Mkangano wa Biafra
Zolinga Zophunzira
- Chani: Dziwani Zamkangano wa Biafra.
- Ndani: Dziwani mbali zazikulu za mkanganowu.
- Kumene: Kumvetsetsa madera omwe akukhudzidwa.
- Chifukwa chiyani: Fotokozani nkhani za mkanganowu.
- Liti: Mvetsetsani mbiri yakale ya kusamvana kumeneku.
- Bwanji: Kumvetsetsa momwe mikangano ikuyendera, mphamvu, ndi madalaivala.
- Zomwe: Dziwani kuti ndi malingaliro ati omwe ali oyenera kuthetsa mkangano wa Biafra.
Dziwani Zamkangano wa Biafra
Zithunzi zomwe zili m'munsizi zikuwonetsa nkhani ya mkangano wa Biafra ndi chipwirikiti chosalekeza cha ufulu wa Biafra.
Dziwani Magulu Akuluakulu Pamkangano
- Boma la Britain
- Federal Republic of Nigeria
- Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) ndi mbadwa zawo omwe sanawonongedwe pankhondo yapakati pa Nigeria ndi Biafra kuyambira (1967-1970)
Anthu a ku Biafra (IPOB)
Otsalira a anthu amtundu wa Biafra (IPOB) ndi mbadwa zawo omwe sanawonongedwe pankhondo yapakati pa Nigeria ndi Biafra kuyambira (1967-1970) ali ndi magulu ambiri:
- The Ohaneze Ndi Igbo
- Atsogoleri a Maganizo a Igbo
- Biafra Zionist Federation (BZF)
- Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)
- Radio Biafra
- Bungwe Lalikulu la Akuluakulu a Anthu Omwe Akuchokera ku Biafra (SCE)
Fotokozani Zomwe Zili mu Mkanganowu
Zotsutsana za a Biafrans
- Biafra linali dziko lodzilamulira lomwe linalipo kale a British asanafike ku Africa
- Kugwirizana kwa 1914 komwe kunagwirizanitsa Kumpoto ndi Kumwera ndikupanga dziko latsopano lotchedwa Nigeria ndiloletsedwa chifukwa linasankhidwa popanda chilolezo chawo (kunali kugwirizanitsa mokakamizidwa)
- Ndipo zaka 100 zakuyesa kwa kuphatikiza zidatha mu 2014 zomwe zidathetsa Union.
- Kuchepetsa kwachuma ndi ndale ku Nigeria
- Kusowa kwa ntchito zachitukuko ku Biafraland
- Mavuto achitetezo: kuphedwa kwa a Biafran kumpoto kwa Nigeria
- Kuopa kutha kwathunthu
Zotsutsana za Boma la Nigeria
- Madera ena onse omwe amapanga gawo la Nigeria analiponso ngati mayiko odzilamulira asanafike a Briteni
- Madera ena adakakamizikanso kulowa mumgwirizanowu, komabe, abambo omwe adayambitsa dziko la Nigeria adagwirizana kuti apitilize mgwirizanowu pambuyo pa ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1960.
- Kumapeto kwa zaka 100 za mgwirizanowu, akuluakulu a boma adasonkhanitsa National Dialogue ndipo mafuko onse a ku Nigeria adakambirana za mgwirizanowu, kuphatikizapo kusunga mgwirizano.
- Cholinga chilichonse kapena kuyesa kugwetsa maboma kapena maboma amatengedwa ngati chiwembu kapena kuphwanya malamulo.
Zofuna za Biafrans
- Ambiri a Biafra kuphatikizapo otsalira awo omwe sanawonongedwe pankhondo ya 1967-1970 amavomereza kuti Biafra iyenera kukhala yaufulu. "Koma ngakhale a Biafra ena amafuna ufulu mkati mwa Nigeria monga chitaganya monga momwe amachitira ku UK komwe maiko anayi a England, Scotland, Ireland, ndi Wales ndi mayiko odzilamulira okha mkati mwa United Kingdom, kapena ku Canada komwe chigawo cha Quebec chilinso. kudzilamulira, ena akufuna ufulu weniweni kuchokera ku Nigeria” (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 17).
