa zokambirana pakati pa kafukufuku ndi ndondomeko zowunikira zakhala zikuyambitsa zolakwika m'mabuku, zomwe zakhala zikunyalanyaza ochita masewera omwe angakhale ndi mphamvu komanso mphamvu.
Ngakhale kuti mabuku okhudza kugawana mphamvu atulutsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana pakuchita kwake, nkhani yokhudza lingaliroli idawunikidwa kokha kudzera m'magalasi a intra-elite, ndipo pali mipata yambiri pakati pa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe. M'mayiko omwe tawatchulawa kumene maboma ogawana mphamvu adakhazikitsidwa, kugogomezera mobwerezabwereza kwakhazikika pa nthawi yochepa osati kukhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali. Mosakayikira, ku South Sudan, makonzedwe am'mbuyomu ogawana mphamvu adalephera chifukwa adangopereka yankho pamlingo wapamwamba, osaganiziranso kuyanjanitsa kwakukulu. Chenjezo limodzi lofunikira ndilakuti ngakhale makonzedwe ogawana mphamvu akukhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere, kuthetsa mikangano ndi kupewa kubukanso kwa nkhondo, kumanyalanyaza lingaliro la kumanga boma.
Zinthu Zomwe Zidzatsogolera Kupambana kwa Boma la Umodzi
Kugawana mphamvu kulikonse, makamaka, kumafuna kubweretsa pamodzi magulu onse akuluakulu a anthu ndi kuwapatsa gawo la mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, kuti dongosolo lililonse logawana mphamvu ligwire ntchito ku South Sudan, liyenera kulimbitsanso chidaliro pakati pa onse omwe akuchita nawo mkanganowo, kuyambira pakuchotsa zida, kuthamangitsidwa, ndikuphatikizanso (DDR) magulu osiyanasiyana mpaka magulu achitetezo omwe akupikisana, ndikukhazikitsa chilungamo ndi kuyankha mlandu. , kutsitsimutsa magulu a anthu, ndi kugawa mofanana zinthu zachilengedwe pakati pa magulu onse. Kukhulupirirana n’kofunika kwambiri pa ntchito iliyonse yolimbikitsa mtendere. Popanda ubale wolimba wakukhulupirirana pakati pa Kiir ndi Machar makamaka, komanso, pakati pa magulu ogawikana, dongosolo logawana mphamvu lidzalephera ndipo lingathe kufalitsa kusatetezeka kowonjezereka, monga momwe zidachitikira pa mgwirizano wa August 2015 wogawana mphamvu. Mgwirizanowu udasokonekera chifukwa wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Machar adachotsedwa pomwe Purezidenti Kiir adalengeza kuti Machar adafuna kulanda boma. Izi zidasokoneza fuko la Dinka lomwe likugwirizana ndi Kiir ndi iwo ochokera ku fuko la Nuer omwe adathandizira Machar kutsutsana wina ndi mnzake (Roach, 2016; Sperber, 2016). Chinanso chomwe chingapangitse kuti makonzedwe ogawana mphamvu ayende bwino ndikulimbikitsa chikhulupiriro pakati pa nduna zatsopano. Kuti magawano ogawana mphamvu agwire bwino ntchito, Purezidenti Kiir ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Machar akuyenera kukhazikitsira mtendere kumbali zonse ziwiri panthawi yakusintha. Mtendere wa nthawi yayitali umadalira zolinga ndi zochita za onse omwe ali nawo pa mgwirizano wogawana mphamvu, ndipo vuto lalikulu lidzakhala kuchoka ku mawu omwe ali ndi zolinga zabwino kupita ku zochita zogwira mtima.
Komanso, mtendere ndi chitetezo zimadalira kuchotsera zida zigawenga zosiyanasiyana za m’dzikoli. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa gawo la chitetezo kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa ngati chida chokhazikitsa mtendere kuti chithandizire kuphatikiza magulu osiyanasiyana ankhondo. Kusintha kwa gawo lachitetezo kuyenera kugogomezera kukonzanso omwe adamenya nawo kale kukhala gulu lankhondo ladziko, apolisi, ndi magulu ena achitetezo. Njira zenizeni zoyankhira zigawenga ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kuyambitsa mikangano yatsopano ndizofunikira kuti omwe kale anali ankhondo, ophatikizidwa kumene, asasokonezenso mtendere ndi bata la dziko. Ngati zitachitidwa moyenera, kuchotsera zida, kuthamangitsidwa, ndi kubwezeretsedwanso (DDR) kungalimbikitse mtendere polimbikitsa kukhulupirirana pakati pa adani akale ndikulimbikitsanso kutsitsa zida pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa msilikali ku moyo wamba. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa gawo lachitetezo kuyenera kuphatikizirapo kuchotsa politic magulu achitetezo aku South Sudan. Dongosolo lopambana la kuponyera zida, kutsitsa anthu, ndi kubwezeretsanso (DDR) lingapangitsenso njira yokhazikika ndi chitukuko chamtsogolo. Nzeru zodziwika bwino zimanena kuti kuphatikiza zigawenga zakale kapena omenyera nkhondo ku gulu latsopano zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mtundu umodzi (Mwanawankhosa & Stainer, 2018). Boma la mgwirizano, mogwirizana ndi United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), ndi mabungwe ena, agwire ntchito yochotsa zida ndi kubwezeretsanso anthu omwe anali kumenya nkhondo ku moyo wamba cholinga cha chitetezo cha anthu ammudzi ndi njira yopita pamwamba.
Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti njira zoweruzira milandu ziyenera kusinthidwanso kuti zitsimikizire kuti malamulo amatsatira malamulo, kukhazikitsanso chikhulupiriro m'mabungwe a boma, ndi kulimbikitsa demokalase. Akuti kugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa chilungamo kwanthawi yayitali m'mabungwe omwe achitika pambuyo pa mikangano, makamaka ma Commission a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), atha kusokoneza mapangano omwe akudikirira mtendere. Ngakhale izi zitha kukhala choncho, kwa ozunzidwa, madongosolo achilungamo pambuyo pa kusamvana amatha kuwulula zowona za zinthu zopanda chilungamo zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu, kuwunika zomwe zidayambitsa, kutsutsa olakwa, kukonzanso mabungwe, ndikuthandizira kuyanjananso (Van Zyl, 2005). M'malo mwake, chowonadi ndi kuyanjanitsa zingathandize kulimbitsanso chikhulupiriro ku South Sudan ndikupewa kubukanso kwa mkangano. Kupanga bwalo lamilandu lanthawi yamalamulo, kusintha kwamilandu, ndi chisawawa Judicial Reform Committee (JRC) kuti ipereke lipoti ndi kupereka malingaliro pa nthawi ya kusintha, monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu Mgwirizano Wotsitsimula pa Kuthetsa Mikangano ku South Sudan (R-ARCSS) mgwirizano, ungapereke malo ochiritsira magawano ozama kwambiri pakati pa anthu ndi zowawa. . Poganizira udindo wa ena mwa magulu omwe akulimbana nawo, komabe, kukwaniritsa izi kudzakhala kovuta. Bungwe lolimba la Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) litha kuthandizira kwambiri pa chiyanjanitso ndi bata, koma liyenera kuona kuti kukhazikitsa chilungamo ndi njira yomwe ingatenge zaka zambiri kapena mibadwo. Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa ndi kusunga ulamuliro wa malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimapondereza mphamvu za magulu onse ndikuwaimba mlandu pazochita zawo. Izi zingathandize kuchepetsa mikangano, kukhazikitsa bata, ndi kuchepetsa mkangano winanso. Komabe, ngati ntchito yotereyi yapangidwa, iyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kuti ipewe kubwezera.
Popeza kuti zolimbikitsa mtendere zimaphatikizapo magulu angapo a anthu ochita zisudzo ndipo zimayang'ana mbali zonse za boma, zimafunikira kuyesetsa konsekonse kuti zitheke bwino. Boma losintha liyenera kuphatikizira magulu angapo ochokera m'magawo ang'onoang'ono komanso osankhika kuti akhazikitsenso ntchito zolimbikitsa mtendere ku South Sudan pambuyo pa kusamvana. Kuphatikizika, makamaka kwa magulu a anthu, ndikofunikira kulimbikitsa njira zamtendere za dziko. Mabungwe a anthu okangalika komanso achangu — kuphatikiza atsogoleri achipembedzo, atsogoleri achikazi, atsogoleri achinyamata, atsogoleri abizinesi, ophunzira, ndi mabungwe azamalamulo, atha kutengapo gawo lofunikira pakukhazikitsa mtendere pomwe akulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndale zandale komanso za demokalase (Quinn, 2009). Kuti athetse kuwonjezereka kwa mikangano, zoyesayesa za anthu osiyanasiyanawa zikuyenera kuthana ndi momwe mikangano ikuyendera, ndipo mbali zonse ziwiri ziyenera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yomwe imayankha mafunso okhudzana ndi kuphatikizika panthawi yamtendere poonetsetsa kuti chisankho cha oimira chikuchitika. zowonekera.
