Kulumikiza Ziwawa Zachilengedwe, Mikangano ndi Zowonongeka Zachilengedwe
Mfundo:
Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana momwe kusalinganika m'machitidwe achikhalidwe, ndale, zachuma ndi chikhalidwe kumayambitsa mikangano yomwe ikuwonetsa zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi. Monga gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi, ndife olumikizana kwambiri kuposa kale. Machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha dziko ndi padziko lonse omwe amapanga mabungwe ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimachepetsera anthu ambiri pamene zimapindulitsa anthu ochepa sakhala okhazikika. Kukokoloka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu chifukwa cha kudetsedwa pazandale ndi zachuma kumabweretsa mikangano yomwe imatenga nthawi yayitali, kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe zomwe dongosolo la ndale la neo-liberal likulephera kuthetsa. Poyang'ana ku Africa, pepalali likukambirana zomwe zimayambitsa ziwawa zamapangidwe ndikuwonetsa momwe zingasinthidwe kukhala mgwirizano wogwirizana. Mtendere wokhazikika wapadziko lonse umafunikira kusintha kwa malingaliro kuti: (1) m'malo mwachitetezo chachitetezo cha boma ndi chitetezo wamba, kutsindika chitukuko cha anthu kwa anthu onse, malingaliro abwino a umunthu wogawana ndi tsogolo lofanana; (2) kupanga chuma ndi ndale zomwe zimayika patsogolo anthu ndi moyo wabwino wapadziko lapansi kuposa phindu.
Tsitsani Nkhaniyi
Kuchokera Kufotokozera:
Mayanja, ENB (2022). Kugwirizanitsa ziwawa zamapangidwe, mikangano ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Journal of Living Together, 7(1), 15-25.
Zambiri Zankhani:
@Nkhani{Mayanja2022}
Mutu = {Kulumikiza Chiwawa, Mikangano ndi Zowonongeka Zachilengedwe}
Author = {Evelyn Namakula B. Mayanja}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/linking-structural-violence-conflicts-and-ecological-damages/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Sindikizani); 2373-6631 (Pa intaneti)}
Chaka = {2022}
Tsiku = {2022-12-10}
Journal = {Journal of Living Together}
Mphamvu = {7}
Nambala = {1}
Masamba = {15-25}
Wosindikiza = {International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Adilesi = {White Plains, New York}
Kusindikiza = {2022}.
Introduction
Kupanda chilungamo kwapangidwe ndizomwe zimayambitsa mikangano yambiri yapakati ndi mayiko. Amaphatikizidwa mumayendedwe osagwirizana pazandale ndi pazachuma komanso magawo ena omwe amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kukakamizidwa ndi akuluakulu andale, mabungwe amitundumitundu (MNCs), ndi mayiko amphamvu (Jeong, 2000). Utsamunda, kudalirana kwa mayiko, ukapitalizimu, ndi umbombo zalimbikitsa kuwonongedwa kwa miyambo ya makolo ndi mfundo zimene zimateteza chilengedwe, kuletsa ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Kupikisana pazandale, zachuma, zankhondo ndi luso lazopangapanga zimachotsa ofooka pazosowa zawo zoyambirira, ndipo zimayambitsa kunyozetsa komanso kuphwanya ulemu wawo ndi ufulu wawo. Padziko lonse lapansi, mabungwe osagwira ntchito bwino ndi ndondomeko za mayiko akuluakulu amalimbikitsa kudyera masuku pamutu kwa mayiko ozungulira. Padziko lonse, ulamuliro wankhanza, utundu wowononga, ndi ndale za m'mimba, zosungidwa ndi kukakamiza ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimapindulitsa anthu apamwamba a ndale, zimabala kukhumudwa, kusiya ofooka alibe chochita kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa monga njira yolankhulirana zoona. mphamvu.
