Hindutva ku USA: Kumvetsetsa Kukwezeleza Mikangano Yamitundu ndi Zipembedzo

Background

India ndi dziko lamitundu yosiyanasiyana la 1.38 biliyoni. Pokhala ndi Asilamu ochepa okha omwe akuyerekezedwa kuti ndi 200 miliyoni, ndale za ku India zikanayembekezeredwa kuti zigwirizane ndi mayiko ambiri monga gawo lachidziwitso chake monga "demokalase yaikulu padziko lonse lapansi." Tsoka ilo, mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi ndale za ku India zakhala zikugawanitsa komanso kudana ndi Chisilamu.

Kuti timvetse nkhani yake yogawanitsa yandale ndi chikhalidwe munthu atha kukumbukira zaka 200 za ulamuliro wa atsamunda wa Britain, choyamba ndi British East India Company ndiyeno ndi British Crown. Kuphatikiza apo, Gawo lakupha la 1947 la India ndi Pakistan linagawanitsa derali motsatira zipembedzo, zomwe zidayambitsa kusamvana kwazaka zambiri pakati pa India ndi mnansi wake, Pakistan, dziko lomwe lili ndi Asilamu pafupifupi 220 miliyoni.

"Hindutva" ndi lingaliro lapamwamba kwambiri lofanana ndi dziko lachihindu lomwe layambiranso kutsutsa zachipembedzo komanso kuganiza kuti India ndi "Hindu Rashtra (mtundu)." Hindutva ndiye mfundo yotsogolera ya Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), gulu lamanja, lachihindu lachi Hindu, gulu lankhondo lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku 1925 lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi netiweki yayikulu yamapiko akumanja, kuphatikiza Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) yomwe ili adatsogolera boma la India kuyambira 2014. Hindutva sikuti amangokopa anthu apamwamba a Brahmin omwe akufuna kukhalabe ndi mwayi wawo koma amapangidwa ngati gulu lachitukuko lokopa “onyalanyazidwa pakati. ^[1]. "

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a dziko la India pambuyo pautsamunda amaletsa kusankhana chifukwa chosiyana ndi anthu, chikhalidwe cha anthu ku India chikadalipobe, mwachitsanzo, adakhala m'magulu okakamiza ndale. Ziwawa za m'midzi ngakhalenso kuphana kumafotokozedwabe ndipo ngakhale kulungamitsidwa malinga ndi chikhalidwe. Mlembi wa ku India, Devdutt Pattanaik, akufotokoza mmene “Hindutva yalimbikitsira mwachipambano mabanki a mavoti Achihindu mwa kuvomereza chenicheni cha kudana kwa magulu a anthu pamodzi ndi kuipidwa kwakukulu kwa Chisilamu ndi kukulinganiza mosadodoma ndi kusakonda dziko.” Ndipo Pulofesa Harish S. Wankhede wamaliza^[2], "Mapiko akumanja omwe alipo pano sakufuna kusokoneza chikhalidwe cha anthu. M’malo mwake, ochirikiza a Hindutva amaloŵetsa m’ndale za magaŵano a magulu a anthu, kulimbikitsa makhalidwe a makolo akale ndi kukondwerera chikhalidwe cha Abrahmanical.”

Kuchulukirachulukira, madera ocheperako akuvutika ndi tsankho komanso tsankho lachipembedzo pansi pa boma latsopano la BJP. Zolinga zambiri, Asilamu aku India awona kukwera kowopsa kwa atsogoleri osankhidwa kuti alimbikitse kampeni yozunza anthu pa intaneti komanso kunyalanyazidwa kwachuma kwa mabizinesi omwe ali ndi Asilamu kuti aphe anthu achihindu. Chiwawa chodana ndi anthu ochepa chaphatikizirapo nkhanza komanso kukhala maso.^[3]

Pankhani ya mfundo, dziko lachihindu lopanda tsankho likuphatikizidwa mu 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) yaku India, yomwe ikuwopseza kuletsa mamiliyoni achisilamu ochokera ku Chibengali. Monga momwe bungwe la US Commission on International Freedom lidanenera, "CAA imapereka njira yofulumira kwa omwe si Asilamu ochokera ku Afghanistan, Bangladesh, ndi Pakistani kuti alembetse kuti akhale nzika zaku India. Lamuloli limapereka mwayi kwa anthu omwe asankhidwa, omwe si Asilamu m'maikowa kukhala othaŵa kwawo ku India ndipo amasunga gulu la 'osamuka mosaloledwa' kwa Asilamu okha."^[4] Asilamu a Rohingya omwe akuthawa ku Myanmar ndikukhala ku Jammu awopsezedwa ndi ziwawa komanso kuthamangitsidwa ndi atsogoleri a BJP.^[5] Otsutsa-CAA, atolankhani ndi ophunzira azunzidwa ndikumangidwa.

Malingaliro a Hindutva amafalitsidwa ndi mabungwe ambiri m'maiko osachepera 40 padziko lonse lapansi, motsogozedwa ndi otsatira chipani cholamula cha India komanso Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Sangh Parivar ("Family of the RSS") ndi mawu osakira omwe amaphatikiza mabungwe achi Hindu omwe akuphatikiza Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, kapena "World Hindu Organisation,") yomwe CIA idati ndi gulu lachipembedzo lomenyera nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi. Kulowa kwa Factbook 2018^[6] za India. Ponena kuti "amateteza" chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe cha Chihindu, gulu la achinyamata la VHP Bajrang Dal lapha ziwawa zambiri.^[7] kulimbana ndi Asilamu aku India ndipo adadziwikanso ngati zigawenga. Ngakhale a Factbook pakadali pano sakutsimikiza izi, mu Ogasiti 2022 panali malipoti oti Bajrang Dal akupanga "maphunziro a zida za Ahindu."^[8]

Komabe, mabungwe ena ambiri afalitsanso malingaliro a Hindutva nationalist ku India komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America (VHPA) ikhoza kukhala yosiyana mwalamulo ndi VHP yaku India yomwe idalimbikitsa kuwonongedwa kwa mzikiti wodziwika bwino wa Babri mu 1992 komanso ziwawa zapakati pamagulu zomwe zidatsata.^[9] Komabe, yathandiza momveka bwino atsogoleri a VHP omwe amalimbikitsa chiwawa. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2021 a VHPA anaitana Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, wansembe wamkulu wa Dasna Devi Temple ku Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, ndi mtsogoleri wa Hindu Swabhiman (Hindu Self-Respect), kuti akhale wokamba nkhani wolemekezeka pa chikondwerero chachipembedzo. Mwa zina zokwiyitsa, Saraswati ndi wodziwika bwino poyamika anthu achihindu omwe adapha Mahatma Gandhi, komanso kutcha Asilamu ziwanda.^[10] A VHPA adakakamizika kusiya kuyitana kwawo kutsatira pempho la #RejectHate, koma ena ogwirizana ndi bungweli, monga Sonal Shah, posachedwapa asankhidwa kukhala ndi maudindo akuluakulu mu Biden Administration.^[11]

Ku India, Rashtrasevika Samiti amayimira mapiko a azimayi, omwe ali pansi pa bungwe lachimuna la RSS. Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) yakhala ikugwira ntchito ku USA, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndikuphatikizidwa mu 1989, ikugwiranso ntchito m'mayiko ena oposa 150 omwe ali ndi nthambi za 3289.^[12]. Ku USA, zikhulupiriro za Hindutva zimafotokozedwanso ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi Hindu American Foundation (HAF), bungwe lolimbikitsa anthu lomwe likuwonetsa kudzudzula Hindutva mofanana ndi Hinduphobia.^[13]

Mabungwewa nthawi zambiri amalumikizana, kupanga gulu lotanganidwa kwambiri la atsogoleri achihindu ndi osonkhezera. Ubalewu udawonekera mu Seputembala 2019 pamsonkhano wa a Howdy Modi ku Houston, Texas, mphindi yomwe kuthekera kwa ndale kwa gulu lachihindu ku America kudakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi atolankhani ku USA. Poyimirira limodzi, Purezidenti Trump ndi Prime Minister Modi adatamandidwa wina ndi mnzake. Koma 'Howdy, Modi' sanasonkhane osati Purezidenti Trump ndi 50,000 aku India aku America, koma andale ambiri, kuphatikiza Mtsogoleri Wa Democratic House Majority Steny Hoyer ndi Senators aku Texas Republican a John Cornyn ndi Ted Cruz.

