Black Lives Matter: Decrypting Encrypted Racism
Kudalirika
Kusokonezeka kwa Zoipa za Amayi gulu lakhala likulamulira nkhani za onse ku United States. Polimbana ndi kuphedwa kwa anthu akuda opanda zida, gululi ndi omwe amawamvera chisoni apanga zofuna zambiri za chilungamo ndi ulemu kwa anthu akuda. Komabe, otsutsa ambiri adzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za kulondola kwa mawuwo, miyoyo yakuda ndiyofunika kuyambira miyoyo yonse mosasamala mtundu, ziyenera kukhala zofunika. Pepala ili silikufuna kutsata mkangano womwe ukupitilira pakugwiritsa ntchito semantic moyo wakuda or miyoyo yonse. M'malo mwake, pepalali likufuna kuphunzira, kudzera m'magalasi amalingaliro otsutsa aku Africa America (Tyson, 2015) ndi malingaliro ena okhudzana ndi mikangano ya anthu, kusintha komwe kumanyalanyazidwa koma kofunika komwe kwachitika paubwenzi ku America, kusintha kuchokera ku tsankho lodziwika bwino ku mawonekedwe ake obisika - encrypted tsankho. Ndi kutsutsana kwa pepalali kuti monga momwe bungwe la Civil Rights Movement linathandizira kuthetsa tsankho lodziwika bwino, tsankho lotseguka ndi tsankho, the Zoipa za Amayi kusuntha kwathandizira molimba mtima decrypting encrypted tsankho ku United States.
Mawu Oyamba: Mfundo Zoyambira
Mawu akuti "Black Lives Matter," yomwe ikubwera "Black liberation movement" ya 21st zaka zana, zakhala zikulamulira nkhani zapagulu ndi zachinsinsi ku United States. Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa mu 2012 pambuyo pa kupha mwachisawawa kwa mnyamata wazaka 17 waku America waku America, Trayvon Martin, ndi gulu la anthu aku Sanford, Florida, George Zimmerman, yemwe adamasulidwa ndi oweruza chifukwa chodzitchinjiriza pansi pa Florida " Stand Your Ground statute,” yomwe mwalamulo imadziwika kuti “Justifiable Use of Force” (Florida Legislature, 1995-2016, XLVI, Ch. 776), gulu la Black Lives Matter lasonkhanitsa mamiliyoni a anthu a ku America ndi omvera awo kuti amenyane ndi kupha anthu. Achiafirika Achimereka ndi nkhanza za apolisi; kufuna chilungamo, kufanana, chilungamo ndi chilungamo; ndi kutsimikizira zonena zawo za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ulemu.
Zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi gulu la Black Lives Matter, ngakhale zimavomerezedwa ndi omvera a gululi, adakumana ndi zodzudzula zomwe amakhulupirira kuti miyoyo yonse, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wawo, mtundu, chipembedzo, jenda kapena chikhalidwe chawo. Akutsutsidwa ndi omwe amalimbikitsa "All Lives Matter" kuti sichilungamo kungoyang'ana nkhani za African American popanda kuvomereza zopereka ndi zopereka zomwe anthu ochokera m'madera ena amapanga kuteteza nzika zonse ndi dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo nsembe zaukali. wa apolisi. Kutengera izi, mawu akuti All Lives Matter, Native Lives Matter, Latino Lives Matter, Blue Lives Matter, ndi Police Lives Matter, adayamba kuyankha mwachindunji kwa "omenyera ufulu omwe adalimbikitsa nkhanza za apolisi komanso kuwukira anthu akuda" (Towns, 2015, ndime 3).
Ngakhale kuti mikangano ya ochirikiza nkhani zonse za moyo ingawoneke ngati yachilungamo komanso yapadziko lonse lapansi, atsogoleri ambiri otchuka ku America amakhulupirira kuti mawu oti "miyoyo yakuda ndi yofunika" ndi yovomerezeka. Pofotokoza kuvomerezeka kwa "miyoyo ya anthu akuda" komanso chifukwa chake iyenera kutengedwa mozama, Purezidenti Barack Obama, monga tafotokozera ku Townes (2015), akuganiza kuti:
Ndikuganiza kuti chifukwa chomwe okonzawo adagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti 'miyoyo yakuda' sichinali chifukwa choti amangonena kuti palibe aliyense amene ali ndi vuto. Zomwe anali kunena zinali, pali vuto linalake lomwe likuchitika mdera la Africa-America lomwe silikuchitika m'madera ena. Ndipo imeneyo ndi nkhani yovomerezeka yomwe tiyenera kuthana nayo. (ndime 2)
Vuto lapaderali kwa anthu aku Africa ku America lomwe Purezidenti Obama akutchula likugwirizana ndi nkhanza za apolisi, kupha anthu akuda opanda zida, komanso kutsekera m'ndende popanda chifukwa kwa achinyamata a ku America chifukwa cha zolakwa zazing'ono. Monga momwe otsutsa ambiri a ku Africa America anenera, pali "chiwerengero chochuluka cha akaidi amitundu yosiyanasiyana m'dziko lino [United States]" (Tyson, 2015, p. 351) omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi chifukwa cha "kusankhana mitundu mkati mwa dzikoli. machitidwe azamalamulo ndi malamulo” (Tyson, 2015, p. 352). Pazifukwa izi, olemba ena amatsutsa kuti "sitikunena kuti 'miyoyo yonse ndi yofunika,' chifukwa zikafika pa nkhanza za apolisi, si matupi onse omwe amakumana ndi zonyoza komanso zachiwawa zomwe mabungwe akuda amachita" (Brammer, 2015, para. . 13).
Pepalali silikufuna kutsata mkangano wapagulu woti Black Lives Matter ndi yovomerezeka kapena ngati All Lives Matter alandire chisamaliro chofanana monga momwe olemba ambiri ndi olemba ndemanga achitira. Poganizira tsankho lomwe lavumbulutsidwa kwa anthu a ku America ku America chifukwa cha mtundu kudzera mwa nkhanza za apolisi, machitidwe a makhothi ndi zochitika zina zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi tsankho, komanso podziwa kuti dala, machitidwe atsankho omwe adachita mwadala akuphwanya lamulo la Khumi ndichinayi ndi malamulo ena a federal. , pepalali likufuna kuphunzira ndikutsimikizira kuti vuto lomwe gulu la Black Lives Matter likuchita ndikulimbana nalo. encrypted tsankho. Teremuyo encrypted tsankho adauziridwa ndi Restrepo and Hincapíe's (2013) "The Encrypted Constitution: A New Paradigm of Oppression," yomwe imatsutsa kuti:
Cholinga choyamba cha kubisa ndikubisa magawo onse amphamvu. Ndi kubisa kwa chilankhulo chaukadaulo ndipo, chifukwa chake, njira, ma protocol ndi zisankho, mawonetseredwe obisika amphamvu amakhala osadziwika kwa aliyense amene alibe chidziwitso cha chilankhulo kuti athyole kubisa. Chifukwa chake, kubisa kumadalira kukhalapo kwa gulu lomwe limatha kupeza njira zolembera ndi gulu lina lomwe silimanyalanyaza. Omaliza, pokhala owerenga osaloledwa, ali otseguka kuti asokonezedwe. (tsamba 12)
Kusankhana mwachinsinsi monga momwe zagwiritsidwira ntchito mu pepala ili zikuwonetsa kuti encrypted racist amadziwa ndikumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira za kusankhana mitundu ndi ziwawa koma sizingathe kusala mowonekera komanso poyera anthu aku America aku America chifukwa tsankho lowonekera komanso kusankhana mitundu ndizoletsedwa ndikuletsedwa ndi Civil Rights Act ya 1964 ndi Malamulo ena a Federal. Mtsutso waukulu wa pepalali ndikuti Civil Rights Act ya 1964 idaperekedwa ndi 88th Congress (1963-1965) ndipo idasainidwa kukhala lamulo pa Julayi 2, 1964 ndi Purezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson idatha. tsankho lodziwika bwino koma, mwatsoka, sizinathe encrypted tsankho, chomwe ndi chophimba kusankhana mitundu. M'malo mwake, kuletsa boma la tsankho lodziwika bwino anabala mtundu watsopanowu wa tsankho la mafuko lomwe mwadala limabisidwa ndi a encrypted racists, koma zobisika kwa anthu omwe akuzunzidwa, kunyozedwa, kuopsezedwa komanso kuzunzidwa ku Africa America.