Zopanda chilungamo ndi ziwawa zachuluka chifukwa mikangano iliyonse imakhudzana ndi machitidwe ndi machitidwe omwe ndondomeko zimapangidwira. Maire Dugan (1996), wofufuza za mtendere ndi theorist, adapanga chitsanzo cha 'nested paradigm' ndipo adazindikira mikangano inayi: nkhani zomwe zikutsutsana; mayanjano okhudzidwa; ma subsystems momwe muli vuto; ndi systemic structures. Dugan akuti:
Mikangano yamagulu ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri imawonetsa mikangano yamitundu yonse, zomwe zikubweretsa kupanda chilungamo monga kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, kusankhana mitundu, ndi kudana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'maofesi ndi m'mafakitale omwe timagwira ntchito, nyumba zopemphereramo zomwe timapempherera, mabwalo amilandu ndi magombe omwe timasewerera. , misewu imene timakumana ndi anansi athu, ngakhale nyumba zimene tikukhalamo. Mavuto a gawo la subsystem amathanso kukhalapo pawokha, osapangidwa ndi zenizeni zamagulu. (tsamba 16)
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kupanda chilungamo kwa mayiko ndi mayiko ku Africa. Walter Rodney (1981) akufotokoza magwero awiri a ziwawa za mu Africa zomwe zimalepheretsa kupita patsogolo kwa kontinenti: "ntchito ya dongosolo la imperialist" yomwe imawononga chuma cha Africa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dziko la Africa litukule chuma chake mwachangu; ndi "iwo omwe amasokoneza dongosololi ndi omwe amagwira ntchito ngati othandizira kapena osazindikira zomwe zanenedwazo. Macapitalist akumadzulo kwa Europe ndi omwe adafutukula kuzunzika kwawo kuchokera mkati mwa Europe kuti akwaniritse Africa yonse” (tsamba 27).
Ndichiyambi ichi, pepalali likuyang'ana ziphunzitso zina zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kusalinganika kwapangidwe, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuwunika kwazovuta zachiwawa zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa. Pepalali likumaliza ndi malingaliro osintha ziwawa zamapangidwe.
Malingaliro Ongoganizira
Mawu akuti nkhanza zachitukuko anapangidwa ndi Johan Galtung (1969) ponena za machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu: ndale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo, ndi malamulo omwe amalepheretsa anthu, madera, ndi magulu kuti akwaniritse zonse zomwe angathe. Nkhanza zamakhalidwe ndi "kuwonongeka kolephereka kwa zosowa zazikulu zaumunthu kapena ...kuwonongeka kwa moyo wa munthu, zomwe zimatsitsa momwe wina angakwanitse kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo pansi pa zomwe zikanatheka" (Galtung, 1969, p. 58) . Mwina, Galtung (1969) adatenga mawuwa kuchokera ku 1960s Latin America zamulungu zaufulu pomwe "mapangidwe a uchimo" kapena "uchimo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu" adagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza zikhalidwe zomwe zimabweretsa chisalungamo komanso kusalidwa kwa anthu osauka. Ochirikiza chiphunzitso chaumulungu ndi Archbishop Oscar Romero ndi Bambo Gustavo Gutiérrez. Gutiérrez (1985) analemba kuti: “umphawi umatanthauza imfa… osati thupi lokha komanso maganizo ndi chikhalidwe komanso” (p. 9).
Zomangamanga zosagwirizana ndizo "zimene zimayambitsa" mikangano (Cousens, 2001, p. 8). Nthawi zina, nkhanza za m'machitidwe zimatchedwa nkhanza za m'mabungwe zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha "makhalidwe, ndale, ndi zachuma" zomwe zimalola "kugawa mphamvu ndi chuma mosagwirizana" (Botes, 2003, p. 362). Ziwawa zamakhalidwe zimapindulitsa anthu ochepa omwe ali ndi mwayi ndipo zimapondereza ambiri. Burton (1990) amagwirizanitsa nkhanza zachitukuko ndi kupanda chilungamo kwa mabungwe ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimalepheretsa anthu kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo za ontological. Makhalidwe a anthu amachokera ku "dialectic, kapena interplay, pakati pa mabungwe opangidwa ndi anthu omwe amapanga ndi kupanga zatsopano zatsopano" (Botes, 2003, p. 360). Amakhala m'malo "odziwika bwino, okhazikika ndi mabungwe okhazikika komanso zochitika zokhazikika" (Galtung, 1969, p. 59). Chifukwa chakuti nyumba zoterezi zimawoneka ngati zachilendo komanso zosawopsa, zimakhala zosaoneka. Colonialism, kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chakumpoto kwa dziko la Africa komanso kusatukuka, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kusankhana mitundu, white supremacism, neocolonialism, mafakitale ankhondo omwe amapindula pokhapokha pakakhala nkhondo makamaka ku Global South, kuchotsedwa kwa Africa pakupanga zisankho zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi 14 West. Mayiko aku Africa omwe amapereka msonkho wa atsamunda ku France, ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopezeka kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, mikangano ndi kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri. Komabe, a nthawi yayitali kudyera masuku pamutu chuma cha mu Afirika sichikutengedwa ngati chifukwa chachikulu cha kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri omwe miyoyo yawo yawonongeka ndi zotsatira za capitalism yapadziko lonse. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti malonda a akapolo ndi atsamunda adawononga chuma cha anthu ndi zachilengedwe mu Africa. Chifukwa chake, ziwawa zamakhalidwe mu Africa zimalumikizidwa ndi ukapolo ndi kusalungama kwa chikhalidwe cha atsamunda, ukapitalizimu wamitundu, kuzunza, kuponderezana, chinthu ndi commodification of Blacks.