Monga momwe Intercept idanenera panthawiyo^[14], "Wapampando wa komiti yokonzekera 'Howdy, Modi', Jugal Malani, ndi mlamu wa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa HSS.^[15] ndi mlangizi ku Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation ya USA^[16], bungwe lopanda phindu la maphunziro lomwe mnzake waku India ali wogwirizana ndi mphukira ya RSS. Mphwake wa Malani, Rishi Bhutada*, anali mneneri wamkulu wa mwambowu ndipo ndi membala wa bungwe la Hindu American Foundation.^[17], yomwe imadziwika ndi njira zake zaukali zosonkhezera nkhani zandale pa India ndi Chihindu. Mneneri wina, Gitesh Desai, ndi purezidenti^[18] m’mutu wa ku Houston wa Sewa International, bungwe la utumiki logwirizana ndi HSS.”

Mu pepala lofunikira komanso latsatanetsatane la kafukufuku wa 2014^[19] popanga mapu a malo a Hindutva ku USA, South Asia Citizens Web ofufuza anali atafotokoza kale za Sangh Parivar (“banja la Sangh”), gulu la magulu omwe ali patsogolo pa gulu la Hindutva, kukhala ndi mamembala pafupifupi mamiliyoni, ndipo kupatsa mamiliyoni a madola kumagulu okonda dziko la India.

Kuphatikizapo magulu onse achipembedzo, chiwerengero cha Amwenye ku Texas chawonjezeka kuwirikiza kawiri m'zaka 10 zapitazi kufika ku 450,000, koma ambiri amakhalabe ogwirizana ndi Democratic Party. Zotsatira za mphindi ya Howdy Modi^[20] zikuwonetsa kupambana kwa Prime Minister Modi popereka zitsanzo zokhumba zaku India kuposa zomwe zimakopa Purezidenti Donald Trump. Anthu amderali ndiwokonda kwambiri Modi kuposa Pro-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), monga ambiri ochokera ku India.^[21] ku United States amachokera ku South India komwe kulamulira kwa Modi BJP sikukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale atsogoleri ena achi Hindutva ku USA adathandizira mwamphamvu khoma lamalire la Trump ku Texas, kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira ku India akuwoloka malire akumwera.^[22], ndi ndondomeko zokhwima za utsogoleri wake pa nkhani za anthu olowa m’mayiko ena - makamaka malire a ma visa a H1-B, ndi ndondomeko yochotsera anthu omwe ali ndi ma visa a H-4 (akazi a H1-B omwe ali ndi ma visa) ufulu wogwira ntchito - adasokoneza ena ambiri m'deralo. "Achihindu a ku America agwiritsa ntchito udindo wawo wochepa kuti adziteteze pamene akuchirikiza gulu lalikulu la akuluakulu ku India," atero a Dieter Friedrich, katswiri wa nkhani za ku South Asia yemwe anagwidwa ndi Intercept.^[23] Ku India ndi ku United States konse, atsogoleri ogawanitsa mayiko anali kulimbikitsa ndale zazikulu kuti akope ovota awo.^[24]

Monga mtolankhani Sonia Paul analemba mu The Atlantic,^[25] "Radha Hegde, pulofesa pa yunivesite ya New York komanso mkonzi wa Routledge Handbook of the Indian Diaspora, adakonza msonkhano wa Modi ku Houston monga momwe anthu ambiri aku America samaganizira. Iye anandiuza kuti: ‘M’nthaŵi ino yautundu wa Ahindu, akudzutsidwa monga Ahindu Achimereka.’” Zikuoneka kuti ambiri mwa Ahindu Achimereka a m’magulu ogwirizana ndi RSS sanaphunzitsidwe mokwanira, koma amangogwirizana ndi Amwenye amene ayambiranso. utundu. Ndipo komabe zikuvutitsa kwambiri kuti "kudzutsidwa" uku kudachitika milungu ingapo pambuyo poti boma la Modi lilanda Jammu ndi Kashmir ufulu wawo ndikuyika Asilamu mamiliyoni awiri pachiwopsezo chosowa dziko la Assam State.^[26]

Mabuku a Culture Wars

Monga momwe anthu aku America amadziwira kale pamikangano ya "ufulu wa makolo" ndi Critical Race Theory (CRT), nkhondo zamaphunziro kusukulu zimakhazikika ndipo zimawumbidwa ndi nkhondo zazikulu zamtundu wamtunduwu. Kulembanso mwadongosolo mbiri yakale ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro achihindu achihindu ndipo kulowerera kwa maphunziro a Hindutva kukuwoneka kuti ndi vuto ladziko lonse ku India ndi ku USA. Ngakhale kuti kusintha kwina kwa chithunzi cha Ahindu kungakhale kofunikira, ndondomekoyi yakhala yandale kuyambira pachiyambi.^[27]

Mu 2005 omenyera ufulu wa Hindutva adasumira [omwe] kuti aletse "zithunzi zoyipa" zamagulu kuti ziphatikizidwe m'maphunziro.^[28]. Monga Equality Labs adafotokozera mu kafukufuku wawo wa 2018 wa caste ku America, "zosintha zawo zidaphatikizapo kuyesa kufafaniza mawu oti "Dalit", kufufuta chiyambi cha Caste mulemba lachihindu, pomwe nthawi yomweyo kuchepetsa zovuta za Caste ndi Brahmanism ndi Sikh, Buddhist, ndi miyambo yachisilamu. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, iwo anayesa kufotokoza nkhani zopeka m’mbiri ya Chitukuko cha Chigwa cha Indus pamene ankayesa kunyoza Chisilamu kuti ndi chipembedzo chokhacho chimene chinagonjetsa zachiwawa ku South Asia.”^[29]

Kwa okonda dziko lachihindu, zakale za India zimakhala ndi chitukuko chaulemerero chachihindu chotsatiridwa ndi zaka mazana ambiri zaulamuliro wachisilamu womwe Prime Minister Modi adautcha zaka chikwi za "ukapolo."^[30] Olemba mbiri olemekezeka omwe amalimbikira kufotokoza malingaliro ovuta kwambiri amazunzidwa kwambiri pa intaneti chifukwa cha malingaliro a "anti-Hindu, anti-India". Mwachitsanzo, wolemba mbiri wakale wazaka 89, Romila Thapar, amalandila zolaula pafupipafupi kuchokera kwa otsatira Modi.^[31]

