Radicalism ndi Uchigawenga ku Middle East ndi sub-Saharan Africa
Kudalirika
Kuyambiranso kwa kusintha kwakukulu mkati mwa chipembedzo cha Chisilamu mu 21st Zaka zana zawonekera bwino ku Middle East ndi kumwera kwa Sahara Africa, makamaka kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Somalia, Kenya, Nigeria, ndi Mali, kudzera mu Al Shabab ndi Boko Haram, akulimbana ndi zigawenga zomwe zikuwonetsa kufalikira uku. Al Qaeda ndi ISIS akuyimira gulu ili ku Iraq ndi Syria. Asilamu opitilira muyeso atengera njira zaulamuliro wofooka, mabungwe ofooka aboma, umphawi wofalikira, ndi mikhalidwe ina yomvetsa chisoni kuti akhazikitse Chisilamu ku sub-Saharan Africa ndi Middle East. Kutsika kwa utsogoleri, utsogoleri, ndi kuyambiranso kwa kudalirana kwa mayiko kwalimbikitsa kuyambiranso kwa mfundo zachisilamu m'maderawa zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chitetezo cha dziko ndi kumanga boma makamaka m'magulu amitundu ndi zipembedzo.
Introduction
Kuchokera ku Boko Haram, gulu la zigawenga zachisilamu lomwe likugwira ntchito kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Nigeria, Cameroun, Niger ndi Chad kupita ku Al Shabaab ku Kenya ndi Somalia, Al Qaeda ndi ISIS ku Iraq ndi Syria, kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa ndi Middle East akumana ndi zovuta zambiri. Islamic radicalization. Zigawenga pa mabungwe aboma ndi anthu wamba komanso nkhondo yowopsa ku Iraq ndi Syria yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Islamic State ku Iraq ndi Syria (ISIS) yadzetsa kusakhazikika komanso kusatetezeka m'maderawa kwa zaka zingapo. Kuyambira pachiyambi chosadziwika bwino, magulu ankhondo awa adakhazikika ngati gawo lofunikira pakusokoneza chitetezo cha Middle East ndi sub-Saharan Africa.
Mizu ya magulu amphamvu amenewa ndi okhazikika mu zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zonyanyira, zoyambitsidwa ndi mikhalidwe yomvetsa chisoni ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, mabungwe ofooka ndi osalimba a boma, ndi ulamuliro wopanda mphamvu. Ku Nigeria, kusayenerera kwa utsogoleri wa ndale kunalola kuti gululi likhale gulu la zigawenga loopsa lomwe limakhala ndi malumikizano akunja ndi kukhazikika kwamkati mwamphamvu kuti athe kutsutsa dziko la Nigeria bwinobwino kuyambira 2009 (ICG, 2010; Bauchi, 2009). Nkhani zokhazikika zaumphawi, kusowa kwachuma, kusowa kwa ntchito kwa achinyamata komanso kugawidwa molakwika kwachuma kwakhala zifukwa zabwino zoberekera ku Africa ndi Middle East (Padon, 2010).
Pepalali likunena kuti mabungwe ofooka a boma ndi zovuta zachuma m'maderawa komanso kuoneka ngati kusakonzekera kwa utsogoleri wa ndale kuti athetse zizindikiro za utsogoleri, ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi mphamvu za kudalirana kwa mayiko, Islam yowonjezereka ikhoza kukhala pano kwa nthawi yaitali. Zotsatira zake ndikuti chitetezo cha dziko komanso mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi zitha kuipiraipira, pomwe vuto la osamukira ku Europe likupitilirabe. Pepalali lagawidwa m'magawo ogwirizana. Ndi mawu otsegulira okhudzana ndi kufufuza kwamalingaliro pakusintha kwachisilamu, gawo lachitatu ndi lachinayi liwulula mayendedwe amphamvu ku sub-Saharan Africa ndi Middle East motsatana. Gawo lachisanu likuwunika zotsatira za kayendetsedwe kake pachitetezo chachigawo ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Zosankha za ndondomeko zakunja ndi njira za dziko zimagwirizanitsidwa pamapeto.