M'munsimu muli chidule cha zofuna zawo:
- Kulengeza za ufulu wawo wodziyimira pawokha: Kudziyimira pawokha kochokera ku Nigeria; kapena
- Kudziyimira pawokha mkati mwa Nigeria monga mu chitaganya monga anagwirizana pa msonkhano wa Aburi mu 1967; kapena
- Kutha kwa Nigeria motsatira mafuko m'malo molola dzikolo kusweka pakukhetsa magazi. Izi zidzathetsa mgwirizano wa 1914 kuti aliyense abwerere kudziko la makolo awo monga momwe analili a British asanafike.
Phunzirani za Mbiri Yakale ya Mkanganowu
- Mapu Akale a ku Africa, makamaka mapu a 1662, akuwonetsa maufumu atatu ku West Africa komwe dziko latsopano lotchedwa Nigeria lidapangidwa ndi ambuye achitsamunda. Maufumu atatuwo anali motere:
- Ufumu wa Zamfara Kumpoto;
- Ufumu wa Biafra Kummawa; ndi
- Ufumu wa Benin Kumadzulo.
- Maufumu atatuwa analipo pa Mapu a Africa kwa zaka zoposa 400 Nigeria isanakhazikitsidwe mu 1914.
- Ufumu wachinayi wotchedwa Oyo Empire sunali mu Mapu akale a Africa mu 1662 komanso unali ufumu waukulu ku West Africa (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 2).
- Mapu a Africa opangidwa ndi Apwitikizi kuyambira 1492 - 1729 akuwonetsa Biafra ngati gawo lalikulu lolembedwa kuti "Biafara", "Biafar" ndi "Biafares" okhala ndi malire ndi maufumu monga Ethiopia, Sudan, Bini, Kamerun, Congo, Gabon, ndi ena.
- Munali mu 1843 pomwe Mapu aku Africa adawonetsa dzikolo kuti "Biafra" lomwe lili ndi madera ena amasiku ano a Cameroon mkati mwa malire ake kuphatikiza Bakassi Peninsula.
- Dera loyambilira la Biafra silinangokhala Kum'maŵa kwa Nigeria kokha.
- Malinga ndi mapu, apaulendo achipwitikizi adagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Biafara" pofotokoza chigawo chonse cha Mtsinje wa Niger ndi kum'mawa mpaka ku Phiri la Cameroon mpaka kumadera akum'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuphatikiza mbali zina za Cameroon ndi Gabon (Boma la IPOB). , 2014, p. 2).
Biafra - British Relations
- Anthu a ku Britain anali ndi mgwirizano waukazembe ndi a Biafran Nigeria isanakhazikitsidwe. John Beecroft anali Kazembe waku Britain wa Bight of Biafra kuyambira Juni 30, 1849 mpaka Juni 10, 1854 ndi likulu lake ku Fernando Po ku Bight of Biafra.
- Mzinda wa Fernando Po tsopano umatchedwa Bioko ku Equatorial Guinea.
- Zinali kuchokera ku Bight of Biafra kuti John Beecroft, wofunitsitsa kuwongolera malonda kuchigawo chakumadzulo komanso mothandizidwa ndi amishonale achikhristu ku Badagry, adaphulitsa Lagos yomwe idakhala koloni ya Britain mu 1851 ndipo idaperekedwa kwa Mfumukazi Victoria, Mfumukazi ya ku England. 1861, yemwe ulemu wake Victoria Island Lagos adatchedwa.
- Choncho, a British adakhazikitsa kupezeka kwawo ku Biafraland asanalowe Lagos ku 1861 (Government of IPOB, 2014).
Biafra linali Fuko Lolamulira
- Biafra linali bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lomwe lili ndi gawo lake lomwe likuwonetsedwa bwino pa Mapu a Africa Azungu asanabwere anthu a ku Ulaya monganso mayiko akale a Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan, ndi zina zotero.
- Mtundu wa Biafra udachita ziwonetsero zodziyimira pawokha pakati pa mafuko ake monga momwe amachitira pakati pa Igbo lero.
- Kwenikweni, Republic of Biafra yomwe inalengezedwa mu 1967 ndi General Odumegwu Ojukwu sichinali dziko latsopano koma kuyesa kubwezeretsa mtundu wakale wa Biafra umene unalipo Nigeria isanapangidwe ndi British "(Emekeri, 2012, p. 18-19). .
Mvetsetsani Mchitidwe wa Mikangano, Mphamvu, ndi Madalaivala
- Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa mkangano umenewu ndi lamulo. Kodi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha ndi wovomerezeka kapena wosaloledwa malinga ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko?
