Kuthetsa Mikangano Yosatha mu Ufumu wa Ekpetiama wa Mafuta ndi Gasi Wolemera: Nkhani Yophunzira ya Agudama Ekpetiama Impasse
Ekpetiama Kingdom
Nkhani Yolemekezeka ya Royal Majesty, King Bubaraye Dakolo, Agada IV, Ibenanaowei waku Ekpetiama Kingdom, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Otsogolera: Denis Bikesha, Ph.D., Dean of Law and Lecturer of Law, University of Rwanda, School of Law, Gikondo Campus. His Royal Majesty, King Bubaraye Dakolo, Agada IV, Ibenanaowei of Ekpetiama Kingdom, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Mpando: Basil Ugorji, Purezidenti ndi CEO, International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation, New York.
Nkhani yolemekezeka yomwe inaperekedwa pa October 31, 2018 pa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa 5th Annual International on Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution and Religious Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding yomwe inachitikira ndi International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation ku Queens College, City University of New York, mogwirizana ndi Center for Ethnic, Kumvetsetsana Kwamitundu ndi Zipembedzo (CERRU).
Introduction
Agudama ndi amodzi mwa midzi isanu ndi iwiri yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Nun River wolemera kwambiri ku Ekpetiama m'chigawo cha Niger River Delta, ku Bayelsa, Nigeria. Derali la anthu pafupifupi XNUMX adakumana ndi vuto lazaka khumi ndi zisanu, mtsogoleri waderali atamwalira, chifukwa cha kutsatizana komanso zovuta pakuwongolera ndalama zamafuta ndi gasi. Kuwonjezera pa milandu yambirimbiri ya m’khoti imene inatsatira, mkanganowo unapha anthu ena. Podziwa kuti mtendere udzabweretsa chitukuko chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chakhala chikusokonekera kwa anthu kwa nthawi yayitali ngakhale kuti adapatsidwa mafuta ndi gasi, mfumu yatsopano ya ufumu wa Ekpetiama idawona kubwezeretsa mtendere ku Agudama ndi madera ena onse a ufumuwo. Njira yothanirana ndi mikangano ya ufumu wa Ekpetiama idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi imbroglio zidachotsedwa pamaphwando kunyumba yachifumu ya Agada IV Gbarantoru. Pomaliza, msonkhano wa zipani zonse pamodzi ndi anthu osalowerera ndale ochokera m’madera ena mu ufumuwo udakonzedwa kuti ukachitikire kunyumba ya mfumu yatsopanoyi pofuna kuthetsa mkanganowo.
Pakati pa mantha osonyezedwa ndi maphwando ndi okayikira, udindo wa Ibenanaowei (mfumu) unasiya aliyense wokhutira. Pa zinthu zinayi zimene maphwandowo anafunika kuchita monga anthu oyanjanitsidwa, ziwiri zikugwiridwa ndi onse okhudzidwa, pamene chachitatu chinali kukwaniritsidwa mokwanira pa ufumuwo. Chikondwerero Chatsopano cha Yam mu June (Okolode) 2018. Zina ziwiri zofunika pa chisankho ndi kukhazikitsa mtsogoleri watsopano wa dera la Agudama zikupitirira.
Uwu ndi kafukufuku wa momwe, mowona mtima, njira yothanirana ndi mikangano ku Ekpetiama ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuthetsa mikangano yosatha yomwe yanyoza njira zakumadzulo monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ku Nigeria. Chotsatira chachizolowezi ndi kupambana-kupambana. Mlandu wa Agudama, womwe wakhalapo kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ngakhale kuti malamulo angapo aku Britain adaweruza, ukuthetsedwa ndi njira yothanirana ndi mikangano ya Ekpetiama.
Geography
Agudama ndi amodzi mwa midzi isanu ndi iwiri yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Nun River wolemera kwambiri ku Ekpetiama m'chigawo cha Niger River Delta, ku Bayelsa, Nigeria. Ndi gulu lachitatu la Ekpetiama lomwe likutsatira mtsinje wa Nun, kuwerengera kutsika kuchokera ku Gbarantoru, tawuni yakumtunda kwambiri mu ufumuwo. Chilumba cha Wilberforce ndi dzina la malo otsetsereka pomwe Agudama ali. Zomera ndi zinyama zake zokongola kwambiri zaka mazana ambiri zikadalibe - namwali. Pokhapokha m'madera omwe ali kale ndi misewu yamakono ndi nyumba, kapena omwe amachotsedwa ntchito zamafuta ndi gasi, komanso posachedwa pabwalo la ndege la Bayelsa. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Agudama ndi pafupifupi anthu zikwi zitatu. Tawuniyi ili ndi magulu atatu, omwe ndi, Ewerewari, Olomowari ndi Oyekewari.