Nkhani Zachiwawa Zofunika Kwambiri
Ndani amapeza zomwe amalandira komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe amalandira zakhala zoyambitsa mikangano m'mbiri ya anthu (Ballard et al., 2005; Burchill et al., 2013). Kodi pali zinthu zoti zithandize anthu 7.7 biliyoni padziko lapansili? Kotala la anthu ku Global North amadya 80 % ya mphamvu ndi zitsulo ndipo amatulutsa mpweya wochuluka (Trondheim, 2019). Mwachitsanzo, United States, Germany, China, ndi Japan zimatulutsa zochulukirapo kuposa theka la chuma cha dziko lapansi, pamene 75% ya anthu omwe ali m'mayiko osauka amadya 20%, koma amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa dziko (Bretthauer, 2018; Klein, 2014) ndi mikangano yozikidwa pazithandizo yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha dyera la capitalist. Izi zikuphatikiza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mchere wofunikira womwe umadziwika ngati osintha masewera pochepetsa kusintha kwanyengo (Bretthauer, 2018; Fjelde & Uexkull, 2012). Africa, ngakhale wopanga kaboni wocheperako amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa nyengo (Bassey, 2012), ndipo zotsatira zake nkhondo ndi umphawi, zomwe zimapangitsa kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri. Nyanja ya Mediterranean yasanduka manda a achinyamata mamiliyoni ambiri a mu Africa. Omwe amapindula ndi zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe ndikuyambitsa nkhondo amawona kusintha kwanyengo kukhala chinyengo (Klein, 2014). Komabe, chitukuko, kukhazikitsa mtendere, ndondomeko zochepetsera nyengo ndi kafukufuku wotsatira zonsezi zidapangidwa ku Global North popanda kukhudza mabungwe a ku Africa, zikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zakhala zikuthandizira madera kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Monga Faucault (1982, 1987) akutsutsa, nkhanza zamagulu zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo odziwa mphamvu.
Kukokoloka kwa chikhalidwe ndi kufunikira komwe kukukulirakulira ndi malingaliro amakono ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko kumayambitsa mikangano yokhazikika (Jeong, 2000). Mabungwe amakono omwe amathandizidwa ndi capitalism, miyambo ya demokalase yaufulu, chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kumapanga moyo ndi chitukuko chotengera Kumadzulo, koma kumawononga chikhalidwe, ndale ndi chuma cha Africa. Kumvetsetsa kwamakono ndi chitukuko kumafotokozedwa motengera kugulitsa, capitalism, kukwera kwamatauni komanso kudzikonda payekha (Jeong, 2000; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009).
Zandale, zachikhalidwe, ndi zachuma zimapanga mikhalidwe yogawa chuma mosagwirizana pakati pa mayiko (Green, 2008; Jeong, 2000; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009). Ulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi ukulephera kufotokoza malingaliro monga Pangano la Paris pakusintha kwanyengo, kupanga mbiri yaumphawi, kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi, kapena kupanga zolinga zachitukuko cha Millennium, ndi zolinga zachitukuko chokhazikika kukhala zothandiza. Omwe amapindula ndi dongosololi sazindikira kuti likuwonongeka. Kukhumudwa, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zomwe anthu ali nazo ndi zomwe amakhulupirira kuti zikuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwachuma ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kukuwonjezera kusala, kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri, nkhondo, ndi uchigawenga. Anthu paokha, magulu, ndi mayiko akufuna kukhala pamwamba pa ulamuliro wa chikhalidwe, zachuma, ndale, zamakono ndi zankhondo, zomwe zimalimbikitsa mpikisano wachiwawa pakati pa mayiko. Africa, yolemera ndi chuma chokhumbidwa ndi maulamuliro apamwamba, ilinso msika wachonde kwa mafakitale ankhondo kuti agulitse zida. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, palibe nkhondo imene imachititsa kuti mafakitale a zida zankhondo apeze phindu lililonse, zomwe sizingavomereze. Nkhondo ndiyo modus operandi kuti apeze chuma cha ku Africa. Pamene nkhondo zikumenyedwa, mafakitale a zida amapindula. Pochita izi, kuyambira ku Mali kupita ku Central African Republic, South Sudan, ndi Democratic Republic of Congo, achinyamata osauka ndi omwe alibe ntchito amakopeka mosavuta kupanga kapena kulowa nawo magulu a zida ndi zigawenga. Zosowa zofunika zomwe sizinakwaniritsidwe, kuphatikiza kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso kuponderezedwa, zimalepheretsa anthu kukwaniritsa zomwe angathe ndikuyambitsa mikangano ndi nkhondo (Cook-Huffman, 2009; Maslow, 1943).