Ngakhale onse awiri kusankhana mitundu ndi encrypted tsankho Kukhudza udindo wa mphamvu kapena ulamuliro, monga momwe zidzafotokozedwere m'mitu yotsatira, zomwe zimapangitsa encrypted tsankho osiyana ndi kusankhana mitundu ndikuti omalizawo adakhazikitsidwa ndikuganiziridwa kuti ndi ovomerezeka asanayambe kukhazikitsidwa kwa Civil Rights Act ya 1964, pomwe yoyambayo imabisidwa payekhapayekha ndipo imatha kuwonedwa ngati yosaloledwa pokhapokha, kapena pokhapokha, itachotsedwa ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi akuluakulu aboma. Kusankhana mwachinsinsi imayika mtundu wina wa pseudopower ku ku encrypted racist omwe nawonso amagwiritsa ntchito kusokoneza anthu opanda mphamvu, osatetezeka, komanso opanda mwayi aku Africa America. "Mfungulo ya mphamvu monga ulamuliro mu dziko lathu la pseudodemocracy, padziko lonse lapansi ndikubisa kwake. Ntchito yathu ndikukhazikitsa njira zosinthira" (Restrepo and Hincapíe, 2013, p. 1). Mwa kufanana pakati pa Civil Rights Movement motsogozedwa ndi Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ndi gulu la Black Lives Matter motsogozedwa ndi Patrisse Cullors, Opal Tometi, ndi Alicia Garza, pepalali likutsimikizira kuti monga momwe Civil Rights Movement idathandizira kwambiri. kutha tsankho lodziwika bwino, tsankho lotseguka ndi tsankho ku United States, gulu la Black Lives Matter lakhala likuthandizira molimba mtima pakuchepetsa encrypted tsankho ku United States - mtundu wa tsankho womwe wakhala ukuchitidwa kwambiri ndi anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi maudindo kuphatikizapo akuluakulu azamalamulo.
Kafukufuku wokhudza kusokonekera kwa gulu la Black Lives Matter sadzatha popanda kuunika malingaliro azongopeka oyambitsa ubale wamtundu ku United States. Pachifukwa ichi, pepala ili likufuna kupeza chilimbikitso kuchokera ku ziphunzitso zinayi zogwirizana. Yoyamba ndi "African American Criticism," chiphunzitso chotsutsa chomwe chimasanthula nkhani zamitundu zomwe zakhala zikudziwika ndi mbiri ya African American kuyambira "The Middle Passage: kayendedwe ka akapolo a ku Africa kudutsa nyanja ya Atlantic" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344) mpaka ku United States kumene analamulidwa kukhala akapolo kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Lachiwiri ndi la Kymlicka (1995) la "Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights" lomwe limavomereza ndikupereka "ufulu wosiyanitsidwa ndi magulu" kumagulu ena omwe adakumana ndi tsankho, tsankho komanso tsankho (mwachitsanzo, anthu aku Africa America). Chachitatu ndi chiphunzitso cha Galtung (1969) cha chiwawa chamagulu zomwe zingamvetsetse kusiyana pakati pa "nkhanza zachindunji ndi zosalunjika". Ngakhale nkhanza zachindunji zimatengera olemba kufotokozera za nkhanza zapathupi, nkhanza zosalunjika zimayimira magulu ankhanza omwe amalepheretsa gawo lina la nzika kupeza zosowa zawo zaumunthu ndi ufulu wawo potero kukakamiza "kuzindikira zenizeni ndi malingaliro a anthu kukhala pansi pa zomwe angathe" (Galtung, 1969, p. 168). Ndipo chachinayi ndi kutsutsa kwa Burton (2001) za "chikhalidwe champhamvu-osankhika" - kapangidwe kamene kamayimira malingaliro a "ife-iwo"-, omwe amatsimikizira kuti anthu omwe amachitiridwa nkhanza ndi mabungwe ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. dongosolo lamphamvu lidzayankha pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zamakhalidwe, kuphatikizapo chiwawa ndi kusamvera anthu.
Kupyolera mu magalasi a malingaliro otsutsana a chikhalidwe cha anthu, pepalali likuwunikira mozama kusintha kofunikira komwe kwachitika m'mbiri ya America, ndiko kuti, kusintha kuchokera ku tsankho lodziwika bwino ku encrypted tsankho. Pochita izi, kuyesayesa kumapangidwa kuwunikira njira ziwiri zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimachokera ku mitundu yonse iwiri ya tsankho. Umodzi ndi ukapolo, tsankho lowonekera komanso tsankho lodziwika bwino lomwe limadziwika ndi kusankhana mitundu. Zina ndi nkhanza za apolisi ndi kupha anthu akuda opanda zida kukhala zitsanzo za tsankho lobisika. Pamapeto pake, gawo la gulu la Black Lives Matter pakuchotsa tsankho lobisika limawunikidwa ndikufotokozedwa.
Tsankho Lamapangidwe
Kulimbikitsa gulu la Black Lives Matter kumapitilira nkhanza za apolisi zomwe zikuchitika komanso kupha anthu aku Africa America komanso anthu obwera ku Africa. Omwe adayambitsa gululi adanenanso patsamba lawo, #BlackLivesMatter pa http://blacklivesmatter.com/ kuti "Imayika anthu omwe adasalidwa m'magulu omenyera ufulu wa Akuda, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale njira yomanganso gulu lomenyera ufulu wachikuda..” Kutengera kuwunika kwanga, gulu la Black Lives Matter likulimbana ndi encrypted tsankho. Komabe, munthu sangamvetse encrypted tsankho ku United States popanda kuchitapo kanthu kusankhana mitundu, chifukwa kusankhana mitundu kupangidwa encrypted tsankho m'zaka mazana ambiri a African American nonviolent activism komanso kugonana komweku kunali ndi malamulo, kupanga encrypted tsankho mbewu ya kusankhana mitundu.