Mu 2016 University of California (Irvine) idakana thandizo la madola 6 miliyoni kuchokera ku Dharma Civilization Foundation (DCF) pambuyo poti akatswiri ambiri azamaphunziro asaina pempho loti mabungwe a DCF adayesa kuyambitsa zosintha zolakwika m'mabuku a kalasi yachisanu ndi chimodzi ku California. za Chihindu^[32], ndipo akufotokoza nkhawa yake ponena za lipoti la atolankhani losonyeza kuti zoperekazo zidalira pa yunivesite kusankha anthu amene akufuna kusankhidwa ndi DCF. Komiti ya aphunzitsi idapeza maziko "oyendetsedwa kwambiri" ndi "malingaliro akumanja kwambiri."^[33] Pambuyo pake, a DCF adalengeza kuti akufuna kukweza madola miliyoni^[34] kwa Hindu University of America^[35], yomwe imapereka chithandizo chamagulu kwa anthu omwe ali m'maphunziro omwe amayikidwa patsogolo ndi Sangh, monga mapiko a maphunziro a VHPA.

Mu 2020, makolo omwe adalumikizana ndi Amayi Otsutsana ndi Kudana ndi Kuphunzitsa M'masukulu (Project-MATHS) adafunsa chifukwa chake pulogalamu ya Epic yowerengera, yomwe masukulu aboma ku United States onse ali nayo m'maphunziro awo, inali ndi mbiri ya Prime Minister Modi yofotokoza zabodza zokhudza iye. maphunziro, komanso kuukira kwake Congress Party ya Mahatma Gandhi.^[36]

Kusamvana kukupitirirabe. Kugwa kwa 2021 omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi otsutsa boma la Modi adakonza msonkhano wapaintaneti, Dismantling Global Hindutva, kuphatikiza mapanelo pamachitidwe a caste, Islamophobia ndi kusiyana pakati pa Chihindu chipembedzo ndi Hindutva lingaliro lalikulu. Mwambowu udathandizidwa ndi madipatimenti a mayunivesite opitilira 40 aku America, kuphatikiza Harvard ndi Columbia. Bungwe la Hindu American Foundation ndi mamembala ena a gulu la Hindutva adadzudzula mwambowu kuti ukupanga malo ankhanza kwa ophunzira achihindu.^[37] Pafupifupi maimelo miliyoni adatumizidwa ku mayunivesite kuti achite ziwonetsero, ndipo tsambalo silinakhale pa intaneti kwa masiku awiri pambuyo podandaula zabodza. Pofika nthawi yomwe mwambowu udachitika pa Seputembara 10, okonza ndi olankhula adalandira ziwopsezo zakupha komanso kugwiriridwa. Ku India, ma TV a Pro-Modi adalimbikitsa zonena kuti msonkhanowu udapereka "chivundikiro chanzeru cha a Taliban."^[38]

Mabungwe a Hindutva ananena kuti chochitikacho chinafalitsa “chizoloŵezi cha Chihindu.” "Amagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha American multiculturalism kuti atchule kutsutsa kulikonse kuti ndi Hinduphobia," atero a Gyan Prakash, wolemba mbiri pa Yunivesite ya Princeton yemwe anali wokamba nkhani pamsonkhano wa Hindutva.^[39] Akatswiri ena adachoka pamwambowu chifukwa choopa mabanja awo, koma ena monga Audrey Truschke, pulofesa wa mbiri yakale ya ku South Asia ku yunivesite ya Rutgers, akulandira kale ziwopsezo za imfa ndi kugwiriridwa kuchokera kwa okonda dziko la Hindu chifukwa cha ntchito yake kwa olamulira achisilamu ku India. Nthawi zambiri amafuna chitetezo cha zida pazochitika zapagulu.

Gulu la ophunzira achihindu ochokera ku Rutgers linapempha akuluakulu a boma kuti asamulole kuphunzitsa maphunziro a Chihindu ndi India.^[40] Pulofesa Audrey Truschke adatchulidwanso pamilandu ya HAF pa tweeting^[41] za nkhani ya al Jazeera ndi Hindu American Foundation. Pa Seputembara 8, 2021, adachitiranso umboni mu Congressional Briefing, "Hindutva Attacks on Academic Freedom."^[42]

Kodi ndimotani mmene utundu wachihindu wolunjika kumanja wakulitsa kufikira kwake kwakukulu m’masukulu?^[43] Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2008, Campaign to Stop Funding Hate (CSFH) idatulutsa lipoti lake, "Mosakayikira Sangh: National HSC ndi Hindutva Agenda yake," ikuyang'ana kwambiri kukula kwa phiko la ophunzira la Sangh Parivar ku USA - Hindu Students Council (HSC). ).^[44] Kutengera kubweza misonkho ya VHPA, kusungitsa ku US Patents Office, zidziwitso zolembetsa zapaintaneti, zolemba zakale ndi zofalitsa za HSC, lipotilo likuwonetsa "njira yayitali komanso yozama yolumikizirana pakati pa HSC ndi Sangh kuyambira 1990 mpaka pano." HSC idakhazikitsidwa mu 1990 ngati projekiti ya VHP yaku America.^[45] HSC yalimbikitsa anthu olankhula magawano komanso amipatuko monga Ashok Singhal ndi Sadhvi Rithambara ndipo yatsutsa zoyesayesa za ophunzira zolimbikitsa kuphatikizidwa.^[46]

Komabe, achinyamata aku India aku America atha kulowa nawo HSC popanda kuzindikira kulumikizana "kosawoneka" pakati pa HSC ndi Sangh. Mwachitsanzo, monga membala wokangalika wa kalabu yake ya ophunzira achihindu ku Yunivesite ya Cornell, Samir anafuna kulimbikitsa anthu ammudzi wake kuti azichita nawo zokambirana zachilungamo komanso zautundu komanso kulimbikitsa uzimu. Anandiuza momwe adafikira ku National Hindu Council kuti akonzekere msonkhano waukulu wa ophunzira womwe unachitikira ku MIT ku 2017. Polankhula ndi anzake okonzekera, posakhalitsa anakhala wosamasuka komanso wokhumudwa pamene HSC inaitana wolemba Rajiv Malhotra monga wokamba nkhani.^[47] Malhotra ndiwothandiza kwambiri Hindutva, yemwe amalimbana ndi otsutsa achi Hindutva komanso pa intaneti. ranter motsutsana ndi ophunzira omwe samagwirizana nawo^[48]. Mwachitsanzo, Malhotra wakhala akuyang'ana katswiri wamaphunziro a Wendy Doniger, akumuwukira mogonana komanso payekha, zomwe pambuyo pake zidabwerezedwanso m'manenedwe opambana ku India kuti mu 2014 adapeza buku lake, "The Hindus," loletsedwa mdzikolo.

