Kuvuta Kuchita: Kukambirana kwa Zipembedzo Zosiyanasiyana ndi Kuchita Mtendere ku Burma ndi New York
Introduction
Ndikofunikira kuti gulu lothetsa mikangano limvetsetse kuyanjana kwa zinthu zambiri zomwe zimabweretsa mikangano pakati pa magulu achipembedzo. Kupenda mophweka ponena za udindo wa chipembedzo n’kopanda phindu.
Ku USA kuwunika kolakwikaku kukuwonekera m'nkhani zofalitsa nkhani zokhudzana ndi ISIS komanso kuzunza kwa zipembedzo zazing'ono. Zitha kuwonekanso pamisonkhano yandale (posachedwa kwambiri mu June 2016) kupatsa akatswiri abodza mwayi wolankhula pamaso pa opanga malamulo adziko. Maphunziro monga "Fear Inc."[1] akupitiliza kuwonetsa momwe mapiko akumanja a ndale akhala akukulitsa gulu la anthu oganiza bwino kuti alimbikitse "ukatswiri" woterewu pawailesi ndi ndale, mpaka kufika ku United Nations.
Nkhani zapagulu zikuipitsidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro odana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena, osati ku Europe ndi USA kokha komanso madera ena padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, ku South ndi East Asia Islamophobia yakhala mphamvu yandale yowononga kwambiri ku Myanmar / Burma, Sri Lanka ndi India. Ndikofunikira kuti ochita kafukufuku asalole "Kumadzulo" kukhala ndi mikangano, mikangano kapena chipembedzo; Ndikofunikiranso kusapatsa mwayi zipembedzo zitatu za Abrahamu kusiya miyambo ina yachipembedzo yomwe ingalandidwenso ndi dziko kapena ndale.
Ndi chiwopsezo chenicheni komanso chowoneka cha mikangano ndi uchigawenga, kutetezedwa kwa nkhani zapagulu ndi mfundo zapagulu kungayambitse malingaliro opotoka a zotsatira za malingaliro achipembedzo. Oyimira pakati ena amavomereza mosadziwa kapena mosazindikira kusagwirizana kwa zitukuko kapena kutsutsa kofunikira pakati pazachipembedzo ndi zomveka mbali imodzi ndi zachipembedzo ndi zopanda nzeru mbali inayo.
Popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mikangano ndi zabodza zamakambirano otchuka achitetezo, tingawunike bwanji zikhulupiliro - za ena komanso zathu - kuti timvetsetse udindo wa "zipembedzo" pakukonza malingaliro, kulumikizana, ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere?
Monga oyambitsa nawo Flushing Interfaith Council, ndi zaka za ntchito zachilungamo za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mayanjano a zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana, ndikufunsa kuti tiwunikenso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ku New York City. Monga Mtsogoleri wa Mapulogalamu a UN ku Burma Task Force, ndikulingalira kuti ndifufuze ngati zitsanzozi zikhoza kusamutsidwa ku chikhalidwe china, makamaka ku Burma ndi South Asia.
Kuvuta Kuchita: Kukambirana kwa Zipembedzo Zosiyanasiyana ndi Kuchita Mtendere ku Burma ndi New York
Nkhani zapagulu zikuipitsidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro odana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena, osati ku Europe ndi USA kokha komanso madera ena ambiri padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo kuti tikambirane m'nkhaniyi, ku South East Asia Islamophobia yakhala yowononga kwambiri ku Myanmar / Burma. Kumeneko, gulu lankhanza lachi Islamophobic lotsogozedwa ndi amonke achi Buddha ochita zinthu monyanyira mogwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo omwe kale anali olamulira mwankhanza apangitsa kuti a Rohingya Muslim ochepa akhale opanda malire komanso osaloledwa.
Kwa zaka zitatu ndagwira ntchito ku Burma Task Force monga New York ndi UN Programs Director. Burma Task Force ndi gulu lachi Muslim American la ufulu wachibadwidwe lomwe limalimbikitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu a Rohingya omwe akuzunzidwa kudzera mukulimbikitsa anthu ammudzi, kuchita nawo ntchito zambiri zofalitsa nkhani ndi misonkhano ndi olemba ndondomeko. Pepalali ndi kuyesa kumvetsetsa momwe kuchitira zinthu pakati pa zipembedzo ku Burma ndikuwona kuthekera kwake kopanga mtendere wachilungamo.
Ndi Epulo 2016 kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma latsopano la Burma motsogozedwa ndi Phungu wa Boma Aung San Suu Kyi, pali chiyembekezo chatsopano chakusintha kwa mfundo. Komabe, pofika mwezi wa October 2016 panalibe njira zenizeni zobwezera ufulu wa anthu a 1 miliyoni a Rohingya, omwe amaletsedwa kuyenda mkati mwa Burma, kulandira maphunziro, kupanga banja mwaufulu popanda kusokoneza kapena kuvota. (Akbar, 2016) Mazana masauzande a amuna, akazi ndi ana asamukira ku IDP ndi misasa ya anthu othawa kwawo. Wotsogoleredwa ndi Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN, Kofi Annan, Advisory Commission adaitanidwa mu August 2016 kuti afufuze "zovuta" izi monga Daw Suu Kyi amachitcha, koma Komitiyi ilibe mamembala a Rohingya. Panthawiyi ndondomeko yamtendere ya dziko lonse yakhazikitsidwa kuti ithetse mikangano ina yaikulu, yanthawi yaitali ya mafuko padziko lonse lapansi - koma osaphatikizapo ochepa a Rohingya. (Mint 2016)
Poganizira za Burma makamaka, pamene magulu ambiri akuzingidwa, kodi ubale wa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana umakhudzidwa bwanji m'deralo? Boma likayamba kuwonetsa zizindikiro za demokalase, ndizochitika zotani zomwe zimayamba? Ndi madera ati omwe atsogolere pakusintha kusamvana? Kodi kukambirana kwa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana kumayendetsedwa pakupanga mtendere, kapena palinso njira zina zolimbikitsa chikhulupiriro ndi mgwirizano?
Chidziwitso chimodzi pamalingaliro: mbiri yanga monga Msilamu waku America ku New York City imakhudza momwe ndimamvera ndikuyika mafunso awa. Islamophobia yakhala ndi zotsatira zomvetsa chisoni pazandale ndi nkhani zofalitsa nkhani mu post 9/11 USA. Ndi ziwopsezo zenizeni zomwe zikuchitika komanso zowoneka za mikangano ndi uchigawenga, kutetezedwa kwa nkhani zapagulu ndi mfundo zapagulu kungayambitse kuwunika kolakwika kwa zotsatira za malingaliro achipembedzo. Koma m'malo mwa chifukwa chimodzi—Chisilamu- zinthu zambiri za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zimakumana kuti zibweretse mikangano pakati pa magulu achipembedzo. Kusanthula mwachidule za udindo wa ziphunzitso zachipembedzo sikungapindule, kaya ndi Chisilamu kapena Chibuda kapena chipembedzo china chilichonse. (Jerryson, 2016)
Mu pepala lalifupili ndikufuna kuti ndiyambe ndikuwunika momwe zipembedzo zikuyendera ku Burma, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuyang'ana mwachidule zitsanzo zamagulu a zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana mumzinda wa New York, zomwe zimaperekedwa ngati chithunzithunzi chofanizira ndi kulingalira.
Chifukwa pakadali pano pali zidziwitso zochepa zopezeka ku Burma, kafukufuku woyambayu adachokera pazokambirana ndi anzawo osiyanasiyana zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zolemba komanso malipoti apa intaneti. Onse omwe akuyimira ndikuchita nawo madera omwe akuvutika a ku Burma, amuna ndi akaziwa akumanga mwakachetechete maziko a nyumba yamtendere yamtsogolo, m'lingaliro lophatikizana.
Abaptisti ku Burma: Zaka mazana Awiri za Chiyanjano
Mu 1813 Adoniram ndi Ann Judson a ku America Baptists anakhala amishonale oyamba a Kumadzulo kukhazikika ku Burma. Adoniram anapanganso dikishonale ya chinenero cha Chibama n’kumasulira Baibulo. Mosasamala kanthu za matenda, ndende, nkhondo, ndi kusoŵa chidwi pakati pa Abuda ambiri, m’nyengo ya zaka makumi anayi a Judsons anatha kukhazikitsa kukhalapo kwachikhalire kwa Abaptisti mu Burma. Zaka 63 pambuyo pa imfa ya Adoniram, Burma inali ndi matchalitchi achikristu 163, amishonale 7,000, ndi otembenuka oposa XNUMX obatizidwa. Myanmar tsopano ili ndi chiŵerengero chachitatu cha Abaptisti padziko lonse lapansi, pambuyo pa USA ndi India.
A Judson ananena kuti anafuna “kulalikira uthenga wabwino, osati kutsutsa Chibuda.” Komabe, kukula kwakukulu kwa nkhosa zawo kunachokera ku mafuko okhulupirira mizimu, osati kwa Abuda ambiri. Makamaka, otembenuka anachokera kwa anthu a mtundu wa Karen, owerengeka ozunzidwa ndi miyambo yambiri yakale yomwe inkawoneka ngati ikugwirizana ndi Chipangano Chakale. Miyambo yawo yamaulaliki inawakonzekeretsa kuvomereza kuti Mesiya adzabwera ndi chiphunzitso choti adzawapulumutse.[3]
Cholowa cha Judson chikukhalabe mu ubale wachipembedzo cha Burma. Masiku ano ku Burma, Judson Research Center ku Myanmar Theological Seminary ndi malo ophunzirira akatswiri osiyanasiyana, atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndi ophunzira azaumulungu “kuti akhazikitse kukambirana ndi kuchitapo kanthu kuti athetse mavuto omwe alipo kuti atukule dziko lathu.” Kuyambira mchaka cha 2003, bungwe la JRC lasonkhanitsa mabwalo angapo obweretsa Abuda, Asilamu, Ahindu ndi Akhristu palimodzi, "kuti akhazikitse ubwenzi, kumvetsetsana, kukhulupirirana komanso mgwirizano." (Nkhani ndi Zochita, tsamba lawebusayiti)
Mabwalowa nthawi zambiri anali ndi mbali yothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2014 Center idachita maphunziro okonzekeretsa anthu 19 azipembedzo zambiri kuti akhale atolankhani kapena kukhala gwero la mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani. Ndipo pa Ogasiti 28, 2015 aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira opitilira 160 adatenga nawo gawo pa zokambirana zamaphunziro pakati pa ITBMU (International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University) ndi MIT (Myanmar Institute of Theology) pamutu wakuti "Kuwunika Kwambiri kwa Kuyanjanitsa kuchokera kumalingaliro achibuda ndi achikhristu." Dialogue iyi ndi yachitatu pamndandanda womwe wakonzedwa kuti ulimbikitse kumvetsetsana pakati pa madera.