Tisanayang'ane zochitika zakale zokhudzana ndi tsankho ku United States, ndikofunika kulingalira za malingaliro otsutsana ndi anthu omwe tawatchula pamwambapa pamene akuwonetsa kufunikira kwawo pa nkhaniyo. Timayamba ndi kufotokoza mawu: kusankhana mitundu, kapangidwendipo kubisa. Tsankho limatanthauzidwa ngati "mgwirizano wa mphamvu zosagwirizana zomwe zimakula kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wa mtundu umodzi ndi wina ndipo umabweretsa mchitidwe watsankho mwadongosolo (mwachitsanzo, tsankho, kulamulira, ndi kuzunzidwa)" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Kusankhana mafuko koyambidwa mwanjira imeneyi kukanatha kulongosoledwa kuchokera m’chikhulupiriro chamalingaliro cha “wina” wapamwamba, ndiko kuti, kupambana kwa fuko lalikulu koposa fuko lolamuliridwa. Pachifukwa ichi, akatswiri ambiri otsutsa a ku America aku America amasiyanitsa mawu ena okhudzana ndi tsankho, kuphatikizapo koma osati kokha kusankhana mitundu, watsankho ndi chiwawa. Kusankhana mitundu ndi "chikhulupiriro chapamwamba cha fuko, kutsika, ndi chiyero chozikidwa pa chikhulupiliro chakuti makhalidwe abwino ndi aluntha, monga momwe thupi limakhalira, ndizo zamoyo zomwe zimasiyanitsa mitundu" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Chotero munthu watsankho ali aliyense amene amakhulupirira zimenezo m’kupambana kwa fuko, kutsika, ndi chiyero. Ndipo munthu watsankho ndi aliyense amene ali “m’malo amphamvu monga chiŵalo cha gulu lalikulu la ndale zadziko” amene amaloŵerera m’mikhalidwe yatsankho mwadongosolo, “mwachitsanzo, kukana anthu oyenerera ntchito ya mtundu, nyumba, maphunziro, kapena china chirichonse chimene iwo amachitira. 'ali ndi ufulu" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Ndi matanthauzo amalingaliro awa, zimakhala zosavuta kuti timvetsetse kusankhana mitundu ndi encrypted tsankho.
Mawu akuti, structural tsacism, lili ndi mawu ofunikira omwe kuwunika kowunikira kungathandize kumvetsetsa mawuwa. Mawu oti ayesedwe ndi awa: kapangidwe. Mapangidwe atha kufotokozedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma cholinga cha pepalali, matanthauzidwe operekedwa ndi Oxford Dictionary ndi Learners Dictionary akwanira. Kwa woyamba, kapangidwe amatanthauza “Kupanga kapena kukonza molingana ndi dongosolo; kupereka dongosolo kapena dongosolo ku chinachake” (Tanthauzo la kapangidwe mu Chingerezi, ndi Mudikishonale yapaintaneti ya Oxford); ndipo molingana ndi chotsiriziracho ndi “njira imene chinthu chinamangidwira, kukonzedwa, kapena kulinganizidwa” (Tanthauzo la Kapangidwe ka Wophunzira, nd In Merriam-Webster’s online learner’s dikishonale). Matanthauzidwe awiriwa akusonyeza kuti asanapangidwe kamangidwe, panali dongosolo, lingaliro lachidziwitso lokonzekera kapena kulinganiza chinachake molingana ndi ndondomekoyo, kutsatiridwa ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa dongosololo ndi kutsata pang'onopang'ono, mokakamizidwa kuti apange chitsanzo. Kubwerezabwereza kwa ndondomekoyi kudzapatsa anthu malingaliro owoneka ngati onyenga - njira yamuyaya, yosasinthika, yosasinthika, yosasunthika, yosasunthika, yokhazikika komanso yovomerezeka padziko lonse yomwe imakhala yosasinthika - momwe chinachake chimapangidwira. Potengera tanthauzoli, titha kumvetsetsa momwe mibadwo ya anthu aku Europe idamangira, kuphunzitsidwa ndikuphunzitsa mbadwa zawo, mapangidwe a tsankho popanda kuzindikira mlingo wa kuwonongeka, kuvulazidwa ndi kupanda chilungamo zomwe amachitira mitundu ina, makamaka mtundu wakuda.
Zopanda chilungamo zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa ndi a mapangidwe a tsankho motsutsana ndi anthu aku Africa America ali pachimake cha chipwirikiti cha gulu la Black Lives Matter la chilungamo ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza zofanana. Kuchokera pamalingaliro ongoyerekeza, chipwirikiti cha Black Lives Matter chikhoza kumveka kuchokera ku "African American Criticism," chiphunzitso chotsutsa chomwe chimasanthula nkhani zamitundu zomwe zadziwika mbiri ya African American kuyambira "The Middle Passage: mayendedwe a akapolo a ku Africa kudutsa mtunda. Atlantic Ocean” (Tyson, 2015, p. 344) kupita ku United States komwe adagonjetsedwa ngati akapolo kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Pofuna kufotokozera zovuta zomwe anthu a ku America akukumana nawo chifukwa cha ukapolo, tsankho, ndi tsankho, otsutsa a ku America a ku America amagwiritsa ntchito "Chiphunzitso Chachikulu Chachikulu" (Tyson, 2015, p. 352 -368). Chiphunzitsochi chimakhudzidwa makamaka ndi kuunika kwa kuyanjana kwathu kuchokera ku mtundu wa anthu komanso kufunsa momwe kuyanjanaku kumakhudzira moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu ochepa, makamaka anthu aku Africa America. Popenda zotsatira zowonekera komanso zobisika za mgwirizano pakati pa Afirika Achimereka ndi chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Ulaya (odzitcha okha) ku United States, Tyson (2015) akutsimikizira kuti:
chiphunzitso cha mtundu wovuta chimayang'ana momwe tsatanetsatane wa moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku umayenderana ndi mtundu, ngakhale sitingazindikire, ndikusanthula zikhulupiliro zovuta zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosavuta, zongoyerekeza zamtundu kuti ziwonetse komwe komanso momwe kusankhana mitundu. akadali bwino mu kukhalapo kwake 'mobisika'. (tsamba 352)
Mafunso omwe amabwera m'maganizo ndi awa: Kodi chiphunzitso chamtundu wovuta chikugwirizana bwanji ndi gulu la Black Lives Matter? Chifukwa chiyani tsankho likadali vuto ku America chifukwa cha tsankho lodziwika bwino lomwe anthu aku America aku America nthawi ya Pre-Civil Rights Movement idathetsedwa mwalamulo ndi Civil Rights Act ya 1964, ndikuganizira kuti pulezidenti waku United States nawonso ndi wochokera ku Africa America? Kuti tiyankhe funso loyamba, ndikofunika kufotokoza mfundo yakuti onse omwe amalimbikitsa ndi otsutsa gulu la Black Lives Matter samatsutsana pa nkhani za mafuko zomwe zinayambitsa kuwonekera kwa kayendetsedwe kake. Kusagwirizana kwawo kuli pa njira kapena njira yomwe omenyera ufulu wa Black Lives Matter amayesera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. Kuwonetsa kuti gulu la Black Lives Matter lili ndi chigamulo chovomerezeka cha kufanana, kufanana ndi ufulu wina waumunthu, otsutsa awo, makamaka omwe amalimbikitsa gulu la All Lives Matter ndi kutanthauza kuti akuphatikiza African American mu gulu la "All Lives" zomwe zili zofunika monga iwo. kulimbikitsa kufanana ndi kufanana kwa nzika zonse mosatengera mtundu, jenda, chipembedzo, luso, dziko, ndi zina zotero.
