Decentralization: Ndondomeko Yothetsera Mikangano Yamitundu ku Nigeria
Kudalirika
Pepalali likukamba za nkhani ya BBC ya June 13, 2017 yamutu wakuti "Letter from Africa: Kodi zigawo za Nigerian ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu?" M'nkhaniyi, wolemba, Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani, adakambirana mwaluso zisankho zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mikangano yachiwawa ku Nigeria. Kutengera kuyitanidwa kosalekeza kwa dongosolo latsopano la feduro lomwe limalimbikitsa kudziyimira pawokha kwa zigawo ndikuletsa mphamvu zapakati, wolemba adawunika momwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko yoyendetsera dziko kapena kugawa kungathandize kuchepetsa zovuta zachipembedzo zaku Nigeria.
Mikangano Yamitundu ku Nigeria: Chotsatira cha Federal Structure and Leadership Failure
Mikangano yosatha ya mafuko ku Nigeria, wolembayo akuti, idachokera ku boma la Nigeria, komanso momwe atsogoleri aku Nigeria adalamulira dzikolo kuyambira kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana kukhala zigawo ziwiri - chitetezo chakumpoto ndi chitetezero chakumwera. - komanso kuphatikiza kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kukhala dziko limodzi lotchedwa Nigeria mu 1914. Motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha mafuko a Nigeria, a British adagwirizanitsa mwamphamvu anthu amtundu ndi mayiko omwe analibe maubwenzi oyambirira. Malire awo anasinthidwa; anaphatikizidwa kukhala dziko limodzi lamakono ndi olamulira atsamunda a ku Britain; ndi dzina, Nigeria - dzina lochokera ku 19th Kampani yaku Britain yazaka zana, ndi Kampani ya Royal Niger - adayikidwa pa iwo.
Dziko la Nigeria lisanadzilamulire mu 1960, olamulira achitsamunda aku Britain adalamulira dziko la Nigeria kudzera muulamuliro womwe umadziwika kuti ulamuliro wosalunjika. Ulamuliro wosalunjika mwachibadwa umalola tsankho ndi kukondera. Anthu a ku Britain ankalamulira kudzera mwa mafumu awo okhulupirika, ndipo anayambitsa mfundo zokhotakhota zokhudza mafuko zimene anthu a kumpoto ankawalemba usilikali komanso anthu akumwera kuti azigwira ntchito za boma kapena za boma.
Kusokonekera kwaulamuliro ndi mwayi wazachuma womwe a Britain adayambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu, kufananiza, kukayikira, mpikisano waukulu komanso tsankho munthawi yaufulu usanayambe (1914-1959), ndipo izi zidafika pachimake paziwawa komanso nkhondo zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pa 1960. kulengeza ufulu.
Asanaphatikizidwe mu 1914, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuko inali yodzilamulira ndipo inkalamulira anthu awo kudzera muulamuliro wawo wachibadwidwe. Chifukwa cha kudzilamulira ndi kudzilamulira kwa mitundu ya mafuko amenewa, panali mikangano yocheperapo kapena yosakhalapo pakati pa mafuko. Komabe, mkubwela kwa kuphatikiza 1914 ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba yamalamulo ya boma mu 1960, omwe kale anali odzipatula komanso odziyimira pawokha mafuko - mwachitsanzo, Igbos, Yorubas, Hausas, etc. - adayamba kupikisana mwamphamvu paudindo pakati. Zomwe zimatchedwa Igbo-led'état coup d'état za Januware 1966 zomwe zidapangitsa kuti akuluakulu aboma ndi asitikali odziwika makamaka ochokera kumpoto (fuko la Hausa-Fulani) aphedwe komanso kulanda boma kwa July 1966, komanso Kupha anthu amtundu wa Igbos kumpoto kwa Nigeria ndi anthu akumpoto komwe kunkawonedwa ndi anthu ngati kubwezera kwa a Hausa-Fulanis kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Igbos kumwera chakum'mawa, zonsezi ndi zotsatira za nkhondo yapakati pamitundu yofuna kulamulira mphamvu pakati. Ngakhale pamene federalism - dongosolo la pulezidenti wa boma - linakhazikitsidwa mu Republic lachiwiri mu 1979, kulimbana pakati pa mitundu ndi mpikisano wachiwawa wa mphamvu ndi kulamulira kwazinthu pakatikati sizinayime; m’malo mwake, chinakula.