Kwa ambiri a 20th m'zaka za m'ma Burma anatsatira chitsanzo cha maphunziro boma la atsamunda British anaika ndipo makamaka anathamanga mpaka ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1948. M'zaka zingapo zotsatira kwambiri nationalized ndi osauka dongosolo maphunziro analekanitsa Burma ena ndi kunyoza mafuko koma anakwanitsa kupirira, makamaka kwa anthu osankhika. Komabe, kutsatira 1988 Democracy Movement dongosolo la maphunziro la dziko linawonongeka kwambiri pa nthawi yayitali ya kuponderezedwa kwa ophunzira. M'zaka za m'ma 1990 mayunivesite adatsekedwa kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu ndipo nthawi zina chaka chamaphunziro chidafupikitsidwa.
Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1927, bungwe la makolo la JRC, Myanmar Institute of Theology (MIT) lidangopereka maphunziro a digiri ya zamulungu. Komabe, m’chaka cha 2000, pofuna kuthana ndi mavuto ndi zosowa za maphunziro a dziko, Seminale inakhazikitsa Pulogalamu ya Liberal Arts yotchedwa Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies (BARS) yomwe inakopa Asilamu ndi Abuda komanso Akhristu. Pulogalamuyi idatsatiridwa ndi mapulogalamu ena angapo aluso kuphatikiza MAID (Master of Arts in Interfaith Studies and Dialogue).
Rev. Karyn Carlo ndi Kaputeni wa apolisi wa ku New York City yemwe anapuma pa ntchito anakhala mlaliki, mphunzitsi, ndi mmishonale wa Baptist yemwe anakhala miyezi ingapo pakati pa chaka cha 2016 akuphunzitsa pa Pwo Karen Theological Seminary pafupi ndi Yangon ku Burma. (Carlo, 2016) Poyerekeza ndi ophunzira 1,000 a ku Myanmar Theological Seminary, seminare yake ndi imodzi mwa magawo asanu a kukula kwake, komanso ndi yodziwika bwino, chifukwa inayamba mu 1897 monga “Sukulu Yophunzitsa Baibulo ya Mayi Karen.” Kuphatikiza pa zamulungu, makalasi akuphatikizapo Chingelezi, Luso la Pakompyuta ndi Chikhalidwe cha Karen.[4]
Pokhala pafupifupi 7 miliyoni, fuko la Karen lavutikanso kwambiri ndi mikangano ndi kuchotsedwa pansi pa mfundo za "Burmanization" zokonzedwa kuti ziwachepetse. Kuvutikaku kwatha zaka makumi anayi, ndikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, woleredwa ndi agogo ake aakazi panthawiyi ya kusakhazikika, Purezidenti wa Seminary panopa Rev Dr. Soe Thihan anaphunzitsidwa kudya chakudya mwamsanga ngati ataukira, komanso nthawi zonse kunyamula mpunga m'matumba kuti apulumuke m'nkhalango akudya. mbewu zingapo tsiku lililonse. (kulankhulana ndi K. Carlo)
Pakati pa 1968 ndi 1988 palibe alendo amene analoledwa ku Burma, ndipo kudzipatula kumeneku kunachititsa kuti chiphunzitso chaumulungu cha Baptist chizimitsidwe m’kupita kwanthaŵi. Zotsutsana zamakono zaumulungu monga nkhani za LGBT ndi Liberation Theology sizinali zodziwika. Komabe, m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi pakhala kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa ophunzira a seminare ngati si pa mipingo yapafupi, yomwe imakhala yokhazikika. Potsimikizira kuti "Kukambitsirana ndi gawo lachikhulupiriro chachikhristu," Mbusa Carlo adabweretsa zokambirana zamtendere ndi pambuyo pa utsamunda ku Seminale.
M’busa Carlo anazindikira kuti nkhani ya Adoniram Judson inali yautsamunda koma anavomera udindo wake poyambitsa tchalitchi ku Burma. Iye anandiuza kuti: “Ndinauza ophunzira anga kuti: Yesu anali wa ku Asia. Mutha kukondwerera Judson- pomwe mukubwezeretsanso mizu yaku Asia ya chikhulupiriro chachikhristu. Anaphunzitsanso kalasi "yolandiridwa bwino" yokhudzana ndi zipembedzo zambiri ndipo ophunzira angapo adawonetsa chidwi chofuna kukambirana ndi Asilamu. Achipembedzo anagwirizana kuti, “Ngati Mzimu Woyera sungakhale womangidwa ndi chipembedzo, Mzimu Woyeranso ukulankhula ndi Asilamu.”
Rev. Carlo adamuphunzitsanso ma Seminari kuchokera ku ntchito za Reverend Daniel Buttry, wolemba wodziwika bwino komanso wophunzitsa yemwe amagwirizana ndi International Ministries, omwe amayenda padziko lonse kuti aphunzitse madera okhudzana ndi kusintha kwa mikangano, kusachita chiwawa komanso kukhazikitsa mtendere. Osachepera kuyambira 1989, Rev. Buttry adayendera Burma kuti apereke magawo amagulu pa kusanthula mikangano, kumvetsetsa mikangano yaumwini, kuyang'anira kusintha, kuyang'anira zosiyana, mphamvu zamphamvu ndi machiritso opweteka. Nthawi zambiri amalumikiza malemba a Chipangano Chakale ndi Chatsopano kuti atsogolere zokambirana, monga 2 Samueli 21, Estere 4, Mateyu 21 ndi Machitidwe 6: 1-7. Komabe, amagwiritsanso ntchito mwaluso zolemba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga momwe adasindikiza mabuku awiri ofotokoza za "Interfaith Just Peacemaking" ndi zitsanzo zake za 31 za utsogoleri wachilungamo padziko lonse lapansi. (Buttry, 2008)
Potchula zipembedzo za Abrahamic ngati abale omwe akukangana, Daniel Buttry adalumikizana ndi Asilamu kuchokera ku Nigeria kupita ku India, ndi Detroit kupita ku Burma. Mu 2007, akatswiri a Chisilamu oposa 150 ananena kuti “Mawu Ofanana Pakati Pathu ndi Inu” pofuna kupeza zinthu zofanana kuti akhazikitse ubale wamtendere pakati pa zipembedzo.[5] Tchalitchi cha American Baptist Church chakonzanso misonkhano yambiri ya Asilamu ndi Baptist kuzungulira chikalatachi. Kuphatikiza pakuphatikiza izi, Buttry adafananiza zolemba zachikhristu ndi Asilamu pakupanga mtendere pamaphunziro ake a Disembala 2015 ku IONA Mosque ku Detroit, mumgwirizano "wopambana kwambiri" ndi Imam El Turk wa Interfaith Leadership Council of Metro Detroit. M'masiku khumi akuphunzitsa anthu osiyanasiyana aku America kuchokera ku Bangladesh kupita ku Ukraine adagawana zolemba zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri za chilungamo cha anthu, kuphatikiza "Ulaliki wa Paphiri" ngati "Jihad ya Yesu." (Buttery 2015A)
Buttry's "interfaith Just Peacemaking" njira imatsatiridwa ndi mfundo za 10 za gulu la "Just Peacemaking" lomwe linapangidwa ndi mnzake wa Baptist Glen Stassen, yemwe adapanga machitidwe enieni omwe angathandize kumanga mtendere pamaziko olimba, osati kungotsutsa nkhondo. (Stassen, 1998)
Pamaulendo ake ngati mlangizi, Daniel Buttry amalemba mabulogu za zoyesayesa zake m'malo osiyanasiyana olimbana. Imodzi mwa maulendo ake a 2011 mwina anali kupita ku Rohingya[6]; zonse zasinthidwa kuchokera muakaunti, ngakhale kufotokozera kukuwoneka kuti kukugwirizana kwambiri. Izi ndi zongopeka; koma m'zochitika zina, ali wolunjika kwambiri mu malipoti ake a anthu ochokera ku Burma. Mu Mutu 23 (“Zimene Mukunena Ndi Zopanda Pake,” mu Ndife Masokisi) wochita mtendere akufotokoza nkhani ya maphunziro ku Northern Burma, kumene asilikali anali kupha zigawenga za mafuko (fuko losadziwika). Kwa mbali zambiri ophunzira a ku Burma amalemekeza kwambiri mphunzitsi wawo mpaka kufika polephera kunena maganizo awo paokha. Ndiponso, monga momwe akulembera, “panali mantha aakulu ankhondo kotero kuti anthu ambiri anali kuzengereza kunena kalikonse pa msonkhanowo. Ophunzirawo anali ndi "malo otonthoza" ang'onoang'ono ndipo sikunali patali ndi "ma alarm zone" komwe nkhawa yokhayo inali yodziteteza. Komabe, Buttry akusimba za wophunzira wina yemwe adamutsutsa kwambiri ndipo adanena kuti njira zopanda chiwawa zingangowapha onse. Pambuyo polingalira, ophunzitsawo anatha kutembenuza zimenezo posonyeza kulimba mtima kwachilendo kwa wofunsayo; "N'chiyani chimakupatsani mphamvu yotere?" anafunsa. Iwo anapatsa mphamvu wofunsayo, kugwirizanitsa ndi mkwiyo wake pa chisalungamo ndipo motero kuloŵerera m’zisonkhezero zakuya. Pamene anabwerera kuderako miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake anapeza kuti njira zina zopanda chiwawa zinali zitayesedwadi mwachipambano ndi mkulu wa asilikali amene anavomera malo ogona. Ochita nawo msonkhanowo adati aka kanali koyamba kuti apambane ndi gulu lankhondo la Burma. (Buttery, 2015)
Ngakhale ndondomeko za boma, mikangano ndi umphawi zingathandize kuti pakhale kudalirana kwakukulu, ngati si mgwirizano. Magulu afunika wina ndi mzake kuti apulumuke. Atsogoleri a Rohingya omwe ndawafunsa onse amakumbukira nthawi ya 30 zaka zapitazo pamene kukwatirana ndi kuyanjana kunali kofala kwambiri (Carroll, 2015). Karyn Carlo anandiuza kuti pali mzikiti womwe uli pafupi ndi tawuni ya Alone Township ku Yangon, komanso kuti magulu osiyanasiyana amagulitsabe ndi kusakanikirana m'misika yapoyera. Ananenanso kuti aphunzitsi achikhristu ndi ophunzira ochokera ku Seminale adzayendera malo opumira a Buddhist akumaloko kuti akasinkhesinkhe. Zinali zotsegukira kwa onse.