Vuto la kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa "All Lives Matter" ndiloti limalephera kuvomereza zenizeni za mbiri yakale ndi mafuko ndi zopanda chilungamo zakale zomwe zimadziwika ku United States. Pachifukwa ichi, ambiri omasulira theorists a ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndi miyambo yambiri amatsutsa kuti magulu odziwika ngati "All Lives Matter" amaletsa "ufulu wamagulu" kapena, mosiyana, "ufulu wosiyana ndi gulu" (Kymlicka, 1995). Pofuna kuzindikira ndi kuvomereza "ufulu wosiyanitsidwa ndi magulu" kumagulu ena omwe adakumana ndi tsankho, tsankho komanso tsankho (mwachitsanzo, gulu la African American), Will Kymlicka (1995), m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino pankhaniyi. miyambo yambiri, wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito zofufuza zafilosofi, kufufuza kwaukatswiri ndi kupanga ndondomeko pa nkhani zokhudzana ndi ufulu wamagulu ang'onoang'ono. M’buku lake, “Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights,” Kymlicka (1995), mofanana ndi anthu ambiri otsutsa zamitundumitundu, amakhulupirira kuti ufulu wa anthu monga mmene umamvekera ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mfundo za boma walephera kulimbikitsa ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu. anthu ang’onoang’ono omwe akukhala m’chitaganya chokulirapo, mwachitsanzo, anthu aku Afirika Achimereka ku United States. Lingaliro lachizoloŵezi lonena za ufulu ndi loti “kudzipereka kwaufulu ku ufulu wa munthu aliyense kumatsutsana ndi kuvomereza kwa ufulu wa gulu; ndi kuti kudzipereka kwaufulu ku ufulu wadziko lonse kumatsutsana ndi kuvomereza kwa maufulu a magulu apadera” (Kymlicka, 1995, p. 68). Kwa Kymlicka (1995), “ndale za kunyalanyaza kwabwino” izi (tsamba 107-108) zomwe zapangitsa kuti anthu ang’onoang’ono azisiyanitsidwa mosalekeza.
Mofananamo, akatswiri otsutsa zautundu amakhulupirira kuti mfundo zaufulu monga momwe zalembedwera ndi kumvetsetsedwa ndizochepa zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Lingaliro ndilakuti popeza Conservatism yatsutsa mwamphamvu malingaliro aliwonse omwe akuwoneka kuti ndi opindulitsa kwa anthu ochepa omwe akuponderezedwa, ufulu waufulu suyenera kukhalabe. wachiyanjano or moyenera monga zakhalira pa nkhani za mafuko. ndizowona kuti ufulu wa anthu wakhala wothandiza, mwachitsanzo, popereka chigamulo chomwe chinasokoneza masukulu, koma otsutsa zamitundu yotsutsa amakhulupirira kuti "sanachite kanthu kuti athetse mfundo yakuti masukulu akadali olekanitsidwa osati ndi lamulo koma ndi umphawi" (Tyson, 2015, p. 364). Komanso, ngakhale kuti malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino akutsimikizira mwayi wofanana kwa nzika zonse, tsankho likuchitikabe tsiku ndi tsiku pankhani ya ntchito ndi nyumba. Constitution sinapambane kuyimitsa tsankho mobisa ndi tsankho kwa anthu aku America aku America omwe akupitilizabe kukhala opanda phindu, pomwe azungu (azungu) akupitiliza kusangalala. mwayi pafupifupi m'magulu onse a anthu.
Tsankho lachikhalidwe limatha kufotokozedwa kuti ndi mwayi gawo limodzi la anthu kuposa lina - anthu ochepa. Mamembala omwe ali ndi mwayi - azungu - amapatsidwa mwayi wopeza zopindula zaulamuliro wademokalase pomwe anthu ochepa omwe alibe mwayi amaletsedwa mwadala, mobisa kapena mowonekera kuti asakhale ndi mwayi wopeza magawo omwe amaperekedwa ndi ulamuliro wademokalase. Ndiye ndi chiyani mwayi woyera? Zingatheke bwanji opanda mwayi Ana a ku America aku America omwe, popanda kusankha kwawo, amabadwira muumphawi, m'madera osauka, masukulu opanda zida, ndi mikhalidwe yomwe imapangitsa tsankho, kuyang'anira, kuyimitsa ndi kuchitapo kanthu, ndipo nthawi zina nkhanza za apolisi, athandizidwe kupikisana ndi anzawo azungu?
"Mwayi woyera," malinga ndi Delgado & Stefancic (2001, monga tafotokozera mu Tyson, 2015) angatanthauzidwe ngati "zambiri za ubwino, ubwino, ndi ulemu zomwe zimabwera ndi kukhala membala wa mtundu waukulu" (tsamba 361) ). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, "mwayi woyera ndi mtundu wa tsankho la tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa lingaliro lonse la mwayi limakhala pa lingaliro loipa" (Tyson, 2015, p. 362). Kusiya mwayi wa azungu, Wildman (1996, monga momwe Tyson, 2015) adanenera) amakhulupirira kuti "kusiya kudziyesa kuti mtundu ulibe kanthu" (p. 363). Lingaliro lamwayi ndilofunika kwambiri pakumvetsetsa kwa Africa America. Kubadwa m'banja la African American sikudalira kusankha kwa mwana wa ku America. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zimatengera mwayi osati kusankha; ndipo pachifukwa ichi, mwana wa ku America wa ku America sayenera kulangidwa chifukwa cha chisankho kapena chisankho chimene sanapange. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, Kymlicka (1995) amakhulupirira mwamphamvu kuti "ufulu wamagulu" kapena "ufulu wosiyana ndi gulu" ndi wovomerezeka "mkati mwa chiphunzitso cha ufulu wofanana ... chomwe chimatsindika kufunikira kokonza kusagwirizana kosasankhidwa" (tsamba 109). Powonjezera lingaliroli pang'ono ndikumaliza kwake, wina anganene kuti zonena za gulu la "Black Lives Matter" ziyeneranso kuonedwa ngati zomveka, chifukwa zonenazi ndizofunikira pakumvetsetsa momwe omwe akuchitiridwa tsankho lachikhalidwe kapena mabungwe. ndi chiwawa kumverera.