Kubera ndi kumenya nkhondo ku Africa kunayamba ndi malonda a akapolo ndi atsamunda, mpaka lero. Dongosolo lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi zikhulupiliro kuti msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, malonda otseguka ndi ndalama zakunja zimapindulitsa mwa demokalase mayiko ndi mabungwe omwe amadyera masuku pamutu chuma cha mayiko akunja, kuwapangitsa kuti atumize zinthu zopangira ndi kuitanitsa zinthu zosinthidwa (Carmody, 2016; Southall & Melber, 2009) ). Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1980, mothandizidwa ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko, kusintha kwa msika waulere, ndikuphatikiza Africa ku chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi, World Trade Organisation (WTO) ndi International Monetary Fund (IMF) adakhazikitsa 'mapulogalamu osintha zinthu' (SAPs) ndikukakamiza Africa. mayiko kuti achite mwachinsinsi, kumasula ndi kuletsa gawo la migodi (Carmody, 2016, p. 21). Mayiko oposa 30 a mu Afirika anakakamizika kukonzanso ma code awo a migodi kuti athe kupititsa patsogolo ndalama zakunja zakunja (FDI) ndi kuchotsa zinthu. "Ngati njira zam'mbuyomu zophatikizana ndi Africa muzachuma zandale zapadziko lonse lapansi zinali zowononga, ... zikuyenera kutsatiridwa pakuwunika ngati pali njira yachitukuko yophatikizira chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi ku Africa, m'malo motsegulira mwayi wachuma. zofunkha zina” (Carmody, 2016, p. 24).
Potetezedwa ndi mfundo zapadziko lonse zomwe zimakakamiza mayiko a mu Africa kuti apeze ndalama zakunja komanso mothandizidwa ndi maboma akumayiko awo, mabungwe amayiko osiyanasiyana (MNCs) omwe akugwiritsa ntchito mchere, mafuta ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe za ku Africa kuno amachita zinthu zofunkha chuma popanda chilango. . Amapereka ziphuphu kwa akuluakulu andale kuti athe kupeŵa misonkho, kubisa zolakwa zawo, kuwononga chilengedwe, kupereka ma invoice molakwika komanso kunamizira zambiri. Mu 2017, kutulutsa kwa Africa kudakwana $203 biliyoni, pomwe $32.4 biliyoni idachitika mwachinyengo chamakampani osiyanasiyana (Curtis, 2017). Mu 2010, mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana adapewa $40 biliyoni ndikubera $11 biliyoni kudzera pakugulitsa molakwika (Oxfam, 2015). Milingo ya kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumapangidwa ndi mabungwe amitundu yambiri akuwononga zachilengedwe akukulitsa nkhondo zachilengedwe ku Africa (Akiwumi & Butler, 2008; Bassey, 2012; Edwards et al., 2014). Mabungwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana amabweretsanso umphawi chifukwa cholanda minda, kusamutsa anthu ndi anthu ogwira ntchito m'migodi m'malo awo ovomerezeka kumene mwachitsanzo amadyera masuku pamutu migodi, mafuta ndi gasi. Zinthu zonsezi zikusandutsa Africa kukhala msampha wa mikangano. Anthu osaloledwa amasiyidwa opanda chochita kupatula kupanga kapena kujowina magulu ankhondo kuti apulumuke.