Kodi Islamic Radicalization ndi chiyani?
Kuwotcha pazandale ndi zandale zomwe zikuchitika ku Middle East kapena kumayiko achisilamu ndi Africa ndi chitsimikizo chotsimikizika cha ulosi wa Huntington (1968) wokhudza kusamvana kwachitukuko mu 21.st Zaka zana. Kulimbana kwambiri pakati pa Kumadzulo ndi Kummawa kwapitilirabe kutsimikizira kuti maiko onsewa sangagwirizane (Kipling, 1975). Mpikisanowu ndi wokhuza zokonda: zokonda kapena zowolowa manja. Mikangano yazikhalidwe m'lingaliroli imatengera Asilamu ngati gulu limodzi pomwe ali osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, magulu monga Sunni ndi Shia kapena Salafis ndi Wahabbis ndi zisonyezero zoonekeratu za kugawikana pakati pa magulu Asilamu.
Pakhala pali mayendedwe amphamvu, omwe nthawi zambiri akhala ankhondo m'magawo awa kuyambira 19th zaka zana. Radicalization palokha ndi njira yophatikizira munthu kapena gulu lophunzitsidwa zikhulupiriro zomwe zimachirikiza zochita zauchigawenga zomwe zitha kuwonetseredwa m'makhalidwe ndi malingaliro amunthu (Rahimullah, Larmar & Abdalla, 2013, p. 20). Zosintha kwambiri sizimafanana ndi uchigawenga. Nthawi zambiri, zigawenga zimayenera kutsogola zigawenga, koma zigawenga zimatha kuzembetsa ndondomekoyi. Malinga ndi Rais (2009, p. 2), kusowa kwa njira zoyendetsera malamulo, ufulu waumunthu, kugawa kosagwirizana kwa chuma, chikhalidwe chokondera komanso malamulo osalimba ndi dongosolo la dongosolo likhoza kubweretsa mayendedwe okhwima m'magulu aliwonse omwe akukula kapena omwe akutukuka. Koma magulu a zigawenga sangasinthe kwenikweni. Choncho, zipolowe zimatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane njira zomwe zilipo kale zotengapo mbali pazandale komanso mabungwe azachuma, azachuma, ndi ndale monga osakwanira kuthetsa madandaulo a anthu. Chifukwa chake, radicalism imawerengera kapena kusonkhezeredwa ndi kukopa kwa masinthidwe ofunikira m'mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu. Izi zitha kukhala ubale wandale ndi zachuma. M'mbali izi, kusintha kwakukulu kumapanga malingaliro atsopano otchuka, kutsutsa kuvomerezeka ndi kufunikira kwa malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zomwe zilipo. Kenako imalimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu monga njira yomangirira ndi yopita patsogolo yokonzanso anthu.
Radicalism sikuti kwenikweni ndi yachipembedzo. Zitha kuchitika m'malo aliwonse amalingaliro kapena achikunja. Ochita zisudzo ena amathandizira kuti izi ziwonekere monga ziphuphu zapamwamba. Poyang'anizana ndi kulandidwa ndi kufuna kotheratu, ziwonetsero zapamwamba za kutukuka zomwe amakhulupirira kuti zidachokera ku nkhanza, kuwononga ndi kusokoneza chuma cha boma pofuna zolinga zachinsinsi za anthu osankhika zingayambitse kuyankha mozama kwa gulu la anthu. Chifukwa chake, kukhumudwa pakati pa olandidwa malinga ndi dongosolo la anthu kungayambitse kutengeka maganizo. Rahman (2009, p. 4) adafotokoza mwachidule zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kukulitsa malingaliro monga:
Kuthetsa malamulo ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi zina zomwe zimayambitsa kusinthana pakati pa anthu. Zinthu zina ndi monga kusowa chilungamo, malingaliro obwezera pagulu, ndondomeko zopanda chilungamo za boma/boma, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopanda chilungamo, komanso kudzimva kuti ndi wopanda chilungamo komanso momwe zimakhudzira maganizo ake. Tsankho lamagulu m'gulu limathandiziranso kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu.