Mmodzi mwa akatswiri otsutsana ndi anthu omwe ntchito yawo pa "nkhanza zamagulu" imakhalabe yogwirizana ndi kumvetsetsa kusankhana mitundu or kusankhana mitundu ku United States ndi Galtung (1969). Lingaliro la Galtung (1969) la nkhanza zamagulu zomwe zimayambira mwachindunji ndi mosadziwika ziwawa, mwa zina, zitha kutithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe mabungwe ndi mabungwe omwe amapangidwira kuti apangitse tsankho kwa anthu aku Africa America ndi anthu ena ochepa. Pamene chiwawa cholunjika imagwira mafotokozedwe a olemba zachiwawa, nkhanza zosalunjika imayimira magulu opondereza omwe amalepheretsa gawo la nzika kuti lipeze zosowa ndi ufulu wawo waumunthu potero zimakakamiza anthu kuti "azizindikira zenizeni ndi zamaganizo kuti zikhale pansi pa zomwe angathe" (Galtung, 1969, p. 168).
Mwachifaniziro, wina angatsutse kuti monga momwe anthu amtundu wa Niger Delta aku Nigeria adakumana ndi mavuto osaneneka chifukwa cha ziwawa zomwe zidachitika m'manja mwa boma la Nigeria ndi makampani amafuta amitundu yambiri, zomwe zinachitikira ku Africa America ku United Sates, kuyambira nthawi ya kufika kwa akapolo oyambirira, kupyolera mu nthawi ya Kuthamangitsidwa, ndi Lamulo la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, ndipo mpaka posachedwapa zikamera wa Zoipa za Amayi kuyenda, kwadziwika kwambiri chiwawa chamagulu. Pankhani ya Nigeria, chuma cha Nigeria makamaka chimachokera ku zachilengedwe, makamaka kuchotsa mafuta m'chigawo cha Niger Delta. Zopindula kuchokera ku malonda a mafuta omwe amachokera ku Niger Delta amagwiritsidwa ntchito potukula mizinda ina ikuluikulu, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zokolola zakunja ndi antchito awo omwe amachokera kunja, kulipira ndale, komanso kumanga misewu, masukulu ndi zipangizo zina m'mizinda ina. Komabe, anthu a ku Niger Delta samangovutika ndi zotsatira zoipa za kuchotsa mafuta - mwachitsanzo kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi kuwononga malo awo omwe Mulungu adawapatsa -, koma akhala akunyalanyazidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri, akukhala chete, akuvutika ndi umphawi wadzaoneni komanso kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Chitsanzochi chinangobwera m'maganizo mwanga pamene ndinali kuwerenga mafotokozedwe a Galtung (1969) okhudza ziwawa zamapangidwe. Momwemonso, zomwe zinachitikira ku Africa ku America zachiwawa chokhazikika malinga ndi Tyson (2015) ndi chifukwa cha:
kuphatikizidwa kwa ndondomeko ndi machitidwe a tsankho m'mabungwe omwe gulu limagwira ntchito: mwachitsanzo, maphunziro; maboma a federal, boma, ndi maboma; lamulo, potsata zomwe zalembedwa m'mabuku komanso momwe limagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi makhothi ndi akuluakulu apolisi; chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi dziko lamakampani. (tsamba 345)
Kuthetsa zida zomwe zimachokera ku ndondomeko za tsankho kumafuna vuto lopanda chiwawa kapena nthawi zina lachiwawa komanso lamtengo wapatali la mabungwe ndi mabungwe opondereza. Momwemonso kuti atsogoleri a Niger Delta, otsogozedwa ndi Ken Saro-Wiwa, adamenya nkhondo yopanda chiwawa yomenyera chilungamo ndi olamulira ankhanza ankhondo aku Nigeria panthawiyo, pomwe Saro-Wiwa ndi ena ambiri adalipira mphotho yaufulu ndi moyo wawo ngati olamulira ankhanza ankhondo. anawaweruza kuti aphedwe popanda kuzengedwa mlandu, Martin Luther King Jr. “anakhala mtsogoleri wa bungwe la Civil Rights Movement” (Lemert, 2013, p. 263) lomwe linagwiritsa ntchito njira zopanda chiwawa pofuna kuthetsa mwalamulo kusankhana mitundu ku United States. Tsoka ilo, Dr. King "anaphedwa ku Memphis ku 1968 pamene anali kukonza 'maguba a anthu osauka' ku Washington" (Lemert, 2013, p. 263). Kuphedwa kwa anthu osachita zachiwawa monga Dr. King ndi Ken Saro-Wiwa kumatiphunzitsa phunziro lofunika kwambiri lokhudza nkhanza zamagulu. Malinga ndi Galtung (1969):
Pamene dongosololi likuopsezedwa, iwo omwe amapindula ndi chiwawa cha zomangamanga, pamwamba pa onse omwe ali pamwamba, adzayesa kusunga chikhalidwe chokonzekera bwino kuti ateteze zofuna zawo. Poyang'ana zochitika zamagulu ndi anthu osiyanasiyana pamene dongosolo likuopsezedwa, ndipo makamaka pozindikira yemwe akubwera kudzapulumutsa dongosololi, kuyesa kogwira ntchito kumayambitsidwa komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyika mamembala a bungweli malinga ndi chidwi chawo. posamalira dongosolo. (tsamba 179)
Funso lomwe limabwera m'maganizo ndilakuti: Kodi alonda a ziwawa zamagulu adzapitirizabe kukonza mpaka liti? Pankhani ya United States, zidatenga zaka makumi ambiri kuti ayambe kugwetsa zida zomwe zidaphatikizidwa pakusankhana mitundu, ndipo monga momwe gulu la Black Lives Matter lawonetsera, pali ntchito yambiri yoti ichitike.
Mogwirizana ndi lingaliro la Galtung's (1969) la ziwawa zamapangidwe, Burton (2001), m'mawu ake a "traditional power-elite structure" - kapangidwe kamene kamayimira "ife-they" malingaliro-, amakhulupirira kuti anthu omwe amachitiridwa nkhanza zomangidwa ndi mabungwe ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimagwirizana ndi dongosolo lamphamvu kwambiri adzayankha pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chiwawa ndi kusamvera anthu. Kutengera chikhulupiliro chazovuta zachitukuko, wolemba akuwunikira mfundo yakuti kugwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza sikulinso kokwanira kuti asunge nkhanza zachimangidwe kwa omwe akuzunzidwa. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wolumikizirana, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso kuthekera kokonzekera ndikusonkhanitsa othandizira kumatha kubweretsa kusintha komwe kumafunikira - kusintha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, kubwezeretsa chilungamo, komanso koposa zonse kutha kwa ziwawa zamapangidwe gulu.