Mikangano yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ziwawa ndi nkhondo zomwe zakhala zikuvutitsa Nigeria kwazaka zambiri zimayamba chifukwa cha kulimbana komwe kudzakhala pagulu la anthu, kuphatikiza mphamvu pakati, ndikuwongolera zochitika za boma, kuphatikiza mafuta. yomwe ndi gwero lalikulu la ndalama ku Nigeria. Kusanthula kwa Nwaubani kumagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chomwe chimalimbikitsa kachitidwe kobwerezabwereza kachitidwe ndi kachitidwe mu ubale pakati pa mafuko ku Nigeria pa mpikisano wapakati. Fuko limodzi likalanda mphamvu pakati ( federal power ), mafuko ena omwe amadzimva kuti akusalanitsidwa komanso osasankhidwa amayamba kukwiya kuti alowe nawo. Mavuto ngati amenewa nthawi zambiri amakula n’kukhala chiwawa komanso nkhondo. Kuukira kwa asitikali kwa Januware 1966 komwe kudapangitsa kuti mtsogoleri wa dziko la Igbo atuluke komanso kulanda boma mu Julayi 1966 zomwe zidapangitsa kuti utsogoleri wa Igbo utha ndipo zidayambitsa ulamuliro wankhanza wa asitikali akumpoto, komanso kupatukana kwa gulu lankhondo. Kum'mawa kuti apange dziko lodziyimira palokha la Biafra lochotsedwa ku boma la Nigeria lomwe linayambitsa nkhondo yazaka zitatu (1967-1970) yomwe idapha anthu opitilira mamiliyoni atatu, ambiri mwa iwo anali a Biafra, zonse ndi zitsanzo za Machitidwe ochitapo kanthu a ubale wapakati pa anthu ku Nigeria. Komanso, kukwera kwa Boko Haram kunkawoneka ngati kuyesa kwa anthu akumpoto kuti abweretse kusakhazikika kwa dziko komanso kufooketsa kayendetsedwe ka boma la Purezidenti Goodluck Jonathan yemwe amachokera kumtsinje wolemera wa Niger Delta kumwera kwa Nigeria. Mwachidziwitso, Goodluck Jonathan adataya (kukonzanso) chisankho cha 2015 kwa Purezidenti wamakono Muhammadu Buhari yemwe ali wa kumpoto kwa Hausa-Fulani fuko.
Kukwera kwa Buhari ku pulezidenti kumatsagana ndi magulu awiri akuluakulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zigawenga zochokera kumwera (makamaka, kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi kumwera-kum'mwera). Kumeneku ndi chipwirikiti chotsitsimutsidwa cha ufulu wa Biafra motsogozedwa ndi Amwenye a Biafra. Zina ndi kuyambiranso kwa kayendetsedwe kazachilengedwe ku Niger Delta yolemera mafuta motsogozedwa ndi Niger Delta Avengers.
Kulingaliranso za Kapangidwe Kakalo ka Nigeria
Kutengera ndi mafunde atsopanowa a chipwirikiti cha fuko lofuna kudzilamulira ndi kudzilamulira, akatswiri ambiri ndi opanga mfundo akuyamba kuganiziranso momwe boma la federal lilili komanso mfundo zomwe mgwirizano wa Federal unakhazikitsidwa. Zikutsutsidwa m'nkhani ya BBC ya Nwaubani kuti dongosolo lokhazikika lomwe zigawo kapena mafuko amapatsidwa mphamvu zambiri komanso kudziyimira pawokha kuti athe kuyang'anira zinthu zawo, komanso kufufuza ndi kuyang'anira zachilengedwe zawo pamene akulipira msonkho ku boma la federal, sikungothandiza kukonza maubwenzi apakati pa anthu a ku Nigeria, koma chofunika kwambiri, ndondomeko yokhazikika ya mgwirizano wamtendere, mgwirizano wamtendere ndi mtendere wa dziko la Nigeria zidzadzetsa mtendere.
