Kuwona Njira Zachikhalidwe Zothetsera Mikangano Pothetsa Mkangano wa Fulani Herdsmen-Farmers ku Nigeria
Mfundo:
Nigeria yakumana ndi kusatetezeka komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha mikangano ya abusa ndi alimi m'malo osiyanasiyana mdzikolo. Mkanganowu umayamba chifukwa cha kusamuka kochulukira kwa abusa ochokera kumadera akutali a kumpoto kupita kuchigawo chapakati ndi kumwera kwa dzikolo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zachilengedwe komanso mpikisano wokhudzana ndi malo odyetserako ziweto ndi malo, chimodzi mwazotsatira zakusintha kwanyengo. Madera a kumpoto chapakati a Niger, Benue, Taraba, Nasarawa, ndi Kogi ndi omwe adayambitsa mikangano. Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndichofunikanso kuwongolera malingaliro athu panjira yokhazikika yothetsa kapena kuthana ndi kusamvana kosatha kumeneku. Pali kufunikira kofunikira kufufuza njira yotheka yobweretsera mtendere wokhazikika m'derali. Pepalali likunena kuti chitsanzo cha Kumadzulo cha kuthetsa mikangano sichinathe kuthetsa vutoli. Choncho, njira ina iyenera kutsatiridwa. Njira zothanirana ndi mikangano ya ku Africa zikuyenera kukhala njira ina yothanirana ndi mikangano yaku Western potulutsa dziko la Nigeria mumkhalidwe wachitetezowu. Kukangana kwa abusa ndi alimi ndizovuta zomwe zimatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito njira yakale yothetsa mikangano pakati pa anthu. Njira zothetsera mikangano zaku Western zakhala zosakwanira komanso zosagwira ntchito, ndipo zalepheretsa kuthetsa mikangano m'madera angapo a Africa. Njira yachibadwidwe yothetsera mikangano m'nkhaniyi ndiyothandiza kwambiri chifukwa ndiyogwirizanitsa komanso yogwirizana. Zachokera pa mfundo ya nzika-kwa-nzika zokambirana kudzera mu kutengapo mbali kwa akuluakulu m'deralo omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale, mwa zina. Kupyolera mu njira yabwino yofufuzira, pepalalo limasanthula zolemba zoyenera pogwiritsa ntchito mikangano kulimbana chimango za kusanthula. Pepalali likumaliza ndi malingaliro omwe angathandize opanga mfundo paudindo wawo woweruza pothetsa kusamvana pakati pa anthu.
Tsitsani Nkhaniyi
Kuchokera Kufotokozera:
Ottoh, FO (2022). Kuwona njira zothetsera kusamvana pakuthetsa mkangano wa abusa a Fulani ndi alimi ku Nigeria. Journal of Living Together, 7(1), 1-14.
Zambiri Zankhani:
@Nkhani{Ottoh2022}
Mutu = {Kuwona Njira Zachikhalidwe Zothetsera Mikangano Pothetsa Mkangano wa Abusa a Fulani ndi Alimi ku Nigeria}
Wolemba = {Ferdinand O. Ottoh}
ulalo = {https://icermediation.org/kufufuza-njira-zachikhalidwe-zothetsa mikangano-mu-kuthetsa-kwa-fulani-abusa-alimi-makangano-mu-nigeria/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Sindikizani); 2373-6631 (Pa intaneti)}
Chaka = {2022}
Tsiku = {2022-12-7}
Journal = {Journal of Living Together}
Mphamvu = {7}
Nambala = {1}
Masamba = {1-14}
Wosindikiza = {International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Adilesi = {White Plains, New York}
Kusindikiza = {2022}.
Mawu Oyamba: Mbiri Yakale
Zaka za zana la 20 zisanachitike, mkangano pakati pa abusa ndi alimi m'mikanda ya savannah ku West Africa udayamba (Ofuokwu & Isife, 2010). M’zaka khumi ndi theka zapitazo ku Nigeria, kuwonjezereka kwa mkangano wa abusa a Fulani ndi alimi kunawonedwa, kuchititsa chiwonongeko cha miyoyo ndi katundu, komanso kusamuka kwa zikwi za anthu kuchoka m’nyumba zawo. Izi zikutsatiridwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka abusa kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndi ng'ombe zawo kuchokera kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kudutsa Sahel, dera lopanda madzi kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara komwe kumaphatikizapo lamba wakumpoto wa Nigeria (Crisis Group, 2017). M'mbiri yaposachedwa, chilala chazaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980 m'chigawo cha Sahel komanso kusamuka komwe kunabwera abusa ambiri kupita kudera lankhalango lachinyontho ku West Africa kudapangitsa kuti mikangano ya alimi ndi alimi achuluke. Kupatula apo, mkanganowo udachitika kuyambira pakungokhalira kuputa zipolopolo komanso kuukira komwe gulu lina likuchita motsutsana ndi linzake. Mkanganowu, monganso ena mdzikolo, watenga gawo latsopano lakukula kwambiri, zomwe zidawonetsa zovuta komanso zovuta za dziko la Nigeria. Izi zimachokera ku structural momwe predispositional ndi zosintha zoyandikira.
