Chiyembekezo cha Mtendere ndi Chisungiko M'magulu Amitundu Yambiri ndi Zipembedzo: Chitsanzo cha Old Oyo Empire ku Nigeria.

Kudalirika                            

Chiwawa chasanduka chipembedzo chachikulu pazochitika zapadziko lonse. Nthaŵi zambiri tsiku limadutsa popanda kumva za zigawenga, nkhondo, kuba anthu, mafuko, zipembedzo, ndi zandale. Lingaliro lovomerezedwa ndilokuti magulu amitundu ndi zipembedzo zambiri amakonda kuchita zachiwawa ndi chipwirikiti. Akatswiri nthawi zambiri amafulumira kutchula mayiko monga Yugoslavia wakale, Sudan, Mali ndi Nigeria ngati milandu. Ngakhale zili zowona kuti gulu lililonse lomwe lili ndi zidziwitso zambiri limatha kutengera mphamvu zogawanitsa, ndizowonanso kuti anthu, zikhalidwe, miyambo ndi zipembedzo zitha kulumikizidwa kukhala gulu limodzi komanso lamphamvu. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi dziko la United States of America lomwe ndi lophatikiza anthu ambiri, zikhalidwe, ngakhalenso zipembedzo ndipo mosakayikira ndi dziko lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi momwe pepala ili likunena kuti kwenikweni, palibe gulu lomwe limakhala lamtundu umodzi kapena wachipembedzo. Magulu onse padziko lapansi akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu. Choyamba, pali madera omwe, mwina kudzera mu chisinthiko cha organic kapena maubale ogwirizana potengera mfundo za kulolerana, chilungamo, chilungamo ndi kufanana, adapanga mayiko amtendere ndi amphamvu momwe mafuko, zipembedzo kapena zipembedzo zimagwira ntchito mwadzina komanso komwe kuli. umodzi mu zosiyanasiyana. Kachiwiri, pali madera omwe pali magulu ndi zipembedzo zotsogola zomwe zimapondereza ena ndipo kunja kwake zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a umodzi ndi mgwirizano. Komabe, madera oterowo amakhala pamwambi wamfuti ndipo akhoza kuloŵa m’moto wa tsankho laufuko ndi lachipembedzo popanda chenjezo lokwanira lililonse. Chachitatu, pali madera amene magulu ndi zipembedzo zambiri zimapikisana kuti zikhale zapamwamba komanso kumene chiwawa chili ponseponse. Pagulu loyamba ndi mitundu yakale ya Chiyoruba, makamaka ufumu wakale wa Oyo ku Nigeria usanayambe utsamunda komanso makamaka, mayiko aku Western Europe ndi United States of America. Mayiko a ku Ulaya, United States ndi mayiko ambiri achiarabu nawonso akugwera m’gulu lachiwiri. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ku Ulaya kunali mikangano yachipembedzo, makamaka pakati pa Akatolika ndi Apulotesitanti. Azungu ku United States nawonso ankalamulira ndi kupondereza magulu ena amitundu, makamaka akuda, kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndipo nkhondo yapachiweniweni inamenyedwa kuti athetse ndi kuthetsa zolakwazi. Komabe, kukambirana, osati nkhondo, n’kumene kungathetse mkangano wachipembedzo ndi mafuko. Nigeria ndi mayiko ambiri aku Africa akhoza kugawidwa m'gulu lachitatu. Pepalali likufuna kusonyeza, kuchokera ku zochitika za Oyo Empire, chiyembekezo chochuluka cha mtendere ndi chitetezo m'magulu amitundu yambiri ndi achipembedzo.

