Zolemba Zatsopano Zokhudza Kuphedwa kwa Anthu a ku Armenia

Ndi mfundo yosatsutsika komanso mbiri yolembedwa kuti mu 1915-16 anthu a ku Armenia omwe ankakhala mu Ufumu wa Ottoman anaphedwa. Ngati boma la Turkey lomwe lilipo pano likukana chigawenga chomwe chachitika zaka zoposa 1915 zapitazo, chimakhala chowonjezera pa mlanduwo. Ngati munthu kapena dziko likulephera kuvomereza mlandu womwe wapalamula, mayiko otukuka kwambiri amayenera kulowererapo. Awa ndi mayiko omwe amatsindika kwambiri kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndipo kupewa kwawo kumakhala chitsimikizo cha mtendere. Zomwe zidachitika mu 1916-1915 ku Ottoman Turkey ziyenera kulembedwa kuti ndi mlandu wopha anthu omwe ali ndi mlandu, chifukwa zikugwirizana ndi zolemba zonse za Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. M'malo mwake, Raphael Lemkin adalemba tanthauzo la mawu oti "kupha anthu" poganizira zolakwa ndi zophwanya malamulo ochitidwa ndi Ottoman Turkey mu 2003 (Auron, 9, p. XNUMX). Choncho, njira zomwe zimalimbikitsa kupewa zigawenga zomwe zimachitika kwa anthu, ndi zochitika zawo zamtsogolo komanso njira zokhazikitsa mtendere ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa potsutsa milandu yakale.       

Mutu wa kafukufukuyu ndi chikalata cha boma cha Ottoman chomwe chili ndi masamba atatu (f.3). Chikalatacho chinalembedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachilendo ku Turkey ndipo chinatumizidwa ku dipatimenti yachiwiri yomwe imayang'anira katundu wosiyidwa ngati lipoti lomwe lili ndi chidziwitso cha kuthamangitsidwa kwa miyezi itatu (kuyambira May 25 mpaka August 12) (f.3). Zimaphatikizapo zambiri za malamulo onse, bungwe la kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu a ku Armenia, ndondomeko ya kuthamangitsidwa, ndi misewu yomwe anthu a ku Armenia anathamangitsidwa. Komanso, lili ndi zambiri zokhudza cholinga cha zochita zimenezi, udindo wa akuluakulu pa kuthamangitsidwa, zikutanthauza kuti Ufumu wa Ottoman ntchito bungwe masuku pamutu Armenian katundu, komanso mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko ya Turkification wa Armenians mwa kugawa ana Armenian. kwa mabanja aku Turkey ndikuwasintha kukhala chipembedzo cha Chisilamu (f.3).

Ndi gawo lapadera, chifukwa lili ndi malamulo omwe anali asanaphatikizidwepo m'malemba ena. Makamaka, ili ndi chidziwitso pa dongosolo lokhazikitsa anthu aku Turkey m'nyumba zaku Armenia omwe adasamuka chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Balkan. Ichi ndi chikalata choyamba chovomerezeka kuchokera ku Ufumu wa Ottoman chomwe chimanena zomwe tadziwa kwa zaka zopitirira zana. Nali limodzi mwa malangizo apaderawa:

12 May 331 (May 25, 1915), Cryptogram: Pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa Armenian [midzi], chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mayina a midzi ayenera kudziwitsidwa pang'onopang'ono. Malo aku Armenia omwe alibe anthu ayenera kukhazikitsidwanso ndi Asilamu osamukira, omwe magulu awo ali ku Ankara ndi Konya. Kuchokera ku Konya, ziyenera kutumizidwa ku Adana ndi Diarbekir (Tigranakert) ndi kuchokera ku Ankara kupita ku Sivas (Sebastia), Kaisareya (Kayseri) ndi Mamuret-ul Aziz (Mezire, Harput). Chifukwa cha cholinga chapadera chimenecho, osamukira kudziko lina omwe alembedwa ntchito ayenera kutumizidwa kumalo otchulidwawo. Pa nthawi yolandira lamuloli, othawa kwawo ochokera m'madera omwe tawatchulawa ayenera kusuntha ndi njira zomwe tazitchulazi. Ndi izi, timadziwitsa kukwaniritsidwa kwake. (f.3)