Zinthu izi pamodzi zitha kupanga gulu lokhala ndi malingaliro onyanyira pa miyambo ndi miyambo yachisilamu omwe angafune kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kapena kwakukulu. Mtundu wachipembedzo wachisilamu wopitilira muyeso umachokera pakutanthauzira kocheperako kwa Korani ndi gulu kapena munthu kuti akwaniritse zolinga zazikulu (Pavan & Murshed, 2009). Malingaliro a anthu opitilira muyeso ndi kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pagulu chifukwa chosakhutira ndi dongosolo lomwe lilipo. Islam radicalization Choncho ndondomeko precipitating mwadzidzidzi kusintha kwa anthu monga poyankha otsika chikhalidwe-chuma ndi chikhalidwe mlingo wa unyinji wa Asilamu ndi cholinga kukhalabe chiphunzitso kukhwima mu makhalidwe, machitidwe ndi miyambo mosiyana ndi zamakono.
Kusintha kwakukulu kwachisilamu kumawonetsa kufotokozera momveka bwino polimbikitsa ziwawa zazikulu zomwe zingapangitse kusintha kwakukulu. Uku ndikusiyana kodabwitsa kwachisilamu chokhazikika chomwe chimafuna kubwerera ku mfundo zachisilamu polimbana ndi ziphuphu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa. Mchitidwe wa radicalization umalimbikitsa anthu ambiri achisilamu, umphawi, kusowa ntchito, kusaphunzira komanso kusalidwa.
Ziwopsezo za kusintha kwakukulu pakati pa Asilamu ndizovuta komanso zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwa izi chikugwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa gulu la Salafi/Wahabi. Gulu la jihadist la gulu la Salafi limatsutsana ndi nkhanza za kumadzulo ndi kukhalapo kwa asilikali m'dziko lachi Islam komanso maboma ochirikiza akumadzulo ku sub-Saharan Africa. Gulu ili limalimbikitsa kukana zida. Ngakhale Mamembala a gulu la Wahabi amayesa kusiyana ndi a Salafi, amakonda kuvomereza kusalolera kwakukulu kwa anthu osakhulupirira (Rahimullah, Larmar ndi Abdalla, 2013; Schwartz, 2007). Mfundo yachiwiri ndi chikoka cha Asilamu amphamvu monga Syeb Gutb, katswiri wodziwika bwino wa ku Egypt yemwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi mpainiya poyika maziko a Chisilamu chamakono. Ziphunzitso za Osama bin Laden ndi Anwar Al Awlahi zili m'gululi. Chinthu chachitatu cha zifukwa zauchigawenga zimachokera ku zipolowe zachiwawa zotsutsana ndi maboma olamulira, achinyengo komanso opondereza a mayiko odziimira okha mu 20.th ku Middle East ndi North Africa (Hassan, 2008). Chogwirizana kwambiri ndi chikoka cha anthu opitilira muyeso ndi chinthu chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi aulamuliro wamaphunziro omwe Asilamu ambiri amatha kunyengedwa kuti avomereze kumasulira kowona kwa Quran (Ralumullah, et al, 2013). Kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi kusintha kwamakono kwakhudzanso kwambiri kusintha kwa Asilamu. Malingaliro achisilamu opitilira muyeso afalikira mwachangu padziko lonse lapansi kufikira Asilamu mosavuta kudzera muukadaulo ndi intaneti. Malingaliro okhwima adapitilira izi mwachangu ndikukhudzidwa kwakukulu pakukulitsa (Veldhius ndi Staun, 2009). Kusintha kwamakono kwasintha Asilamu ambiri omwe amawawona ngati kukakamiza chikhalidwe cha azungu komanso zikhulupiriro zachisilamu (Lewis, 2003; Huntington, 1996; Roy, 2014).