Introduction

Padziko lonse lapansi pali chisokonezo, mavuto ndi mikangano. Uchigawenga, kuba, kuba, kuba ndi zida, zipolowe zankhondo, ndi mikangano yachipembedzo ndi ndale zakhala dongosolo ladziko lonse. Kuphedwa kwa mafuko kwasanduka chipembedzo chofala ndi kuthetsedwa mwadongosolo kwa magulu amitundu ndi zipembedzo. Nthaŵi zambiri tsiku limadutsa popanda kumva za mikangano ya mafuko ndi zipembedzo zochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi. Kuchokera m’maiko amene kale anali Yugoslavia mpaka ku Rwanda ndi Burundi, kuyambira ku Pakistan mpaka ku Nigeria, kuchokera ku Afghanistan mpaka ku Central African Republic, mikangano yaufuko ndi yachipembedzo yasiya zizindikiro zosatha za chiwonongeko pa anthu. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, zipembedzo zambiri, ngati si zonse, zimagawana zikhulupiriro zofanana, makamaka mwa mulungu wamkulu amene analenga chilengedwe chonse ndi okhalamo ndipo onse ali ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino okhudza kukhalirana mwamtendere ndi anthu a zipembedzo zina. Baibulo Lopatulika, pa Aroma 12:18 , limalangiza Akhristu kuti azichita zonse zomwe angathe kuti akhale mwamtendere ndi anthu onse mosasamala kanthu za fuko kapena zipembedzo zawo. Quran 5:28 ikulamulanso Asilamu kuti azisonyeza chikondi ndi chifundo kwa anthu azipembedzo zina. Mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations, a Ban Ki-moon, pa chikondwerero cha 2014 cha Tsiku la Vesak, akutsimikiziranso kuti Buddha, yemwe anayambitsa Chibuda komanso wolimbikitsa kwambiri zipembedzo zina zambiri padziko lapansi, analalikira za mtendere, chifundo, ndi chikondi. kwa zamoyo zonse. Komabe, chipembedzo, chimene chiyenera kukhala chogwirizanitsa chitaganya, chasanduka nkhani yogaŵanitsa imene yasowetsa mtendere m’madera ambiri ndipo yapha mamiliyoni a anthu ndi kuwononga zinthu mwachisawawa. Komanso n’zosapeputsa kuti ubwino wochuluka umakhala ndi anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, zoona zake n'zakuti mavuto a mafuko akupitirirabe kulepheretsa chitukuko chomwe chikuyembekezeka kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana.

Ufumu wakale wa Oyo, mosiyana, umapereka chithunzi cha chitaganya chimene mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipembedzo ndi mafuko inagwirizanitsidwa kutsimikizira mtendere, chisungiko, ndi chitukuko. Ufumuwo unaphatikizapo magulu ang’onoang’ono amitundu yosiyanasiyana monga Ekiti, Ijesha, Awori, Ijebu, etc. Panalinso milungu yambirimbiri yolambiridwa ndi anthu osiyanasiyana mu Ufumuwo, komabe zipembedzo ndi mafuko sizinali zogaŵanitsa koma zogwirizanitsa mu Ufumuwo. . Pepalali likufuna kupereka mayankho ofunikira kuti pakhale mgwirizano wamtendere m'magulu amitundu yambiri komanso azipembedzo potengera chitsanzo chakale cha Oyo Empire.

Makhalidwe Abwino

Mtendere

The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English imatanthauzira mtendere kukhala mkhalidwe umene kulibe nkhondo kapena kumenyana. Collins English Dictionary ikuwona ngati kusakhalapo kwa ziwawa kapena zosokoneza zina komanso kukhalapo kwa lamulo ndi bata m'boma. Rummel (1975) amanenanso kuti mtendere ndi chikhalidwe cha malamulo kapena boma la anthu, chilungamo kapena ubwino ndi zosiyana ndi mikangano yotsutsana, chiwawa kapena nkhondo. M’chenicheni, mtendere tinganene kuti kulibe chiwawa ndipo chitaganya chamtendere ndi malo amene chigwirizano chimalamulira.

Security

Nwolise (1988) akufotokoza chitetezo ngati “chitetezo, ufulu ndi chitetezo ku ngozi kapena ngozi. The Funk and Wagnall's College Standard Dictionary imatanthauziranso ngati chikhalidwe chotetezedwa, kapena kusapezeka pachiwopsezo kapena pachiwopsezo.

Kuyang'ana mwachidule matanthauzo a mtendere ndi chitetezo kudzawonetsa kuti malingaliro awiriwa ndi mbali ziwiri za ndalama imodzi. Mtendere ungapezeke kokha pamene ndi pamene pali chisungiko ndi chisungiko pachokha chimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa mtendere. Kumene kulibe chisungiko chokwanira, mtendere udzakhalabe wosoŵa ndipo kusakhalapo kwa mtendere kumatanthauza kusoŵa chisungiko.