Boma, kuyambira nthawi yomwe dziko la Nigeria lidalandira ufulu wodzilamulira kuchokera ku Britain, linkadziwa za vuto lomwe linalipo pakati pa abusa ndi alimi ndipo chifukwa chake lidakhazikitsa lamulo la Grazing Reserve Act la 1964. kuphatikizirapo kutetezedwa mwalamulo kwa malo odyetserako ziweto ku ulimi wa mbewu, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo odyetserako ziweto zambiri komanso kulimbikitsa abusa oyendayenda kuti akhazikike m'malo odyetserako ziweto komanso madzi m'malo mongoyendayenda mumsewu ndi ng'ombe zawo (Ingawa et al., 1989). Zolemba zamphamvu zikuwonetsa kulimba, nkhanza, kuvulala kwakukulu, komanso zotsatira za mikangano m'maiko monga Benue, Nasarawa, Taraba, ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa 2006 ndi Meyi 2014, Nigeria idalemba mikangano ya abusa ndi alimi okwana 111, zomwe zidapha anthu 615 mwa anthu 61,314 omwe adapha mdzikolo (Olayoku, 2014). Momwemonso, pakati pa 1991 ndi 2005, 35 peresenti yazovuta zonse zomwe zanenedwa zidachitika chifukwa cha mkangano wokhudzana ndi udzu wa ng'ombe (Adekunle & Adisa, 2010). Kuyambira Seputembala 2017, mkanganowu wakula pomwe anthu opitilira 1,500 aphedwa (Crisis Group, 2018).
Njira yothetsera mikangano ya Kumadzulo yalephera kuthetsa mkangano umenewu pakati pa abusa ndi alimi ku Nigeria. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mkangano wa abusa-alimi sungathe kuthetsedwa mu khoti la Kumadzulo ku Nigeria, makamaka chifukwa maguluwa alibe tsogolo mu dongosolo la Western adjudicatory. Chitsanzocho sichimalola ozunzidwa kapena maphwando kuti afotokoze maganizo awo kapena malingaliro awo momwe angabwezeretsere mtendere. Njira yoweruzira milandu imapangitsa kuti ufulu wolankhula komanso njira yothanirana ndi mikangano ikhale yovuta kugwiritsidwa ntchito pankhaniyi. Kusamvana kumafuna mgwirizano pakati pa magulu awiriwa pa njira yoyenera yothetsera nkhawa zawo.
Funso lofunika kwambiri ndilakuti: N’chifukwa chiyani mkangano umenewu ukupitirirabe ndipo wakhala woopsa kwambiri masiku ano? Poyankha funso ili, tikufuna kufufuza kamangidwe kake momwe predispositional ndi zoyandikira. Poganizira izi, pakufunika kufufuza njira zina zothetsera mikangano kuti muchepetse kulimba komanso kuchuluka kwa mikangano pakati pa magulu awiriwa.
Njira
Njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito pa kafukufukuyu ndi kusanthula nkhani, kukambirana kotseguka kwa mikangano ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Kukambitsirana kumalola kusanthula kwabwino kwa nkhani za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma ndi ndale zomwe ndi zowona komanso mbiri yakale, komanso zimapereka njira yowunikira mikangano yosatheka. Izi zikuphatikizanso kuunikanso kwa mabuku omwe alipo pomwe chidziwitso chofunikira chimasonkhanitsidwa ndikuwunikidwa. Umboni wolembedwa umalola kumvetsetsa mozama za nkhani zomwe zikufufuzidwa. Chifukwa chake, zolemba, zolemba zamabuku ndi zolemba zina zofunikira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zidziwitse zofunikira. Pepalali limaphatikiza malingaliro azongopeka omwe amafuna kufotokoza mikangano yosatheka. Njira imeneyi imapereka chidziŵitso chakuya ponena za olimbikitsa mtendere a m’deralo (akulu) amene amadziŵa bwino miyambo, miyambo, makhalidwe, ndi malingaliro a anthu.
Njira Zachikhalidwe Zothetsera Mikangano: Chidule
Kusamvana kumabwera chifukwa chofunafuna zokonda, zolinga, ndi zokhumba zosiyanasiyana za anthu kapena magulu m'malo odziwika bwino komanso akuthupi (Otite, 1999). Mkangano pakati pa abusa ndi alimi ku Nigeria umabwera chifukwa cha kusagwirizana pa nkhani ya ufulu woweta. Lingaliro la kuthetsa mikangano likuchokera pa mfundo yolowerapo kuti asinthe kapena kuthandizira njira ya mkangano. Kuthetsa mikangano kumapereka mwayi kwa magulu omwe akutsutsana kuti agwirizane ndi chiyembekezo chochepetsera kukula, mphamvu, ndi zotsatira (Otite, 1999). Kuwongolera mikangano ndi njira yomwe imayang'ana zotsatira zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuzindikira ndikubweretsa atsogoleri omwe akutsutsana (Paffenholz, 2006). Zimakhudzanso kulimbikitsa zikhalidwe monga kuchereza alendo, commensality, kuyanjana, ndi zikhulupiliro. Zida zachikhalidwe izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pothetsa mikangano. Malinga ndi Lederach (1997), kusintha kwa mikangano ndi njira yofotokozera momwe mikangano imayambira, ndikusintha mkati mwake, ndipo imabweretsa kusintha kwamunthu, ubale, kapangidwe, ndi chikhalidwe, komanso kupanga mayankho olimbikitsa omwe amalimbikitsa. kusintha kwamtendere mkati mwa magawo amenewo kudzera munjira zopanda chiwawa” (p. 83).