M'malo mwake, adanena kuti ogwira nawo ntchito tsopano akuwopa kuti ndi kusintha kwa ndale kusokonezeka kwa kudalirana kwa mayiko kungathe kutsutsa malingaliro awa a mgwirizano wamagulu, chifukwa amasokoneza chikhalidwe cha mabanja cha mabanja amitundu yambiri. Pambuyo pazaka makumi angapo akuponderezedwa ndi boma ndi asitikali, mgwirizano pakati pa kusunga miyambo ndi kutsegulira dziko lonse lapansi ukuwoneka ngati wosatsimikizika komanso wowopsa kwa anthu ambiri a ku Burma, ku Burma ndi kumayiko ena.
Diaspora ndi Kuwongolera Kusintha
Kuyambira 1995 Tchalitchi cha Myanmar Baptist [7] chakhala munyumba yayikulu ya Tudor mumsewu wa masamba ku Glendale, NY. Pali mabanja opitilira 2,000 a Karen omwe amapita ku Tabernacle Baptist Church (TBC) kumpoto ku Utica, koma MBC yochokera ku New York City idadzaza ndi mapemphero Lamlungu mu Okutobala 2016. Mosiyana ndi mpingo wa Utica, mpingo wa MBC ndi wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi Mon ndi Kachin. ndipo ngakhale mabanja a ku Burma amasakanikirana mosavuta ndi Karen. Mnyamata wina anandiuza kuti atate wake ndi Mbuda ndipo amayi ake ndi achikristu, ndipo kuti ngakhale kuti amakayikira pang’ono atate wake anagwirizana ndi chosankha chimene anapanga posankha Tchalitchi cha Baptist. Mpingo umaimba “Timasonkhana Pamodzi” ndi “Chisomo Chodabwitsa” m’Chibama, ndipo mtumiki wawo wanthaŵi yaitali M’busa U Myo Maw anayambitsa ulaliki wake pamaso pa kakonzedwe ka zomera zitatu zoyera za ma orchid.
Mfundo zogogomezera m’Chingelezi zinandilola kutsatira ulalikiwo kumlingo wakutiwakuti, koma pambuyo pake membala wa mpingo ndi M’busa mwiniyo anafotokozanso matanthauzo ake. Mutu wa ulalikiwo unali wakuti “Danieli ndi Mikango” imene Abusa Maw anaigwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza za vuto la kuima nji pa chikhalidwe ndi chikhulupiriro, kaya poponderezedwa ndi asilikali ku Burma kapena kuloŵerera m’zosokoneza za chikhalidwe cha azungu. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, chiitano cha kusunga mwambo chinatsagananso ndi mawu angapo oyamikira kugwirizana kwa zipembedzo. M’busa Maw anafotokoza za kufunika kwa “Qibla” m’nyumba za Asilamu aku Malaysia, kuti awakumbutse nthawi zonse malangizo oti azipemphera kwa Mulungu. Komanso maulendo angapo anayamikira Mboni za Yehova chifukwa chodzipereka poyera pa chikhulupiriro chawo. Mfundo yake inali yakuti tonsefe tikhoza kulemekezana ndi kuphunzira kwa wina ndi mnzake.
Ngakhale Rev Maw sanathe kufotokoza zochitika zilizonse zophatikiza zipembedzo zomwe mpingo wawo udachita, adavomereza kuti pazaka 15 zomwe wakhala mumzinda wa New York, wawona kukwera kwa zikhulupiriro zamitundu yosiyanasiyana monga momwe adachitira pa 9/11. Iye anavomera kuti ndikhoza kubweretsa anthu osakhala Akristu kudzachezera Tchalitchi. Ponena za Burma, iye anasonyeza kuti ali ndi chiyembekezo. Iye anaona kuti Nduna Yoona za Zipembedzo anali msilikali yemweyo amene anatumikira pansi pa maboma am’mbuyomo koma kuti anaoneka kuti anali atasintha maganizo posachedwapa, akukonza ntchito ya Utumiki wake kuti iphatikizepo osati Abuda okha komanso zipembedzo zina za ku Burma.
Abaptisti ndi Njira Zopanga Mtendere
Masukulu a zamulungu a ku Burma, makamaka a Baptist, akuwoneka kuti alumikizana kwambiri pakati pa kukhulupirirana pakati pa zipembedzo ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere. Kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa mafuko ndi chipembedzo cha Baptist mwina kwathandizira kugwirizanitsa ziwirizi, ndi zotsatira zolimbikitsa za utsogoleri wozikidwa pa chikhulupiriro pokhazikitsa mtendere.
Azimayi amangokhala ndi 13 peresenti ya anthu a ku Burma omwe akugwira nawo ntchito ya National Peace Process, yomwe imaphatikizapo Asilamu a Rohingya. (Onani Josephson, 2016, Win, 2015) Koma mothandizidwa ndi boma la Australia (makamaka AUSAid) bungwe la N Peace Network, gulu la mayiko ambiri olimbikitsa mtendere, layesetsa kulimbikitsa utsogoleri wa amayi ku Asia konse. (onani N Peace Fellows pa http://n-peace.net/videos ) Mu 2014 maukondewo adalemekeza omenyera ufulu wa Burma ndi mayanjano: Mi Kun Chan Non (mtundu wa Mon) ndi Wai Wai Nu (mtsogoleri wa Rohingya). Pambuyo pake maukondewa adalemekeza mtundu wa Rakhine wolangiza gulu lankhondo la Arakan Liberation Army ndi a Kachin angapo ogwirizana ndi Tchalitchi kuphatikiza azimayi awiri aku Burma omwe amatsogolera mitundu kudzera munjira yamtendere ya dziko komanso ogwirizana ndi Shalom Foundation, bungwe la NGO lochokera ku Burma lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Senior Baptist Pastor Rev. Dr. Saboi Jum ndipo mwa ndalama zake adathandizidwa ndi kazembe waku Norway, UNICEF ndi Mercy Corps.
Atatsegula Peace Center yothandizidwa ndi boma la Japan, Shalom Foundation inakhazikitsa Myanmar Ethnic Nationalities Mediators' Fellowship ku 2002, ndipo inasonkhanitsa magulu a Interfaith Cooperation Groups mu 2006. Poyang'ana kwambiri pa zosowa za Kachin State, mu 2015 Foundation inasintha kutsindika kwa anthu awo Pulojekiti ya Ceasefire Monitoring, yomwe ikugwira ntchito kudzera mwa atsogoleri achipembedzo osiyanasiyana, komanso pulojekiti ya Space for Dialogue kuti ithandizire kukhazikitsa mtendere. Ntchitoyi inaphatikizapo anthu 400 a ku Burma ochita nawo Pemphero la Zipembedzo Zosiyanasiyana pa September 8, 2015 pafupifupi m’madera onse a Burma kupatulapo Rakhine State. Lipoti la pachaka la Foundation la chaka chimenecho limawerengera zochitika za 45 zophatikiza zipembedzo monga zikondwerero ndi zochitika zina zachiyanjano ndi zochitika za 526 zokhudzana ndi achinyamata achibuda, ndi 457 ndi 367 za Akhristu ndi Asilamu motsatana, molingana ndi amuna ndi akazi. [8]
Zikuwonekeratu kuti Abaptisti atenga gawo lotsogola pa zokambirana za zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana komanso kukhazikitsa mtendere ku Burma. Komabe magulu ena achipembedzo nawonso akupita patsogolo.
Pluralism kapena Globalization of Interfaith Dialogue?
Poyankha ndi alamu ku kukwera kwa xenophobia ndi kuzunzidwa kwachipembedzo komwe kumakhudza Rohingya ku 2012, magulu angapo a mayiko afikira atsogoleri amderalo. Chaka chimenecho, Zipembedzo za Mtendere zinatsegula 92 yakend mutu ku Burma.[9] Izi zinabweretsa chidwi ndi chithandizo cha mitu ina yachigawo, ndi zokambirana zaposachedwa ku Japan. "Msonkhano Wadziko Lonse wa Zipembedzo Zamtendere anabadwira ku Japan,” anatero Dr. William Vendley, Mlembi Wamkulu wa Zowonjezera Padziko Lonse “Japan ili ndi cholowa chapadera chothandizira atsogoleri achipembedzo m’maiko amavuto.” Nthumwizo zinaphatikizaponso mamembala a gulu lachibuda la Ma Ba Tha. (ASG, 2016)
Ogwirizana ndi Islamic Center of Myanmar, membala woyambitsa Al Haj U aye Lwin anandiuza mu September 2016 za zoyesayesa zotsogoleredwa ndi RFP Myanmar Myint Swe; Asilamu ndi mamembala achi Buddha akhala akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi madera awo kuti apereke thandizo kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo, makamaka ana omwe akukhudzidwa ndi mikangano.
U Myint Swe, adalengeza kuti "potsatira kukwera kwautundu komanso mikangano yamagulu ku Myanmar, RfP Myanmar idakhazikitsa pulojekiti yatsopano "kulandira ena" m'madera omwe akuyembekezeredwa. Ophunzira adakonza zothetsa mikangano komanso ntchito zomanga mlatho wa anthu ammudzi. Pa 28-29 March 2016, U Myint Swe, Purezidenti wa RfP Myanmar ndi Rev. Kyoichi Sugino, Wachiwiri kwa Mlembi Wamkulu wa RfP International, anapita ku Sittwe, Rakhine State, Myanmar, "malo a ziwawa zazikulu zapakati pa anthu."
Chilankhulo chosamveka chokhudza "chiwawa chamagulu" nthawi zambiri sichimathandizidwa ndi Asilamu aku Burma, poganizira za kuzunza mwadala kwa Abuda a Rohingya ochepa. Al Haj U Aye Lwin, anawonjezera kuti "Zowonjezera Myanmar imamvetsetsa kuti a Rohingya akuyenera kuchitiridwa nkhanza osati pazifukwa zothandiza anthu komanso mwachilungamo komanso mwachilungamo mogwirizana ndi malamulo omwe amagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha mayiko. Zowonjezera Dziko la Myanmar lithandiza boma la Daw Aung San Suu Kyi pakukhazikitsa malamulo komanso ufulu wa anthu. Pang’ono ndi pang’ono, monga chotulukapo chake, ufulu waumunthu ndi kupanda tsankho chifukwa cha fuko ndi chipembedzo zinadzatsatira.”
