Mikangano Yamitundu ndi Zipembedzo: Momwe Tingathandizire
Introduction
Ndikufuna kukuthokozani moona mtima nonse chifukwa cha kupezeka kwanu, kuyamikiridwa kwambiri ndi Board of ICERM ndi inenso. Ndine woyamikira kwa mnzanga, Basil Ugorji, chifukwa chodzipereka ku ICERM ndi thandizo lokhazikika, makamaka kwa mamembala atsopano ngati ine. Chitsogozo chake kupyolera mu ndondomekoyi chinandilola kuti ndigwirizane ndi gulu. Pazimenezi, ndine woyamikira komanso wokondwa kukhala membala wa ICERM.
Lingaliro langa ndikugawana nawo malingaliro okhudza mikangano yamitundu ndi zipembedzo: momwe imachitikira komanso momwe ingathetsere bwino. Pankhani imeneyi, ndimayang'ana kwambiri milandu iwiri: India ndi Côte d'Ivoire.
Tikukhala m’dziko limene timakumana ndi mavuto tsiku lililonse, ndipo mavuto ena afika poipa kwambiri. Zochitika zoterezi zimayambitsa kuvutika kwaumunthu ndikusiya zotsatira zambiri, kuphatikizapo imfa, kuvulala, ndi PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder).
Mikangano imeneyi imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mmene zinthu zilili pazachuma, mmene zinthu zilili m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, zokhudza chilengedwe (makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zinthu), mikangano yokhudzana ndi anthu monga mtundu, fuko, chipembedzo, kapena chikhalidwe ndi zina zambiri.
Zina mwa izo, mikangano yamitundu ndi zipembedzo idayamba chifukwa cha mikangano yachiwawa, yomwe ndi: Kupha anthu amtundu wa Tutsi mu 1994 ku Rwanda komwe kunapha anthu 800,000 (gwero: Marijke Verpoorten); Nkhondo ya 1995 ya Srebenica, yomwe kale inali Yugoslavia inapha Asilamu 8,000 (gwero: TPIY); mkangano wachipembedzo ku Xinjiang pakati pa Asilamu a Uighur ndi Hans mothandizidwa ndi boma la China; kuzunzidwa kwa anthu aku Iraki Kurdish mu 1988 (kugwiritsa ntchito gaz motsutsana ndi anthu aku Kurdish mumzinda wa Halabja (gwero: https://www.usherbrooke.ca/); ndi mikangano yachipembedzo ku India…, kungotchulapo ochepa.
Mikangano imeneyi imakhalanso yovuta kwambiri komanso yovuta kuthetsa, kutenga mwachitsanzo, mkangano wa Aarabu ndi Israeli ku Middle East, womwe ndi umodzi mwa mikangano yanthawi yayitali komanso yovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Mikangano yotereyi imatenga nthawi yaitali chifukwa chakuti imazikidwa mozama m’nkhani za makolo; iwo amatengera choloŵa ndi kusonkhezeredwa kwambiri kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwo, kuwapangitsa kukhala ovuta kufikira mapeto. Zingatengere nthawi kuti anthu avomereze kupitilira ndi zolemetsa ndi umbombo zakale.
Nthawi zambiri, andale ena amagwiritsa ntchito zipembedzo ndi mafuko ngati zida zachinyengo. Andalewa amatchedwa amalonda andale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosiyana kuti awononge maganizo awo ndikuwopsyeza anthu powapangitsa kumva kuti pali chiwopsezo kwa iwo kapena gulu lawo. Njira yokhayo yopulumukira ndikuchitapo kanthu kwinaku akupanga zomwe angachite kuti awoneke ngati nkhondo kuti apulumuke (gwero: François Thual, 1995).