- Lamulo limalola kuti anthu amtundu wamtunduwu asunge zidziwitso zawo ngakhale adapatsidwa mwayi wokhala nzika ya dziko lawo latsopano kudzera mu mgwirizano wa 1914.
- Koma kodi lamulolo limapereka ufulu kwa anthu a m’dzikolo kuti azidzilamulira okha?
- Mwachitsanzo, anthu a ku Scotland akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wodzilamulira ndikukhazikitsa dziko la Scotland ngati dziko lodziimira palokha lodziimira palokha kuchokera ku Great Britain; ndipo a Catalans akukakamira kuti adzipatule ku Spain kuti akhazikitse Catalonia yodziyimira payokha ngati dziko lodzilamulira. Momwemonso, Anthu amtundu wa Biafra akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wodzilamulira okha ndikukhazikitsanso, kubwezeretsa dziko lawo lakale, la makolo a Biafra monga dziko lodziimira lodziimira palokha ku Nigeria (Government of IPOB, 2014).
Kodi chipwirikiti chofuna kudziyimira pawokha ndi chololedwa kapena ndi cholakwika?
- Koma funso lofunika lomwe liyenera kuyankhidwa ndilakuti: Kodi chipwirikiti chodziyimira pawokha ndi ufulu wodzilamulira ndi chovomerezeka kapena chosaloledwa ndi malamulo apano a Federal Republic of Nigeria?
- Kodi zochita za gulu la pro-Biafra zingatengedwe ngati Treason kapena Treasonable Felonies?
Chiwembu ndi Zigawenga Zachinyengo
- Ndime 37, 38 ndi 41 ya Criminal Code, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, ikufotokoza za Treason and Treasonable Felonies.
- Chiwembu: Munthu aliyense amene amamenya nkhondo ndi Boma la Nigeria kapena Boma la Chigawo (kapena boma) ndi cholinga choopseza, kugonjetsa kapena kugonjetsa Purezidenti kapena Bwanamkubwa, kapena kupanga chiwembu ndi munthu aliyense mkati kapena kunja kwa Nigeria kuti awononge dziko la Nigeria kapena motsutsa. Dera, kapena kulimbikitsa mlendo kuti aukire Nigeria kapena Dera lomwe lili ndi gulu lankhondo ali ndi mlandu woukira boma ndipo akuyenera kulandira chilango cha imfa akaweruzidwa.
- Zolakwa Zachinyengo: Kumbali inayi, munthu aliyense amene akufuna kulanda Purezidenti kapena Bwanamkubwa, kapena kuti awononge dziko la Nigeria kapena boma, kapena kulimbikitsa mlendo kuti aukire dziko la Nigeria kapena mayiko, ndikuwonetsa cholinga chimenecho. pochita moonekeratu ali wolakwa ndipo akuyenera kukhala m'ndende moyo wake wonse akapezeka kuti ndi wolakwa.
Mtendere Woipa ndi Mtendere Wabwino
Mtendere Woipa - Akulu mu Biafraland:
- Kuti atsogolere ndikuthandizira njira yopezera ufulu kudzera mwa njira zopanda chiwawa, zamalamulo, Akuluakulu a Biafraland omwe adawona nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya 1967-1970 adapanga Customary Law Government of Indigenous People of Biafra motsogozedwa ndi Supreme Council of Elders (SCE).
- Pofuna kusonyeza kusagwirizana kwawo ndi chiwawa ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi Boma la Nigeria, ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwawo ndi cholinga chogwira ntchito motsatira malamulo a ku Nigeria, Bungwe Lalikulu la Akuluakulu linatsutsa Bambo kanu ndi otsatira ake ndi Chotsutsa cha 12th May 2014 pansi pa Customary Law.
- Malinga ndi lamulo la Customary Law, munthu akasalidwa ndi akulu, sangalandiridwenso m’deralo pokhapokha ngati walapa ndi kuchita miyambo ina pofuna kusangalatsa akulu ndi dzikolo.
- Ngati alephera kulapa ndi kusangalatsa akulu a dzikolo ndi kufa, kusalidwa kumapitirirabe kwa mbadwa zake (Boma la IPOB, 2014, p. 5).