Kusiyana kwamalingaliro ndi mauthenga kotereku sikunaletse zipembedzo za Mtendere ku Myanmar. Ndi wogwira ntchito mmodzi wolipidwa koma osathandizidwa ndi boma, mu 2014 nthambi yopereka mphamvu kwa amayi inakhazikitsa "Women of Faith Network" yogwirizana ndi Global Women of Faith Network. Mu 2015 magulu a achinyamata ndi azimayi adakonza zodzipereka pakusefukira kwa madzi ku Mektila, m'boma la Rakhine. Mamembala adachita misonkhano yochitidwa ndi Myanmar Institute of Theology komanso adachita nawo zikondwerero zachipembedzo za wina ndi mnzake, kuphatikiza zikondwerero za tsiku lobadwa la Mneneri ndi Hindu Diwali.
Pamodzi ndi mnzake U Myint Swe, Al Haj U Aye Lwin wapemphedwa kuti alowe nawo mu Advisory Commission yatsopano yomwe yapatsidwa ntchito yowunika "Rakhine Issues" kuphatikiza Funso la Rohingya "ndipo adatsutsidwa ndi ena chifukwa chosakakamira nkhani ya mavuto a Race and Religion Laws omwe amayang'ana ufulu wa Rohingya. (Akbar 2016) Komabe, Aye Lwin anandiuza kuti adalemba ndikugawa ndi ndalama zake yekha buku lotsutsa zovuta za Race and Religion Laws. Kuti athetse zikhulupiriro zina zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa Islamophobia, adayang'ana kuti awatsimikizire anzake achibuda. Potsutsana ndi mbiri yomwe anthu ambiri amagawana nayo kuti Asilamu amagonjetsa mayiko achibuda, adawonetsa kuti kumvetsetsa bwino, "dawah" yachisilamu kapena ntchito zaumishonale sizingaphatikizepo kukakamiza.
Otenga nawo mbali a Zipembedzo za Mtendere adathandiziranso kukhazikitsa maubwenzi angapo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2013 m'malo mwa International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), International Movement for a Just World (JUST), ndi Religions for Peace (RfP) Bambo Aye Lwin anathandizira kuitanitsa mgwirizano wa atsogoleri achi Muslim ndi Buddhist. ochokera kuzungulira dera kubwera palimodzi kuti avomereze 2006 Dusit Declaration. Chikalatacho chinapempha andale, atolankhani ndi aphunzitsi kuti azikhala achilungamo komanso aulemu pankhani ya kusiyana kwa zipembedzo. (Blogu ya Nyumba Yamalamulo 2013)
Mu 2014 Interfaith for Children adasonkhana pamodzi kuti athandizire kuteteza ana, kupulumuka ndi maphunziro. Ndipo mothandizidwa ndi a Religions for Peace Partner a Ratana Metta Organisation (RMO) mamembala a gululi a Buddha, Christian, Hindu ndi Asilamu adanenanso chisanachitike zisankho za 2015 zolingalira kuti padzakhala anthu ololera olemekeza zipembedzo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Bertrand Bainvel wa bungwe la UNICEF anati: “Zambiri za tsogolo la dziko la Myanmar zimadalira zimene anthu a ku Myanmar angachite pothandiza ana panopa. Chisankho chomwe chikubwerachi ndi nthawi yabwino osati kungodzipereka ku mfundo zatsopano, zolinga ndi zothandizira ana, komanso kutsindika mfundo zamtendere ndi kulolerana zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri kuti akule bwino. "
Achinyamata aku Burma achita nawo zipembedzo zamtendere "Global Interfaith Youth Network", kuyitanitsa kuti pakhale malo osungiramo mtendere, maphunziro a ufulu wa anthu, komanso mwayi wosinthana ndi achinyamata ngati galimoto yokhudzana ndi dziko lonse lapansi komanso kuyenda. Achinyamata a ku Asia anakonza zoti pakhale “Center for Comparative Study of Religions and Cultures of Asia.” [10]
Mwina makamaka kwa achinyamata, kutsegulidwa kwa anthu aku Burma kumapereka nthawi ya chiyembekezo. Koma poyankhapo, atsogoleri achipembedzo osiyanasiyana akuperekanso masomphenya awo amtendere, chilungamo ndi chitukuko. Ambiri aiwo amabweretsa malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi limodzi ndi zothandizira kuti agwiritse ntchito chuma chambiri chovuta cha Burma. Zitsanzo zina zimatsatira.
Amalonda a Mtendere: Buddhist ndi Muslim Initiatives
Dharma Master Hsin Tao
Master Hsin Tao adabadwa kwa makolo achi China ku Upper Burma koma adasamukira ku Taiwan ali mnyamata. Pamene adakhala Mbuye wachi Buddha wokhala ndi chizolowezi cha Chan, adasungabe kulumikizana ndi miyambo ya Theravāda ndi Vajrayāna, yodziwika ndi a Patriarch Wamkulu wa Burma ndi mzera wa Nyingma Kathok wa Buddhism wa Tibetan. Iye akugogomezera mfundo yofanana ya masukulu onse Achibuda, mtundu wa kachitidwe kamene akuutcha “umodzi wa magalimoto atatuwo.”
Chiyambireni kuthawa kwawo kotalikirapo mu 1985 Master Tao sanangopeza nyumba ya amonke komanso adayambitsanso masomphenya ambiri olimbikitsa mtendere, opangidwa kuti alimbikitse mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Monga momwe ananenera pa webusaiti yake, “Popeza ndinakulira m’dera lankhondo, ndiyenera kudzipereka kuti ndithetse mavuto obwera chifukwa cha mikangano. Nkhondo singabweretse mtendere; mtendere waukulu wokha ndi umene ungathe kuthetsa mikangano yaikulu.” [11]
Posonyeza bata, chidaliro ndi chifundo, Master Tao akuwoneka kuti akugwira ntchito kuti apange abwenzi. Amayenda kwambiri ngati Ambassador of Interfaith unity ndipo amagwirizana ndi Elijah Institute. Yakhazikitsidwa ndi Rabbi Dr. Alon Goshen-Gottstein mu 1997 Eliya "akuyandikira ntchito ya zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku nsanja ya maphunziro", ndi njira yopita pamwamba pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, "kuyambira ndi mitu ya zipembedzo, kupitiriza ndi akatswiri ndi kufikira anthu ambiri. ” Master Tao adatsogoleranso zokambirana pamisonkhano ya World Parliament of Religions. Ndinakumana naye ku bungwe la United Nations panthawi yokambirana za zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana kumapeto kwa chilimwe cha 2016.
Anayambitsa zokambirana za Muslim-Buddhist, zomwe malinga ndi tsamba lake "zakhala zikuchitika kakhumi m'mizinda isanu ndi inayi." [12] Amapeza Asilamu "anthu ofatsa ngati alibe ndale" ndipo ali ndi abwenzi ku Turkey. Wapereka "Malangizo Asanu a Buddhism" ku Istanbul. Mphunzitsi wa Tao anaona kuti zipembedzo zonse zikhoza kuipitsidwa ndi maonekedwe akunja. Ananenanso kuti ku Burmase, kukonda dziko lako sikuli kofunikira kuposa kudziwika kwamtundu.
Mu 2001 Master Tao adatsegula "Museum of World Religions" ku Taiwan, ndi maphunziro ambiri olimbikitsa "kuphunzira pamoyo." Wapanganso ntchito zachifundo; Banja lake Padziko Lonse la Chikondi ndi Mtendere lakhazikitsa nyumba yosungira ana amasiye ku Burma komanso "famu yapadziko lonse lapansi" ku Burma's Shan State, yomwe imalima mbewu zamtengo wapatali monga citronella ndi vetiver, pogwiritsa ntchito njere ndi zomera zomwe si za GMO. [13]
Master Hsin Tao pakali pano akupereka lingaliro la "University of World Religions" kuti aphunzitse mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi zauzimu pamalingaliro ndi machitidwe. Monga adandiuza, "Tsopano ukadaulo ndi zisonkhezero zakumadzulo zili paliponse. Aliyense pa foni yam'manja nthawi zonse. Ngati tili ndi chikhalidwe chabwino chidzayeretsa malingaliro. Akataya chikhalidwe amataya makhalidwe komanso chifundo. Chifukwa chake tidzaphunzitsa zolemba zonse zopatulika kusukulu ya Peace University. ”
Munjira zambiri, ma projekiti a Dharma Master amayendera limodzi ndi ntchito ya Judson Research Center ya Myanmar Theological Seminary, ndi zovuta zina zoyambira zonse kuyambira pachiyambi.
Imam Malik Mujahid
Imam Malik Mujahid ndiye pulezidenti woyambitsa Soundvision. Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1988 ku Chicago, ndi bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe limapanga zofalitsa zachisilamu, kuphatikizapo mapulogalamu a Radio Islam, pamene akulimbikitsa mtendere ndi chilungamo. Imam Mujahid adawona zokambirana ndi mgwirizano ngati zida zochitira zinthu zabwino. Ku Chicago adalowa nawo mipingo, mizikiti ndi masunagoge akugwira ntchito limodzi kuti asinthe chikhalidwe cha anthu. Anatinso "Illinois inali pa nambala 47 pakati pa mayiko pankhani yazaumoyo. Masiku ano, ili pamalo achiwiri mdziko muno, chifukwa cha mphamvu yakukambirana kwa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana… (Mujahid 2011)
Kufanana ndi zoyesayesa zakomweko, Imam Mujahid ndi mtsogoleri wa Burma Task Force yomwe ndi pulogalamu yayikulu ya NGO Justice for All. Adapanga kampeni yolimbikitsa anthu kuti athandize Asilamu ochepa ku Burma, motengera zomwe adachita m'malo mwa a Bosnia mu 1994 "kuyeretsa fuko".
Ponena za ufulu ochepa ku Burma, ndi kudzudzula boma latsopano April 2016 overtures kwa amonke monyanyira, Imam Malik anaitana kuthandizira kwathunthu kwa ambiri ndi ufulu wachipembedzo; "Ino ndi nthawi yoti Burma ikhale yotseguka kwa onse aku Burma." (Mujahid 2016)
Imam Mujahid wakhala akugwira ntchito ndi gulu la zipembedzo zapadziko lonse lapansi kuyambira pomwe Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Zipembedzo Padziko Lonse ya 1993 idatsitsimutsidwa. Adakhala Purezidenti wa Nyumba Yamalamulo kwa zaka zisanu, mpaka Januware 2016. Nyumba Yamalamulo ikugwira ntchito "yosamalira zipembedzo ndi mayiko omwe akugwira ntchito mogwirizana kuchitira zabwino anthu" ndipo misonkhano yomwe imachitika kawiri pachaka imakopa anthu pafupifupi 10,000 osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Master Hsin. Tao, monga taonera pamwambapa.