Ngakhale zili zowopsa, anthu ndi mabungwe ena apitilizabe kutsutsa Hindutva poyera^[49], pamene ena amafunafuna njira zina. Kuchokera pa zimene anachita ndi HSC, Samir wapeza gulu la Ahindu okondana ndi omasuka ndipo tsopano akutumikira monga membala wa bungwe la Sadhana, gulu lachihindu lopita patsogolo. Iye anati: “Chikhulupiriro chili ndi tanthauzo laumwini. Komabe, ku USA kuli mikangano yamafuko ndi mafuko yomwe imafunikira chisamaliro, koma ku India izi makamaka zili pamizere yachipembedzo, ndipo ngakhale mutakonda kusunga chikhulupiriro ndi ndale mosiyana, ndizovuta kusayembekezera ndemanga ina kuchokera kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo akumaloko. Mipingo yonse imakhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, ndipo akachisi ena amakhala kutali ndi ndemanga iliyonse "yandale", pomwe ena akuwonetsa kutengera dziko lawo, kudzera mukuthandizira kumangidwa kwa Kachisi wa Ram Janmabhoomi komwe kuli mzikiti wowonongedwa wa Ayodhya mwachitsanzo. Sindikuganiza kuti magawo akumanzere / kumanja ku USA ndi ofanana ndi aku India. A Hindutva muzochitika zaku America amalumikizana ndi Evangelical Right on Islamophobia, koma osati pazinthu zonse. Ubale wa mapiko akumanja ndi wovuta. ”

Legal Push Back

Zochita zaposachedwa zazamalamulo zapangitsa kuti nkhani ya magulu awonekere kwambiri. Mu Julayi 2020, oyang'anira ku California adasumira kampani yaukadaulo ya Cisco Systems chifukwa chochitira tsankho kwa injiniya waku India ndi anzawo aku India pomwe onse amagwira ntchito m'boma.^[50]. Mlanduwo ukunena kuti Cisco sanayankhe mokwanira nkhawa za wantchito wa Dalit yemwe adazunzidwa kuti adazunzidwa ndi ogwira nawo ntchito achihindu apamwamba. Monga momwe Vidya Krishnan akulembera ku Atlantic, "Mlandu wa Cisco ndi mbiri yakale. Kampaniyo, kampani iliyonse, sikanakumana ndi milandu yotereyi ku India, komwe kusankhana mitundu, ngakhale kuli koletsedwa, kuli kovomerezeka ... chigamulochi chidzapereka chitsanzo kwa makampani onse aku America, makamaka omwe ali ndi antchito ambiri aku India kapena ntchito ku India.”^[51] 

Chaka chotsatira, mu Meyi 2021, mlandu wa boma unanena kuti bungwe lachihindu, Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, lodziwika bwino kuti BAPS, linakopa antchito ochepera 200 ku US kuti amange kachisi wamkulu wachihindu ku New Jersey. , kuwalipira ndalama zochepera $1.20 pa ola kwa zaka zingapo.^[52] Mlanduwu unanena kuti ogwira ntchito amakhala m'malo otchingidwa ndi mipanda momwe amayang'aniridwa ndi makamera ndi alonda. BAPS imawerengera ma mandirs opitilira 1200 mumanetiweki ake komanso akachisi opitilira 50 ku USA ndi UK, ena abwino kwambiri. Ngakhale amadziwika kuti amagwira ntchito zothandiza anthu komanso kuthandiza anthu, BAPS idathandizira poyera ndikupereka ndalama ku Ram Mandir ku Ayodhya, yomwe idamangidwa pamalo a mzikiti wodziwika bwino womwe unawonongedwa ndi anthu achihindu, ndipo Prime Minister waku India Modi adagwirizana kwambiri ndi bungweli. BAPS yatsutsa zonena za kudyera masuku pamutu antchito.^[53]

Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, mgwirizano waukulu wa omenyera ufulu waku India waku America ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe adapempha bungwe la US Small Business Administration (SBA) kuti lifufuze momwe magulu achihindu akumanja adalandirira madola masauzande ambiri m'ndalama zothandizira za COVID-19, malinga ndi malipoti. ndi Al Jazeera mu Epulo 2021.^[54] Kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti mabungwe olumikizidwa ndi RSS adalandira ndalama zopitilira $833,000 pakulipira mwachindunji, komanso ngongole. Al Jazeera anagwira mawu a John Prabhudoss, wapampando wa Federation of Indian American Christian Organisations kuti: “Magulu oyang’anira boma komanso mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe akuyenera kusamala kwambiri ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kolakwika kwa ndalama za COVID ndi magulu achihindu a ku United States.”

Islamophobia

Monga tanenera kale, ku India kulimbikitsa nkhani zotsutsana ndi Asilamu kwafalikira. Pogrom yotsutsana ndi Asilamu ku Delhi^[55] zidakumana ndi ulendo woyamba wa Purezidenti Donald Trump ku India^[56]. Ndipo m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, kampeni yapaintaneti yalimbikitsa mantha pa "love jihad"^[57] (kutsata maubwenzi ndi maukwati azipembedzo zophatikizana), Coronajihad”^[58], (kudzudzula kufalikira kwa mliriwu kwa Asilamu) ndi “Spit Jihad” (ie, “Thook Jihad”) ponena kuti ogulitsa chakudya achisilamu amalavulira muzakudya zomwe amagulitsa.^[59]

Mu Disembala 2021, atsogoleri achihindu ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Zipembedzo ku Haridwar ananena mosapita m'mbali kuti Asilamu aphedwe.^[60], popanda kutsutsidwa ndi Prime Minister Modi kapena otsatira ake. Miyezi ingapo m'mbuyomo, VHP yaku America^[61] adayitana Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, wansembe wamkulu wa Dasna Devi Temple monga wokamba nkhani wamkulu^[62]. Chochitika chomwe chinakonzedwacho chinathetsedwa pambuyo pa madandaulo ambiri. Yati anali atadziwika kale ndi "chidani cholavula" kwa zaka zambiri ndipo adamangidwa atayitanitsa kupha anthu ambiri mu Disembala.

Pali nkhani yayikulu yomwe ilipo kale ya Islamophobic ku Europe^[63], USA, Canada ndi mayiko ena. Kumanga mzikiti kwatsutsidwa ku USA kwa zaka zambiri^[64]. Kutsutsa kotereku nthawi zambiri kumawonetsedwa chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa magalimoto koma mu 2021 zidadziwika momwe anthu achihindu amawonekera makamaka otsutsa kukulitsa mzikiti ku Naperville, IL.^[65].

Ku Naperville otsutsa adawonetsa kudera nkhawa za kutalika kwa minaret ndi kuthekera kwa kuyitanira kupemphero kuulutsidwa. Posachedwapa ku Canada, Ravi Hooda, wodzipereka kunthambi yakomweko ya Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS)^[66] komanso membala wa Peel District School Board mdera la Toronto, adalemba pa Twitter kuti kulola kuyimba kwa mapemphero achisilamu kuulutsidwa kumatsegula chitseko cha "njira zosiyana za okwera ngamila ndi mbuzi" kapena malamulo "ofuna kuti azimayi onse azivala kumutu mpaka kumapazi m'mahema. .”^[67]