Mtendere Wabwino - Biafra Achinyamata
- M'malo mwake, achinyamata ena a Biafra motsogozedwa ndi Mtsogoleri wa Radio Biafra, Nnamdi Kanu, akunena kuti akumenyera chilungamo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ndipo sangadandaule ngati zingayambitse chiwawa ndi nkhondo. Kwa iwo, mtendere ndi chilungamo siziri chabe kusakhalapo kwa chiwawa kapena nkhondo. Nthawi zambiri ndizochitika zosintha momwe zinthu zilili mpaka dongosolo ndi ndondomeko zopondereza zithetsedwa, ndipo ufulu udzabwezeretsedwa kwa oponderezedwa. Izi atsimikiza mtima kukwaniritsa mwa njira zonse ngakhale zitatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, chiwawa ndi nkhondo.
- Kuti alimbikitse khama lawo, gululi ladzisonkhanitsa mamiliyoni, kunyumba ndi kunja pogwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti;
- khazikitsani mawayilesi ndi makanema apa intaneti; anakhazikitsa Nyumba za Biafra, Akazembe a Biafra kunja, boma la Biafra onse mkati mwa Nigeria ndi ku ukapolo, linapanga mapasipoti a Biafra, mbendera, zizindikiro, ndi zolemba zambiri; anawopseza kuti apereka mafuta ku Biafraland ku kampani yakunja; khazikitsani timu ya mpira ya dziko la Biafra, ndi matimu ena amasewera kuphatikiza mpikisano wa Biafra Pageants; anapanga ndi kupanga Biafra nyimbo ya fuko, nyimbo, ndi zina zotero;
- amagwiritsa ntchito mabodza ndi mawu achidani; adakonza zionetsero zomwe nthawi zina zakhala zachiwawa - makamaka ziwonetsero zomwe zikuchitika zomwe zidayamba mu Okutobala 2015 atangomangidwa kwa Mtsogoleri wa Radio Biafra ndi wodzitcha Mtsogoleri ndi Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Anthu Omwe aku Biafra (IPOB) mamiliyoni a anthu a ku Biafra amapereka kukhulupirika kotheratu.
Dziwani Ndi Malingaliro Ati Oyenera Kuthetsa Mkangano wa Biafra
- Irredentism
- Kusunga mtendere
- Kukhazikitsa mtendere
- Kukhazikitsa mtendere
Irredentism
- Kodi irredentism ndi chiyani?
Kubwezeretsa, kubweza, kapenanso kukhalanso m'dziko, gawo kapena dziko lomwe linali la anthu. Nthawi zambiri anthu amwazikana m'maiko ena ambiri chifukwa cha utsamunda, kusamuka mokakamizidwa kapena mokakamizidwa, komanso nkhondo. Irredentism ikufuna kubweretsa ena mwa iwo kudziko la makolo awo (onani Horowitz, 2000, p. 229, 281, 595).
- Irredentism imatha kuchitika m'njira ziwiri:
- Mwa chiwawa kapena nkhondo.
- Mwa njira yoyenera yalamulo kapena kudzera mwalamulo.
Irredentism kudzera mwachiwawa kapena nkhondo
Bungwe la Supreme Council of Akulu
- Nkhondo ya ku Nigeria ndi Biafra ya 1967-1970 ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha nkhondo yomwe inamenyedwa pofuna kumasula dziko la anthu ngakhale kuti a Biafra anakakamizika kumenya nkhondo podziteteza. Zikuwonekeratu kuchokera ku Nigerian-Biafra zomwe zinachitikira kuti nkhondo ndi mphepo yamkuntho yomwe ilibe ubwino kwa aliyense.
- Akuti anthu opitilira 3 miliyoni adataya miyoyo yawo pankhondoyi kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa ana ndi amayi chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo: kupha mwachindunji, kutsekeredwa kwachiwembu komwe kudadzetsa matenda oopsa otchedwa kwashiorkor. “Nigeria yense ndi otsalira a Biafra amene sanawonongedwe m’nkhondo imeneyi akuvutikabe ndi zotulukapo za nkhondoyo.
- Pokhala ndi chidziwitso, ndikumenyana panthawi ya nkhondo, Bungwe Lalikulu la Akuluakulu a Anthu Omwe Amachokera ku Biafra silivomereza malingaliro ndi njira zankhondo ndi chiwawa mu Biafra kulimbana ndi ufulu wodzilamulira (Boma la IPOB, 2014, p. 15).