Ngati tifunsa anthu amene anapulumuka chiwembucho kapena kuŵerenga zokumbukira zawo (Svazlian, 1995), tidzapeza umboni wochuluka umene unalembedwa mofananamo, monga momwe anali kutikankhira, kutithamangitsa, kutilanda ana athu mokakamiza, kutiba. ana athu aakazi, kupereka malo athu okhala kwa Asilamu osamuka. Uwu ndi umboni wochokera kwa mboni, chowonadi cholembedwa m'chikumbukiro chomwe chinasamutsidwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwo kupyolera mu zokambirana komanso kupyolera mu kukumbukira majini. Zolembazi ndi umboni wokhawo wovomerezeka ndi boma la Armenian Genocide. Chikalata china chofufuzidwa kuchokera ku Matenadaran ndi cholembera chokhudza kusinthidwa kwa anthu aku Armenia (cha Meyi 12, 1915 ndi 25 Meyi, 1915 mu kalendala ya Gregorian).

Chifukwa chake, mfundo ziwiri zofunika ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Anthu a ku Armenia ananyamuka patangopita maola awiri atapereka lamulo lolowa m’malo. Choncho, ngati mwanayo ali m’tulo ayenera kudzutsidwa, ngati mayiyo akubereka ayenera kuyenda panjira ndipo ngati mwana wamng’ono akusambira mumtsinje, mayiyo ankayenera kuchoka popanda kuyembekezera mwana wake.

Malinga ndi dongosololi, malo enieni, msasa kapena malangizo sanatchulidwe pothamangitsa anthu aku Armenia. Ofufuza ena amanena kuti ndondomeko yeniyeni sinapezeke pamene akufufuza zolemba zokhudzana ndi kuphedwa kwa fuko la Armenia. Komabe, pali dongosolo lina limene lili ndi zambiri zokhudza kusamuka kwa anthu a ku Armenia kuchoka kumalo ena kupita kwina komanso kulamula kuti aziwapatsa chakudya, malo ogona, mankhwala ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri powathamangitsa. Kuti musamuke pamalo B pamafunika nthawi ya X, yomwe ndi yololera ndipo thupi la munthu limatha kukhala ndi moyo. Palibenso kalozera wotero. Anthu adatulutsidwa m'nyumba zawo, kuthamangitsidwa mwachisawawa, mayendedwe amisewu amasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi chifukwa analibe kopita. Cholinga china chinali kuwononga anthu ndi kufa mwa kuwathamangitsa ndi kuwazunza. Kufanana ndi kusamukako, boma la Turkey linalembetsa kulembetsa ndi cholinga cha bungwe, kotero kuti a Armenia atangothamangitsidwa komiti yotsitsimula anthu othawa kwawo "iskan ve asayiş müdüriyeti" idzatha kukhazikitsiranso anthu osamukira ku Turkey mosavuta.

Ponena za ana aang'ono, omwe anakakamizika kukhala Turkified, ziyenera kutchulidwa kuti sanaloledwe kuchoka ndi makolo awo. Panali masauzande ambiri a ana amasiye aku Armenia omwe anali kulira m'nyumba za makolo opanda kanthu komanso akupsinjika maganizo (Svazlian, 1995).

Ponena za ana aku Armenia, chopereka cha Matenadaran chili ndi Cryptogram (29 June, 331 yomwe ndi July 12, 1915, Cryptogram-telegram (şifre)). "N'zotheka kuti ana ena akhoza kukhalabe ndi moyo panjira yothamangitsidwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa. Pofuna kuwaphunzitsa ndi kuwaphunzitsa, ziyenera kuperekedwa m’matauni ndi m’midzi yomwe ili ndi ndalama zokwanira, m’mabanja a anthu odziwika bwino kumene kulibe nzika za ku Armenia….” (f.3).