Zolankhula zachidani ndi zonyoza zoterozo zasonkhezera chiwawa ndi kuchirikiza chiwawa. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti mu 2011, zigawenga zakumanja Anders Behring Breivik zidalimbikitsidwa ndi malingaliro a Hindutva kupha achinyamata 77 omwe amagwirizana ndi Norwegian Labor Party. Mu Januwale 2017^[68], zigawenga zomwe zinaukira mzikiti wina mumzinda wa Quebec zinapha Asilamu 6 obwera kuchokera kumayiko ena ndikuvulaza 19^[69], wolimbikitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kolimba kwa mapiko akumanja kwanuko (kuphatikiza mutu wa gulu lodana ndi Nordic^[70]) komanso chidani pa intaneti. Apanso ku Canada, mu 2021 gulu la Canadian Hindu Advocacy motsogozedwa ndi Islamophobe Ron Banerjee, adakonza msonkhano wothandizira munthu yemwe adapha Asilamu anayi ndi galimoto yake mumzinda wa London ku Canada.^[71]. Ngakhale Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN adawona ndikutsutsa izi^[72]. Banarjee ndi wodziwika bwino. Mu kanema yemwe adayikidwa pa akaunti ya YouTube ya Rise Canada mu Okutobala 2015, Banerjee adawoneka atanyamula Qur'an kwinaku akulavulira ndikuyipukuta kumbuyo kwake. Mu kanema yemwe adakwezedwa pa akaunti ya YouTube ya Rise Canada mu Januware 2018, Banerjee adafotokoza Chisilamu "ndi gulu lachipembedzo logwiririra."^[73]

Kufalitsa Chikoka

Mwachiwonekere, amitundu ambiri achihindu ku USA sagwirizana ndi zolimbikitsa kapena zachiwawa zotere. Komabe, mabungwe ouziridwa a Hindutva ali patsogolo pakupanga mabwenzi ndi kukopa anthu m’boma. Kupambana kwa zoyesayesa zawo kumawoneka pakulephera kwa Congress yaku US kudzudzula kuchotsedwa kwa ufulu wa Kashmir mu 2019 kapena kuchotsedwa kwa Asilamu ku Assam State. Zingadziŵike m’kulephera kwa dipatimenti ya boma ya US kutchula dziko la India kukhala Dziko Lodetsa nkhaŵa Kwambiri (CPC), ngakhale kuti bungwe la US Commission of International Religious Freedom linalimbikitsa kwambiri.

Pokhala amphamvu komanso otsimikiza monga momwe akulowera m'maphunziro a US, Hindutva imayang'ana magulu onse aboma, chifukwa ali ndi ufulu wonse wochita. Komabe, machenjerero awo okakamiza angakhale aukali. The Intercept^[74] yafotokoza momwe Congressman waku India waku America Ro Khanna adachoka pamwambo wachidule wa Meyi 2019 wokhudza tsankho la Caste miniti yomaliza chifukwa cha "kukakamizidwa ndi magulu ambiri achihindu achihindu."^[75] Mnzake Pramila Jayapal adakhalabe wothandizira pamwambowu. Pamodzi ndikukonzekera zionetsero pazochitika za mdera lake,^[76] Omenyera ufulu wawo adasonkhanitsa magulu ndi anthu opitilira 230 achihindu ndi aku India aku America, kuphatikiza Hindu American Foundation, kuti atumize Khanna kalata yodzudzula zomwe ananena pa Kashmir ndikumupempha kuti achoke ku Congression Pakistan Caucus, yomwe adalowa nawo posachedwa.

Oimira Ilham Omar ndi Rashida Tlaib akhala akutsutsa njira zokakamiza zoterezi, koma ena ambiri alibe; mwachitsanzo, Rep. Tom Suozzi (D, NY), yemwe adasankha kubweza mawu okhazikika pa Kashmir. Ndipo chisankho cha Purezidenti chisanachitike, Hindu American Foundation idachenjeza moyipa za utsogoleri wa Democratic Party kukhalabe "wowonera osalankhula" a "Hinduphobia" yomwe ikukula m'chipani.^[77].

Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2020 cha Purezidenti Biden, Boma lake lidawoneka kuti likutsutsa zomwe adasankha oyimilira kampeni.^[78]. Kusankha kwake kwa kampeni ya Amit Jani kukhala wolumikizana ndi gulu la Asilamu kudadzutsa nsidze, chifukwa banja lake linali ndi maulalo odziwika bwino ku RSS. Othirira ndemanga ena adadzudzula "mgwirizano wamtundu wa Asilamu, Dalit, ndi magulu akumanzere" chifukwa cha kampeni yawo yapaintaneti yolimbana ndi Jani, yemwe bambo ake omaliza adayambitsa BJP ya Overseas Friends.^[79]

Mafunso ambiri adafunsidwanso okhudza woimira Congression (ndi Woyimira Purezidenti) Tulsi Gabbard kulumikizana ndi ziwerengero zachi Hindu zakumanja.^[80]. Ngakhale mauthenga achikhristu a mapiko amanja ndi achihindu akumanja amagwira ntchito mofanana m'malo modutsana, Rep Gabbard ndi wachilendo polumikizana ndi zigawo zonse ziwiri.^[81]

Pamalo anyumba yamalamulo ku New York State, membala wa Msonkhano Jenifer Rajkumar adadzudzulidwa chifukwa cha omwe adathandizira omwe adalumikizana ndi Hindutva.^[82] Gulu la anthu amderali a Queens Against Hindu Fascism adawonanso kuti amathandizira Prime Minister Modi. Woimira wina wakomweko, Senator wa Ohio State Niraj Antani adati m'mawu a Seputembala 2021 kuti adadzudzula msonkhano wa "Disantling Hindutva" "mwamphamvu kwambiri" ngati "chopanda tsankho komanso tsankho kwa Ahindu."^[83] Zikuoneka kuti pali zitsanzo zambiri zofananira zomwe zitha kukumbidwa ndi kafukufuku wina.

Pomaliza, pali zoyesayesa zanthawi zonse zofikira mameya akumaloko ndi kuphunzitsa madipatimenti apolisi.^[84] Pamene kuli kwakuti madera a Amwenye ndi Achihindu ali ndi ufulu wonse wochita zimenezi, openyerera ena afunsa mafunso okhudza kuloŵerera kwa Hindutva, mwachitsanzo kumanga ubale wa HSS ndi madipatimenti apolisi ku Troy ndi Caton, Michigan, ndi Irving, Texas.^[85]

Pamodzi ndi atsogoleri otchuka a Hindutva, akasinja oganiza bwino, olandirira alendo komanso ogwira ntchito zanzeru amathandizira kuti boma la Modi likhale lolimbikitsa kampeni ku USA ndi Canada.^[86] Komabe, kupitilira izi, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino zowunikira, zofalitsa zabodza komanso zofalitsa zabodza zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa pa intaneti.

Nkhondo za Social Media, Journalism ndi Culture Wars

India ndiye msika waukulu kwambiri wa Facebook, womwe uli ndi anthu 328 miliyoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, amwenye pafupifupi 400 miliyoni amagwiritsa ntchito mauthenga a Facebook, WhatsApp^[87]. Tsoka ilo, malo ochezera a pa Intanetiwa asanduka magalimoto odana ndi kufalitsa nkhani zabodza. Ku India, kupha anthu ambiri a ng'ombe kumachitika pambuyo poti mphekesera zafalikira pamasamba ochezera, makamaka WhatsApp^[88]. Makanema a lynching ndi kumenyedwa nthawi zambiri amagawidwa pa WhatsApp nawonso.^[89] 

Atolankhani achikazi avutitsidwa makamaka ndi ziwopsezo za nkhanza zakugonana, "zabodza" ndi ma doxing. Otsutsa a Prime Minister Modi abwera chifukwa chankhanza zachiwawa. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2016, mtolankhani Rana Ayub adasindikiza buku lonena za zomwe Prime Minister adachita ndi zipolowe za 2002 ku Gujarat. Posakhalitsa, kuwonjezera pa kuopsezedwa kambirimbiri kuti amuphe, Ayub adazindikira kuti kanema wamaliseche akugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a WhatsApp.^[90] Nkhope yake idakongoletsedwa pankhope ya wochita sewero la zolaula, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Deepfake womwe udasokoneza nkhope ya Rana kuti asinthe mawonekedwe osilira.