Mbiri Yotsutsana
Pa Disembala 23, 1972, Agudama adalandira Amananaowei watsopano, Royal Highness Turner Eradiri II yemwe adalamulira mpaka pa Disembala 1, 2002, pomwe adalumikizana ndi makolo ake. Chopondapo cha Agudama chasindikizidwa ngati chopondapo chachikhalidwe chachitatu m'boma la Bayelsa. Paliowei, Wachiwiri kwa Chief Awudu Okpopon ndiye adalamulira monga Amananaowei wa tawuniyi mpaka 2004, pomwe anthu adafuna kuti pakhale Amananaowei yatsopano. Popeza kuti tauniyo inkalamulidwa kale ndi lamulo losalembedwa, pempho la malamulo olembedwa linavomerezedwa kukhala sitepe yoyamba yofunikira. Ntchito yokonza malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo inayamba pa January 1, 2004. Izi zinayambitsa mikangano, koma pa February 10, 2005, anthu pa msonkhano wawo waukulu womwe unachitikira m’bwalo la tauniyo anakadandaula kuti chikalata cha Agudama chivomerezedwe. Izi zidabweretsa zovuta zamitundu yonse zomwe pamapeto pake zidabweretsa boma la Bayelsa ngati mkhalapakati.
Wapampando wa Traditional Rulers' Council of Bayelsa State, HRM King Joshua Igbagara adasankhidwa kukhala wapampando wa komiti ya boma ya Bayelsa pa Agudama, ndi udindo wothandiza anthu kuti akhazikitse mwamtendere Amananaowei. Zovuta kuti aliyense avomereze lamulo latsopanoli zidachedwetsa ndondomekoyi kwa miyezi ina. Komabe, pa May 25, 2005 lamulo lovomerezeka linaperekedwa kwa anthu a Agudama. Nthawi yomweyo komiti yosintha zinthu idatsegulidwa pomwe mabungwe ena onse monga ma chiefs council, community development committee (CDC) ndi ena omwe malemu Amananaowei adawasiya adathetsedwa. Koma pafupifupi theka la anthu okhudzidwawo anakana kuchotsedwa ntchito. Amananaowei, yemwe anali wovuta kwambiri pazochitika zambiri, adavomereza udindo watsopanowu ndipo adachoka pambali kuti komiti yosintha anthu asanu igwire ntchito yake. Pazonse, awiri ndi theka mwa magulu atatu omwe ali mtawuniyi, omwe amakhala pafupifupi 85% ya anthu ammudzi adavomereza udindo watsopano. Pambuyo pake, kukhazikitsidwa kwa komiti yoyendetsera zisankho (ELECO) kunachitika pa June 22, 2005 ndi anthu ochokera kumagulu onse atatu a Ewerewari, Olomowari ndi Oyekewari. Komiti yoyendetsa zisankho idapitilira kulengeza za kugulitsa mafomu pogwiritsa ntchito kulira kwa tawuni komweko komanso wailesi ya boma ya Bayelsa. Patatha sabata imodzi akulengeza za zisankho, omwe amatsutsa kusinthako adapempha otsatira awo kuti anyalanyaze zisankho. Iwo adalengezanso pempho lawo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito wailesi ya boma.
Ngakhale adanyanyala, komiti yoyendetsa zisankho idachita zisankho pa Julayi 9, 2005 ndipo mafumu a Agudama adayika munthu yekhayo komanso wopambana kukhala Amananaowei waku Agudama - Ulemerero Wake Imomotimi Happy Ogbotobo pa Julayi 12, 2005.