In The Shock Doctrine, Naomi Klein (2007) akuwulula momwe, kuyambira 1950s, ndondomeko zamalonda zaulere zakhala zikulamulira dziko lonse lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito zoopsa. Pambuyo pa Seputembara 11, Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse ya United States idatsogolera ku Iraq, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti a Shell ndi BP azilamulira kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta aku Iraq komanso kuti mafakitale ankhondo aku America apindule pogulitsa zida zawo. Chiphunzitso chodabwitsa chomwechi chidagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2007, pomwe US Africa Command (AFRICOM) idapangidwa kuti ithane ndi uchigawenga ndi mikangano ku kontinenti. Kodi uchigawenga ndi mikangano ya zida zawonjezeka kapena kuchepa kuyambira 2007? Ogwirizana ndi United States ndi adani onse akuthamanga mwankhanza kuti ayang'anire Africa, chuma chake ndi msika. The Africompublicaffairs (2016) idavomereza zovuta za China ndi Russia motere:
Mayiko ena akupitilizabe kuyika ndalama m'maiko aku Africa kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo, China ikuyang'ana kwambiri kupeza zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zofunikira zothandizira kupanga pomwe China ndi Russia zikugulitsa zida zankhondo ndikuyesa kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wamalonda ndi chitetezo ku Africa. Pamene China ndi Russia zikukulitsa mphamvu zawo ku Africa, mayiko onsewa akuyesetsa kupeza 'mphamvu zofewa' ku Africa kuti alimbikitse mphamvu zawo m'mabungwe apadziko lonse. (tsamba 12)
Mpikisano wa United States wokhudzana ndi chuma cha Africa udawonekera pomwe utsogoleri wa Purezidenti Clinton adakhazikitsa lamulo la Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), lomwe lidadziwika kuti lipereka mwayi kwa Africa mwayi wopeza msika waku America. Zowona, Africa imatumiza mafuta, mchere ndi zinthu zina ku US ndipo imagwira ntchito ngati msika wazinthu zaku US. Mu 2014, bungwe la ogwira ntchito ku United States linanena kuti "mafuta ndi gasi amapanga pakati pa 80% ndi 90% ya zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja kwa AGOA" (AFL-CIO Solidarity Center, 2014, p. 2).
Kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu za ku Africa kumabwera pamtengo wokwera. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wokhudza kufufuza kwa mchere ndi mafuta sagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Nkhondo, kusamuka kwawo, kuwononga chilengedwe, ndi nkhanza za ufulu ndi ulemu wa anthu ndizo njira zogwirira ntchito. Mayiko olemera ndi zachilengedwe monga Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Mali, ndi mayiko ena a ku Western Sahara ali m’nkhondo zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa ‘zautundu’ ndi olanda achifwamba. Katswiri wa filosofi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Slovenia, Slavoj Žižek (2010) anati:
Pansi pa nkhope ya nkhondo zamitundu, ife … tikuzindikira momwe ntchito za capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi… Mtsogoleri aliyense wankhondo ali ndi maulalo abizinesi ndi kampani yakunja kapena mabungwe omwe amadyera masuku pamutu kwambiri chuma chamigodi mderali. Dongosololi likugwirizana ndi onse awiri: mabungwe amapeza ufulu wamigodi popanda msonkho ndi zovuta zina, pomwe omenyera nkhondo amalemera. …iwalani za khalidwe loipa la anthu akumeneko, ingochotsani makampani akunja aukadaulo wapamwamba pa equation ndipo magulu onse ankhondo amitundu omwe amayambitsidwa ndi zilakolako zakale amasokonekera…Muli mdima waukulu m'nkhalango zowirira za ku Kongo Zoyambitsa zagona kwina, m'maofesi akuluakulu a mabanki athu ndi makampani apamwamba kwambiri. ( tsamba 163-164 )
Nkhondo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma kumawonjezera kusintha kwa nyengo. Kuchotsa mchere ndi mafuta, maphunziro ankhondo, ndi zowononga zida zimawononga zachilengedwe, zimawononga madzi, nthaka ndi mpweya (Dudka & Adriano, 1997; Lawrence et al., 2015; Le Billon, 2001). Kuwononga zachilengedwe kukuchulukirachulukira nkhondo zazinthu komanso kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri chifukwa zopezera zofunika pamoyo zikuchepa. Kuyerekeza kwaposachedwa kwa United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation kukuwonetsa kuti anthu 795 miliyoni ali ndi njala chifukwa cha nkhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kusintha kwanyengo (World Food Program, 2019). Opanga malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi sanayitanepo makampani amigodi ndi mafakitale ankhondo kuti ayankhe. Saona kugwiritsa ntchito chuma kukhala chiwawa. Zotsatira za nkhondo ndi kuchotsa zinthu sizinatchulidwe nkomwe mu Pangano la Paris ndi Kyoto Protocol.