Nkhani yaku India (Christophe Jaffrelot, 2003)
Mu 2002, boma la Gujarat lidakumana ndi ziwawa pakati pa Ahindu ambiri (89%) ndi Asilamu ochepa (10%). Zipolowe zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zinali mobwerezabwereza, ndipo ndinganene kuti zidakhala zokhazikika ku India. Kafukufuku wa Jaffrelot akuwonetsa kuti, nthawi zambiri, zipolowe zimachitika madzulo a chisankho chifukwa cha kupsyinjika kwakukulu pakati pa magulu achipembedzo, ndale, komanso ndizovuta kuti andale atsimikizire ovota ndi mikangano yachipembedzo. Pamkanganowu, Asilamu amawonedwa ngati gawo lachisanu (opandukira) ochokera mkati, omwe amawopseza chitetezo cha Ahindu pomwe amagwirizana ndi Pakistan. Kumbali ina, maphwando adziko amafalitsa mauthenga odana ndi Asilamu ndipo motero amapanga gulu lachitukuko lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popindula pa chisankho. Osati kokha kuti zipani za ndale ziyenera kuimbidwa mlandu pazimenezi chifukwa akuluakulu a boma nawonso ali ndi udindo. Mu mkangano wamtunduwu, akuluakulu aboma amavutika kuti asunge malingaliro awo mokomera, motero mwadala akuchirikiza Ahindu ambiri. Zotsatira zake, kulowererapo kwa apolisi ndi asitikali panthawi ya zipolowe kumakhala kochepa kwambiri komanso pang'onopang'ono ndipo nthawi zina kumawonekera mochedwa kwambiri pambuyo pa kubuka ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu.
Kwa anthu ena achihindu, zipolowe izi ndi mwayi wobwezera Asilamu, omwe nthawi zina amakhala olemera kwambiri komanso amadyera masuku pamutu Ahindu.
Nkhani yaku Ivory Coast (Phillipe Hugon, 2003)
Mlandu wachiwiri womwe ndikufuna kukambirana ndi wa mkangano wa ku Côte d'Ivoire kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2011. Ndinali msilikali wogwirizanitsa pamene boma ndi zigawenga zinasaina pangano la mtendere ku Ouagadougou pa March 4, 2007.
Mkanganowu wafotokozedwa ngati mkangano pakati pa Muslim Dioulas wochokera Kumpoto ndi Akhristu akumwera. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi (2002-2007), dzikolo linagawidwa kumpoto, logwidwa ndi zigawenga zothandizidwa ndi anthu akumpoto ndi Kumwera, olamulidwa ndi boma. Ngakhale kuti mkanganowo ukuwoneka ngati mkangano wachipembedzo, ndikofunikira kunena kuti sichoncho.
Poyambirira vutoli lidayamba mu 1993 pomwe Purezidenti wakale Félix Houphouët Boigny adamwalira. Prime Minister wake Alassane Ouattara adafuna kuti alowe m'malo mwake, ponena za malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, koma sizinachitike momwe adakonzera, ndipo adalowa m'malo ndi Purezidenti wa nyumba yamalamulo, Henry Konan Bédié.
Bédié ndiye adakonza zisankho patatha zaka ziwiri, mu 1995, koma Alassane Ouattara adachotsedwa pampikisano (ndi zidule zazamalamulo…).
Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake, mu 1999 Bédié adachotsedwa pampando wotsogozedwa ndi asitikali achichepere aku Northern okhulupirika kwa Alassane Ouattara. Zochitikazo zidatsatiridwa ndi zisankho zomwe zidakonzedwa mu 2000 ndi a putschists, ndipo Alassane Ouattara adachotsedwanso, kulola Laurent Gbagbo kuti apambane zisankho.
Pambuyo pake, mu 2002, panali kupandukira Gbagbo, ndipo zofuna zazikulu za zigawengazo zinali kuphatikizidwa mu ndondomeko ya demokalase. Adachita bwino kukakamiza boma kuti likonzekere zisankho mu 2011 pomwe Alassane Ouattara adaloledwa kutenga nawo gawo ngati phungu kenako adapambana.
Pachifukwachi, kufunafuna mphamvu zandale ndizomwe zidayambitsa mkangano womwe unasanduka zigawenga zankhondo ndikupha anthu oposa 10,000. Kuphatikiza apo, mafuko ndi chipembedzo zidangogwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa zigawenga, makamaka za kumidzi, osaphunzira.