Mayi Ayub akulemba kuti, "Zambiri mwamaakaunti a Twitter ndi maakaunti a Facebook omwe adayika makanema olaula ndi zithunzithunzi zimadziwika kuti ndi mafani a Bambo Modi ndi chipani chawo."^[91] Kuopseza kotereku kwa atolankhani achikazi kwapangitsanso kuphana kwenikweni. Mu 2017, atazunzidwa kwambiri pazama TV, mtolankhani komanso mkonzi Gauri Lankesh adaphedwa ndi zigawenga zakumanja kunja kwa nyumba yake.^[92] Lankesh adatulutsa magazini awiri sabata iliyonse ndipo anali wodzudzula achihindu akumanja omwe makhothi am'deralo adawaweruza kuti ndi olakwa chifukwa chotsutsa BJP.

Masiku ano, zoputa “zamanyazi” zikupitilirabe. Mu 2021, pulogalamu yotchedwa Bulli Bai yomwe idachitika patsamba la GitHub idagawana zithunzi za azimayi opitilira 100 achisilamu akuti "akugulitsidwa."^[93] Kodi ma social media akutani kuti athetse chidani chimenechi? Zikuoneka kuti sizinali zokwanira.

M'nkhani yovuta kwambiri ya 2020, Maubwenzi a Facebook ku Chipani Cholamulira ku India Akusokoneza Nkhondo Yake Yolimbana ndi Maudani Akuda, Mtolankhani wa Time Magazine Tom Perrigo anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe Facebook India inachedwetsa kuchotsa mawu odana ndi Asilamu pamene adachitidwa ndi akuluakulu apamwamba, ngakhale Avaaz ndi magulu ena omenyera ufulu adadandaula ndipo ogwira ntchito pa Facebook adalemba madandaulo amkati.^[94] Perrigo adalembanso kulumikizana pakati pa ogwira ntchito pa Facebook ku India ndi chipani cha Modi cha BJP.^[95] Pakati pa Ogasiti 2020, nyuzipepala ya Wall Street Journal inanena kuti ogwira ntchito zapamwamba amatsutsa kuti kulanga opanga malamulo kungawononge mwayi wamabizinesi a Facebook.^[96] Sabata yotsatira, Reuters anafotokoza mmene, poyankha, ogwira ntchito pa Facebook adalemba kalata yotseguka mkati yopempha akuluakulu kuti adzudzule tsankho lodana ndi Asilamu komanso kuti azitsatira malamulo odana ndi udani nthawi zonse. Kalatayo idanenanso kuti panalibe antchito achisilamu pagulu la ndondomeko ya India.^[97]

Mu Okutobala 2021 nyuzipepala ya New York Times idatengera zolemba zamkati, zomwe ndi gawo lalikulu lazinthu zomwe zimatchedwa Mapepala a Facebook zosonkhanitsidwa ndi mluzi Frances Haugen, yemwe kale anali woyang'anira malonda a Facebook.^[98] Zolembazi zikuphatikizanso malipoti a momwe ma bots ndi maakaunti abodza, makamaka okhudzana ndi magulu andale akumanja adasokoneza zisankho zamayiko, monga momwe adachitira ku United States.^[99] Amafotokozanso momwe mfundo za Facebook zidathandizira kufalitsa zambiri zabodza ku India, makamaka zowopsa panthawi ya mliri.^[100] Zikalatazo zikufotokoza mmene nsanja nthaŵi zambiri inkalephera kulamulira chidani. Malinga ndi nkhaniyi: "Facebook idazengereza kunena kuti RSS ndi gulu lowopsa chifukwa cha "zandale" zomwe zingakhudze momwe mawebusayiti amagwirira ntchito mdziko muno."

Kumayambiriro kwa 2022 magazini ya India News, The Waya, adawulula kukhalapo kwa pulogalamu yachinsinsi yodziwika bwino yotchedwa 'Tek Fog' yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma troll ogwirizana ndi chipani cholamula cha India kulanda malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi kusokoneza mauthenga obisika ngati WhatsApp. Tek Fog ikhoza kubera gawo la 'trending' la Twitter ndi 'trend' pa Facebook. Ogwiritsa ntchito a Tek Fog amathanso kusintha nkhani zomwe zilipo kuti apange nkhani zabodza.

Pambuyo pakufufuza kwa miyezi 20, akugwira ntchito ndi woululira mluzu koma akutsimikizira zambiri zomwe akunena, lipotilo limayang'ana momwe pulogalamuyo imasinthira chidani ndikuzunza anthu ndikufalitsa mabodza. Ripotilo likuwonetsa kulumikizana kwa pulogalamuyi ndi kampani yaku India yaku America yogulitsa pagulu, Persistent Systems, yomwe idayika ndalama zambiri kuti ipeze makontrakitala aboma ku India. Imalimbikitsidwanso ndi pulogalamu # 1 yaku India yochezera, Sharechat. Lipotilo likuwonetsa kuti zotheka kulumikizana ndi ma hashtag okhudzana ndi chiwawa komanso kulumikizana kwa COVID-19. Ofufuza adapeza kuti "mwa zolemba zonse 3.8 miliyoni zomwe zawunikiridwa… pafupifupi 58% (2.2 miliyoni) mwazo zitha kutchedwa 'mawu achidani'.

Mu 2019, EU DisinfoLab, bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lodziyimira pawokha lomwe likufufuza zachitetezo cholimbana ndi EU, lidasindikiza lipoti lofotokoza za "zofalitsa zabodza zaku India" zopitilira 260 zomwe zimatenga mayiko 65, kuphatikiza kumadzulo konse.^[101] Izi zikuwoneka kuti cholinga chake ndikuwongolera malingaliro a India, komanso kulimbikitsa malingaliro a pro-Indian ndi anti-Pakistani (komanso odana ndi China). Chaka chotsatira, lipoti ili lidatsatiridwa ndi lipoti lachiwiri lomwe silinangopeza zofalitsa zabodza za 750 zokha, zokhala ndi mayiko a 119, koma zakuba zidziwitso zingapo, osachepera 10 adabedwa ma NGOs ovomerezeka a UN Human Rights Council, ndi mayina 550 adalembetsedwa.^[102]

EU DisinfoLab idapeza kuti magazini "yabodza", EP Today, imayendetsedwa ndi anthu aku India, ndi maubwenzi ndi gulu lalikulu la oganiza bwino, mabungwe omwe siaboma, ndi makampani ochokera ku Srivastava Group.^[103] Machenjerero otere adatha "kukopa ma MEP omwe akuchulukirachulukira kuti alankhule ndi India ndi anti-Pakistani, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zifukwa monga ufulu wa anthu ochepa komanso ufulu wa amayi ngati polowera."