Pomaliza, m'modzi mwa omwe akuyambitsa mikangano yosatha ku South Sudan ndi mpikisano womwe wakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali pakati pa anthu osankhika a Dinka ndi Nuer pofuna kuwongolera mphamvu zandale komanso chuma chambiri m'derali. Madandaulo okhudza kusalingana, kusalana, katangale, kukondera, ndi ndale za mafuko ndi zina mwa zinthu zimene zimasonyeza mkangano wamakono. Ziphuphu ndi mpikisano wofuna mphamvu zandale ndi zofanana, ndipo maukonde a kleptocratic exploitation amathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chaboma kuti apindule. Ndalama zomwe zimachokera kukupanga mafuta ziyenera kukhala zolunjika, m'malo mwake, zitukuko zachuma, monga kuyika ndalama pazachuma, anthu, ndi mabungwe. Izi zitha kutheka pokhazikitsa njira yoyang'anira bwino yomwe imayang'anira katangale, kusonkhanitsa ndalama, kukonza bajeti, kugawa ndalama, ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuonjezera apo, opereka ndalama sayenera kungothandiza boma la mgwirizano kuti likonzenso chuma cha dziko lino komanso zomangamanga, komanso akhazikitse ndondomeko yopewera katangale. Chifukwa chake, kugawa chuma mwachindunji, monga momwe magulu ena opanduka amafunira, sikungathandize dziko la South Sudan kuthana ndi umphawi wake. Kumangidwa kwa mtendere wanthawi yayitali ku South Sudan kuyenera, m'malo mwake, kuthana ndi madandaulo enieni, monga kuyimilira kofanana muzandale, zachikhalidwe, ndi zachuma. Ngakhale oyimira akunja ndi opereka ndalama amatha kuthandizira ndikuthandizira kukhazikitsa mtendere, kusintha kwa demokalase kuyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu zamkati.
Mayankho a mafunso ofufuza agona m'mene boma logawana mphamvu limachitira ndi madandaulo a m'deralo, kumanganso chikhulupiriro pakati pa omwe ali pa mkangano, kupanga zida zogwirira ntchito, kuchotsa anthu, ndi kubwezeretsanso (DDR), kupereka chilungamo, kuchititsa olakwa kukhala olakwa, kulimbikitsa mabungwe amphamvu omwe amapangitsa kuti boma logawana mphamvu liziyankha, ndikuwonetsetsa kugawidwa kofanana kwa zachilengedwe pakati pa magulu onse. Pofuna kupewa kubwereza, boma latsopano la mgwirizano liyenera kuchotsedwa, kusintha magawo achitetezo ndikuthana ndi magawano amitundu pakati pa Kiir ndi Machar. Zonsezi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugawana mphamvu komanso kukhazikitsa mtendere ku South Sudan. Komabe, kupambana kwa boma latsopano la mgwirizano kumadalira kufunitsitsa kwa ndale, kudzipereka kwa ndale, ndi kugwirizana kwa mbali zonse zoloŵetsedwamo.
Kutsiliza
Pakadali pano, kafukufukuyu wawonetsa kuti oyendetsa mikangano ku South Sudan ndi ovuta komanso osiyanasiyana. Zomwe zidayambitsa mkangano wapakati pa Kiir ndi Machar ndi nkhani zozama kwambiri, monga utsogoleri wabwino, mikangano yaulamuliro, katangale, kukondera, komanso magawano amitundu. Boma latsopano la mgwirizano liyenera kuthana mokwanira ndi kusiyana kwamitundu pakati pa Kiir ndi Machar. Pokulitsa magawano amitundu omwe alipo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mantha, mbali zonse ziwiri zasonkhanitsa anthu othandiza ku South Sudan. Ntchito yomwe ili patsogolo ndi yakuti boma lanthawi ya mgwirizano likhazikitse ndondomeko yosintha zida ndi ndondomeko za zokambirana za dziko lonse, kuthetsa kusiyana kwa mitundu, kukhudza kusintha kwa chitetezo, kulimbana ndi katangale, kupereka chilungamo kwa nthawi yochepa, ndi kuthandizira pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayiko akunja. anthu osamutsidwa. Boma la mgwirizano liyenera kukwaniritsa zolinga za nthawi yayitali komanso zazifupi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zinthu zosokoneza izi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupita patsogolo ndale ndi kupatsa mphamvu mbali zonse ziwiri.
Boma la South Sudan ndi mabungwe ake achitukuko atsindika kwambiri pa ntchito yomanga boma komanso osayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga mtendere. Kugawana mphamvu kokha sikungabweretse mtendere ndi chitetezo chokhazikika. Mtendere ndi bata zingafunike sitepe yowonjezera yochotsa ndale ku fuko. Zomwe zingathandize kuti dziko la South Sudan likhale lamtendere ndikulimbana ndi mikangano ya m'deralo ndikulola kufotokoza madandaulo amitundu yambiri omwe amachitidwa ndi magulu ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. M'mbiri yakale, osankhika atsimikizira kuti mtendere sizomwe amayesetsa, choncho chidwi chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu omwe akufuna mtendere ndi South Sudan wolungama. Njira yamtendere yokha yomwe imaganizira magulu osiyanasiyana, zomwe adakumana nazo pamoyo wawo, komanso madandaulo omwe amagawana nawo zitha kubweretsa mtendere womwe South Sudan ikufuna. Pomaliza, kuti dongosolo logawana mphamvu liziyenda bwino ku South Sudan, ankhoswe akuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri zomwe zidayambitsa komanso madandaulo ankhondo yapachiweniweni. Ngati nkhanizi siziyankhidwa bwino, boma latsopano la mgwirizano likhoza kulephera, ndipo South Sudan idzakhalabe dziko lolimbana nalo lokha.
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