Mu mikangano yambiri yamitundu ndi zipembedzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamitundu ndi mikangano yazipembedzo ndi chinthu chotsatsa malonda andale omwe akufuna kulimbikitsa omenyera nkhondo, omenyera nkhondo, ndi zida. Choncho, iwo ndi amene amasankha kuti achite chiyani kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo.
Kodi Tingachite Chiyani?
Atsogoleri ammudzi abwereranso m'malo ambiri kutsatira kulephera kwa atsogoleri andale m'dziko. Izi ndi zabwino. Komabe, pali njira yayitali yopangira chidaliro ndi chidaliro pakati pa anthu amderali, ndipo zina mwazovuta zake ndi kusowa kwa anthu oyenerera kuti athane ndi njira zothetsera mikangano.
Aliyense akhoza kukhala mtsogoleri panthawi yokhazikika, koma mwatsoka, chifukwa cha zovuta zambiri zomwe zikuchitika nthawi ndi nthawi, ndikofunikira kusankha atsogoleri oyenerera ammudzi ndi mayiko. Atsogoleri omwe angathe kukwaniritsa bwino ntchito yawo.
Kutsiliza
Ndikudziwa kuti nkhaniyi ili ndi zotsutsa zambiri, koma ndikungofuna kuti tizikumbukira izi: zolimbikitsa pamikangano sizomwe zimawonekera poyamba. Tingafunike kukumba mozama tisanamvetsetse chimene chimayambitsa mikangano. Nthawi zambiri, mikangano yokhudzana ndi zipembedzo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza zolinga ndi ntchito zina zandale.
Ndiye ndi udindo wathu ngati ochita mtendere kuzindikira mkangano uliwonse omwe akuchitapo kanthu komanso zomwe amakonda. Ngakhale izi sizingakhale zophweka, ndikofunikira kupitiliza kuphunzitsa ndikugawana zomwe takumana nazo ndi atsogoleri ammudzi kuti tipewe mikangano (nthawi yabwino) kapena kuyithetsa pomwe yakula kale.
Pazidziwitso zimenezo, ndikukhulupirira ICERM, International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation, ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yotithandizira kuti tipeze kukhazikika mwa kubweretsa akatswiri, atsogoleri a ndale ndi ammudzi kuti agawane chidziwitso ndi zochitika.
Zikomo chifukwa cha chidwi chanu, ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti ichi chikhala maziko a zokambirana zathu. Ndipo ndikuthokozanso chifukwa chondilandira pagulu ndikundilola kuti ndikhale nawo paulendo wodabwitsawu monga odzetsa mtendere.
Za Spika
Yacouba Isaac Zida anali mkulu wa gulu lankhondo la Burkina Faso paudindo wa General.
Anaphunzitsidwa m’mayiko ambiri kuphatikizapo Morocco, Cameroon, Taiwan, France, ndi Canada. Analinso nawo pulogalamu ya Joint Special Operations pa yunivesite ya Tampa, Florida, United States.
Pambuyo pa zipolowe za anthu ku Burkina Faso mu October 2014, a Zida adasankhidwa ndi asilikali kuti akhale mtsogoleri wa dziko la Burkina Faso kuti atsogolere zokambirana zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale munthu wamba kukhala mtsogoleri wa kusintha. Kenako a Zida adasankhidwa kukhala nduna yayikulu mu Novembala 2014 ndi boma losinthira anthu wamba.
Adatula pansi udindo wake mu Disembala 2015 atachita zisankho zaulere kuposa zomwe Burkina Faso idachitapo. Kuyambira February 2016 Bambo Zida akhala ku Ottawa, Canada, ndi banja lake. Iye anaganiza zobwerera kusukulu kukachita Ph.D. mkangano Maphunziro. Zokonda zake pakufufuza zimayang'ana kwambiri zauchigawenga m'chigawo cha Sahel.