Njira yosinthira mikangano ndi yabwino kwambiri kuposa kuthetsa chifukwa imapatsa maphwando mwayi wapadera wosintha ndikumanganso ubale wawo kudzera kuthandizidwa ndi mkhalapakati wachitatu. M’mikhalidwe yamwambo ya mu Afirika, olamulira amwambo, ansembe aakulu a milungu, ndi olamulira achipembedzo akusonkhanitsidwa m’kuwongolera ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Chikhulupiriro cha kulowererapo kwa uzimu mkangano ndi imodzi mwa njira zothetsera kusamvana ndi kusintha. “Njira zakale ndi maubwenzi okhazikika… Kukhazikitsa apa kukutanthauza maubale omwe amadziwika bwino komanso okhazikika” (Braimah, 1999, p.161). Kuonjezera apo, "njira zoyendetsera mikangano zimatengedwa ngati zachikhalidwe ngati zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo zasintha pakati pa anthu a ku Africa m'malo mochokera kunja" (Zartman, 2000, p.7). Boege (2011) adalongosola mawu akuti, "mabungwe achikhalidwe" ndi njira zosinthira mikangano, monga zomwe zimayambira m'magulu achikhalidwe cha anthu am'deralo, omwe analipo kale, olumikizana nawo, kapena am'mbuyomu ku Global South ndipo akhala akuchita izi. anthu kwa nthawi yayitali (p.436).
Wahab (2017) adasanthula chitsanzo chachikhalidwe ku Sudan, zigawo za Sahel ndi Sahara, ndi Chad pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a Judiyya - kulowererapo kwa gulu lachitatu pofuna kubwezeretsa chilungamo ndi kusintha. Izi zimapangidwira makamaka abusa oyendayenda komanso alimi okhazikika kuti awonetsetse kuti pamakhala mtendere pakati pa mafuko omwe amakhala mdera lomwelo kapena omwe amalumikizana pafupipafupi (Wahab, 2017). Chitsanzo cha Judiyya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa nkhani zapakhomo ndi zabanja monga kusudzulana ndi kusunga mwana, ndi mikangano yopezera malo odyetserako ziweto ndi madzi. Zimagwiranso ntchito ku mikangano yachiwawa yomwe imakhudza kuwonongeka kwa katundu kapena imfa, komanso mikangano yayikulu pakati pamagulu. Chitsanzo ichi sichachilendo kwa magulu a Africa okha. Amagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Middle East, Asia, ndipo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale ku America asanawalande ndi kuwagonjetsa. M’madera ena a ku Africa kuno, anthu amitundu ina ofanana ndi a Judiyya atengedwa pofuna kuthetsa mikangano. Makhoti a ku Gacaca ku Rwanda ndi chitsanzo cha chikhalidwe cha ku Africa chothetsera mikangano chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa mu 2001 pambuyo pa kupha anthu mu 1994. Khoti la Gacaca silinangoyang'ana chilungamo; kuyanjanitsa kunali pakati pa ntchito yake. Zinatenga njira yothandizana nawo komanso yatsopano pakuwongolera chilungamo (Okechukwu, 2014).
Tsopano titha kutenga njira yanthanthi kuchokera ku malingaliro a nkhanza zachilengedwe ndi kulimbana koyenera kuti tikhazikitse maziko abwino omvetsetsa nkhani yomwe ikufufuzidwa.
Malingaliro Ongoganizira
Chiphunzitso cha chiwawa cha chilengedwe chimachokera ku chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha ndale chopangidwa ndi Homer-Dixon (1999), chomwe chimafuna kufotokoza mgwirizano wovuta pakati pa zochitika zachilengedwe ndi mikangano yachiwawa. Homer-Dixon (1999) ananena kuti:
Kuchepa kwa zinthu zomwe zingangowonjezedwanso, kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, ndi mwayi wopeza zinthu zimagwira ntchito limodzi kapena m'njira zosiyanasiyana pofuna kuonjezera kusowa kwa malo, madzi, nkhalango, ndi nsomba kwa magulu ena a anthu. Anthu okhudzidwawo angasamuke kapena kuthamangitsidwa kumayiko ena. Magulu osamukira kumayiko ena nthawi zambiri amayambitsa mikangano yamitundu akamasamukira kumadera atsopano ndipo kuchepa kwachuma kumapangitsa kuti anthu azisowa. (tsamba 30)
Zomwe zanenedwa mu chiphunzitso cha nkhanza za chilengedwe ndi chakuti mpikisano wokhudzana ndi zinthu zochepa za chilengedwe umayambitsa mikangano yachiwawa. Izi zakula kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, komwe kwakulitsa kusowa kwachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi (Blench, 2004; Onuoha, 2007). Kukangana kwa abusa ndi alimi kumachitika m'nyengo inayake ya chaka - nyengo yachilimwe - pamene abusa amasamutsa ng'ombe zawo kum'mwera kuti akadye. Vuto la kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kumayambitsa chipululu ndi chilala kumpoto ndizomwe zimayambitsa mikangano pakati pa magulu awiriwa. Abusa amasamutsa ng’ombe zawo n’kupita nazo kumalo kumene kuli udzu ndi madzi. Zikatero, ng’ombe zimatha kuwononga mbewu za alimi zomwe zimadzetsa mkangano waukulu. Apa ndipamene chiphunzitso chakulimbana kolimbikitsa chimakhala chofunikira.
Lingaliro lakulimbana kolimbikitsa limatsatira chitsanzo chachipatala chomwe njira zowononga mikangano zimafaniziridwa ndi matenda - njira za pathological zomwe zimakhudza anthu, mabungwe, ndi magulu onse (Burgess & Burgess, 1996). Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, zimangotanthauza kuti matenda sangathe kuchiritsidwa kwathunthu, koma zizindikiro zimatha kuyendetsedwa. Mofanana ndi zachipatala, matenda ena nthawi zina samva mankhwala. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mikangano ndiyomwe imayambitsa matenda, makamaka mkangano womwe umakhala wosatheka. Pamenepa, mkangano pakati pa abusa ndi alimi wadetsa njira zonse zodziwika bwino chifukwa cha nkhani yaikulu yomwe ikukhudzidwa, yomwe ndi mwayi wopeza malo kuti apeze zofunika pamoyo.