Mu 2019 mamembala makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi awiri a nyumba yamalamulo ku Europe adayendera Kashmir ngati alendo a bungwe losadziwika bwino, Women's Economic and Social Think Tank, kapena WESTT, akuwoneka kuti adalumikizana ndi netiweki ya pro-Modi.^[104] Adakumananso ndi Prime Minister Narendra Modi ndi National Security Advisor Ajit Doval ku New Delhi. Izi zidaperekedwa ngakhale boma la Modi linakana kulola Senator waku US Chris Van Hollen kuyendera^[105] kapena bungwe la UN Human Rights Council kuti litumize oimira ake kuderali^[106]. Kodi alendo odalirikawa anali ndani? Osachepera 22 mwa 27 anali ochokera ku zipani zakutali, monga National Rally ya ku France, Law and Justice ya Poland, ndi Alternative for Germany, yomwe imadziwika ndi maganizo okhwima okhudza anthu othawa kwawo komanso zomwe zimatchedwa "Islamization of Europe".^[107] Ulendowu "woyang'anira zabodza" udakhala wotsutsana, popeza sunangochitika pomwe atsogoleri ambiri aku Kashmiri adatsekeredwa m'ndende ndikuyimitsidwa ntchito za intaneti komanso pomwe aphungu ambiri aku India adaletsedwa kukaona Kashmir.

EU Disinfo Lab NGO ili ndi Twitter chogwirira cha @DisinfoEU. Kusintha dzina mosokoneza, mu Epulo 2020 "Disinfolab" yodabwitsa idawoneka pa Twitter pansi pa chogwirira @DisinfoLab. Lingaliro loti Islamophobia ku India ikukwera akufotokozedwa ngati "nkhani zabodza" pothandizira zofuna za Pakistani. Kubwereza mu ma tweets ndi malipoti, zikuwoneka kuti pali kutengeka ndi Indian American Muslim Council (IAMC) ndi Woyambitsa wake, Shaik Ubaid, kupereka kwa iwo kufikitsidwa kodabwitsa ndi chikoka.^[108]

Mu 2021, DisinfoLab chikondwerero Dipatimenti Yaboma la US idalephera kutchula India ngati Dziko Lokhudzidwa Kwambiri^[109] ndi adachotsedwa mu lipoti la United States Commission on International Religious Freedom monga “gulu lomwe likudetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri” m’mabungwe olamulidwa ndi Muslim Brotherhood.^[110]

Izi zikukhudza olemba nkhani yayitaliyi, chifukwa mu Chaputala 9 cha lipoti lake, "Disnfo Lab" ikufotokoza za bungwe loona za ufulu wa anthu lomwe timaligwirira ntchito, Justice for All, likuwonetsa bungwe la NGO ngati ntchito yozembetsa yomwe ili ndi maulalo osadziwika bwino a Jamaat. /Muslim Brotherhood. Nkhani zabodzazi zikubwerezanso zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pa 11/XNUMX pomwe Islamic Circle yaku North America (ICNA) ndi mabungwe ena achisilamu aku America omwe amatsatira zipembedzo adawonedwa ngati chiwembu chachikulu cha Asilamu ndikunamiziridwa m'ma TV akumanja kwanthawi yayitali aboma atamaliza kufufuza kwawo.

Kuyambira 2013 ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito ngati mlangizi wa Justice for All, NGO yomwe idakhazikitsidwa panthawi yachiwembu cha Bosnia kuti iyankhe kuzunzidwa kwa Asilamu ochepa. Anatsitsimutsidwa mu 2012 kuti aganizire za "kuwotcha pang'onopang'ono" kupha anthu a Rohingya, mapulogalamu olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu awonjezeka kuti aphatikizepo a Uyghur ndi a Indian ochepa, komanso Asilamu ku Kashmir ndi Sri Lanka. Mapulogalamu a India ndi Kashmir atayamba, kupondaponda ndi kufalitsa mauthenga kunakula.

Wapampando wa Justice for All, a Malik Mujahid, akuwonetsedwa ngati akulumikizana ndi ICNA, zomwe siziri zoona, pomwe adasweka ndi bungwe zaka 20 zapitazo.^[111] Kugwira ntchito ngati gulu lachi Muslim America lomwe lili ndi chikhalidwe champhamvu chothandizira anthu, ICNA yanyozedwa kwambiri ndi magulu oganiza bwino a Islamophobic kwa zaka zambiri. Monga zambiri za "maphunziro" awo, "kafukufuku wa Disinfo" angakhale woseketsa ngati alibe mwayi wowononga maubwenzi ofunikira, kupanga kusakhulupirirana ndi kutseka mayanjano omwe angakhalepo ndi ndalama. Zolemba za "mapu ogwirizana" ku Kashmir ndi India zitha kukopa chidwi koma sizitanthauza kanthu.^[112] Izi zimagwira ntchito ngati makampeni akunong'onezana, koma mwatsoka sizinachotsedwe pa Twitter ngakhale zili zoipitsa mbiri komanso zomwe zingawononge mbiri. Komabe, Justice for All sichinakhumudwe ndipo yawonjezera kuyankha kwake ku mfundo zogawikana komanso zoopsa zaku India.^[113] Pepalali linalembedwa mopanda kupangidwa ndi pulogalamu yanthawi zonse.

Kodi Real ndi Chiyani?

Monga Asilamu okhala ku North America, olembawo amawona zodabwitsa kuti m'nkhaniyi tikutsata maukonde ambiri omwe ali ndi zipembedzo. Timadzifunsa tokha: kodi tikuwasanthula m'njira zofanana ndi "zofufuza" za Islamophobes za mabungwe achi Muslim America? Timakumbukira ma chart osavuta a Muslim Students Associations ndi "malumikizidwe" awo a Islamic Society of North America. Tikudziwa momwe makalabu achisilamu ocheperako nthawi zambiri amakhalira (osakhalanso mndandanda wa malamulo) ndipo tikudabwa ngati nafenso tikuwonjezera mgwirizano wamagulu a Hindutva omwe takambirana m'masamba apitawa.

Kodi kuwunika kwathu kulumikizana pakati pa magulu a Hindutva kumapanga mapu ogwirizana omwe amapitilira nkhawa zathu? Mofanana ndi madera ena asanakhaleko, Asilamu osamukira kudziko lina ndi Ahindu osamukira kudziko lina amafuna chisungiko chokulirapo limodzinso ndi mwaŵi. Mosakayikira, Hinduphobia ilipo, monganso Islamophobia ndi Antisemitism ndi mitundu ina ya tsankho. Kodi adani ambiri sali osonkhezeredwa ndi mantha ndi mkwiyo wa aliyense wosiyana, osasiyanitsa pakati pa Mhindu, Sikh kapena Msilamu wovala mwamwambo? Kodi palibenso malo ochitira zinthu wamba?

Ngakhale kuti kukambirana kwa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana kumapereka njira yopezera mtendere, tapezanso kuti migwirizano ina ya zipembedzo zosagwirizana mosadziwa imachirikiza zonena za Hindutva zoti kutsutsa Hindutva kumafanana ndi Hindu phobia. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2021 kalata yolembedwa ndi bungwe la Interfaith Council of Metropolitan Washington inalamula kuti mayunivesite asiye kuthandizira msonkhano wa Dismantling Hindutva. Bungwe la Interfaith Council nthawi zambiri limakhala lokangalika potsutsa chidani ndi kukondera. Koma kudzera m'makampeni abodza, omwe ali ndi mamembala ambiri komanso kutenga nawo mbali m'miyoyo yachitukuko, mabungwe a American Hindutva amathandizira momveka bwino zofuna za gulu lokonzekera bwino kwambiri lokhala ku India lomwe likuyesetsa kusokoneza anthu ambiri komanso demokalase polimbikitsa chidani.