Nkhani ya kugawikana kwa mayiko kapena kugawikana kwa mayiko idalira pa nkhani ya mphamvu. Kufunika kwa mphamvu pakupanga ndondomeko sikungagogomezedwe mopitirira muyeso m'mayiko a demokalase. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa demokalase mu 1999, mphamvu zopanga zisankho ndi kuzikwaniritsa zidaperekedwa kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa mwademokalase, makamaka opanga malamulo ku Congress. Opanga malamulowa, komabe, amapeza mphamvu kuchokera kwa nzika zomwe zidawasankha. Choncho, ngati chiwerengero chokulirapo cha nzika sichikukondwera ndi dongosolo lamakono la boma la Nigeria - mwachitsanzo, makonzedwe a federal - ndiye kuti ali ndi mphamvu zolankhula ndi oimira awo pakufunika kukonzanso ndondomeko kudzera mulamulo lomwe lidzayike. m'malo mwa dongosolo la boma lomwe lidzapereka mphamvu zambiri kumadera ndi mphamvu zochepa pakati.
Ngati nthumwizo zikana kumvera zofuna ndi zosowa za anthu awo, ndiye kuti nzika zili ndi mphamvu zovotera opanga malamulo omwe angalimbikitse chidwi chawo, kumveketsa mawu awo, ndi kupereka malamulo mokomera iwo. Akuluakulu osankhidwa akadziwa kuti sadzasankhidwanso ngati sakugwirizana ndi lamulo loti azilamulira m'madera, adzakakamizika kuvota kuti asunge mipando yawo. Choncho, nzika zili ndi mphamvu zosintha utsogoleri wa ndale womwe udzakhazikitse ndondomeko zomwe zidzagwirizane ndi zosowa zawo zamagulu ndikuwonjezera chisangalalo chawo.
Kugawikana kwa mayiko, Kuthetsa Mikangano ndi Kukula kwachuma
Boma lomwe lili ndi magawo ambiri limapereka njira zosinthika - osati zouma - zothetsa mikangano. Chiyeso cha ndondomeko yabwino chimakhala mu mphamvu ya ndondomekoyi kuthetsa mavuto omwe alipo kapena mikangano. Mpaka pano, dongosolo la federal lomwe lilipo pano lomwe limapereka mphamvu zambiri pakatikati silinathe kuthetsa mikangano yamitundu yomwe yalepheretsa Nigeria kuyambira pomwe idalandira ufulu. Chifukwa chake ndi chifukwa mphamvu zochulukirapo zimaperekedwa pakati pomwe madera akulandidwa ufulu wawo.
Dongosolo lodziwika bwino lomwe lili ndi kuthekera kobwezeretsa mphamvu ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa atsogoleri amderalo ndi madera omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi zovuta zenizeni zomwe nzika zimakumana nazo tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso omwe ali ndi luso logwira ntchito ndi anthu kuti apeze mayankho okhalitsa amavuto awo. . Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake pakuwonjezeka kwa kutenga nawo mbali pazandale ndi zachuma, ndondomeko zogawanika zimatha kuyankha zosowa za anthu ammudzi, ndikuwonjezera bata mu mgwirizano.
Momwemonso kuti mayiko a ku United States akuwoneka ngati ma laboratories andale kudziko lonselo, ndondomeko yowonongeka ku Nigeria idzapatsa mphamvu madera, kulimbikitsa malingaliro atsopano, ndi kuthandizira kukulitsa malingalirowa ndi zatsopano zatsopano mkati mwa dera lililonse kapena boma. Zatsopano kapena mfundo zochokera kumadera kapena zigawo zitha kubwerezedwanso m'maiko ena asanakhale lamulo la federal.
Kutsiliza
Pomaliza, dongosolo la ndale lamtunduwu lili ndi zabwino zambiri, ziwiri zomwe zimawonekera. Choyamba, dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndi boma silidzangobweretsa nzika kufupi ndi ndale ndi ndale pafupi ndi nzika, zidzasinthanso chidwi cha kulimbana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mpikisano pa mphamvu kuchokera pakati kupita kumadera. Chachiwiri, kugawikana kwa mayiko kudzalimbikitsa kukula kwachuma ndi kukhazikika m'dziko lonselo, makamaka pamene zatsopano zatsopano ndi ndondomeko zochokera kudziko lina kapena dera zikuwonetsedwa m'madera ena a dziko.
Wolemba, Dr. Basil Ugorji, ndi Purezidenti ndi CEO wa International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation. Iye analandira Ph.D. mu Kusanthula ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano kuchokera ku dipatimenti ya Conflict Resolution Studies, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