Mu May 2015 Nyumba Yamalamulo inalemekeza amonke atatu a ku Burma pamsonkhano wamasiku atatu wa Oslo Wothetsa Kuzunzidwa kwa Rohingya ku Myanmar. Okonza Mphotho ya World Harmony Award anali ndi cholinga chopereka chilimbikitso kwa Abuda ndikuwalimbikitsa kukana gulu lodana ndi Asilamu la Ma Ba Tha la monk U Wirathu. Amonkewo anali U Seindita, yemwe anayambitsa Asia Light Foundation, U Zawtikka, ndi U Withudda, amene anateteza mazana aamuna, akazi ndi ana achisilamu m’nyumba yake ya amonke pa ziwopsezo za Marichi 2013.
Atagwira ntchito kumbuyo kwa zaka zambiri kuti awonetsetse kuti atsogoleri achi Buddha monga Dalai Lama alankhula motsutsana ndi kupotozedwa kwa Buddhism ndi kuzunzidwa kwa Rohingya, mu July 2016 adakondwera kuona Sangha (Bungwe la Buddhist State) ndipo adawatsutsa Ma Ba Tha ochita zinthu monyanyira.
Monga momwe anaonera pamwambo wopereka mphotho, “Buddha analengeza kuti tiyenera kukonda ndi kusamalira zolengedwa zonse. Mtumiki Muhammad (Swalla Allaahu ‘alayhi wa aalihi wa sallam) adanena kuti palibe mwa inu amene ali okhulupiriradi pokhapokha mutafunira wina zimene mukuzifunira inu mwini. Ziphunzitso zimenezi ndizo maziko a zikhulupiriro zathu zonse, kumene kukongola kwa chipembedzo n’koyambira.” (Mizzima News June 4, 2015)
Cardinal Charles Maung Bo
Pa February 14, 2015 Charles Maung Bo adakhala Cardinal woyamba ku Burma, motsogozedwa ndi Papa Francis. Pasanapite nthawi, anauza nyuzipepala ya Wall Street Journal kuti akufuna kukhala “mawu kwa anthu opanda mawu.” Iye anatsutsa poyera Malamulo a Race and Religion omwe anakhazikitsidwa mu 2015, ponena kuti “Tikufuna mtendere. Tikufuna chiyanjanitso. Tikufuna kuti tidziwike pamodzi komanso tili ndi chidaliro ngati nzika za dziko lachiyembekezo ...
Patangotha chaka chimodzi, Kadinala Bo adayendera mayiko m'chilimwe cha 2016 kuti atchule chiyembekezo ndi mwayi wotsatira chisankho cha boma latsopano la NLD. Iye anali ndi uthenga wabwino: M’kati mwa zitsenderezo, iye anati, Tchalitchi cha Katolika ku Myanmar chinakhala “tchalitchi chachinyamata ndi champhamvu.” “Tchalitchichi chinakula kuchoka pa ma dayosizi atatu okha kufika ma dayosizi 16,” anatero Kadinala Bo. “Kuchokera pa anthu 100,000, ndife okhulupirika oposa 800,000, kuchokera pa ansembe 160 kufika pa ansembe 800, kuchokera pa 300 achipembedzo tsopano ndife 2,200 achipembedzo ndipo 60 peresenti ya iwo ali osapitirira zaka 40.”
Komabe, ngakhale kuti sizinabweretse kuzunzika kofanana ndi kuzunzidwa kwa Rohingya, magulu ena achikhristu ku Burma akhala akulimbana ndi mipingo m'zaka zingapo zapitazi. Mu Lipoti lake Lapachaka la 2016 bungwe la US Commission on International Religious Freedom linanena nkhani zingapo zachipongwe, makamaka m’boma la Kachin, ndi ndondomeko zomangira mitanda pa mipingo. USCIRF inanenanso kuti mikangano ya mafuko yomwe yakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali, “ngakhale kuti si yachipembedzo, yakhudza kwambiri Akhristu ndi azipembedzo zina, kuphatikizapo kuwalepheretsa kupeza madzi aukhondo, chithandizo chamankhwala, ukhondo, ukhondo, ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri.” Kadinala Bo wadzudzulanso katangale.
Bo anawonjezera mu ulaliki wa 2016, "Dziko langa likutuluka usiku wautali wamisozi ndi chisoni mpaka mbandakucha watsopano. Pambuyo pa kuzunzika kwa kupachikidwa ngati fuko, tikuyamba chiwukitsiro chathu. Koma demokalase yathu yachinyamata ndi yofooka, ndipo ufulu wa anthu ukupitiriza kuzunzidwa ndi kuphwanyidwa. Ndife fuko lovulazidwa, fuko lowukha magazi. Kwa mafuko ndi zipembedzo zing’onozing’ono, izi n’zoona makamaka, n’chifukwa chake ndimaliza ndi kutsindika kuti palibe gulu limene lingakhale la demokalase, laufulu ndi lamtendere ngati sililemekeza – ngakhalenso kukondwerera – kusiyana kwa ndale, mafuko ndi zipembedzo, komanso tetezani ufulu wachibadwidwe wa munthu aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za fuko, chipembedzo kapena mwamuna kapena mkazi… (WorldWatch, May 2016)
Cardinal Bo ndi woyambitsa mnzake wa Zipembedzo za Mtendere ku Myanmar. Kugwa kwa 2016 adalumikizana ndi Alissa Wahid, mwana wamkazi wa purezidenti wakale waku Indonesia, kuti alembe nawo buku lamphamvu la Op Ed lofalitsidwa mu Wall Street Journal (9/27/2016) loyitanitsa ufulu wachipembedzo ku Burma ndi Indonesia. Iwo anachenjeza za zofuna zankhondo zofuna kulamulira maiko awo, ndipo anapempha kuti “chipembedzo” chichotsedwe m’zikalata zodziwikiratu. Monga mgwirizano wachikhristu ndi Asilamu adapempha kuti mautumiki awo onse achipembedzo asinthe kuti ateteze miyambo yonse mofanana. Kuwonjezera apo, iwo anawonjezera kuti, “otsatira malamulo aika patsogolo mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ngakhale zitatanthauza kupondereza anthu ang’onoang’ono. Lingaliro limeneli liyenera kulowedwa m’malo ndi chinthu chatsopano choteteza ufulu wachipembedzo monga ufulu wa anthu…” (Wall Street Journal, September 27, 2016)
Mgwirizano ndi Thandizo
Bungwe la King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Center for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue (KAICIID) lokhazikitsidwa ndi Austria, Spain ndi Saudi Arabia, lathandizira mapulogalamu okonzedwa ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo ya World Religions and Religions for Peace. Iwo athandizanso “Pulogalamu ya miyezi itatu yophunzitsa achinyamata ku Myanmar, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuyendera malo olambirira achipembedzo” komanso misonkhano ingapo monga ya September 2015 Dialogue pakati pa Asilamu ndi Akhristu ku Greece. Mogwirizana ndi Arya Samaj, KAICIID idachita msonkhano wa "Image of the Other" ku India womwe udalimbikitsa kuphatikizika kwa mapulogalamu a Zipembedzo Zosiyanasiyana ndi maphunziro amtendere ndi chitukuko, kupewa "njira zopikisana." Ophunzirawo anapemphanso kuti pakhale ndandanda ya mawu achipembedzo kuti athandize kulankhulana komanso kuphunzitsa anthu omasulira komanso aphunzitsi.
Mu Epulo 2015 KAICIID inakonza msonkhano wa ASEAN ndi mabungwe ena am'maboma, mabungwe othandiza anthu ndi ufulu wa anthu, mabungwe abizinesi m'chigawo, ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo am'madera, omwe adasonkhana ku Malaysia "kukambilana njira zomwe mabungwe azipembedzo ndi atsogoleri azipembedzo angathandizire nawo. M'mawu ake, Roundtable idakumbukira kuti "Chikalata cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe cha ASEAN chimaphatikizapo kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wachipembedzo, pakufunika kupitiriza kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa zipembedzo ndi kukambirana. mkati mwa Myanmar ndi dera lonselo”. (KAIICID, Epulo 17, 2015)
KAICIID yathandizira atsogoleri azipembedzo omwe amalumikizana ndi anthu kudzera m'mayanjano ndi mphotho. Pankhani ya Burma, izi zatanthauza kuzindikira atsogoleri achichepere Achibuda okonzeka kulimbikitsa kusagwirizana kwa zipembedzo.[14] (Mwachitsanzo, Chiyanjano chinaperekedwa kwa mmonke wachibuddha wa ku Burma Ven Acinna, akumaphunzira udokotala wake pa Postgraduate Institute of Buddhist and Pali Studies, yunivesite ya Kelaniya ku Sri Lanka. Iye ndi wodzipereka kwambiri pa ntchito za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kukhazikitsa malo amtendere m'dera lake, momwe Abuda ambiri ndi Asilamu ambiri a ku Myanmar akukhala pamodzi."
Chiyanjano china chinaperekedwa kwa Ashin Mandalarlankara wophunzitsa wachibuda wachibuda m'nyumba ya amonke ya ku Burma. Atapita kumsonkhano wokhudza Chisilamu wochitidwa ndi Bambo Tom Michael, wansembe wachikatolika komanso katswiri wamaphunziro a Chisilamu wochokera ku US, anakumana ndi atsogoleri achisilamu ndipo “anamanga mabwenzi ambiri. Anachitanso maphunziro a iPACE a Conflict Transformation and English ku Jefferson Center ku Mandalay.” (Anthu a KAIICID)
Chiyanjano china chinaperekedwa kwa woyambitsa Theravada Dhamma Society of America, Venerable Ashin Nyanissara Mphunzitsi wa Buddhism ndi wothandiza anthu, ndiye "woyambitsa BBM College ku Lower Myanmar ndipo anali ndi udindo womanga njira yopezera madzi. yomwe tsopano ikupereka madzi akumwa aukhondo kwa anthu oposa 250 komanso chipatala chamakono ku Burma chimene chimathandiza anthu oposa XNUMX tsiku lililonse.”
Chifukwa KAICIID imapereka mayanjano ambiri kwa Asilamu amitundu ina, cholinga chake chinali kufunafuna ma Buddha odalirika komanso ochita bwino kwambiri ku Burma. Komabe, wina angayembekezere kuti mtsogolomo Asilamu ambiri aku Burma adzazindikiridwa ndi Center yotsogozedwa ndi Saudi iyi.