Kuchokera ku zolemba zakale za Ottoman (zolembedwa pa Seputembara 17, 1915) tapeza kuti pakati pa Ankara 733 (mazana asanu ndi awiri mphambu makumi atatu ndi atatu) azimayi ndi ana aku Armenia adathamangitsidwa ku Eskişehir, kuchokera ku Kalecik 257, ndi Keskin 1,169 (DH.EUM) 2. Şb) Izi zikutanthauza kuti ana a mabanjawa adakhala amasiye kotheratu. Kwa malo onga ngati Kalecik ndi Keskin, omwe ali ndi malo ochepa kwambiri, ana 1,426 ndi ochuluka kwambiri. Malinga ndi chikalata chomwechi, tapeza kuti ana otchulidwawa adagawidwa ku mabungwe achisilamu (DH.EUM. 2. Şb)). Tinene kuti chikalata chomwe chatchulidwachi chikuphatikizanso zambiri za ana azaka zosachepera zisanu poganizira kuti dongosolo la Turkification la ana aku Armenia linalembedwera ana osakwana zaka zisanu (Raymond, 2011). Lingaliro la dongosololi linali lodetsa nkhawa kuti ana okulirapo kuposa asanu adzakumbukira tsatanetsatane wa mlanduwo m'tsogolomu. Chotero, anthu a ku Armenia analibe ana, opanda pokhala, akuvutika m’maganizo ndi mwakuthupi. Izi ziyenera kutsutsidwa ngati mlandu wotsutsana ndi anthu. Kuti titsimikizire mavumbulutsidwe aposachedwa, pamwambowu timagwira mawu kuchokera ku waya umodzi wa Unduna wa Zam'kati, kachiwiri kuchokera m'gulu la Matenadaran.

15 July 1915 (1915 July 28). Kalata ya boma: “Kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni mu Ufumu wa Ottoman midzi yokhala Asilamu inali yaing’ono ndi yobwerera m’mbuyo chifukwa chakuti inali kutali ndi chitukuko. Izi zikusemphana ndi udindo wathu waukulu monga momwe chiwerengero cha Asilamu chiyenera kuchulukitsidwa ndikuwonjezeka. Maluso a amalonda komanso mmisiri ayenera kupangidwa. Choncho, m'pofunika kukonzanso midzi ya Armenia yomwe inakhalamo anthu okhalamo, omwe kale anali ndi nyumba zana mpaka zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu. Lemberani nthawi yomweyo: Akatha kukhazikika, midzi ikhalabe yopanda anthu kuti ikalembetse kuti nawonso akhazikitsidwenso ndi Asilamu obwera ndi mafuko (f.3).

Ndiye panali dongosolo lotani lothandizira ndime yomwe tatchulayi? Panali bungwe lapadera mu Ufumu wa Ottoman lotchedwa "Deportation and Resettlement Directorate." Pa nthawi ya kuphedwa kwa mafuko, bungweli linagwirizana ndi kugamula malo opanda eni ake. Iwo anali atakhazikitsa kulembetsa nyumba za ku Armenia ndi kulemba mndandanda wofanana. Kotero apa pali chifukwa chachikulu cha kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu a ku Armenia chifukwa chakuti mtundu wonse unawonongedwa m’zipululu. Chotero, chitsanzo choyamba cha kuthamangitsidwako chinali cha April 1915 ndipo chikalata chaposachedwa, chomwe chilipo, chinalembedwa pa October 22, 1915. Pomaliza, kodi chiyambi kapena mapeto a kuthamangitsidwawo chinali liti kapena mapeto ake anali otani?

Palibe zomveka. Mfundo imodzi yokha imadziwika kuti anthu amayendetsedwa mosalekeza, kusintha mayendedwe awo, kuchuluka kwa magulu komanso mamembala amagulu: atsikana achichepere mosiyana, akulu, ana, ana osakwana zaka zisanu, gulu lililonse padera. Ndipo panjira, iwo ankakakamizika nthawi zonse kutembenuka.

Lamulo lachinsinsi losainidwa ndi a Talyat Pasha, la Okutobala 22, lidatumizidwa ku zigawo 26 ndi chidziwitso chotsatira: "Talyat imalamula ngati pali milandu yotembenuka atathamangitsidwa, ngati zopempha zawo zavomerezedwa ndi likulu, kusamutsidwa kwawo kuyenera kuthetsedwa. Ndipo ngati chuma Chawo chidaperekedwa kwa Msamuki wina, chibwezedwe kwa mwini wake. Kutembenuka kwa anthu otere ndikovomerezeka” (DH. ŞFR, 1915).

Chifukwa chake, izi zikuwonetsa kuti njira zolanda boma za nzika zaku Armenia mu Ufumu wa Ottoman zidapangidwa kale kuposa momwe dziko la Turkey lingakokeredwe kunkhondo. Kuchitira nzika za dziko la Armenia ngati zimenezi kunali umboni woti waphwanya malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo monga mmene zilili m’malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo. Pachifukwa ichi, zikalata zoyambirira za Ufumu wa Ottoman zitha kukhala umboni wosakayikitsa komanso wotsimikizika pakukonzekera kukonzanso ufulu woponderezedwa wa ozunzidwa ku Armenia.