Pofuna kuthana ndi mkanganowu, njira yachipatala imatengedwa yomwe imatsatira njira zina kuti azindikire vuto la wodwala yemwe akudwala matenda enaake omwe amawoneka osachiritsika. Monga momwe zimachitikira m'chipatala, njira yachikhalidwe yothetsera mikangano imayambitsa njira yodziwira matenda. Chinthu choyamba ndi chakuti akuluakulu m'madera azitha kutenga nawo mbali pakupanga mapu a mikangano - kuti adziwe mbali zomwe zili mkangano, komanso zofuna zawo ndi maudindo awo. Akuluwa m'madera akuganiziridwa kuti amvetsetsa mbiri ya ubale wamagulu osiyanasiyana. Pankhani ya mbiri yakusamuka kwa a Fulani, akulu ali ndi mwayi wofotokoza momwe akhala akukhala kwa zaka zambiri ndi madera omwe akukhala nawo. Chotsatira cha matendawa ndi kusiyanitsa mbali zazikulu (zoyambitsa kapena nkhani) za mkangano kuchokera kumagulu a mikangano, omwe ndi mavuto mu ndondomeko ya mikangano yomwe imayikidwa pazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mkangano ukhale wovuta kuthetsa. Pofuna kuti maphwando awiriwa asinthe udindo wawo potsata zofuna zawo, njira yowonjezereka iyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Izi zimatsogolera ku njira yolimbikitsa yolimbana.
Kulimbana kothandiza kudzathandiza kuti magulu awiriwa amvetse bwino kukula kwa vutolo kuchokera pamalingaliro awo komanso a mdani wawo (Burgess & Burgess, 1996). Njira yothetsera mikanganoyi imathandiza anthu kuti alekanitse nkhani zazikuluzikulu za mkangano ndi nkhani zomwe zimakhala zosiyana, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga njira zomwe zingakhale zothandiza kwa onse awiri. M'njira zotsutsana zachikhalidwe, padzakhala kulekanitsa nkhani zazikulu m'malo moziyika ndale zomwe ndi khalidwe lachitsanzo chakumadzulo.
Mfundozi zimapereka ndondomeko yomvetsetsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za mkangano ndi momwe zidzathetsedwere kuti pakhale mgwirizano wamtendere pakati pa magulu awiriwa m'deralo. Chitsanzo chogwirira ntchito ndi chiphunzitso cha kulimbana kolimbikitsa. Izi zikupereka umboni wa momwe mabungwe azikhalidwe angagwiritsire ntchito kuthetsa kusamvana kosatha kumeneku pakati pa magulu. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa akulu pa kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo ndi kuthetsa mikangano yomwe yatsala pang'ono kumafuna njira yokonzekera yolimbana. Njirayi ndi yofanana ndi momwe Umuleri-Aguleri adakhalira kukangana kwa nthawi yayitali kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Nigeria kunathetsedwa ndi akulu. Pamene zoyesayesa zonse zothetsa mkangano wachiwawa pakati pa magulu aŵiriwo zinalephera, panali kuloŵererapo kwauzimu kupyolera mwa mkulu wa ansembe amene anapereka uthenga wochokera kwa makolo a chiwonongeko chimene chinali kudzagwera madera aŵiriwo. Uthenga wochokera kwa makolowo unali woti mkanganowo uthetsedwe mwamtendere. Mabungwe a azungu monga khoti, apolisi, ndi gulu lankhondo sanathe kuthetsa mkanganowo. Mtendere unabwezeretsedwa kokha ndi kuloŵererapo kwa mphamvu zauzimu, kuvomereza kulumbira, chilengezo chotsimikizirika cha “nkhondo yosakhalanso” chimene chinatsatiridwa ndi kusaina pangano la mtendere ndi kuchitidwa kwa mwambo woyeretsa amene anali m’nkhondo yachiwawa imene inawononga. miyoyo yambiri ndi katundu. Amakhulupirira kuti wophwanya mgwirizano wamtendere amakumana ndi mkwiyo wa makolo.
Structural cum Predispositional Variables
Kuchokera pamalingaliro omwe ali pamwambawa komanso amalingaliro, titha kudziwa momwe zimakhalira momwe zinthu predispositional amene ali ndi udindo Fulani abusa-alimi mikangano. Chinthu chimodzi ndi kusowa kwa zinthu zomwe zimabweretsa mpikisano waukulu pakati pa magulu. Mikhalidwe yotereyi ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe ndi mbiri yakale, zomwe tinganene kuti zimakhazikitsa maziko a mikangano yosatha pakati pa magulu awiriwa. Izi zinakulitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Izi zimabwera ndi vuto la chipululu chobwera chifukwa cha nyengo yayitali yotentha kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Meyi komanso mvula yochepa (600 mpaka 900 mm) kuyambira Juni mpaka Seputembala kumpoto kwa Nigeria komwe kuli kouma komanso kouma (Crisis Group, 2017). Mwachitsanzo, mayiko otsatirawa, Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, ndi Zamfara, ali ndi pafupifupi 50-75 peresenti ya malo omwe asanduka chipululu (Gulu la Mavuto, 2017). Nyengo imeneyi ya nyengo ya kutentha kwa dziko imene ikuchititsa chilala ndi kuchepa kwa malo oŵeta ndi minda yachititsa kuti abusa mamiliyoni ambiri ndi ena asamukire kuchigawo chapakati chapakati ndi kum’mwera kwa dzikolo kukafunafuna malo obala zipatso, zimene zimasokoneza ntchito zaulimi ndi ntchito zaulimi. moyo wa amwenye.