Mitundu Yobisika
Monga momwe tafotokozera m'mitu yapitayi - mitu yomwe ikufotokoza zoyambira ndi kusankhana mitundu - chimodzi mwazosiyana kusankhana mitundu ndi encrypted tsankho ndikuti mu nthawi ya tsankho lachikhalidwe, anthu aku America aku America adalembedwa mwalamulo kuti si nzika kapena alendo ndipo adalandidwa ufulu wovota komanso mwayi wolimbikitsira kulengeza, kuchitapo kanthu komanso chilungamo, pomwe anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chophedwa ndi azungu (woyera). ) okhulupirira zinthu zapamwamba ku United States, makamaka ku South. Anthu akuda, malinga ndi Du Bois (1935, monga tafotokozera ku Lemert, 2013) adakumana ndi zotsatira za tsankho lambiri ku South. Izi zikuwonekera mu "malipiro apagulu ndi amaganizo" omwe "gulu loyera la ogwira ntchito" (Lemert, 2013, p. 185) adalandira kuwonjezera pa malipiro awo otsika, kusiyana ndi "gulu la anthu akuda" omwe anavutika ndi chikhalidwe. , tsankho la m'maganizo ndi pagulu. Kuonjezera apo, ma TV ambiri "pafupifupi sananyalanyaze anthu a ku Negro kupatulapo zachiwawa ndi zonyoza" (Lemert, 2013, p. 185). Anthu a ku Ulaya analibe chidwi ndi akapolo a ku Africa amene anawabweretsa ku America, koma zokolola zawo zinali kuyamikiridwa kwambiri ndi kukondedwa. Wogwira ntchito ku Africa "anali wotalikirana" ndi zokolola zake. Izi zitha kuwonetsedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha Marx's (monga tafotokozera mu Lemert, 2013) cha "Estranged Labor" chomwe chimati:
Kupatukana kwa wogwira ntchito mu mankhwala ake sikutanthauza kuti ntchito yake imakhala chinthu, kukhalapo kwakunja, koma kuti imakhalapo kunja kwa iye, paokha, ngati chinthu chachilendo kwa iye, ndipo imakhala mphamvu yake yolimbana naye; zikutanthauza kuti moyo umene adapereka pa chinthucho umamuyang'ana ngati chinthu chaudani ndi chachilendo. (tsamba 30)
Kupatulidwa kwa kapolo wa ku Africa ku zokolola zake - zomwe zimachokera ku ntchito yake - ndizophiphiritsira kwambiri pakumvetsetsa kufunika kwa Afirika ndi omwe amawalanda ku Ulaya. Chenicheni chakuti kapolo wa ku Afirika analandidwa ufulu wake wopeza zokolola za ntchito yake chimasonyeza kuti om’gwirawo sanam’wone monga munthu, koma monga chinthu, monga chinthu chotsikirapo, katundu wogulidwa ndi kugulitsidwa, umene ukanagwiritsiridwa ntchito. kapena kuwonongedwa mwa kufuna kwake. Komabe, pambuyo pa kuthetsedwa kwa ukapolo ndi Lamulo la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe la 1964 lomwe linaletsa kusankhana mitundu ku United Sates, kusintha kwa tsankho ku America kunasintha. Injini (kapena malingaliro) omwe adauzira ndi kuyambitsa tsankho adasamutsidwa kuchokera ku boma ndikulembedwa m'malingaliro, mitu, maso, makutu, ndi manja a anthu ena a ku Europe (azungu). Popeza boma lidaumirizidwa kuletsa tsankho lodziwika bwino, kusankhana mitundu sikunalinso kovomerezeka koma tsopano kunali koletsedwa.
Monga momwe zimatchulidwira, "zizoloŵezi zakale zimafa movutirapo," ndizovuta kwambiri kusintha ndi kusiya khalidwe lozoloŵera ndi lomwe liripo kale kuti muzolowere moyo watsopano - chikhalidwe chatsopano, chatsopano. weltanschauung ndi chizolowezi chatsopano. Kuyambira inu simungakhoze kuphunzitsa galu wokalamba zidule zatsopano, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri komanso zimachedwa kuti anthu ena a ku Ulaya (azungu) asiye kusankhana mitundu ndi kutengera dongosolo latsopano la chilungamo ndi kufanana. Ndi malamulo aboma okhazikika komanso mwamalingaliro, kusankhana mitundu kunathetsedwa m'magulu omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale ankhanza. Mwamwayi, anasonkhanitsa chikhalidwe cholowa, ndipo m'machitidwe, kusankhana mitundu metamorphosed kuchokera structural mfundo zake mu mawonekedwe encrypted; kuyambira kuyang’anira dziko kufikira ku ulamuliro wa munthu; kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chake chowonekera ndi chodziwikiratu kupita ku mawonekedwe obisika kwambiri, obisika, obisika, obisika, osawoneka, ophimbidwa, ophimbidwa, ndi obisika. Uku kunali kubadwa kwa encrypted tsankho ku United States of America komwe gulu la Black Lives Matter likuchita zigawenga, kutsutsa ndi kumenyana mu 21.st Zaka zana.
M'chigawo choyambirira cha pepalali, ndinanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa, encrypted tsankho adauziridwa ndi Restrepo and Hincapíe's (2013) "The Encrypted Constitution: A New Paradigm of Oppression," yomwe imatsutsa kuti:
Cholinga choyamba cha kubisa ndikubisa magawo onse amphamvu. Ndi kubisa kwa chilankhulo chaukadaulo ndipo, chifukwa chake, njira, ma protocol ndi zisankho, mawonetseredwe obisika amphamvu amakhala osadziwika kwa aliyense amene alibe chidziwitso cha chilankhulo kuti athyole kubisa. Chifukwa chake, kubisa kumadalira kukhalapo kwa gulu lomwe limatha kupeza njira zolembera ndi gulu lina lomwe silimanyalanyaza. Omaliza, pokhala owerenga osaloledwa, ali otseguka kuti asokonezedwe. (tsamba 12)
Kuchokera mu mawu awa, munthu akhoza kumvetsa mosavuta makhalidwe a mkati mwa encrypted tsankho. Choyamba, m'gulu la anthu osankhidwa mwachinsinsi, pali magulu awiri a anthu: gulu lamwayi ndi gulu lopanda mwayi. Mamembala omwe ali ndi mwayi ali ndi mwayi wopeza zomwe Restrepo and Hincapíe (2013) amachitcha "formulae of encryption" (p. 12) pomwe mfundo za tsankho lobisika kapena lobisika ndipo zochita za tsankho zimakhazikika. Chifukwa mamembala agulu lamwayi ndi omwe ali ndi maudindo mu maudindo aboma ndi magawo ena amgulu la anthu, ndipo poganizira kuti ali ndi udindo. njira za encryption, ndiko kuti, zinsinsi zachinsinsi zomwe mamembala a gulu lamwayi amalemba ndikusankha ma aligorivimu kapena ma seti a malangizo ndi machitidwe a machitidwe pakati pa magulu amwayi ndi opanda mwayi, kapena kuika mosiyana ndi momveka bwino, pakati pa azungu ndi akuda ku United States, anthu oyera (opatsidwa mwayi) amatha kusankhana mosavuta ndi kusokoneza anthu a ku America (akuda opanda mwayi), nthawi zina osazindikira kuti akusankhana mitundu. Chotsatiracho, pokhala opanda mwayi wopita ku mitundu ya encryption, zinsinsi za zidziwitso, kapena ma code obisika omwe amazungulira mkati mwa gulu lamwayi, nthawi zina samazindikira zomwe zikuchitika kwa iwo. Izi zikufotokozera chikhalidwe cha tsankho lobisika, lobisika kapena lobisika lomwe limapezeka mkati mwa maphunziro, nyumba, ntchito, ndale, zofalitsa, ubale wa apolisi ndi anthu, dongosolo la chilungamo, ndi zina zotero. Tyson (2015) amatenga lingaliro la encrypted tsankho ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito ku United States potsimikizira kuti:
Monga momwe Achimereka ambiri amitundu yonse amadziwira, komabe, tsankho silinathe: langopita "mobisa." Ndiko kuti, kupanda chilungamo kwa mafuko ku United States kukadali vuto lalikulu ndi losautsa; izo zangokhala zosawonekera kwenikweni monga momwe zinaliri. Chisalungamo chaufuko chimachitidwa pa wachinyengo, titero kunena kwake, kupeŵa kuimbidwa mlandu, ndipo chafalikira m’njira zimene, m’zochitika zambiri, ozunzidwa ake okha ndi amene amadziŵa bwino lomwe. (tsamba 351)
Pali zitsanzo zambiri zomwe munthu angawonetsere ntchito za osankhidwa mwachinsinsi. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi kutsutsa koonekeratu komanso mobisa kwa a Republican ku malingaliro onse omwe Purezidenti Barack Obama, Purezidenti woyamba waku America waku America wa United States, adayambitsa. Ngakhale atapambana zisankho zapurezidenti mu 2008 ndi 2012, gulu la anthu aku Republican omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndi a Donald Trump amatsutsabe kuti Purezidenti Obama sanabadwire ku United States. Ngakhale anthu ambiri aku America samutenga Trump mozama, koma wina akuyenera kukayikira zomwe akulimbikitsa polanda a Obama ufulu wake monga nzika yaku US yobadwa. Kodi iyi si njira yobisika, yobisika kapena yobisika yonenera kuti Obama sayenera kukhala Purezidenti wa United States chifukwa ndi munthu wakuda wochokera ku Africa, komanso wosayera mokwanira kukhala Purezidenti m'dziko lomwe anthu ambiri ndi woyera?