Kupatulapo zochepa zomwe zatchulidwa kale, Asilamu aku Burma akutenga nawo mbali muzochita zophatikiza zipembedzo sizovuta. Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zingapangitse izi. Asilamu a Rohingya aletsedwa kuyenda mkati mwa Burma, ndipo Asilamu ena akuda nkhawa kuti asadziwike. Ngakhale ku Yangon padziko lonse lapansi, mzikiti unatenthedwa pa Ramadan 2016. Mabungwe achisilamu akhala akuletsedwa kugwira ntchito ku Burma, ndipo polemba izi, pangano lolola ofesi ya Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) silinakwaniritsidwe, ngakhale izi. akuyembekezeka kusintha. Mabungwe omwe akufuna kuthandiza Asilamu a Rohingya ayenera kuyanjana ndi mabungwe ena othandizira omwe apatsidwa mwayi. Komanso, m'boma la Rakhine, ndikofunikira pazandale kutumikiranso anthu amtundu wa Rakhine. Zonsezi zimachotsa zothandizira ku nyumba yachisilamu.
Chikalata chomwe chinawukhira kuchokera ku mapulogalamu a OSF a George Soros, omwe apereka ndalama ku Burma Relief Center kuti azitha kulumikizana pakati pa anthu amitundu, awonetsa kudzipereka kosamala kuthana ndi tsankho ngakhale amaphunzitsa akatswiri atolankhani ndikulimbikitsa maphunziro ophatikiza; ndikuyang'anira makampeni odana ndi Asilamu pamasamba ochezera ndikuwachotsa ngati kuli kotheka. Chikalatacho chikupitilirabe, "Timayika pachiwopsezo cha bungwe lathu ku Burma komanso chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito athu potsatira lingaliro ili (lotsutsana ndi Kudana kwa Udani). Sitikuwona zoopsazi mopepuka ndipo tigwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi mosamala kwambiri. ” (OSF, 2014) Kaya kuganizira za Soros, Luce, Global Human Rights ndalama zochepa kwambiri zapita mwachindunji kumagulu a anthu a Rohingya. Kupatulapo kwakukulu, Wai Wai Nu's Women Peace Network-Arakan, amatumikira Rohingya komanso akhoza kugawidwa ngati maukonde a ufulu wa amayi.
Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe opereka ndalama padziko lonse lapansi sanakhazikitse patsogolo kulimbikitsa mabungwe achi Muslim Burma, kapena athe kupeza atsogoleri achisilamu. Choyamba, kupwetekedwa mtima kwa kusamuka kumatanthauza kuti zolemba sizingasungidwe ndipo malipoti kwa opereka ndalama sangathe kulembedwa. Chachiŵiri, kukhala m’mikangano nthaŵi zonse sikumasonkhezera kukhulupirirana ngakhale m’gulu lozunzidwa. Kuponderezedwa kungalowetsedwe mkati. Ndipo monga ndawonera zaka zitatu zapitazi, atsogoleri a Rohingya nthawi zambiri amapikisana wina ndi mnzake. Zodziwika zawo zimakhala zosavomerezeka, kapena zotsutsana kwambiri, kuti alankhule ndi anthu. Ngakhale ali ndi ufulu wodzizindikiritsa, Aung San Suu Kyi mwiniwake wapempha mabungwe othandizira ndi maboma akunja kuti asagwiritse ntchito dzina lawo. Iwo amakhala osakhala anthu.
Ndipo m’chaka cha chisankho chidemocho chinafalikira kwa Asilamu onse aku Burma. Monga USCIRF idanenera, mchaka cha 2015, "okonda dziko la Buddha adatcha osankhidwa ndi zipani zandale kuti 'ovomereza Asilamu' kuti aipitse mbiri yawo komanso kusankhidwa kwawo." Zotsatira zake, ngakhale chipani cha NLD chomwe chidapambana pachisankho chidakana kuyimilira aliyense wachisilamu. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kwa Asilamu omwe si a Rohingya, pakhala pali malingaliro ozunguliridwa omwe mwina adasunga atsogoleri ambiri achisilamu kukhala osamala komanso osasamala. (USCIRF, 2016)
Polankhulana payekha (October 4, 2016) Mana Tun, mnzake yemwe amaphunzitsa ku Myanmar Theological Seminary akunena kuti Liberal Arts Program yawo imavomereza ophunzira mosasamala kanthu za chipembedzo, fuko ndi jenda ndipo ali ndi chiwerengero cha ophunzira a Buddhist-akhoza kukhala 10-20% gulu la ophunzira- koma ophunzira achisilamu ochepa, ophunzira 3-5 mwa ophunzira 1300.
Chifukwa chiyani ochepa? Asilamu ena aphunzitsidwa kupeŵa mikhalidwe imene ingasokoneze malingaliro a kudzichepetsa kapena ukhondo. Ena angapeŵe kulembetsa kusukulu yachikristu powopa ‘kutaya chipembedzo chawo. Muslim Insularity nthawi zina imatha chifukwa cha kutanthauzira kwachisilamu. Komabe, popeza gulu la Asilamu ku Burma ndilosiyana kwambiri, osati mafuko okha, koma m'chipembedzo chawo, zingakhale bwino kuganizira zovuta za chikhalidwe, zachuma ndi ndale monga momwe zimakhalira.
New York City Comparison
Ndimaliza pepalali ndi kusanthula kofananira kwa ntchito za Interfaith ku New York, ndikugogomezera zakuchitapo kanthu kwa Asilamu kutengera zomwe wakumana nazo. Cholinga chake ndikuunikira momwe Islamophobia imakhudzira mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana, komanso zinthu zina monga chikhalidwe ndi ukadaulo.
Chiyambireni zigawenga zomwe zidachitika pa Seputembara 11, 2001, mgwirizano pakati pa zipembedzo ndi mgwirizano wakula ku New York City, pa utsogoleri komanso ngati gulu la anthu okhudzidwa ndi ntchito zongodzipereka komanso chilungamo. Ambiri omwe akutenga nawo mbali amakhala opita patsogolo pazandale, makamaka pankhani zina, ndipo magulu achipembedzo achikhristu, achiyuda achi Orthodox ndi Asilamu achisalafi nthawi zambiri amatuluka.
Kuukira kwa Islamophobic kwapitilira, ngakhale kuchulukirachulukira m'zaka zaposachedwa, kumalimbikitsidwa ndikuthandizidwa ndi magulu ena atolankhani komanso ndale. Kubwerera kumbuyo kumalimbikitsidwa ndi mikangano yapadziko lonse komanso kukwiya chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ISIS, kukwera kwa mapiko akumanja, komanso kusamvetsetsana kwakukulu kwa miyambo yachisilamu. (CAIR, 2016)
Lingaliro lachisilamu ngati chiwopsezo lomwe lilipo lafalikira ku Europe, komanso ku USA, ndikupanga kuyankha kwachilango ndi kukhalapo kwa Asilamu ochepa ochepa. Magulu odana ndi Asilamu afalikiranso ku India, komwe kuli Asilamu ochepa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi okwana 150 miliyoni, komanso Thailand ndi Sri Lanka. Mchitidwe wodana ndi anthu ochokera kunja uku ukuwonekeranso m'madera ena omwe kale anali Soviet Union ndi China. Atsogoleri a ndale akhala akunyoza Asilamu ang'onoang'ono m'dzina la chiyero chachipembedzo, kumvetsetsa kosagwirizana ndi kudziwika kwa dziko, ndi zonena za chitetezo cha dziko.
Mumzinda wa New York, nkhawa zachitetezo "zawonjezera" ziwopsezo zina, ngakhale kuyesayesa kofananirako kwapangidwanso kuti akonzenso miyambo yodzilemekeza monga kuponderezana kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso kunyoza ufulu. Misikiti ndi mabungwe ena achisilamu amayenera kupirira ziwonetsero zabodza pazama TV komanso m'manyuzipepala, komanso kuyang'aniridwa mozama ndi mabungwe achitetezo omwe amapikisana nawo.
M'nkhaniyi, kukambirana ndi zipembedzo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zapereka mwayi wofunikira kuti anthu avomerezedwe, kulola atsogoleri achisilamu ndi omenyera ufulu kuti atuluke pakudzipatula ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi amadutsa udindo wa "wozunzidwa" kupyolera muzochitika zachitukuko. Zochita za zipembedzo zikuphatikizapo kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa chikhulupiriro kudzera m'mawu okhudzana ndi zomwe amagawana; kucheza patchuthi chachipembedzo; kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo otetezeka, osalowerera ndale monga mgwirizano wothandizana pakati pa oyandikana nawo osiyanasiyana; ndi ntchito zothandizira kudyetsa anjala, kulimbikitsa mtendere, chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi zinthu zina zachilungamo.
Kuti ndiwonetsere (ngati si mapu) momwe zimakhalira pakati pa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana, ndifotokoza mwachidule mapulojekiti awiri omwe ndagwirizana nawo. Onsewa atha kumveka ngati mayankho pakuwukira kwa 9/11.
Ntchito yoyamba ndi mgwirizano wa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana pa 9/11 poyankha masoka, poyamba ankadziwika kuti mgwirizano wa NYDRI wogwirizana ndi New York City Council of Churches, kenako m'malo mwa New York Disaster Interfaith Services (NYDIS)[15]. Vuto limodzi ndi kubwereza koyambirira kunali kusamvetsetsa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utsogoleri wa Chisilamu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti asiyanitsidwe mosayenera. Baibulo lachiwiri, lotsogozedwa ndi Peter Gudaitis wochokera ku Episcopal Church ndipo lodziwika ndi luso lapamwamba, linatsimikiziranso kuti ndilofunika kwambiri. NYDIS inagwirizana ndi mabungwe a mumzinda kuti awonetsetse kuti anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo ndi magulu (kuphatikizapo othawa kwawo osavomerezeka) sangakhale ndi mipata yopereka chithandizo. NYDIS inaitanitsa “Unmet Needs Roundtable” yomwe inapereka ndalama zokwana madola 5 miliyoni pothandizira anthu osiyanasiyana ammudzi, omwe zosowa zawo zinaperekedwa ndi ogwira ntchito m’zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. NYDIS idathandiziranso ntchito zachipembedzo ndikuyankhira "kubwerera kwa masoka". Pambuyo pochepetsa antchito ake, idakonzansonso ntchito pambuyo pa mphepo yamkuntho Sandy ku 2012, ndikupereka chithandizo choposa 8.5 miliyoni.