Kuonjezera apo, kutayika kwa malo odyetserako ziweto chifukwa cha kufunidwa kwakukulu kwa anthu ndi maboma kuti agwiritse ntchito mosiyanasiyana kwapangitsa kuti malo odyetserako ziweto akhale ochepa. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, malo odyetserako ziweto opitilira 415 adakhazikitsidwa ndi boma lachigawo chakumpoto. Izi kulibenso. Malo odyetserako ziweto okwana 114 okha ndi amene analembedwa popanda kuchirikizidwa ndi malamulo otsimikizira kuti agwiritsidwa ntchito mwachisawawa kapena kuchitapo kanthu kuti apewe kusokonekera kulikonse kumene kungachitike (Crisis Group, 2017). Tanthauzo la izi ndi loti oweta ng’ombe adzakhala opanda chochita china koma kulanda malo aliwonse odyetserako ziweto. Alimi nawonso adzakumana ndi kusowa kwa nthaka komweko.
Kusintha kwina komwe kumapangitsa kuti azichita zinthu moyenera ndi zomwe abusa amanena kuti alimi amakondedwa mosayenera ndi ndondomeko za boma. Mkangano wawo ndi woti alimi adapatsidwa malo abwino mzaka za m'ma 1970 zomwe zidawathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mapampu amadzi m'minda yawo. Mwachitsanzo, iwo adati bungwe la National Fadama Development Projects (NFDPs) lidathandiza alimi kugwiritsa ntchito madambo omwe amathandizira mbewu zawo, pomwe abusa adataya madambo a udzu wambiri, omwe m'mbuyomu adawagwiritsa ntchito mopanda chiwopsezo chochepa choti ziweto zikusokera m'minda.
Vuto la mbava zakumidzi ndi kubera ng’ombe m’zigawo zina kumpoto chakum’maŵa kwachititsa kuti aŵeta apite kum’mwera. Anthu akuba ng’ombe akuchulukirachulukira m’madera a kumpoto kwa dzikoli ndi achifwamba. Kenako abusawo anayamba kunyamula zida n’cholinga chodziteteza kwa achifwamba ndi zigawenga zina za m’madera a alimi.
Anthu a ku Middle Belt m’chigawo chakumpoto chapakati kwa dzikolo amanena kuti abusa amakhulupirira kuti kumpoto konse kwa Nigeria ndi kwawo chifukwa anagonjetsa ena onse; kuti amaona kuti zinthu zonse, kuphatikizapo nthaka, ndi zawo. Lingaliro lolakwika lotereli limadzetsa malingaliro oipa pakati pa magulu. Amene ali ndi maganizo amenewa akukhulupirira kuti a Fulani akufuna alimiwo achoke m’malo omwe amati amadyetserako ziweto kapena njira za ng’ombe.
Zifukwa za Precipitant kapena Proximate
Zomwe zimayambitsa kusamvana pakati pa abusa ndi alimi zimagwirizana ndi nkhondo yapakati pamagulu, ndiko kuti, pakati pa alimi achikhristu omwe ali osauka ndi abusa osauka a Muslim Fulani mbali imodzi, ndi anthu osankhika omwe amafunikira malo kuti awonjezere malonda awo pawokha. winayo. Akuluakulu ena ankhondo (omwe ali muutumiki komanso opuma pantchito) komanso anthu ena apamwamba aku Nigeria omwe akuchita zaulimi wamalonda, makamaka kuweta ng'ombe, alanda malo ena odyetserako ziweto pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi mphamvu zawo. Zomwe zimatchedwa dziko katengedwe matenda zalowerera potero zikupangitsa kusowa kwa chinthu chofunikira chopanga ichi. Kukankhira malo kwa anthu osankhika kumayambitsa mikangano pakati pa magulu awiriwa. M'malo mwake, alimi a ku Middle-Belt amakhulupirira kuti mkanganowu umayendetsedwa ndi abusa a Fulani ndi cholinga chofuna kuwononga ndi kuwononga anthu a Middle-Belt ku dziko la makolo awo kumpoto kwa Nigeria kuti awonjezere ufumu wa Fulani. Kukah, 2018; Mailafia, 2018). Malingaliro otere akadali mkati mwamalingaliro chifukwa palibe umboni wotsimikizira. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kudyetserako ziweto, makamaka ku Benue ndi Taraba. Kuchitapo kanthu kotereku kwawonjezera mkanganowu wazaka makumi ambiri.
China chomwe chayambitsa kusamvanako ndi zomwe abusawa akuneneza kuti mabungwe aboma akuwakondera kwambiri pa momwe akuyendetsera kusamvana makamaka apolisi ndi khoti. Apolisi nthawi zambiri amawaimba mlandu wochita katangale komanso kukondera, pomwe makhoti amanenedwa kuti amatenga nthawi yayitali mopanda chifukwa. Abusawa akukhulupiriranso kuti atsogoleri a ndale m’derali amamvera chisoni alimiwo chifukwa chokonda ndale. Chomwe chingadziwike n’chakuti alimi ndi abusa ataya chikhulupiriro pa kuthekera kwa atsogoleri awo a ndale kuti athetse mkanganowo. Pachifukwachi, ayamba kudzithandiza pofunafuna kubwezera ngati njira yopezera chilungamo.
Ndale zachipani momwe chipembedzo ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zikuyambitsa mikangano ya abusa ndi alimi. Andale amakonda kusokoneza mikangano yomwe ilipo kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo. Malinga ndi zipembedzo, amwenye omwe makamaka ndi Akhristu amadzimva kuti akulamulidwa ndi kunyozedwa ndi a Hausa-Fulani omwe ambiri ndi Asilamu. Pakuukira kulikonse, nthawi zonse pamakhala kutanthauzira kwachipembedzo. Ndi chikhalidwe chachipembedzo ichi chomwe chimapangitsa abusa a Fulani ndi alimi kukhala osatetezeka ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ndale panthawi ya chisankho komanso pambuyo pake.