Chitsanzo china ndi zomwe otsutsa a ku America aku America amatchula za tsankho lamtundu mkati mwa machitidwe azamalamulo ndi azamalamulo. “Kukhala ndi magalamu 28 a crack cocaine (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi anthu akuda a ku America) kumachititsa kuti munthu akhale m’ndende zaka zisanu. Komabe, pamafunika magalamu a 500 a ufa wa cocaine (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi azungu aku America) kuti ayambitse chigamulo chovomerezeka cha zaka zisanu m'ndende” (Tyson, 2015, p. 352). Kuphatikiza apo, kusankhana mitundu komanso tsankho zomwe zidalimbikitsa apolisi kumadera aku Africa America komanso kuyimitsidwa, nkhanza za apolisi komanso kuwombera kosafunikira kwa anthu aku America aku America. encrypted tsankho.
Kusankhana mwachinsinsi monga momwe zagwiritsidwira ntchito mu pepala ili zikuwonetsa kuti encrypted racist amadziwa ndikumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira za kusankhana mitundu ndi ziwawa koma sizingathe kusala mowonekera komanso poyera anthu aku Africa America chifukwa tsankho lowonekera komanso kusankhana mitundu ndizoletsedwa ndikuletsedwa ndi Civil Rights Act ya 1964 ndi Malamulo ena a Federal. The Civil Rights Act ya 1964 yoperekedwa ndi 88th Congress (1963-1965) ndipo inasaina kukhala lamulo pa July 2, 1964 ndi Purezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson inatha. tsankho lodziwika bwino koma, mwatsoka, sizinathe encrypted tsankho, chomwe ndi chophimba kusankhana mitundu. Mwa kulimbikitsa mosalekeza komanso pang'onopang'ono anthu mamiliyoni ambiri osati ku United States kokha komanso padziko lonse lapansi motsutsana ndi encrypted racist agendagulu la azungu, gulu la Black Lives Matter lachita bwino kudziwitsa anthu komanso kudziwitsa anthu za izi. encrypted tsankho kuwonekera m'njira zambiri, kuyambira pakulemba mbiri mpaka nkhanza za apolisi; kuyambira pakutchulidwa ndi kumangidwa mpaka kupha anthu a ku America omwe alibe zida; komanso kuchoka pa ntchito ndi mchitidwe wa tsankho la nyumba mpaka kutsalidwa chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu ndi kuponderezedwa m’masukulu. Izi ndi zitsanzo zochepa za tsankho lobisika lomwe gulu la Black Lives Matter lathandizira kubisa.
Decrypted Encrypted Racism
kuti encrypted tsankho adasinthidwa kudzera muzolimbikitsa za gulu la Black Lives Matter sizomwe zidakonzedweratu, koma ndi chisangalalo - mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa Januwale 28, 1754 ndi Horace Walpole omwe amatanthauza "kutulukira, mwangozi ndi mwanzeru, za zinthu" (Lederach 2005, p. 114) zomwe sizinadziwikebe. Sikuti ndi nzeru wamba za omwe anayambitsa gulu la Black Lives Matter, koma chifukwa cha zowawa ndi zowawa za achinyamata opanda zida ndi mazana a miyoyo yakuda yomwe inadulidwa mwadzidzidzi kupyolera mu mfuti za odzitcha kuti ndi azungu omwe ali m'mitima mwawo. ndi chidani chakupha chakupha anthu akuda, ndipo m'maganizo mwake, m'mutu ndi muubongo chisankho chopha munthu wakuda wopanda zida chidayambika pokumbukira zakale. mapangidwe a tsankho.
Zinganenedwe kuti nkhanza za apolisi, tsankho, tsankho ndi malingaliro a anthu akuda m'dziko lonselo zinali zofala m'magulu akale a tsankho. Koma zomwe zinachitika ku Ferguson, Missouri, zapatsa ofufuza, opanga mfundo komanso anthu wamba kumvetsetsa mozama za chikhalidwe cha encrypted tsankho. Kulimbikitsana kwa gulu la Black Lives Matter kudathandizira kukulitsa kuunika kwa kafukufuku pazochitika zatsankho, ndi kupha anthu opanda zida, aku America aku America. Kufufuza kwa dipatimenti ya apolisi ku Ferguson komwe kunachitika ndikufalitsidwa ndi dipatimenti ya United States of Justice Civil Rights Division pa Marichi 4, 2015 pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa a Michael Brown, Jr. mwa zina mwa tsankho, kuphatikizapo stereotyping (DOJ Report, 2015, p. 62). Lipotilo likufotokozanso kuti zochita za Ferguson zokakamiza anthu ku Africa zimaphwanya malamulo a federal; ndi kuti machitidwe a Ferguson akutsata malamulo amalimbikitsidwa mwa zina ndi cholinga chosankhana chophwanya Malamulo a Khumi ndi Zinayi ndi malamulo ena a federal (DOJ Civil Rights Division Report, 2015, pp. 63 - 70).