Africa ilinso malo otayirapo komanso ogula zokanidwa zakumadzulo. Mu 2018, pomwe Rwanda idakana kuitanitsa zovala zachiwiri zaku US kunayamba mkangano (John, 2018). A US amati AGOA imapindulitsa Africa, komabe ubale wamalonda umathandizira zofuna za US ndikulepheretsa kupita patsogolo kwa Africa (Melber, 2009). Pansi pa AGOA, mayiko aku Africa akukakamizika kusachita nawo zinthu zomwe zimasokoneza zofuna za US. Kusokonekera kwa malonda ndi kutuluka kwa ndalama kumabweretsa kusalinganika kwachuma ndikusokoneza moyo wa anthu osauka (Carmody, 2016; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009). Olamulira mwankhanza pazamalonda ku Global North amachita zonse zomwe akufuna komanso kutonthoza zikumbumtima zawo ndi thandizo lakunja, lotchedwa Easterly (2006) ngati cholemetsa cha azungu.
Monga mu nthawi ya atsamunda, ukapitalism ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma ku Africa zikupitilirabe kuwononga zikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe zawo. Mwachitsanzo, African Ubuntu (umunthu) ndi kusamalira ubwino wamba kuphatikizapo chilengedwe chasinthidwa ndi umbombo capitalist. Atsogoleri a ndale amangodzikuza osati kutumikira anthu (Utas, 2012; Van Wyk, 2007). Ali Mazrui (2007) akunena kuti ngakhale mbewu za nkhondo zomwe zafala "zili mu chisokonezo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chitsamunda chinayambitsa mu Africa mwa kuwononga" zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe kuphatikizapo "njira zakale zothetsa mikangano popanda kupanga [zolowa m'malo] zogwira mtima m'malo mwawo" (p. 480). Mofananamo, njira zachikhalidwe zotetezera chilengedwe zinkaonedwa ngati zamoyo ndi zaudyerekezi, ndipo zinawonongedwa m’dzina la kulambira Mulungu mmodzi. Pamene zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe zikuphwanyidwa, pamodzi ndi umphawi, mikangano imakhala yosapeŵeka.
Pamagulu adziko lonse, nkhanza zamagulu mu Africa zikuphatikizidwa mu zomwe Laurie Nathan (2000) adazitcha "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (p. 189) - ulamuliro waulamuliro, kusamalidwa kwa anthu kulamulira mayiko awo, umphawi wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kusalingana kulimbikitsidwa ndi katangale ndi kukondera, ndi mayiko osagwira ntchito omwe ali ndi mabungwe osauka omwe amalephera kulimbikitsa ulamulilo wa malamulo. Kulephera kwa utsogoleri ndikoyenera kulimbikitsa 'Okwera pamahatchi Anayi'. M'mayiko ambiri a mu Africa, udindo wa boma ndi njira yodzikuza. Ndalama za dziko, chuma ngakhalenso thandizo lakunja zimapindulitsa anthu apamwamba okha.
Mndandanda wa zinthu zopanda chilungamo zomwe zimachitika m'mayiko ndi mayiko onse ndi zosawerengeka. Kuchulukitsa kusagwirizana pazandale komanso pazachuma kudzakulitsa mikangano ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Palibe amene akufuna kukhala pansi, ndipo omwe ali ndi mwayi sakufuna kugawana nawo gawo lapamwamba la utsogoleri wa anthu kuti apititse patsogolo ubwino wamba. Osaponderezedwa amafuna kupeza mphamvu zambiri ndikusintha ubalewo. Kodi ziwawa zingasinthidwe bwanji kuti zikhazikitse mtendere wadziko lonse komanso padziko lonse lapansi?