Chotsatira ichi chinayambitsanso mikangano yambiri. Boma linaimbidwa mlandu wokondera anthu ena ammudzi. Milandu yamakhothi idaperekedwa mwachangu ndi anthu odandaula omwe adanyanyala zisankho. Ma Counter suits adaperekedwa motsutsana nawo. Milandu ingapo ya ziwawa zomwe pambuyo pake zidasanduka ziwawa zoyenerera zidachitikanso. Panali kumangidwa ndi kumangidwanso komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi magulu awiriwa. M'kupita kwa masiku milandu yambiri idaperekedwa ndipo anthu ambiri adayimbidwa mlandu wophwanya malamulo osiyanasiyana. Mlandu wapachiweniweni wotsutsa njira zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Amananaowei atulutsidwe pomaliza pake adatsimikiza kuti akhumudwitsidwa ndi omwe amamutsatira. Iye anataya mlanduwo m’njira zonse. Khotilo, mu September 2012, linathetsa chisankho cha Happy Ogbotobo monga Amananaowei. Choncho, pamaso pa lamulo ndi pamaso pa nzika zonse zomvera malamulo a Agudama ndi kupitirira, iye sanali mfumu ngakhale kwa mphindi imodzi. Choncho anakhala ngati amwenye ena amtundu wa Agudama amene sanakhalepo Amananaowei. Chifukwa chake sanayenera kuganiziridwa kapena kutchulidwa ngati wakale wa Amananaowei mu ufumu wa Ekpetiama. Chigamulochi chinabweretsanso utsogoleri wa anthu m’manja mwa khonsolo yomwe malemu mfumu adasiya. Izi zidatsutsidwanso kubwalo lamilandu koma chigamulo chatsimikiza kuti khonsolo ya malemu Amananaowei ipitilize kayendetsedwe ka tawuniyi chifukwa chilengedwe chimanyansidwa.
Ntchito zamafuta osakanizidwa ndi gasi zidakwera kwambiri mu 2004 ndi 2005, pomwe SPDC idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lawo lalikulu la gasi ku Africa. Anayambitsa ntchito ya Gbaran/Ubie mabiliyoni ambiri mgulu la Gbarain/Ekpetiama. Izi zidabweretsa mwayi womwe sunachitikepo wachuma komanso ntchito zofananira zachitukuko zamagawo m'mafumu a Ekpetiama ndi Gbarain, kuphatikiza Agudama.
Pakati pa 2005 pomwe Amananaowei adasankhidwa ndi 2012 pomwe khotilo linathetsa ulamuliro wake, anthu ammudzi omwe amatsutsana naye komanso ulamuliro wake sanamuzindikire kuti ndi Amananaowei motero sanamumvere. Panali zochitika zingapo zadala zokana kumvera udindo wake. Choncho chigamulo cha khoti chomwe chinasintha udindowu chinangowonjezera kunyozedwa kwa utsogoleri. Nthawi ino ndi anthu ambiri a Agudama. Wokhulupirika wakale wa Amananaowei akutsutsa kuti sanapeze mgwirizano ndi oyang'anira madera omwe alipo komanso othandizira awo panthawi yawo kotero kuti nawonso sakanapereka zawo.
Zoyeserera Zam'mbuyo Pothetsa Mkangano
Vutoli (lazaka pafupifupi khumi ndi zisanu) lawona magulu onse omenyana ku Agudama akuyenda maulendo osawerengeka opita kupolisi kuchigawo chakummwera kwa Nigeria, ku makhoti kuti akazengereze milandu yapachiweniweni ndi yaupandu, komanso kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo mite kuti akateteze kapena kukatenga akufa. . Nthaŵi zina, anthu ena anayesa kuthetsa mavutowo kunja kwa khoti, koma palibe amene anaona kuwala kwa tsikulo. Nthawi zambiri akangofuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano m'modzi kapena awiri kuchokera kumbali iliyonse yomwe akukangana amasokoneza nkhaniyo ndikuthetsa kuyesetsa.
Pamene Mfumu Yake Yachifumu Bubaraye Dakolo anaikidwa kukhala Ibenanaowei wa ufumu wa Ekpetiama mu 2016, kukayikirana ndi kusagwirizana kunali pachimake pakati pa anthu a Agudama. Koma atatsimikiza mtima kuthetsa imbroglio, adayambitsa zokambirana ndi magulu onse ammudzi - omwe anali ndi polarized ndi omwe alibe polarized kwa miyezi ingapo atakhazikika. kukangana.
Magawo angapo okhazikika komanso osakhazikika adachitika ndi mfumu kunyumba yachifumu ya Agada IV. Zinthu zofunikira, monga zigamulo za makhothi ndi zigamulo, zinaperekedwa kuchokera kumbali zonse kuti zitsimikizire zonena zawo. Zida ndi umboni wapakamwa zinafufuzidwa mosamala mfumuyo isanaganize zowasonkhanitsa pamodzi m’nyumba yake yachifumu kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m’nthaŵi yaitali.