Chikhalidwe

The Collins English Dictionary imamasulira fuko kukhala “logwirizana kapena mikhalidwe ya gulu la anthu lofanana fuko, chipembedzo, zinenero ndi mikhalidwe ina.” Peoples and Bailey (2010) akuganiza kuti mafuko amatengera makolo, miyambo ndi mbiri zomwe zimasiyanitsa gulu la anthu ochokera m'magulu ena. Horowitz (1985) akunenanso kuti fuko limatanthawuza zolembedwa monga mtundu, maonekedwe, chinenero, chipembedzo ndi zina, zomwe zimasiyanitsa gulu ndi ena.

Religion

Palibe tanthauzo limodzi lovomerezeka la chipembedzo. Zimatanthauzidwa molingana ndi malingaliro ndi gawo la munthu amene akuchifotokoza, koma kwenikweni chipembedzo chimawoneka ngati chikhulupiriro chamunthu ndi momwe amaonera chinthu chauzimu chomwe chimawonedwa kuti ndi chopatulika (Appleby, 2000). Adejuyigbe and Ariba (2013) amawonanso ngati chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu, Mlengi ndi wolamulira chilengedwe chonse. The Webster's College Dictionary imafotokoza momveka bwino ngati zikhulupiriro zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimachititsa, chilengedwe, ndi cholinga cha chilengedwe, makamaka ngati zimaganiziridwa ngati kulengedwa kwa bungwe kapena mabungwe omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoposa zaumunthu, zomwe mwachibadwa zimakhudza miyambo yachipembedzo ndi miyambo, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino. malamulo oyendetsera zochitika za anthu. Kwa Aborisade (2013), chipembedzo chimapereka njira zolimbikitsira mtendere wamalingaliro, kuphunzitsa makhalidwe abwino, kulimbikitsa ubwino wa anthu, pakati pa ena. Kwa iye, chipembedzo chiyenera kusonkhezera machitidwe azachuma ndi ndale.

Theoretical Malo

Kafukufukuyu akuchokera pamalingaliro a Functional and Conflict. Chiphunzitso cha Functional chimanena kuti njira iliyonse yogwirira ntchito imapangidwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana omwe amagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti athandize dongosolo. M'nkhaniyi, gulu limapangidwa ndi magulu amitundu ndi azipembedzo zosiyanasiyana omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi kuti awonetsetse chitukuko cha anthu (Adenuga, 2014). Chitsanzo chabwino ndi ufumu wakale wa Oyo kumene magulu ang'onoang'ono amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi magulu achipembedzo ankakhalapo mwamtendere komanso kumene malingaliro amitundu ndi achipembedzo adagonjetsedwa pansi pa zofuna za anthu.

Lingaliro la Conflict, komabe, likuwona kulimbana kosatha kwa mphamvu ndi kulamulira ndi magulu akuluakulu ndi ocheperapo pagulu (Myrdal, 1994). Izi ndi zomwe timapeza m'magulu amitundu yambiri komanso azipembedzo masiku ano. Kulimbirana mphamvu ndi kulamulira kwa magulu osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri kumaperekedwa chifukwa cha mafuko ndi zipembedzo. Mafuko akuluakulu ndi achipembedzo amafuna kulamulira ndi kulamulira magulu ena mosalekeza pamene magulu ang’onoang’ono amakananso kulamulidwa ndi magulu ambiri, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azimenyana kosatha kaamba ka mphamvu ndi ulamuliro.