Ndinali membala wa bungwe la NYDIS kuyambira pachiyambi, kuimira Islamic Circle (ICNA Relief USA) ndi mbiri yakale yothandiza pakagwa tsoka. Atachoka ICNA kumapeto kwa 2005 ine ankaimira Muslim Consultative Network kwa zaka zingapo, ndipo mwachidule anathandiza NYDIS ntchito deta m'dera pambuyo mphepo yamkuntho Sandy. Munthawi yonseyi, ndidawona zabwino zakuphatikizidwa pamodzi ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo ochokera ku miyambo yokhazikika komanso mapulogalamu adziko omwe ali ndi zida zambiri. Ngakhale kukakamizidwa kwa mabwenzi ena, makamaka mabungwe achiyuda aku America, kuti asiyane ndi magulu achisilamu, kulimbikitsa chikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe aulamuliro wabwino adalola kuti mgwirizanowu upitirire.
Kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2007, "Livingroom Project," kuyesa kulimbikitsa ubale pakati pa mabungwe otsogola achiyuda ndi mabungwe achisilamu a NYC, adakhumudwa komanso kukhumudwa. Mipata yotereyi idakulitsidwa mu 2007 pakuwukira kwa anzawo achisilamu apafupi monga Debbie Almontaser, yemwe adayambitsa sukulu ya Kahlil Gibran, pomwe okambirana nawo adalephera kumuteteza poyera kapena kutsutsa mabodza ndi mabodza. Kuyankha kwa zipembedzo zotsutsana ndi kuwukira kwa 2010 ku Park 51 (yotchedwa "mzikiti pa zero zero") kunali kwabwinoko koma kosakanikirana. Malipoti a mchaka cha 2007 okhudza kuwunika kwa apolisi molakwika komanso mochulukira pazandale zachisilamu adatsatiridwa ndi mavumbulutso mu 2011-12 okhudza momwe apolisi amawonera atsogoleri achisilamu okhala mumzinda wa New York ndi mabungwe ammudzi. Ubale ndi arbiters a New York City mphamvu zandale ndi zachikhalidwe zidasokonekera.
Poyang'anizana ndi izi, utsogoleri wa Asilamu ku New York wagawanika m'misasa iwiri. Msasa womwe umakhala wogwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale umagogomezera kuchitapo kanthu, pomwe omenyera ufulu wawo amaika patsogolo mfundo. Munthu amatha kuzindikira kusinthika kwa ma imam aku Africa America okonda chilungamo ndi omenyera ufulu wachiarabu mbali imodzi, ndi omenyera osiyanasiyana osamukira kumayiko ena. Komabe, kusiyana kwa ndale ndi umunthu sikumatsutsana kotheratu. Komanso msasa umodzi suli wokonda chikhalidwe kapena chipembedzo kuposa winayo. Komabe, pamlingo wa utsogoleri ubale pakati pa zikhulupiriro za Asilamu wapunthwa chifukwa cha kusankha kwanzeru pakati pa "kulankhula chowonadi ndi mphamvu" ndi mwambo wosonyeza ulemu ndi kupanga mgwirizano kumbali zonse za ndale. Zaka zisanu zapita, kabudula uyu sanachiritsidwe.
Kusiyana kwa umunthu kunachititsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kumeneku. Komabe kusiyana kwenikweni kwamalingaliro ndi malingaliro kudabuka paza ubale woyenera ndi maulamuliro a boma la US. Anthu amene ankadziika pafupi ndi apolisi anayamba kukayikira zolinga zawo ndipo ankaoneka kuti akuvomereza kuti anthu ambiri aziyang'aniridwa ndi apolisi. Mu 2012 chipani china chinapanga kunyalanyala chakudya cham'mawa chapachaka cha Mayor Bloomberg, [16] kutsutsa kuthandizira kwake pazovuta za NYDP. Ngakhale izi zidakopa chidwi cha atolankhani, makamaka mchaka choyamba cha kunyanyalako, misasa ina idapitilira kupezeka pamwambowu, monganso adachitira atsogoleri ambiri azipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ochokera kuzungulira mzindawo.
Atsogoleri ena achisilamu ndi omenyera ufulu wawo amamvetsetsa miyambo yawo ngati ikutsutsana kwambiri ndi mphamvu zapadziko lapansi ndi maulamuliro adziko komanso zisankho za azungu. Lingaliro ili ladzetsa njira yosungira malire ndi madera ena, komanso kuyang'ana pa milandu yachidani komanso kuteteza zofuna za Asilamu panthawi yachiwembu. Kugwirizana pakati pa zipembedzo sikuletsedwa - koma kumasankhidwa ngati kuyenera kukhala kothandiza pazachilungamo.
Ndinenso membala wa bungwe la Flushing Interfaith Council[17], lomwe linatuluka mu Flushing Interfaith Unity Walk. The Walk palokha idakhazikitsidwa pa Ana a Abraham Interfaith Peace Walk, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2004 ndi Rabbi Ellen Lippman ndi Debbie Almontaser kuti apange milatho yomvetsetsana pakati pa okhala ku Brooklyn m'malo osiyanasiyana. Lingaliroli ndikusintha kwachitsanzo cha nyumba yotseguka, ndi maulendo, zokambirana ndi zokhwasula-khwasula m'nyumba zosiyanasiyana zopemphereramo panjira. Mu 2010, Walk-based Walk inathera pamalo a mzikiti womwe ukukonzedwa ku Sheepshead Bay womwe udakopa anthu odana ndi Asilamu, ndipo ochita nawo a Walk adapereka maluwa kwa khamu lokwiya. Kutumikira dera la Queens, Flushing Walk idayamba mu 2009 ndipo yapulumuka mikangano, chifukwa imasintha mtundu wa zipembedzo zophatikizana kuti uphatikize anthu osiyanasiyana komanso ambiri aku Asia kuphatikiza Ahindu, Asikh ndi Mabuda a Flushing. Pamene kuli kwakuti lafikira ku kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kwa Kuyenda ndi ntchito zina, panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Bungweli lakhalabe lochirikizidwa ndi kutengamo mbali kwa mamembala a “tchalitchi cha mtendere”—Quakers and Unitarian.
M'dera la Queens, Flushing, NY ndi komwe kuli 1657 Flushing Remonstrance, chikalata choyambirira cha ufulu wachipembedzo ku US. Panthaŵiyo, Peter Stuyvesant, yemwe panthaŵiyo anali Bwanamkubwa wa dziko limene panthaŵiyo linkatchedwa New Netherlands, anali ataletsa mwalamulo mchitidwe wa zipembedzo zonse kunja kwa Tchalitchi cha Dutch Reformed. Abaptisti ndi a Quaker anamangidwa chifukwa cha chipembedzo chawo m’dera la Flushing. Poyankhapo, gulu la nzika za ku England linasonkhana kuti lisayine Remonstrance, pempho la kulolera osati Aquaker okha komanso “Ayuda, Turkey ndi Aigupto, monga momwe amaŵerengedwera ana a Adamu.”[18] Otsatirawo anatsekeredwa m’ndende m’mikhalidwe yowawa kwambiri. ndipo mwamuna wina wachingelezi John Bowne anathamangitsidwa ku Holland, ngakhale kuti sankalankhula Chidatchi. Kuponderezanaku kunabwereranso kumbuyo kwa Stuyvesant pamene Dutch West India Company inagwirizana ndi otsutsawo.
Pokondwerera cholowa ichi, mu 2013 bungwe la Flushing Interfaith Council linasintha Remonstrance kuti igwirizane ndi mfundo zotsutsana ndi Asilamu komanso zotsutsana ndi kumanzere ku New York City. Potanthauziridwa m'zilankhulo 11 zakumaloko, chikalata chatsopanochi chidalankhula ndi Meya a Michael Bloomberg mwachindunji ndi madandaulo okhudzana ndi kuyang'anira, kuyimitsa komanso kutsatira malamulo osavuta.[19] Bungweli likupitiriza kusonyeza mgwirizano ndi Asilamu a Queens, omwe akhala akulimbana ndi zigawenga zachidani komanso ngakhale Kuphana mu 2016. M'chilimwe cha 2016 Bungweli linathandizira zokambirana za olemba Asilamu ndi gulu lowerenga. Pulojekiti ya Pluralism ku Harvard yavomereza "zochita zolonjeza" za Flushing interfaith Council chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwatsopano ndi cholowa chofunikira cha Flushing cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri.[20]
Kupatulapo zitsanzo ziwirizi, mawonekedwe a mzinda wa New York okhudzana ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana akuphatikizapo mabungwe ndi mapulogalamu ogwirizana ndi bungwe la United Nations (monga Alliance of Civilizations, Religions for Peace, Temple of Understanding) komanso mgwirizano wapakati pa nyumba zopempherera komanso magulu a ophunzira. Chapakati, kuyambira mu 1997 kuchokera m'mapulogalamu olimbikitsa a Rev James Parks Morton ku Cathedral of St John the Divine, bungwe la Interfaith Center ku New York lapereka masemina ndi maphunziro okhudza nkhani zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe cha "atsogoleri achipembedzo, aphunzitsi achipembedzo, atsogoleri achipembedzo. , opereka chithandizo kwa anthu, ndi aliyense amene ali ndi udindo wotsogolera kuti atumikire magulu awo achipembedzo."
Ku New York City, Union Theological ndi maseminale ena, Tanenbaum Center of Interreligious Understanding, Foundation for Ethnic Understanding (FFEU), Center for Ethnic, Religious and Racial Understanding (CERRU) Interfaith Worker Worker Justice, ndi Intersections International onse amadutsa pulogalamu ndi gulu lachipembedzo. mamembala.
Mabungwe angapo omwe siaboma awa abwerera m'mbuyo motsutsana ndi kufalikira kwa Islamophobia, kuthandizira zoyeserera zadziko monga "Shoulder to Shoulder."[21] Pakhalanso zokopa zingapo zolimbikitsa osati ndi mabungwe achisilamu okha monga CAIR ndi MPAC ndi Soundvision, koma kupanga zida zothandizira monga My Neighbor is Muslim, buku la magawo asanu ndi awiri lopangidwa mdziko lonse ndi Lutheran Social Service of Minnesota, ndi maphunziro a Peace and Unity Bridge okonzedwa ndi Unitarian Universalist Church of Vermont.[22] Mu September 2016 a Unitarian Universalist Church (UUSC) adaphatikizaponso "Muslim Solidarity Event" mu ntchito yawo yokhudzana ndi filimu ya Ken Burns yokhudzana ndi zoyesayesa za Unitarian kupulumutsa anthu ku chipani cha Nazi. Kulumikizana kotsimikizika kunali kogwirizana ndi mbiri yakale. Ndilayambilira kudziwa kuti ndi angati amene adzagwiritse ntchito zinthuzi.