Zochita Panopa
2pm pa Epulo 17, 2018 inali nthawi ndi tsiku lovomerezeka kuti maphwando onse abwere kunyumba ya mfumu kudzakambirana / kukambirana. Msonkhano usanachitike, panali zongopeka komanso mphekesera za zotsatira zoyipa komanso zokondera. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti onse adatenga nawo gawo pakugulitsa zongopeka. Pamapeto pake nthawi yoikidwiratu inafika ndipo Mfumu Yake Yachifumu Mfumu Bubaraye Dakolo, Agada IV, inabwera ndikukhala pamutu pake.
Iye analankhula pa msonkhano wa August wa anthu pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi atatu. Anayang'ana mfundo zomwe akuwona kuti onse ayenera kuvomereza, ndipo adanena kuti:
makhoti, mu September 2012, anathetsa chisankho cha Happy Ogbotobo monga Amananaowei - kotero pamaso pa malamulo komanso pamaso pathu monga nzika zomvera malamulo a Agudama, tiyenera kuvomereza kuti sanali, ndipo sanali mfumu ngakhale kwa sekondi imodzi. Choncho ali ngati munthu wina aliyense ku Agudama amene sali ndipo sanakhalepo Amananaowei. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti ngakhale akunenedwa kukhala mfumu, ndipo izi zikhoza kuchitika nthawi zina, sizikutanthauza ndipo sizikutanthauza kuti anali Amananaowei mu ufumuwu motsatira malamulo. Chief Sir Bubaraye Geku is Chairman of Agudama Council. Ndipo izi zatsimikiziridwa ndikutsimikizidwanso ndi bwalo lamilandu loyenerera. Izi zikuloleza utsogoleri wake wanthawi yochepa wa Agudama. Ndipo chifukwa tiyenera kupita patsogolo, ndipo tiyenera kutero lero, ndikukhulupirira inu muvomereza kuti tonsefe titero lero. ONSE tiyenera kumuzungulira iye. Tiyeni tonse tithandizire paulamuliro wake wa Agudama wabwino.
Mfumuyi idayang'ananso zinthu zina zazikuluzikulu monga zolembera malamulo. Chipani china chinkafuna kuti lamulo latsopano la malamulo lilembedwenso. Koma ena adati ayi ndipo adati chikalata cha 2005 chiyenera kutsatiridwa. Mfumuyi idanenetsa kuti idakali chikalata chifukwa sichidavomerezedwe ndi anthu a Agudama ndipo wina akhoza kuyitsutsa ngati sichinachitike. Iye adawapempha kuti awunikenso bwino kuti awone momwe bukuli lili ndi chifuniro chawo cholembedwa mosamalitsa, komanso momwe chinathandizira kuchotsedwa kwa Bambo Happy Ogbotobo pa udindo wawo wosaloledwa. Adafunsa kuti: Kodi chingakhale chanzeru kudzudzula ndikuchitaya chifukwa chili ndi ntchito ndi chifuniro cha Anthu a Agudama? Makamaka kwa anthu oyanjananso? Anthu oyanjanitsidwa? Ananena kuti ayi. Ayi chifukwa tiyenera kupita patsogolo. Ayi chifukwa palibe malamulo padziko lapansi omwe ali abwino. Osati ngakhale za United States of America! Zachidziwikire, mumangomva, kusinthidwa koyamba ndikusintha kwachiwiri, ndi zina.
Mlandu Woyembekezera ku Khothi la Apilo
Kukadali mlandu kukhoti la apilo ku Port Harcourt. Izi zikuyenera kuthetsedwa chifukwa palibe zisankho zatsopano za Amananaowei zomwe zingachitike popanda kuthetseratu nkhani ina iliyonse kukhoti.
A Ibenanaowei adadandaulira mwachidwi kwa onse omwe adasonkhana pakufunika kokayika mlandu womwe udakalipo kukhothi la apilo ku Port Harcourt. Iwo adagwirizana ndi chikhulupiliro cha mfumuyi kuti zotsatira za mlandu womwe ukudikira kukhoti la apilo ku Port Harcourt sizithetsa vuto lililonse. Ngakhale zingapatse opambana, aliyense yemwe angakhale, mphindi zochepa zosangalatsa zomwe sizingasinthe chilichonse kukhala chabwino ku Agudama. “Choncho, ngati timamukonda Agudama, mlandu umenewo tingauthetse lero. Tiyenera kuzichotsa. Tiyeni tizichotsa,” adateronso. Izi zinavomerezedwa ndi onse. Kuzindikira kuti nkhani yomwe ili kukhoti la apilo ku Port Harcourt ngati ingalepheretse chisankho, idasangalatsa anthu ambiri.