Old Oyo Empire

Malingana ndi mbiri yakale, ufumu wakale wa Oyo unakhazikitsidwa ndi Oranmiyan, kalonga wa Ile-Ife, nyumba ya makolo a anthu a ku Yoruba. Oranmiyan ndi azichimwene ake ankafuna kupita kukabwezera chipongwe chimene anabadwira chakumpoto bambo awo anachitira bambo awo, koma ali m’njira, abalewo anakangana ndipo asilikali anagawanika. Gulu lankhondo la Oranmiyan linali laling'ono kwambiri kuti silingathe kumenya nkhondoyo bwino ndipo chifukwa sanafune kubwerera ku Ile-Ife popanda nkhani ya kampeni yopambana, adayamba kuyendayenda m'mphepete mwa gombe lakum'mwera kwa mtsinje wa Niger mpaka adakafika ku Bussa komwe mfumu yakumaloko idapereka. iye njoka yaikulu yokhala ndi chithumwa chamatsenga pakhosi pake. Oranmiyan adalangizidwa kutsatira njoka iyi ndikukhazikitsa ufumu kulikonse komwe idasowa. Anatsatira njokayo kwa masiku asanu ndi awiri, ndipo malinga ndi malangizo omwe anaperekedwa, adakhazikitsa ufumu pamalo omwe njokayo inasowa pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri (Ikime, 1980).

Ufumu wakale wa Oyo mwina udakhazikitsidwa mu 14^th koma idangokhala mphamvu yayikulu pakati pa 17^th zaka zana ndi kumapeto kwa 18^th m'zaka za zana, Ufumuwo udaphimba pafupifupi dziko lonse la Yorubaland (lomwe ndi gawo lakum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Nigeria yamakono). A Yoruba adalandanso madera ena kumpoto kwa dzikolo ndipo adafikiranso mpaka ku Dahomey komwe kunali komwe tsopano ndi Republic of Benin (Osuntokun ndi Olukojo, 1997).

M'mafunso operekedwa ku Focus Magazine mu 2003, Alaafin wa Oyo wamakono adavomereza kuti ufumu wakale wa Oyo udamenya nkhondo zambiri ngakhale ndi mafuko ena a Chiyoruba koma adatsimikiza kuti nkhondozo sizinali zamitundu kapena chipembedzo. Ufumuwo unazunguliridwa ndi oyandikana nawo adani ndipo nkhondo zinamenyedwa pofuna kuletsa ziwawa zakunja kapena kusunga umphumphu wa Ufumuwo polimbana ndi zoyesayesa zodzipatula. M'zaka za m'ma 19^th M’zaka za m’ma 1921, anthu okhala mu ufumuwo sankatchedwa Ayoruba. Panali magulu ang'onoang'ono amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo Oyo, Ijebu, Owu, Ekiti, Awori, Ondo, Ife, Ijesha, ndi zina zotero. Mawu akuti 'Yoruba' anapangidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wachitsamunda kuti adziwe anthu omwe ankakhala mu Oyo Empire (Johnson). , XNUMX). Ngakhale izi, komabe, fuko silinayambe kulimbikitsa ziwawa popeza gulu lirilonse lidakondwera ndi udindo wodzilamulira ndipo linali ndi mutu wake wa ndale womwe unali pansi pa Alaafin wa Oyo. Zinthu zambiri zogwirizanitsa zinapangidwanso kuti zitsimikizire kuti pali mzimu waubale, ubale, ndi umodzi mu Ufumuwo. Oyo "adatumiza" zikhalidwe zake zambiri kumagulu ena mu Ufumuwo, pomwe adatengeranso zikhalidwe zambiri zamagulu ena. Pachaka, oimira ochokera kumadera onse a Ufumu ankasonkhana ku Oyo kuti akondwerere chikondwerero cha Bere ndi Alaafin ndipo chinali chizolowezi kuti magulu osiyanasiyana atumize amuna, ndalama, ndi zipangizo zothandizira Alaafin kutsutsa nkhondo zake.

Ufumu wakale wa Oyo unalinso dziko la zipembedzo zambiri. Fasanya (2004) akuti pali milungu yambiri yomwe imadziwika kuti 'orishas' ku Yorubaland. Milungu imeneyi imaphatikizapo ifa (mulungu wa matsenga), sango (mulungu wa bingu), Ogun (mulungu wachitsulo), Saponna (mulungu wa nthomba), Oya (mulungu wa mphepo), Yemoja (mulungu wa mtsinje), etc. Kupatula awa orishas, tauni iliyonse kapena mudzi uliwonse wa Chiyoruba unalinso ndi milungu yake yapadera kapena malo olambirirako. Mwachitsanzo, Ibadani, pokhala malo amapiri kwambiri, ankalambira mapiri ambiri. Mitsinje ndi mitsinje ku Yorubaland inkalemekezedwanso monga zinthu zolambiridwa.

Mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa zipembedzo, milungu yaimuna ndi yaikazi mu Ufumuwo, chipembedzo sichinali chogaŵanitsa koma chinali chinthu chogwirizanitsa popeza panali chikhulupiriro cha kukhalapo kwa Mulungu Wam’mwambamwamba wotchedwa “Olodumare” kapena “Olorun” (mlengi ndi mwini wakumwamba). ). The orishas Ankaonedwa ngati atumiki a Mulungu Wammwambamwambayu ndipo chipembedzo chilichonse chidadziwika ngati njira yopembedzera. Olodumare. Sizinalinso zachilendo kuti mudzi kapena tauni ikhale ndi milungu yaiwisi yambiri kapena kuti banja kapena munthu aliyense avomereze mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya milungu imeneyi. orishas monga maulalo awo ku Umulungu Wamkulu. Mofananamo, a Ogboni fraternity, yomwe inali bungwe lauzimu lapamwamba kwambiri mu Ufumuwo komanso lomwe linali ndi mphamvu zazikulu zandale, linapangidwa ndi anthu otchuka omwe anali m'magulu osiyanasiyana achipembedzo. Mwanjira imeneyi, chipembedzo chinali chomangira pakati pa anthu ndi magulu mu Ufumuwo.

Chipembedzo sichinagwiritsidwepo ntchito ngati chowiringula chophera fuko kapena nkhondo iliyonse yachiwembu chifukwa Olodumare ankawoneka ngati munthu wamphamvu kwambiri komanso kuti anali ndi luso, luso komanso luso lolanga adani ake ndi kupereka mphoto kwa anthu abwino (Bewaji, 1998). Chotero, kumenya nkhondo kapena kuweruza nkhondo kuti athandize Mulungu “kulanga” adani Ake kumasonyeza kuti Iye alibe mphamvu ya kulanga kapena kupereka mphotho ndi kuti Iye ayenera kudalira anthu opanda ungwiro ndi aumunthu kuti amenyere nkhondo. Pankhani imeneyi, Mulungu alibe ulamuliro ndipo ndi wofooka. Komabe, Olodumare, m'zipembedzo za Chiyoruba, amawerengedwa kuti ndi woweruza womaliza yemwe amalamulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito tsogolo la munthu kuti amupatse mphotho kapena kumulanga (Aborisade, 2013). Mulungu akhoza kukonza zochitika kuti apereke mphoto kwa munthu. Akhozanso kudalitsa ntchito za manja ake ndi banja lake. Mulungu amalanganso anthu ndi magulu kudzera mu njala, chilala, tsoka, miliri, kusabereka kapena imfa. Idowu (1962) akufotokoza mwachidule tanthauzo la Chiyoruba Olodumare pomutchula kuti “wamphamvu kwambiri, amene palibe chimene chili chom’kulira kapena chochepa. Angathe kuchita chilichonse chimene akufuna, kudziwa kwake sikungafanane naye ndipo palibe wofanana naye; iye ndi woweruza wabwino ndi wopanda tsankho, ndi woyera ndi wachifundo ndipo amachita chilungamo mwachifundo.”

Mtsutso wa Fox (1999) woti chipembedzo chimapereka chikhulupiliro cholemera, chomwe chimaperekanso miyezo ndi njira zamakhalidwe, chimapeza mawu ake enieni mu Ufumu wakale wa Oyo. Chikondi ndi mantha a Olodumare inapangitsa nzika za Ufumuwo kukhala ndi malamulo okhazikika komanso kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino. Erinosho (2007) adatsimikiza kuti a Chiyoruba anali abwino kwambiri, achikondi ndi okoma mtima komanso kuti makhalidwe oipa monga katangale, kuba, chigololo ndi zina zotero zinali zosowa mu Ufumu wakale wa Oyo.