Magulu ena ophatikiza zikhulupiriro amawona kuopsa kwa mbiri podzudzula Hindutva. Palinso zovuta zina: mwachitsanzo, ku United Nations, India yaletsa magulu ena a Dalit kuti asavomerezedwe kwa zaka zambiri. Komabe, m’chaka cha 2022 magulu ena a zipembedzo zambiri anayamba pang’onopang’ono kuyamba kulalikira. Kale, Coalition Against Genocide[114] zidapangidwa pambuyo pa ziwawa ku Gujarat (2002) pomwe Modi anali nduna yayikulu ya boma, kulandira zovomerezeka kuchokera ku Tikkun ndi Interfaith Freedom Foundation. Posachedwapa, kudzera mu chikoka cha USCIRF, pakati pa ena, Bungwe la International Religious Freedom Roundtable lakonza zokambirana, ndipo mu November 2022 Religions for Peace (RFPUSA) adakhala ndi zokambirana zomveka. Kulimbikitsa mabungwe azikhalidwe kumatha kulimbikitsa opanga mfundo ku Washington DC kuti athane ndi zovuta zaulamuliro pakati pa ogwirizana nawo aku America ngati India.

Demokalase yaku America ikuwonekanso itazingidwa - monga Capitol Building pa Januware 6, 2021 - zipolowe zomwe zidaphatikiza Vinson Palathingal, bambo waku India waku America atanyamula mbendera yaku India, wotsatira Trump yemwe akuti adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa Export Council.^[115] Ndithudi pali ambiri Achihindu aku America omwe amathandizira Trump ndikugwira ntchito kuti abwerere.^[116] Pamene tikupeza kuti pali maulalo pakati pa magulu ankhondo akumanja ndi apolisi ndi mamembala ankhondo, pakhoza kukhala zambiri zomwe zikuchitika pansi komanso zosawoneka.

Posachedwapa, alaliki ena a ku America akhala akunyoza miyambo ya Ahindu, ndipo ku India, Akristu a Evangelical kaŵirikaŵiri amanyozedwa ngakhalenso kuukiridwa. Pali magawano odziwikiratu pakati pa gulu la Hindutva ndi ufulu wachikhristu wa evangelical. Komabe, maderawa amalumikizana kuti athandizire kudziko lamanja, kukumbatira mtsogoleri wolamulira, ndi Islamophobia. Pakhala pali anzako akunja.

Salman Rushdie adatcha Hindutva "Crypto Fascism"^[117] ndipo adagwira ntchito yotsutsa kayendetsedwe ka dziko lake lobadwira. Kodi timakana zoyesayesa za Steve Bannon, zolimbikitsidwa ndi malingaliro adziko la esoteric ofotokozedwa ndi Fascist Traditionalists, yozikidwa pa malingaliro atsankho a chiyero cha Aryan?^[118] Panthawi yowopsa m'mbiri, chowonadi ndi mabodza zimasokonekera ndikulumikizana, ndipo intaneti imapanga malo ochezera omwe amawongolera komanso kusokoneza mowopsa. 

• Mdima ukugwanso; koma tsopano ndadziwa
• Zaka mazana makumi awiri za tulo ta miyala
• Adakhumudwa ndi maloto owopsa ndi chogona chogwedezeka,
• Ndipo chilombo choyipa bwanji, ola lake lifika pomaliza,
• Kodi ku Betelehemu kukabadwira?

Zothandizira

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[5] Human Rights Watch, India: Rohingya Athamangitsidwa ku Myanmar Akukumana ndi Ngozi, Marichi 31, 2022; onaninso: Kushboo Sandhu, Rohingya ndi CAA: Kodi India Refugee Policy ndi chiyani?? BBC News, August 19, 2022

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[24] Kusiyana kwa mibadwo kumafunika. Malinga ndi Carnegie Endowment Indian American Attitudes Survey, amwenye am'badwo woyamba osamukira ku US "ndiwo mwaŵi wokulirapo kuposa omwe anabadwira ku United States kuti afunefune anthu osiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, Ahindu ambiri okhala ndi magulu—oposa asanu ndi atatu mwa 10 alionse—odziŵika kuti ndi ofala kapena amtundu wapamwamba, ndiponso obwera m’mibadwo yoyamba akhala akudzipatula. Malinga ndi lipoti la 2021 la Pew Forum lonena za Achihindu aku America, omwe adafunsidwa omwe ali ndi malingaliro abwino a BJP nawonso ali ndi mwayi wotsutsana ndi zikhulupiriro komanso maukwati amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuposa ena: "Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa Ahindu, 69% ya omwe ali ndi mwayi. BJP imati ndikofunikira kwambiri kuletsa azimayi mdera lawo kukwatiwa mosiyanasiyana, poyerekeza ndi 54% mwa omwe ali ndi malingaliro olakwika pachipanichi. "

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[26] Zindikiraninso misonkhano yamagalimoto a Howdy Yogi ya 2022 Chicago ndi Houston kuthandizira Islamophobe Yogi Adityanath.

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[35] September 19, 2021 ndemanga pa Quora

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[44] Site: http://hsctruthout.stopfundinghate.org/ ili pansi pano. Copy of Summary ikupezeka pa: Mosakayikira Sangh, Chikomyunizimu Watch, January 18, 2008

[45] Chitsitsimutso cha Chihindu pa Campus, Pulogalamu ya Pluralism, Harvard University

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[53] Biswajeet Banerjee ndi Ashok Sharma, "Indian PM Ayika Maziko a Kachisi" AP News, August 5, 2020

[54] Pa Meyi 7, 2021 bungwe la Hindu American Foundation linasuma mlandu wonyoza anthu ena omwe tawatchula m’nkhanizi, kuphatikizapo omwe anayambitsa nawo bungwe la Hindus for Human Rights, Sunita Viswanath ndi Raju Rajagopal. Ahindu a Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Pothandizira Kuchotsa Hindutva, Daily Pennsylvanian, December 11, 2021 

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[59] Alishan Jafri,"Thook Jihad" ndiye Chida Chaposachedwa" The Waya, November 20, 2021

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[81] Kuti muyambe, onani tsamba la Tulsi Gabbard https://www.tulsigabbard.com/about/my-spiritual-path

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[111] Timagwira ntchito ndi Bambo Mujahid ku Burma Task Force, kutsutsana ndi Islamophobia, ndipo timadana nazo. kuipitsidwa.

[112] Masamba achotsedwa pa intaneti, DisinfoLab, Twitter, Ogasiti 3, 2021 & Meyi 2, 2022.

[113] Mwachitsanzo, zokambirana zitatu mu JFA's Hindutva ku North America mndandanda mu 2021

[114] Website: http://www.coalitionagainstgenocide.org/

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[117] Salman Rushdie, Excerpt Zokambirana Zachikulu, Tsamba la Youtube, December 5, 2015 Posting

[118] Aadita Chaudhry, Chifukwa chiyani White Supremacists ndi Hindu Nationalists Ali Ofanana Chonchi" Al Jazeera, December 13, 2018. Onaninso S. Romi Mukherjee, “Mizu ya Steve Bannon: Esoteric Fascism ndi Aryanism" News Decoder, Aug 29, 2018