Radio Biafra
- Gulu la pro-Biafra lotsogozedwa ndi Radio Biafra London ndi Mtsogoleri wake, Nnamdi Kanu, akuyenera kuchita zachiwawa ndi nkhondo chifukwa izi zakhala mbali ya malingaliro awo ndi malingaliro awo.
- Kupyolera mu kuulutsa kwawo pa intaneti, gululi lasonkhanitsa mamiliyoni a anthu a ku Biafra ndi omvera awo achifundo ku Nigeria ndi kunja, ndipo akuti “apempha anthu a ku Biafra padziko lonse lapansi kuti apereke mamiliyoni a madola ndi mapaundi kwa iwo kuti agule zida ndi zida. kuti achite nkhondo ndi Nigeria, makamaka Asilamu akumpoto.
- Malingana ndi momwe amaonera nkhondoyi, amakhulupirira kuti n'zosatheka kupeza ufulu popanda chiwawa kapena nkhondo.
- Ndipo nthawi ino, akuganiza kuti apambana ku Nigeria pankhondo ngati pamapeto pake adzayenera kupita kunkhondo kuti apeze ufulu wawo ndikumasuka.
- Awa ndi achinyamata ambiri omwe sanachitire umboni kapena kukumana ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya 1967-1970.
Irredentism kudzera mu Njira Yalamulo
Supreme Council of Elders
- Atataya nkhondo ya 1967-1970, Supreme Council of Elders of Indigenous People of Biafra amakhulupirira kuti njira yalamulo ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe Biafra ingapeze ufulu wake wodzilamulira.
- Pa September 13, 2012, Supreme Council of Elders (SCE) ya Indigenous People of Biafra inasaina Chikalata Chothandizira Malamulo ndi kukapereka ku Khoti Lalikulu la Federal Owerri motsutsana ndi boma la Nigeria.
- Mlandu ukadali kukhoti. Maziko a mkangano wawo ndi gawo la malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi mayiko omwe amatsimikizira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kwa anthu amtundu wawo "malinga ndi United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007 ndi Article 19-22 Cap 10 Laws of the Federation. ya ku Nigeria, 1990, imene Article 20(1)(2) imati:
- “Anthu onse adzakhala ndi ufulu wokhalapo. Adzakhala ndi ufulu wosakayikitsa ndi wosasinthika wodzilamulira. Adzasankha mwaufulu udindo wawo pa ndale ndipo adzatsata chitukuko chawo cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu malinga ndi ndondomeko yomwe asankha mwaufulu "
- “Anthu olamulidwa ndi atsamunda kapena oponderezedwa adzakhala ndi ufulu wodzimasula okha ku ukapolo woponderezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse yomwe mayiko a mayiko akudziwa.”
Radio Biafra
- Kumbali ina, Nnamdi Kanu ndi gulu lake la Radio Biafra akunena kuti "kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamalamulo kuti tipeze ufulu wodzilamulira sikunayambe" ndipo sikudzapambana.
- Amanena kuti "n'zosatheka kupeza ufulu wodzilamulira popanda nkhondo ndi chiwawa" (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 15).
Kusunga mtendere
- Malinga ndi Ramsbotham, Woodhouse & Miall (2011), “kusunga mtendere n’koyenera pa mfundo zitatu pamlingo wokulirapo: kukhala ndi ziwawa ndi kuziletsa kuti zisapitirire kunkhondo; kuchepetsa mphamvu, kufalikira kwa malo ndi nthawi ya nkhondo ikayamba; ndi kulimbikitsa kuthetsa nkhondo ndi kukhazikitsa malo omanganso nkhondo ikatha” (p. 147).
- Kuti tipeze danga la njira zina zothanirana ndi mikangano - kuyimira pakati ndi kukambirana mwachitsanzo-, pakufunika kukhala, kuchepetsa kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ziwawa zomwe zimachitika pansi poteteza mtendere ndi ntchito zothandiza anthu.
- Mwa izi, zikuyembekezeredwa kuti oteteza mtendere ayenera kuphunzitsidwa bwino ndi kutsogozedwa ndi zikhalidwe zamakhalidwe abwino kuti asawononge anthu omwe akuyembekezeka kuwateteza kapena kukhala gawo lavuto lomwe atumidwa kuti athane nalo.