Kutsiliza

Kusatetezeka ndi ziwawa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadziwika m'magulu amitundu yambiri komanso zipembedzo nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo komanso kufunitsitsa kwa magulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti "atseke" chuma cha anthu ndikuwongolera ndale kuti awononge ena. . Kulimbana kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhala kolungamitsidwa pazifukwa zachipembedzo (kumenyera Mulungu) ndi kupambana kwa fuko kapena fuko. Komabe, zochitika zakale za Oyo Empire ndizowonetseratu kuti chiyembekezo chimakhala chochuluka chakukhala mwamtendere komanso mowonjezereka, chitetezo m'magulu ambiri ngati kumanga dziko kumalimbikitsidwa komanso ngati mafuko ndi zipembedzo zimagwira ntchito mwadzina chabe.

Padziko lonse lapansi, ziwawa ndi uchigawenga zikuwopseza kukhalira limodzi mwamtendere kwa mtundu wa anthu, ndipo ngati sitisamala, zitha kuyambitsa nkhondo ina yapadziko lonse lapansi ya ukulu ndi gawo lomwe silinachitikepo. Ndili mkati mwa nkhaniyi kuti dziko lonse lapansi likhoza kuwoneka kuti likukhala pa chikwama chamfuti chamfuti chomwe, ngati chisamaliro ndi muyezo wokwanira sichitengedwa, chikhoza kuphulika nthawi iliyonse kuyambira pano. Choncho ndi maganizo a olemba pepalali kuti mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi monga UN, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, African Union, ndi zina zotero, ayenera kukumana pamodzi kuti athetse nkhanza zachipembedzo ndi mafuko ndi cholinga chokha chopeza zovomerezeka zothetsera mavutowa. Ngati anyozera kuchoonadichi, adzakhala akuchedwetsa masiku oipa.

malangizo

Atsogoleri, makamaka omwe ali ndi maudindo aboma, alimbikitsidwe kutsatira zipembedzo ndi mitundu ya anthu ena. Mu ufumu wakale wa Oyo, Alaafin ankawoneka ngati tate wa anthu onse mosasamala kanthu za mitundu kapena zipembedzo za anthu. Maboma akuyenera kuchita chilungamo kwa magulu onse a anthu ndipo asawoneke ngati akukondera kapena kutsutsa gulu lililonse. Nthanthi ya Conflict imanena kuti magulu nthawi zonse amafuna kulamulira chuma ndi mphamvu zandale pakati pa anthu koma pamene boma likuwoneka kuti likuchita chilungamo, kulimbana kwa ulamuliro kumachepetsedwa kwambiri.

Mogwirizana ndi zimene tatchulazi, pakufunika kuti atsogoleri a mafuko ndi azipembedzo azilimbikitsa otsatira awo mosalekeza kuti Mulungu ndi wachikondi ndipo salekerera kuponderezedwa, makamaka kwa anthu anzawo. Maguwa a m’matchalitchi, m’mizikiti ndi m’misonkhano ina yachipembedzo azigwiritsidwa ntchito kulalikira kuti Mulungu wamphamvu zonse angathe kumenya nkhondo zake popanda kuphatikizirapo anthu opanda pake. Chikondi, osati kutengeka maganizo molakwika, chiyenera kukhala nkhani yaikulu ya mauthenga achipembedzo ndi mafuko. Komabe, udindo uli pa magulu ambiri kuti akwaniritse zofuna za magulu ang'onoang'ono. Maboma alimbikitse atsogoleri azipembedzo zosiyanasiyana kuphunzitsa ndi kutsatira malamulo ndi/kapena malamulo a Mulungu okhudza chikondi, kukhululuka, kulolerana, kulemekeza moyo wa anthu ndi zina zotero. ndi mavuto amitundu.

Maboma alimbikitse kumanga dziko. Monga momwe tawonera mu ufumu wakale wa Oyo kumene ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga zikondwerero za Bere, zinkachitidwa pofuna kulimbikitsa mgwirizano waumodzi mu Ufumuwo, maboma ayenera kupanganso ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi mabungwe omwe adzadula mizere yamitundu ndi zipembedzo ndi zomwe zidzatero. kukhala mgwirizano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu.

Maboma akhazikitsenso makhonsolo opangidwa ndi anthu otchuka komanso olemekezeka ochokera m’zipembedzo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo apatse mphamvu makhonsolowa kuti athane ndi nkhani za zipembedzo ndi mitundu mu mzimu wa mipingo. Monga tanena kale, a Ogboni fraternity inali imodzi mwamabungwe ogwirizanitsa mu Ufumu wakale wa Oyo.