Kusintha Kwamapangidwe
Njira zochiritsira zolimbana ndi mikangano, kukhazikitsa mtendere, komanso kuchepetsa chilengedwe m'magulu akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono akulephera chifukwa sathana ndi nkhanza zomwe zimachitika. Kutumiza, zigamulo za UN, zida zapadziko lonse lapansi, mapangano amtendere osainidwa, ndi malamulo adziko amapangidwa popanda kusintha kwenikweni. Zomangamanga sizisintha. Kusintha kwa Structural (ST) "kumabweretsa chidwi chomwe tikupita - kumanga maubwenzi abwino ndi madera, kwanuko komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga ichi chimafuna kusintha kwenikweni kwa njira zathu zaubwenzi” (Lederach, 2003, p. 5). Kusintha kumayang'ana ndikuyankha "kuwonongeka ndi kuyenda kwa mikangano ya anthu monga mwayi wopatsa moyo wopanga njira zosinthira zolimbikitsa zomwe zimachepetsa chiwawa, kuonjezera chilungamo pakuyanjana kwachindunji ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndikuyankha ku zovuta zenizeni za moyo mu ubale wa anthu" (Lederach, 2003, p.14).
Dugan (1996) akuwonetsa chitsanzo cha paradigm chokhazikika pakusintha kwadongosolo pothana ndi zovuta, maubwenzi, machitidwe, ndi ma subsystems. Körppen and Ropers (2011) akusonyeza kuti "machitidwe athunthu" ndi "kuganiza zovuta monga meta-framework" (tsamba 15) kuti asinthe machitidwe ndi machitidwe opondereza komanso osagwira ntchito. Kusintha kwamapangidwe kumafuna kuchepetsa ziwawa zamapangidwe ndikuwonjezera chilungamo pazokhudza nkhani, maubwenzi, machitidwe ndi machitidwe omwe amabweretsa umphawi, kusalingana, ndi kuvutika. Zimapatsanso mphamvu anthu kuzindikira zomwe angathe kuchita.
Kwa Africa, ndikupangira maphunziro ngati maziko akusintha kwadongosolo (ST). Kuphunzitsa anthu omwe ali ndi luso lowunikira komanso kudziwa za ufulu wawo ndi ulemu wawo kudzawathandiza kukhala ndi chidziwitso chozama komanso kuzindikira za zinthu zopanda chilungamo. Anthu oponderezedwa amadzimasula okha kudzera mu chikumbumtima kuti afufuze ufulu ndi kudzitsimikizira okha (Freire, 1998). Kusintha kwachimangidwe si njira koma kusintha kwamalingaliro "kuyang'ana ndi kuwona ... kupyola pa zovuta zomwe zilipo kutsata ndondomeko yozama ya maubwenzi, ... machitidwe ndi zochitika ..., ndi ndondomeko yamalingaliro (Lederach, 2003, pp. 8-9). Mwachitsanzo, anthu a ku Africa ayenera kukhala okhudzidwa ndi machitidwe opondereza ndi maubwenzi odalira pakati pa Global North ndi Global South, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa atsamunda ndi neocolonial, kusankhana mitundu, kupitirizabe kuchitirana nkhanza komanso kusalidwa komwe kumawapatula pakupanga ndondomeko zapadziko lonse. Ngati anthu a ku Africa mu kontinenti yonse akudziwa kuopsa kwa kugwiriridwa kwa makampani ndi kumenyedwa ndi asilikali a mayiko azungu, ndikuchita zionetsero zapadziko lonse lapansi, nkhanzazo zisasiya.
Ndikofunika kuti anthu apansi adziwe ufulu ndi udindo wawo monga mamembala a dziko lonse lapansi. Kudziwa zida zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zamayiko akumayiko ena monga United Nations, African Union, charter ya UN, Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) ndi charter yaku Africa yokhudzana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ziyenera kukhala zodziwika bwino zomwe zimathandizira kuti anthu azifuna kugwiritsa ntchito mofananamo. . Mofananamo, maphunziro a utsogoleri ndi kusamalira ubwino wa onse ayenera kukhala wokakamizidwa. Utsogoleri wosauka ndi chithunzi cha momwe anthu aku Africa adakhalira. Ubuntu (umunthu) ndi chisamaliro cha ubwino wamba zalowedwa m'malo ndi umbombo wa chikapitalist, kudzikonda payekha komanso kulephera kwathunthu kuyamikira ndi kukondwerera chikhalidwe cha Afirika ndi zomangamanga zomwe zathandiza kuti anthu a mu Africa azikhala mosangalala kwa zaka zikwi zambiri.