Kupanga Mtendere & Kumanga Mtendere
- Pambuyo pa kutumizidwa kwa oteteza mtendere, kuyesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zokhazikitsira mtendere - kukambirana, kuyanjanitsa, kukhazikitsana, ndi njira za zokambirana (Cheldelin et al., 2008, p. 43; Ramsbotham et al., 2011, p. 171; Pruitt & Kim, 2004, p. 178, Diamond & McDonald, 2013) kuti athetse mkangano wa Biafra.
- Miyezo itatu yokhazikitsa mtendere ikuperekedwa apa:
- Intragroup Dialogue mkati mwa Biafra separatist movement pogwiritsa ntchito track 2 diplomacy.
- Kuthetsa kusamvana pakati pa boma la Nigeria ndi gulu la pro-Biafra pogwiritsa ntchito njira 1 ndikutsata zokambirana ziwiri.
- Multi-Track diplomacy (kuchokera pa track 3 mpaka 9) yokonzedwa makamaka kwa nzika zochokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ku Nigeria, makamaka pakati pa a Christian Igbos (ochokera Kumwera chakum'mawa) ndi Asilamu a Hausa-Fulanis (ochokera Kumpoto)
Kutsiliza
- Ndikukhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo ndi maweruzo okha kuti athetse mikangano ndi zigawo zamitundu ndi zipembedzo, makamaka ku Nigeria, m'malo mwake zipangitsa kuti mkanganowo upitirire.
- Chifukwa chake ndi chifukwa kulowererapo kwa asitikali ndi chilungamo chobwezera chomwe chimatsatira palibe mwa iwo okha zida zowululira zida zobisika zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano kapena luso, kudziwa komanso kuleza mtima komwe kumafunikira kuti asinthe "mikangano yozama kwambiri pothetsa ziwawa komanso zina zoyambitsa ndi mikangano yozama kwambiri” (Mitchell & Banks, 1996; Lederach, 1997, yotchulidwa mu Cheldelin et al., 2008, p. 53).
- Pachifukwa ichi, a kusintha kwa malingaliro kuchoka ku ndondomeko yobwezera kupita ku chilungamo chobwezeretsa ndi kuchokera ku mfundo zokakamiza kupita ku mkhalapakati ndi kukambirana ndilofunika (Ugorji, 2012).
- Kuti izi zitheke, chuma chochuluka chiyenera kuyikidwa pa ntchito zokhazikitsa mtendere, ndipo ziyenera kutsogozedwa ndi mabungwe amtundu wa anthu pamlingo wa udzu.
Zothandizira
- Cheldelin, S., Druckman, D., ndi Fast, L. eds. (2008). Kusamvana, 2 ndi. London: Continuum Press.
- Constitution ya Federal Republic of Nigeria. (1990). Kuchotsedwa ku http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm.
- Diamond, L. & McDonald, J. (2013). Multi-Track Diplomacy: Njira Yoyendetsera Mtendere. (3rd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Kumarian Press.
- Emekeri, EAC (2012). Biafra kapena Utsogoleri waku Nigeria: Zomwe Ibos Ikufuna. London: Christ The Rock Community.
- Boma la Anthu Omwe Akuchokera ku Biafra. (2014). Zolemba za Policy ndi Malamulo. (1st ed.). Owerri: Bilie Human Rights Initiative.
- Horowitz, DL (2000). Magulu Amitundu Akulimbana. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Lederach, JP (1997). Kumanga Mtendere: Chiyanjano Chokhazikika M'magulu Ogawanika. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace Press.
- Malamulo a Federation of Nigeria. Lamulo la 1990. (Revised ed.). Kutengedwera ku http://www.nigeria-law.org/LFNMainPage.htm.
- Mitchell, C R. & Banks, M. (1996). Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Njira Yothetsera Mavuto. London: Pinter.
- Pruitt, D., & Kim, SH (2004). Kusamvana kwapagulu: Kukula, Kukhazikika ndi Kuthetsa. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
- Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., and Miall, H. (2011). Kusintha Kwapakati pa Mantha. (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
- Msonkhano Wadziko Laku Nigeria. (2014). Kukonzekera komaliza kwa Lipoti la Msonkhano. Kuchotsedwa ku https://www.premiumtimesng.com/national-conference/wp-content/uploads/National-Conference-2014-Report-August-2014-Table-of-Contents-Chapters-1-7.pdf
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Wolemba, Dr. Basil Ugorji, ndi Purezidenti ndi CEO wa International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation. Iye analandira Ph.D. mu Kusanthula ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano kuchokera ku dipatimenti ya Conflict Resolution Studies, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