Choncho, n’zosadabwitsa kuti anthu a ku America ku America akwiyitsidwa ndi zochita za apolisi zomwe zimakonda kulamulidwa ndi azungu. Funso limodzi lomwe limabwera m'maganizo ndilakuti: Kodi DOJ Civil Rights Division ingafufuze Dipatimenti ya Apolisi ya Ferguson ngati sichoncho chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe ka Black Lives Matter? Mwina ayi. Mwina, ngati sichoncho chifukwa cha zionetsero zosalekeza zomwe gulu la Black Lives Matter likuchita, kupha anthu akuda omwe alibe zida ku Florida, Ferguson, New York, Chicago, Cleveland, ndi m'mizinda ina yambiri ndi madera ndi apolisi, sikukanatheka. zawululidwa ndikufufuzidwa. Chifukwa chake, gulu la Black Lives Matter lingatanthauzidwe kuti ndi "mawu amtundu" wapadera (Tyson, 2015, p. 360) - lingaliro lovuta kwambiri la mpikisano lomwe limatsimikizira kuti "olemba ochepa ndi oganiza bwino nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino kuposa olemba oyera ndi oganiza bwino. kulemba ndi kulankhula za mtundu ndi tsankho chifukwa amakumana ndi tsankho mwachindunji” (Tyson, 2015, p. 360). Ochirikiza "mawu amtundu" akupempha ozunzidwa ndi tsankho kuti afotokoze nkhani zawo pamene adakumana ndi tsankho. Gulu la Black Lives Matter limagwira ntchito yofunikayi yofotokozera nkhani, ndipo potero, limagwira ntchito ngati 21.st kuyitanidwa kwa zana kuti kusangosintha momwe zilili pano encrypted tsankho, koma kuwulula ndi kumasulira zomwe Restrepo and Hincapíe (2013) amachitcha "formulae of encryption" (p. 12), zinsinsi zachinsinsi zomwe mamembala a gulu omwe ali ndi mwayi amalemba ndikuzindikira ma aligorivimu ndi machitidwe a kuyanjana pakati pa magulu amwayi ndi opanda mwayi. , kapena kuika mosiyana ndi momvekera bwino, pakati pa azungu ndi akuda mu United States.
Kutsiliza
Poganizira zovuta komanso zovuta za tsankho ku United States, komanso poganizira zolephera zomwe wolemba adakumana nazo posonkhanitsa ziwonetsero pamilandu yambiri yankhanza kwa anthu akuda, otsutsa ambiri anganene kuti pepala ili lilibe zambiri zakumunda (ndiko kuti, magwero oyambira). ) pomwe mfundo ndi malo a wolemba ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Zowona kuti kafukufuku wa m'munda kapena njira zina zosonkhanitsira deta ndizofunikira pazotsatira zovomerezeka ndi zomwe apeza, komabe, wina angatsutsenso kuti sizokwanira pakuwunika mozama za mikangano yamagulu monga momwe zachitikira m'nkhaniyi. pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro otsutsana ndi anthu omwe ali ogwirizana ndi phunziro lomwe likuphunziridwa.
Monga tafotokozera kumayambiriro, cholinga chachikulu chomwe pepala ili ndi ntchito ndi kufufuza ndi kusanthula ntchito za gulu la "Black Lives Matter" ndi zoyesayesa zawo kuti awulule tsankho lobisika lomwe linakhazikitsidwa m'mabungwe ndi mbiri yakale ya United States kuti apange njira ya chilungamo, kufanana ndi kufanana kwa anthu ochepa, makamaka anthu aku Africa America. Kuti akwaniritse cholinga ichi, pepalalo linafufuza malingaliro anayi okhudzana ndi mikangano ya anthu: "African American Criticism" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344); Kymlicka's (1995) "Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights" yomwe imavomereza ndi kuvomereza "maufulu osiyanitsidwa ndi magulu" kumagulu ena omwe adakumana ndi tsankho lambiri, tsankho ndi tsankho; Galtung's (1969) chiphunzitso cha chiwawa chamagulu zomwe zikuwonetsa zikhulupiriro zopondereza zomwe zimalepheretsa gawo la nzika kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza zosowa ndi ufulu wawo waumunthu potero zimakakamiza "zidziwitso zenizeni za anthu kuti zikhale pansi pa zomwe angathe kuchita" (Galtung, 1969, p. 168); ndipo potsiriza kutsutsa kwa Burton (2001) za "chikhalidwe cha anthu apamwamba-osankhika" - kapangidwe kamene kamayimira "ife-they" maganizo-, omwe amati anthu omwe amachitiridwa nkhanza ndi mabungwe ndi machitidwe omwe ali mu mphamvu- dongosolo la anthu osankhika lidzayankha pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zamakhalidwe, kuphatikizapo chiwawa ndi kusamvera anthu.
Kuwunika kwa mikangano yamitundu ku United States yomwe pepalali lachita bwino potengera malingaliro awa, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi zitsanzo zenizeni zikuwonetsa kusintha kapena kusintha kuchokera kumalingaliro awa. tsankho lodziwika bwino ku encrypted tsankho. Kusinthaku kunachitika chifukwa mwalamulo la boma komanso mwamalingaliro, kusankhana mitundu kunathetsedwa ku United States. Potengera chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, chosonkhanitsidwa, komanso m'machitidwe, kusankhana mitundu kunasintha kuchoka pamalingaliro ake owonekera kupita ku mawonekedwe obisika, obisika; chinachoka pa kuyang’anira boma kupita ku ulamuliro wa munthu; kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chake chowonekera ndi chodziwikiratu kupita ku mawonekedwe obisika kwambiri, obisika, obisika, obisika, osawoneka, ophimbidwa, ophimbidwa, ndi obisika.
Tsankho lobisika, lobisika, lobisika kapena lobisika la tsankho ndi zomwe pepalali limatcha tsankho lobisika. Pepalali likutsimikizira kuti monga momwe bungwe la Civil Rights Movement linathandizira kuthetsa tsankho lodziwika bwino, tsankho lotseguka ndi tsankho ku United States, gulu la Black Lives Matter lakhala likuthandizira molimba mtima pakuchepetsa encrypted tsankho ku United States. Chitsanzo china chingakhale zochitika ku Ferguson, Missouri, zomwe zinapereka kumvetsetsa mozama za chikhalidwe cha encrypted tsankho kwa ofufuza, opanga mfundo ndi anthu onse kudzera mu Lipoti la DOJ (2015) lomwe limasonyeza kuti machitidwe a Ferguson amavulaza kwambiri anthu a ku Africa-America a Ferguson ndipo amatsogoleredwa ndi tsankho, kuphatikizapo stereotyping (tsamba 62). The Black Lives Matter movement ndiye kuti ndi "mawu amtundu" wapadera (Tyson, 2015, p. 360) kuthandiza anthu a ku America omwe anali olamuliridwa kale komanso osasankhidwa amitundu kuti afotokoze nkhani zawo pamene adakumana ndi tsankho.
Nkhani zawo zathandizira kuthetsa tsankho lobisika ku United States. Komabe, kufufuza kwina kumafunika kuti timvetsetse njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe 21 imadutsamost Omenyera ufulu wazaka za zana limodzi osachita zachiwawa aku Africa ku America amamveketsa mawu awo, ndikuwunika zovuta zomwe amakumana nazo pakuwukira kwawo komanso kuyang'ana zomwe boma ndi azungu ambiri achita.
Zothandizira
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Wolemba, Dr. Basil Ugorji, ndi Purezidenti ndi CEO wa International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation. Iye analandira Ph.D. mu Kusanthula ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano kuchokera ku dipatimenti ya Conflict Resolution Studies, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