Ndikofunikiranso kuphunzitsa mtima, "malo amalingaliro, malingaliro, ndi moyo wauzimu ... malo omwe timatuluka ndi komwe timabwererako kuti tikapeze chitsogozo, chakudya, ndi chitsogozo" (Lederach, 2003, p. 17). Mtima ndi wofunikira pakusintha maubwenzi, kusintha kwanyengo komanso mliri wankhondo. Anthu amayesa kusintha anthu kudzera mu zipolowe zachiwawa ndi nkhondo monga momwe zimasonyezera pazochitika zapadziko lonse ndi zapachiweniweni, ndi zipolowe monga ku Sudan ndi Algeria. Kuphatikizika kwa mutu ndi mtima kungasonyeze kusafunikira kwa chiwawa osati chifukwa cha chiwerewere, koma chiwawa chimabala chiwawa chowonjezereka. Kusachita zachiwawa kumachokera mumtima wosonkhezeredwa ndi chifundo ndi chisoni. Atsogoleri akuluakulu monga Nelson Mandela adaphatikiza mutu ndi mtima kuti asinthe. Komabe, padziko lonse lapansi tikukumana ndi vuto la utsogoleri, maphunziro abwino, ndi zitsanzo zabwino. Choncho, maphunziro ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi kukonzanso mbali zonse za moyo (zikhalidwe, maubwenzi, ndale, zachuma, momwe timaganizira ndikukhala m'mabanja ndi m'madera).
Kufuna mtendere kuyenera kukhala koyambirira m'magulu onse a anthu. Kupanga maubwenzi abwino ndi anthu ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mtendere potengera kusintha kwa mabungwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Popeza kuti mikangano imachitika m'magulu a anthu, luso la zokambirana, kulimbikitsa kumvetsetsana komanso kukhala ndi maganizo opambana pakuwongolera ndi kuthetsa mikangano ziyenera kulimbikitsidwa kuyambira ubwana. Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe m'magulu akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono ndikofunikira kuti athetse mavuto omwe ali m'mabungwe akuluakulu ndi makhalidwe abwino. "Kupanga dziko lopanda chiwawa kungadalire kuthetsa kusalungama kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma komanso kuzunza zachilengedwe" (Jeong, 2000, p. 370).
Kusintha kwa nyumba kokha sikubweretsa mtendere, ngati sikutsatiridwa kapena kutsatiridwa ndi kusinthika kwaumwini ndi kusintha kwa mitima. Kusintha kwaumwini kokha kungabweretse kusintha kofunikira kuti pakhale mtendere ndi chitetezo cha dziko lonse lapansi ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Kusintha kuchokera ku umbombo wa chikapitalist, mpikisano, kusankhana munthu payekha ndi kusankhana mitundu pamtima pa mfundo, machitidwe ndi machitidwe omwe amadyera masuku pamutu ndi kuchotsa umunthu wa anthu omwe ali m'mphepete mwa dziko ndi mkati kumachokera ku miyambo yokhazikika ndi yosangalatsa yofufuza zenizeni zamkati ndi zakunja. Apo ayi, mabungwe ndi machitidwe apitiriza kunyamula ndi kulimbikitsa zovuta zathu.
Pomaliza, kufunafuna mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi kukuyambiranso chifukwa cha mpikisano wa capitalist, vuto la chilengedwe, nkhondo, kubedwa kwazinthu zamabungwe amitundu yambiri, komanso kukonda dziko. Osaloledwa amasiyidwa opanda chochita kupatula kusamuka, kuchita nawo mikangano yankhondo ndi uchigawenga. Mkhalidwewu umafuna magulu a chilungamo cha anthu kuti afune kutha kwa zoopsazi. Ikufunanso kuchitapo kanthu zomwe ziwonetsetse kuti zosowa za munthu aliyense zikukwaniritsidwa, kuphatikiza kufanana ndi kupatsa mphamvu anthu onse kuti akwaniritse zomwe angathe. Popanda utsogoleri wapadziko lonse ndi wadziko lonse, anthu ochokera pansi omwe amakhudzidwa ndi nkhanza zamagulu (SV) ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuti atsogolere kusintha. Kuchotsa umbombo womwe umabwera chifukwa cha capitalism ndi mfundo zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimalimbikitsa kudyetsedwa kwa Africa ndi kusala kudya kudzapititsa patsogolo nkhondo yolimbana ndi dongosolo lina ladziko lapansi lomwe limasamalira zosowa ndi moyo wa anthu onse komanso chilengedwe.
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