Pakhalenso bungwe la malamulo ndi malamulo ofotokoza zilango zomveka bwino komanso zokhwima kwa munthu aliyense kapena magulu a anthu omwe amayambitsa kusamvana pakati pa mitundu ndi zipembedzo. Izi zidzateteza anthu ochita zoipa, omwe amapindula pazachuma ndi ndale pazovuta zoterezi.

M’mbiri ya dziko, kukambitsirana kwabweretsa mtendere wofunikira kwambiri, kumene nkhondo ndi chiwawa zalephera momvetsa chisoni. Choncho, anthu ayenera kulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zokambirana osati zachiwawa ndi uchigawenga.

Zothandizira

ABORISADE, D. (2013). Dongosolo lachikhalidwe cha Chiyoruba chaulamuliro. Pepala lomwe linaperekedwa pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wokhudzana ndi ndale, ubwino, umphawi ndi mapemphero: zauzimu zaku Africa, kusintha kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale. Anachitikira ku yunivesite ya Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Oct. 21-24

ADEJUYIGBE, C. & OT ARIBA (2003). Kukonzekeretsa aphunzitsi a maphunziro achipembedzo ku maphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi kudzera mu maphunziro a chikhalidwe. Pepala loperekedwa ku 5^th Msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa COEASU ku MOCPED. Novembala 25-28.

ADENUGA, GA (2014). Nigeria Padziko Lonse Lachiwawa Ndi Kusatetezeka: Ulamuliro Wabwino Ndi Chitukuko Chokhazikika Monga Zothetsera. Pepala loperekedwa ku 10^th Msonkhano wapachaka wa SASS womwe unachitikira ku Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, Oyo State. Marichi 10-14.

APPLEBY, RS (2000) The Ambivalence Of Sacred: Religion, Violence and Reconciliation. New York: Rawman ndi Littefield Publishers Inc.

BEWAJI, JA (1998) Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief and The Theistic Problem Of Evil. Maphunziro a ku Africa Kotala. 2 (1).

ERINOSHO, O. (2007). Makhalidwe Achikhalidwe mu Gulu Losintha. Nkhani Yaikulu Yoperekedwa Pamsonkhano wa The Nigerian Anthropological And Sociological Association, University of Ibadan. 26 ndi 27 September.

FASANYA, A. (2004). Chipembedzo Choyambirira cha Ayoruba. [Pa intaneti]. Ipezeka ku: www.utexas.edu/conference/africa/2004/database/fasanya. [Kusinthidwa: Julayi 24, 2014].

FOX, J. (1999). Kufikira Chiphunzitso Champhamvu cha Mikangano ya Ethno-Religious. ASEAN. 5 (4). p. 431-463.

HOROWITZ, D. (1985) Magulu Amitundu Yotsutsana. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Idowu, EB (1962) Olodumare : Mulungu mu Chikhulupiriro cha Chiyoruba. London: Longman Press.

IKIME, O. (ed). (1980) Groundwork of Nigerian History. Ibadan: Heinemann Ofalitsa.

JOHNSON, S. (1921) Mbiri ya Ayoruba. Lagos: CSS Bookshop.

MYRDAL, G. (1944) Vuto Laku America: Vuto la Negro ndi Demokalase Yamakono. New York: Harper & Bros.

Nwolise, OBC (1988). Chitetezo ndi Chitetezo ku Nigeria Masiku Ano. Mu Uleazu (eds). Nigeria: Zaka 25 Zoyamba. Heinemann Ofalitsa.

OSUNTOKUN, A. & A. OLUKOJO. (eds). (1997). Anthu ndi Zikhalidwe zaku Nigeria. Ibadan: Davidson.

PEOPLES, J. & G. BAILEY. (2010) Humanity: Chiyambi cha Cultural Anthropology. Wadsworth: Kuphunzira Kwambiri.

RUMMEL, RJ (1975). Kumvetsetsa Mikangano ndi Nkhondo: Mtendere Wolungama. California: Sage Publications.