“Zofuna Zanga za Anthu a Agudama”
Nkhani ya mfumu panjira yopita kumudzi inali ndi mutu wakuti 'zofuna zanga kwa anthu a Agudama'. Iye wapempha onse kuti avomereze ndi kugwilizana ndi a Chief Sir Bubaraye Geco motsogozedwa ndi khonsolo ngati boma lovomerezeka la Agudama ndipo anapemphanso kuti mkulu wa bungwe lotsogola Sir Bubaraye Geco achitepo kanthu kuti asasalane aliyense wa Agudama pa zochita zake ndi tawuniyi. kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Iye adaonjeza kuti mkulu wa khonsoloyo agwiranso ntchito yovuta kwambiri yoti asaoneke ngati akusala munthu wa Agudama pazakuchita zake ndi tawuniyi kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Kusintha kwa kawonedwe kameneka kunali kovuta kwambiri.
Mfumuyi idati ikhazikitsa komiti yosakondera yomwe si ya Agudama, Ekpetiama yomwe idzachite zisankho za Agudama kumapeto kwa chaka ngati zofuna zina zonse zikwaniritsidwa. Iye analangizanso kuti malamulo a Agudama omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kutchulidwa mu chigamulo chomwe chinathetsa chisankho cha Bambo Happy Ogbotobo ndi ulamuliro wake, chisinthidwe bwino chifukwa ino si nthawi yosintha zinthu.
Mu mzimu wa kasinthasintha monga zakhazikika m’malamulo oyendetsera dziko ndi kulola kutsekedwa koyenera, ubale, chilungamo, chiyanjanitso chenicheni cha anthu a Ekpetiama a Agudama, ndi chikondi kwa anthu ammudzi, chisankho cha mpando wa Amananaowei wa Agudama chiyenera kulola okha ofuna kusankhidwa. kuchokera ku Ewerewari ndi Olomowari. Onse adalimbikitsidwa kuti asankhe kapena kuthandizira ofuna kulowa mgululi ndikulola munthu yemwe watsimikizira chikondi chenicheni kwa anthu ammudzi asankhidwe. Lingaliroli, ngati kanthawi kochepa, cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa zofuna za anthu a Agudama.
Pa Bambo Happy Ogbotobo
Mtsogoleri wa anthu omwe anachotsedwa, Bambo Happy Ogbotobo, anakambidwanso. Amachokera ku Ewerewari compound. Popeza kusankhidwa kwake ndi ulamuliro wake zidathetsedwa, zikanakhala zabwino kuti apikisanenso ngati angafune ndikukwaniritsa njira zina zosankhidwa pampando wa Amananaowei waku Agudama.
Kutsiliza
A Ibenanaowei pamapeto pake adapatsa anthu a Agudama miyezi itatu kuti agwire ntchito limodzi. Anawapempha kuti achotse apilo yomwe idakalipo ndikuthandizira boma lomwe lilipo. Iwo adalangizidwa kuti azichita nawo chikondwerero cha Okolode mu June 2018. Iwo adaperekadi gulu labwino kwambiri la chikondwerero.
Lonjezo la komiti yachisankho m'miyezi yowerengeka ngati iwo awonetsa kukonzekera adapangidwa. Mfumuyo inagogomezera mfundo yakuti nkhondoyo sinali nkhondo ya anthu omenyana, koma ndewu chabe ya m’banja imene inapitiriridwa mopambanitsa, ndipo njira yamwambo yothetsa mikangano inakhazikitsidwa inali njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera mikangano ya m’banja. Ngakhale ena adakhumudwa koma mfumu imakhulupirira kuti Agudama akuyenera kugwirizanitsa ndikugwira ntchito limodzi osaganiza kuti angapeze zonse. Nthawi zonse ndikupereka ndi kutenga, adatsindika. Ndipo iyi ndi nthawi yopereka ndi kutenga. Gawoli lidatha ndi slogan ya chikhalidwe - Aahinhhh Ogbonbiri! Inu.
Malangizo
Njira yothetsera mikangano ya Ekpetiama yomwe nthawi zonse imayang'ana zotsatira zopambana yakhala maziko a mtendere wa anthu onse ndi kukhalira limodzi kuyambira kalekale ndipo ikugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano bola ngati woyimbira masewero amvetsera ndikusungabe cholinga.
Boma la Bayelsa makamaka ndi mabungwe ena onse aboma atha kuchirikiza mchitidwewu popangitsa mayunivesite kuti afufuze bwino ndikulemba mchitidwewu, komanso kuugwiritsa ntchito kuthetsa mikangano yambiri yomwe imayambitsa mafuta ndi gasi ku Niger Delta ndi kwina.