Ngakhale kuti mavuto akupitilira munyengo yonse ya chisankho cha 2016, pali mgwirizano wopitilirabe pakati pa Asilamu, osazama komanso ozama, pakati pa magulu achipembedzo. Koma kachiwiri, monga ku Burma, Asilamu alibe chuma ndi bungwe ndipo mwina akufuna kutenga nawo mbali pa ubale wa zipembedzo. Utsogoleri wa Asilamu ukadali wamtundu wa "chikoka", womwe umapangitsa kulumikizana koma osagawira ena kapena kukulitsa luso lokhalitsa. Ambiri mwa anthu omwewo amatenga nawo mbali pazokambirana za zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana koma sangathe kapena sabweretsa otenga nawo mbali atsopano. Pali ambiri olankhula Chisilamu abwino kuposa olamulira abwino kuti alandire thandizo ndi kupitiriza kutengapo mbali. Kupezeka kwa mzikiti sikwambiri, ndipo ngakhale atalandira chidziwitso chachipembedzo mwamphamvu, Asilamu achichepere osamukira kumayiko ena amakana njira za makolo awo.
Umunthu ndi wovuta komanso wamitundumitundu, koma nkhani zandale komanso zodziwika bwino zokhudzana ndi mtundu, zachuma, chipembedzo ndi jenda nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta. Ndalama zimatsata zomwe anthu amakonda, monga Black Lives Matter, koma nthawi zonse sizimapereka mphamvu mwachindunji kwa omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri.
Mu 2008 Kusumita Pederson anati, “Ndithu chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chofunika kwambiri cha gulu la zipembedzo zophatikizana lero… Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zaka zoyambirira za gululi, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonetsa gawo latsopano. Izi zakhala zowona ku New York City monga tawonera m'machitidwe ambiri am'deralo kuyambira 9/11. Zoyesayesa zina zakumaloko "zikuwoneka" kuposa zina. Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, mbali yaikulu imeneyi tsopano yasokonekera chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe cha umisiri watsopano. Ndi kukwera kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti "makambirano" ambiri tsopano akuchitika pa intaneti, ndi alendo miliyoni imodzi okha. Moyo wa anthu ku New York tsopano ukukhala pakati kwambiri, ndipo kugulitsa nkhani, nkhani, kudzinenera kukhala ndi mphamvu, ndi gawo lachuma champikisano cha capitalist. (Pederson, 2008)
Zachidziwikire, mafoni anzeru akufalikiranso ku Burma. Kodi mapulojekiti ochezera a pa facebook monga Gulu Latsopano la My Friend Campaign[23], lomwe limakondwerera maubwenzi pakati pa anthu aku Burma amitundu yosiyanasiyana, apambana kumanga chikhalidwe chomwe chimakondwerera onse mofanana? Kodi uku ndi "kumanga mtendere pakati pa zipembedzo" zamtsogolo? Kapena mafoni a m'manja adzakhala zida m'manja mwa anthu omwe akufuna kuchita zachiwawa monga momwe zakhalira kale? (Baker, 2016, Holland 2014)
Xenophobia ndi kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lalikulu. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa "osaloledwa" akukambidwa ku USA, ndikukhazikitsidwa ku Burma, kusatetezeka komwe kumalimbikitsidwa ndi nkhaniyi kumakhudza aliyense. Pamodzi ndi magulu a anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo, vuto lomwe lilipo pazipembedzo ndi mitundu yambiri ndi chizindikiro cha kusamuka kwakukulu kwachikhalidwe ndi zauzimu zokhudzana ndi capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi.
M’chaka cha 2000, Mark Gopin anati, “Ngati mungayesetse kusuntha chikhalidwe chachipembedzo, kapena chikhalidwe chilichonse pankhaniyi, kupita ku chuma chatsopano kapena ndale, monga demokalase kapena msika waulere, musayende pamwamba popanda pansi, pansi popanda pamwamba, kapena ngakhale pakati, pokhapokha ngati mwakonzekera kupha anthu…Chikhalidwe chachipembedzo sichimangothamangitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba kupita pansi. M'malo mwake, pali mphamvu yodabwitsa yomwe ikufalikira, ndiye chifukwa chake atsogoleri amakakamizidwa. ” (Gopin, 2000, p 211)
Gopin ndiye akuwonjezeranso chenjezo lake- kuvomereza njira yosinthira; kusasuntha gulu lachipembedzo kapena fuko popanda lina; ndipo musamapangitse mkangano kukhala woipitsitsa mwa kulimbikitsa gulu lina lachipembedzo kapena lachikhalidwe kuposa linzake, “makamaka ndi ndalama.”
Tsoka ilo, United States - ndi mayiko enanso - achita chimodzimodzi monga gawo la ndondomeko zakunja kwa mibadwo yambiri, ndipo ndithudi apitirira zaka zambiri kuchokera pamene Gopin analemba mawu amenewo. Cholowa chimodzi chakuchitapo kanthu kwa mayiko akunja ndi kusakhulupirirana kwakukulu, komwe kumakhudzabe maubwenzi apakati pa zipembedzo ku New York masiku ano, momveka bwino mu ubale pakati pa mabungwe achisilamu ndi achiyuda omwe amati akuyimira zofuna za anthu ambiri. Mantha achisilamu ndi achiarabu akuphatikizana komanso kuphatikizana kumapita mozama. Kusatetezeka kwachiyuda ndi nkhawa zomwe zilipo ndizonso zovuta. Ndipo zochitika za ku America zaukapolo ndi kusalidwa zikuchulukirachulukira. Zofalitsa zofalikira zomwe zimatizungulira zimalola kuti nkhanizi zikambirane mozama. Koma monga taonera, zitha kukhumudwitsanso, kusokoneza komanso kuchita ndale.
Koma kodi timachita chiyani “tikachita zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana”? Kodi nthawi zonse ndi gawo la yankho, osati vuto? Mana Tun anaona kuti ku Burma, otengamo mbali m’kukambitsirana kwa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana amagwiritsira ntchito liwu lachingelezi lakuti “interfaith” monga liwu lobwereketsa. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti odzetsa mtendere a Baptist ku Burma akulowetsa ndikuyika malingaliro a zokambirana zomwe zimachokera ku Orientalizing, neo-colonial ya amishonare aku Western? Kodi izi zikusonyeza kuti atsogoleri aku Burma (kapena aku New York) omwe amalandila mwayi wokhazikitsa mtendere ndi otengera mwayi? Ayi; ndizotheka kukumbukira machenjezo a Gopin okhudzana ndi kusokoneza kwa zolinga zabwino m'zochitika za m'deralo koma kuti mutengere chidwi ndi kusinthana kwaumunthu komwe kumachitika mu zokambirana pamene zilembo ndi malingaliro amatayidwa.
M'malo mwake, ku New York City kuyanjana kwa zipembedzo zambiri pakati pa anthu ambiri sikunali kopanda nzeru. Phindu la chiphunzitso likhoza kubwera pambuyo pake, pamene mbadwo wachiwiri ukuphunzitsidwa kupitiriza kukambirana, kulola ophunzitsa atsopano kuti adziwe zambiri zamagulu amagulu ndi malingaliro a kusintha.
Othandizana nawo amatsegula okha ku mwayi watsopano. Ngakhale mkhalidwe wovuta wa zomwe ndinakumana nazo pa zokambirana za Ayuda ndi Asilamu ku New York, m'modzi mwa anthu omwe amakambirana nawo akhalabe bwenzi ndipo posachedwapa adapanga mgwirizano wachiyuda kuti ateteze ufulu wa Asilamu a Rohingya ku Burma. Chifukwa chomvera chisoni anthu othawa kwawo komanso ochepa omwe ali ndi ziwanda, omwe zochitika zawo zimafanana ndi zoopsa za Myuda mu 1930s Europe, Jewish Alliance of Concern Over Burma (JACOB) yasainira pafupifupi mabungwe akuluakulu 20 achiyuda kuti azilimbikitsa Asilamu omwe akuzunzidwa.
Titha kuyang'anizana ndi tsogolo la kudalirana kwa mayiko (ndi kusakhutira kwake) ndi chiyembekezo kapena kukayikira kwakukulu. Mulimonsemo, pali mphamvu yogwirira ntchito limodzi pazifukwa zofanana. Pamodzi ndi chisoni kwa mlendo, ndi anthu ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo, azipembedzo amagawana mantha kwambiri ndi zigawenga zomwe zimayang'ana anthu wamba, kuphatikiza magulu a anthu anzawo omwe nthawi zonse samalandiridwa mokwanira ndi azipembedzo, monga amuna ndi akazi a LGBT. . Chifukwa magulu azipembedzo zosiyanasiyana tsopano akukumana ndi kufunikira kofunikira kusintha kwakukulu pakati pa zikhulupiliro ndi malo okhala pakati pa "pamwamba" ndi pansi" pa utsogoleri, pamodzi ndi mapangano osagwirizana ndi kugawanitsa pazinthu zotere, gawo lotsatira la mgwirizano wa zipembedzo likulonjeza kuti lidzakhala. zovuta kwambiri - koma ndi mwayi watsopano wogawana nawo chifundo.
Zothandizira
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zolemba
[1] Onani maumboni Ali, W. (2011) For Fear Inc. 2.0 onani www.americanprogress.org
[2] www.BurmaTaskForce.org
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoniram_Judson
[4] Onani tsamba la Seminary http://www.pkts.org/activities.html
[5] Onani http;//www.acommonword.org
[6] Onani Epulo 1, 2011 Blog Entry http://dbuttry.blogspot.com/2011/04/from-undisclosed-place-and-time-2.html
[7] www.mbcnewyork.org
[8] Onani Lipoti Lapachaka la Shalom Foundation
[9] Onani http://rfp-asia.org/
[10] Onani zolemba za RFP za Paris Statement. Kuti mupeze maulalo a zochitika zonse za achinyamata a RFP onani http://www.religionsforpeace.org/
[11] "Dialogues" http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=136
[12] Mwachitsanzo, Pakistan: http://www.gflp.org/WeekofDialogue/Pakistan.html
[13] Onani www.mwr.org.tw ndi http://www.gflp.org/
[14] KAIICID Video Documentation https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1OLXWr_zK71qC6bv6wa8-Q/videos)
[15] www.nydis.org
[16] BBC December 30, 2011
[17] https://flushinginterfaithcouncil.wordpress.com/
[18] http://flushingfriends.org/history/flushing-remonstrance/
[19] http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2013/50/flushingremonstrance_bt_2013_12_13_q.html
[20] The Interfaith Infrastructure Study http://pluralism.org/interfaith/report/
[21] http://www.shouldertoshouldercampaign.org/
[22] http://www.peaceandunitybridge.org/programs/curricula/
[23] Onani https://www.facebook.com/myfriendcampaign/