Kubera ng’ombe kukadali choyambitsa nkhondoyi m’madera a kumpoto kwa Benue, Nasarawa, Plateau, Niger, ndi zina zotero. Abusa angapo afa pofuna kuteteza ng’ombe zawo kuti zisabedwe. Olakwawo amaba ng'ombe kuti agule nyama kapena kugulitsa (Gueye, 2013, p.66). Kuba ng'ombe ndiupandu wopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Zachititsa kuti m’mayikowa muchuluke mikangano yachiwawa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti si mikangano ya abusa ndi alimi yomwe iyenera kufotokozedwa kudzera mu prism ya nthaka kapena kuwonongeka kwa mbewu (Okoli & Okpaleke, 2014). Abusawa akuti anthu ena a m’midzi komanso alimi a m’madera amenewa amachita zakuba ng’ombe ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti aganize zodziteteza ku ng’ombe zawo. M’malo mwake, anthu ena anena kuti kuba ng’ombe kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi anthu ongoyendayenda a Fulani amene amadziwa kuyenda m’nkhalango ndi nyama zimenezi. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti alimi alibe mlandu. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti pakhale udani wosafunikira pakati pa magulu awiriwa.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Zachikhalidwe Zothetsera Mikangano
Nigeria imatengedwa kuti ndi dziko losalimba lomwe lili ndi mikangano yayikulu pakati pa mafuko osiyanasiyana. Monga tanenera kale, chifukwa chake sichili kutali ndi kulephera kwa mabungwe a boma omwe ali ndi udindo wokonza malamulo, bata, ndi mtendere (apolisi, maweruzo, ndi asilikali). Ndizosamveka kunena kuti palibe kapena pafupi kusowa kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito amakono a boma kuti athetse ziwawa ndikuwongolera mikangano. Izi zimapangitsa njira zachikhalidwe zothanirana ndi mikangano kukhala njira ina pothetsa kusamvana kwa abusa ndi alimi. Zomwe zikuchitika m'dzikoli, zikuwonekeratu kuti njira ya Kumadzulo sinakhale yothandiza kuthetsa mkangano wosasunthikawu chifukwa cha kuzama kwa mikangano ndi kusiyana kwa mtengo pakati pa magulu. Choncho, njira zachikhalidwe zikufufuzidwa pansipa.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe la akulu lomwe ndi bungwe lomwe lakhala zaka zambiri m'magulu a anthu a mu Africa likhoza kufufuzidwa kuti awone kuti mkangano womwe sungathe kuthetsedwawu ukuthetsedwa posachedwa usanafike pamlingo wosayerekezeka. Akulu ndi otsogolera mtendere omwe ali ndi chidziwitso komanso chidziwitso cha nkhani zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano. Amakhalanso ndi luso loyanjanitsa lomwe likufunika kwambiri kuti athetse mkangano wa abusa ndi alimi. Bungweli limadutsa m'madera onse, ndipo likuyimira mayendedwe a 3 omwe ali ndi nzika komanso omwe amazindikira udindo woyimira pakati wa akulu (Lederach, 1997). Kukambirana kwa akulu kungafufuzidwe ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mkanganowu. Akulu ali ndi chidziŵitso chanthaŵi yaitali, nzeru, ndipo amadziŵa mbiri ya kusamuka kwa gulu lirilonse la anthu a m’deralo. Amatha kuchitapo kanthu pofufuza mikanganoyo ndikuzindikira magulu, zokonda, ndi maudindo.
Akulu ndi amene amasunga miyambo ya anthu ndipo amalemekezedwa ndi achinyamata. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala othandiza kwambiri poyimira mkangano womwe udakalipo wamtunduwu. Akuluakulu ochokera m'magulu onsewa atha kugwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe zawo zachibadwidwe kuti athetse, asinthe, ndikuwongolera kusamvana kumeneku m'magawo awo popanda kulowererapo kwa boma, popeza maphwando asiya chidaliro ndi mabungwe aboma. Njirayi ndikugwirizanitsanso chifukwa imalola kubwezeretsedwa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi ubale wabwino. Akulu amatsogoleredwa ndi lingaliro la mgwirizano wa anthu, mgwirizano, kumasuka, kukhala mwamtendere, ulemu, kulolerana, ndi kudzichepetsa (Kariuki, 2015).
Njira yachikhalidwe sizongotengera boma. Imalimbikitsa machiritso ndi kutseka. Kuti atsimikizire kuyanjana kwenikweni, akulu adzapangitsa onse aŵiri kudya m’mbale imodzi, kumwa vinyo wa mgwalangwa (jini wa m’deralo) kuchokera m’chikho chimodzi, ndi kuswa ndi kudya mtedza wa kola pamodzi. Kudya kotereku pagulu ndi chisonyezero cha chiyanjanitso chenicheni. Zimathandizira anthu ammudzi kuvomereza munthu wolakwayo kuti abwererenso kumudzi (Omale, 2006, p.48). Kusinthana koyendera kwa atsogoleri amagulu nthawi zambiri kumalimbikitsidwa. Kulankhula kwamtunduwu kwawonetsa kuti ndikusintha pomanganso maubale (Braimah, 1998, p.166). Imodzi mwa njira zothanirana ndi kusamvana zimagwirira ntchito ndikuphatikizanso wolakwayo m'deralo. Izi zimatsogolera ku chiyanjanitso chenicheni ndi mgwirizano wamagulu popanda mkwiyo uliwonse. Cholinga chake ndikukonzanso ndikusintha wolakwayo.
Mfundo yolimbikitsa kuthetsa kusamvana kwachikhalidwe ndi chilungamo chobwezeretsa. Zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za chilungamo chobwezeretsa chochitidwa ndi akulu zingathandize kuthetsa mikangano yosatha pakati pa abusa ndi alimi chifukwa cholinga chake ndi kubwezeretsa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi mgwirizano pakati pa magulu omwe akulimbana. Mosakayikira, anthu akumaloko amawadziwa bwino malamulo achibadwidwe a ku Africa komanso njira zachilungamo kuposa dongosolo lovuta la malamulo achingelezi lomwe limakhazikika paukadaulo wamalamulo, omwe nthawi zina amamasula olakwira. Dongosolo la adjudicatory la ku Western limakhala la munthu payekha. Zimakhazikika pa mfundo yobwezera chilungamo yomwe imatsutsa chiyambi cha kusintha kwa mikangano (Omale, 2006). M'malo mokakamiza chitsanzo cha Kumadzulo chomwe chili chachilendo kwa anthu, njira yachibadwidwe ya kusintha kwa mikangano ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere iyenera kufufuzidwa. Masiku ano, olamulira ambiri achikhalidwe ndi ophunzira ndipo amatha kuphatikiza chidziwitso cha mabungwe oweruza akumadzulo ndi malamulo achikhalidwe. Komabe, amene sangakhutiritsidwe ndi chigamulo cha akulu akhoza kupita kukhoti.
Palinso njira yochitirapo zinthu mwauzimu. Izi zimayang'ana kwambiri pamalingaliro amalingaliro ndi chikhalidwe chauzimu cha kuthetsa kusamvana. Mfundo za njira imeneyi ndi cholinga cha kuyanjananso, komanso kuchiritsa maganizo ndi uzimu kwa anthu okhudzidwawo. Kuyanjanitsa kumapanga maziko obwezeretsanso mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi ubale mu miyambo yachikhalidwe. Kuyanjanitsa kowona kumapangitsa ubale pakati pa magulu osagwirizana, pomwe olakwira ndi ozunzidwa akuphatikizidwanso mdera (Boege, 2011). Pothetsa mkangano wosatheratu umenewu, makolo angapemphedwe chifukwa amatumikira monga cholumikizira pakati pa amoyo ndi akufa. M'madera osiyanasiyana kumene mkanganowu umachitika, okhulupirira mizimu amatha kuyitanidwa kuti apemphe mzimu wa makolo. Wansembe wamkulu akhoza kuyika chigamulo chotsimikizika pa mkangano wamtunduwu pamene magulu akupanga zonena zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosagwirizana ndi zomwe zidachitika mumkangano wa Umuleri-Aguleri. Onse adzasonkhana m’malo opatulika kumene kola, zakumwa, ndi chakudya zikanagaŵidwa ndi kupempherera mtendere m’deralo. Pamwambo woterewu, aliyense amene safuna mtendere angatembereredwe. Mkulu wa ansembe ali ndi mphamvu yopereka chilango kwa Mulungu kwa osatsatira. Kuchokera ku kufotokoza kumeneku, munthu akhoza kunena kuti mfundo za kukhazikitsa mtendere mwachikhalidwe zimavomerezedwa ndi kutsatiridwa ndi anthu ammudzi poopa zotsatira zoipa monga imfa kapena matenda osachiritsika ochokera kudziko la mizimu.
Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito miyambo kungaphatikizidwe mu njira zothanirana ndi abusa ndi alimi. Mchitidwe wamwambo ukhoza kulepheretsa maphwando kufika pachimake. Miyambo imagwira ntchito ngati njira zochepetsera mikangano komanso kuchepetsa mikangano m'makhalidwe achikhalidwe cha ku Africa. Mwambo umangotanthauza mchitidwe uliwonse wosalosereka kapena mndandanda wa zochita zomwe sizingalungamitsidwe kudzera mu mafotokozedwe omveka. Miyambo ndi yofunika chifukwa imakhudza zamaganizo ndi ndale za moyo wa anthu ammudzi, makamaka kuvulala komwe anthu ndi magulu amakumana nako komwe kungayambitse mikangano (King-Irani, 1999). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, miyambo ndi yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wamunthu, mgwirizano wapagulu, komanso kuphatikizana ndi anthu (Giddens, 1991).
Pamene maphwando sali okonzeka kusintha maganizo awo, angapemphedwe kulumbira. Kulumbirira ndi njira yoitanira mulungu kuti achitire umboni za choonadi cha umboni, ndiko kuti, zimene munthu amanena. Mwachitsanzo, Aro - fuko m'chigawo cha Abia kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Nigeria - ali ndi mulungu wotchedwa juju wautali wa Arochukwu. Amakhulupirira kuti aliyense amene walumbira kwabodza adzafa. Chotsatira chake, mikangano imaganiziridwa kuthetsedwa mwamsanga pambuyo polumbira pamaso pa juju wautali wa Arochukwu. Mofananamo, kulumbira ndi Baibulo Lopatulika kapena Koran kumawoneka ngati njira yosonyezera kuti munthu salakwa pa kuswa kapena kulakwa kulikonse (Braimah, 1998, p.165).
M'malo opatulika, nthabwala zimatha kuchitika pakati pa maphwando monga momwe zimachitikira m'madera ambiri ku Nigeria. Iyi ndi njira yosakhazikitsidwa pothetsa mikangano yachikhalidwe. Izi zinkachitika pakati pa Fulani kumpoto kwa Nigeria. John Paden (1986) adawonetsa lingaliro ndi kufunikira kwa maubwenzi akuseka. A Fulani ndi Tiv ndi Barberi adatengera nthabwala ndi nthabwala kuti athetse kusamvana pakati pawo (Braimah, 1998). Mchitidwe umenewu ukhoza kutsatiridwa pa mkangano umene ulipo pakati pa abusa ndi alimi.
Njira yowera ng'ombe ikhoza kutsatiridwa pakuba ng'ombe monga momwe amachitira pakati pa abusa. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuthetsa pokakamiza ng'ombe zakuba kuti zibwezedwe kapena kubweza m'malo mwa ng'ombe kapena kulipiritsa ng'ombe zofananira nazo kwa eni ake. Zotsatira za kuwukira zimakhala mopanda pake komanso mphamvu za gulu loukirawo komanso za otsutsa omwe, nthawi zina, amalimbana ndi nkhondo m'malo mogonja.
Njirazi ndizoyenera kuzifufuza muzochitika zomwe dziko ladzipeza lokha. Komabe, sitikunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti njira zachikhalidwe zothetsa kusamvana zili ndi zofooka zina. Komabe, omwe amatsutsa kuti njira zachikhalidwe zimatsutsana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse ya ufulu wa anthu ndi demokalase akhoza kuphonya chifukwa chakuti ufulu wa anthu ndi demokalase zikhoza kuyenda bwino pamene pali mtendere pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu. Njira zachikhalidwe zimaphatikizapo magulu onse a anthu - amuna, akazi, ndi achinyamata. Izi sizimapatula aliyense. Kutengapo gawo kwa amayi ndi achinyamata ndikofunikira chifukwa awa ndi anthu omwe amanyamula mtolo wa kusamvana. Zidzakhala zopanda phindu kusiya maguluwa mkangano wamtunduwu.
Kuvuta kwa mkangano umenewu kumafuna kuti njira zachikhalidwe zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale kuti ndi zopanda ungwiro. Mosakayikira, miyambo yamakono yakhala ndi mwayi waukulu moti njira zamwambo zothetsera mikangano sizimakondedwanso ndi anthu. Zifukwa zina za kuchepa kwa chidwi m'njira zothetsa mikangano zikuphatikiza kudzipereka kwa nthawi, kulephera kuchita apilo zigamulo zosavomerezeka nthawi zambiri, ndipo koposa zonse, ziphuphu za akulu zochitidwa ndi akuluakulu andale (Osaghae, 2000). N’kutheka kuti akulu ena angakhale atsankho m’kusamalira nkhani, kapena chifukwa cha umbombo wawo. Izi sizizifukwa zokwanira zomwe njira yothanirana ndi mikangano iyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Palibe dongosolo lomwe lilibe zolakwika.
Mapeto ndi Malangizo
Kusintha kwa mikangano kumatengera chilungamo chobwezeretsa. Njira zachikhalidwe zothetsera mikangano, monga momwe tawonetsera pamwambapa, zimachokera pa mfundo za chilungamo chobwezeretsa. Izi ndizosiyana ndi machitidwe a Azungu oweruza omwe amachokera ku njira zobwezera kapena chilango. Pepalali likuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zothetsera kusamvana kuti athetse mikangano ya abusa ndi alimi. Zomwe zikuphatikizidwa muzotsatira zachikhalidwezi ndi kubwezera ozunzidwa ndi olakwira ndi kubwezeretsanso olakwira m'deralo kuti akhazikitsenso ubale wosweka ndi kubwezeretsa mgwirizano m'madera omwe akhudzidwa. Kukhazikitsa izi kuli ndi phindu lokhazikitsa mtendere komanso kupewa mikangano.
Ngakhale kuti njira zachikale sizikhala ndi zolakwika, ubwino wake sungakhoze kugogomezedwa kwambiri pavuto lachitetezo lomwe dziko likudzipeza lokha. Njira yoyang'ana mkati yothetsa mikangano ndi yofunika kuifufuza. Boma la Azungu m’dzikolo lasonyeza kuti silikugwira ntchito ndipo silingathe kuthetsa mkangano umene watsala pang’ono kuthawu. Izi zili choncho chifukwa magulu awiriwa alibenso chikhulupiriro m'mabungwe akumadzulo. Dongosolo lamilandu ladzala ndi njira zosokoneza komanso zotulukapo zosayembekezereka, poyang'ana kulakwa kwa munthu ndi chilango. Ndi chifukwa cha zovuta zonsezi zomwe bungwe la African Union linakhazikitsa Bungwe la Anzeru kuti lithandize kuthetsa mikangano yomwe ili mu Africa.
Njira zachikhalidwe zothetsera kusamvana zitha kufufuzidwa ngati njira ina yothetsera kusamvana kwa abusa ndi alimi. Popereka malo okhulupilira kuti apeze choonadi, kuulula, kupepesa, kukhululukidwa, kubwezera, kubwezeretsedwa, kuyanjanitsa ndi kumanga ubale, mgwirizano pakati pa anthu kapena mgwirizano pakati pa anthu zidzabwezeretsedwa.
Komabe, kuphatikiza kwa mitundu yachibadwidwe ndi ya Kumadzulo yothetsera mikangano ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mbali zina za njira zothetsera kusamvana kwa abusa ndi alimi. Ndibwinonso kuti akatswiri azamalamulo a pachikhalidwe ndi ma sharia alowemo m'njira zothetsera mavuto. Makhoti a miyambo ndi ma sharia omwe mafumu ndi mafumu ali ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka ndipo makhoti a azungu ayenera kupitiriza kukhalapo ndikugwira ntchito limodzi.
Zothandizira
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