Mtsutso wa chikhalidwe ngati maziko a radicalism umapereka chikhalidwe ngati chokhazikika komanso chipembedzo ngati monolithic (Murshed ndi Pavan & 20009). Huntington (2006) akuwonetsa kutsutsana kwachitukuko mumpikisano wapamwamba - wotsika pakati pa West ndi Islam. M'lingaliro limeneli, kusintha kwachisilamu kumafuna kutsutsa kutsika kwa mphamvu zawo polimbikitsa chikhalidwe chawo chodziwika kuti ndi chapamwamba cholamulidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha Azungu chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi chapamwamba. Lewis (2003) akuti Asilamu amanyansidwa ndi ulamuliro wawo wachikhalidwe kudzera m'mbiri yakale ngakhale ngati chikhalidwe chapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa chake chidani cha Kumadzulo ndi kufunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa kuti abweretse kusintha kwakukulu. Chisilamu ngati chipembedzo chili ndi nkhope zambiri m'mbiri yonse ndipo chikuwonetsedwa mu nthawi zamasiku ano mu unyinji wa zidziwitso pamlingo wa Asilamu pawokha komanso gulu lawo. Chifukwa chake, kudziwika kwa Muslim payekha kulibe ndipo chikhalidwe chimakhala champhamvu, kusintha ndi zinthu zakuthupi pamene zikusintha. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo monga zifukwa zowopsa ku radicalization ziyenera kukhala zomveka kuti zikhale zoyenera.
Magulu opitilira muyeso amatenga mamembala kapena mujahedeen kuchokera kosiyanasiyana komanso kosiyanasiyana. Gulu lalikulu la zinthu zotsogola limatengedwa kuchokera pakati pa achinyamata. Gulu la m'badwo uno ndi lodzala ndi malingaliro abwino komanso chikhulupiriro chofuna kusintha dziko. Mphamvu imeneyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu amphamvu polemba mamembala atsopano. Pokwiyitsidwa ndi zolankhula zabodza mu mzikiti wamba kapena masukulu, makanema kapena matepi omvera kapena intaneti komanso kunyumba, achinyamata ena omwe amazolowera zovuta zomwe makolo awo, aphunzitsi ndi anthu ammudzi amatengera nthawi kuti asinthe.
Ambiri a jihadists ndi okonda dziko lachipembedzo omwe adakakamizika kutuluka m'maiko awo ndi machitidwe achitetezo ankhanza. M'mayiko akunja, amadziwikiratu magulu achisilamu amphamvu ndi zochita zawo, kenako amayendetsa maulamuliro achisilamu m'maiko awo.
Pambuyo pa September 11 kuwukira ku United States, otsutsa ambiri adakwiya chifukwa cha kupanda chilungamo, mantha ndi mkwiyo wotsutsana ndi US komanso mzimu wa nkhondo yolimbana ndi Chisilamu yopangidwa ndi Bin Laden, madera a Diaspora adakhala gwero lalikulu la ntchito. ngati ma radicals akunyumba. Asilamu ku Europe ndi Canada adalembedwa kuti alowe nawo magulu akuluakulu kuti aziimba mlandu wa jihad padziko lonse lapansi. Diaspora Muslim amamva manyazi chifukwa chosowa komanso tsankho ku Europe (Lewis, 2003; Murshed ndi Pavan, 2009).
Maubwenzi apachibale ndi achibale akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magwero enieni olembera anthu. Izi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "njira zowonetsera malingaliro okhwima, kusunga kudzipereka kupyolera mu comradeship mu jihadism, kapena kupereka okondedwa odalirika kuti agwire ntchito" (Gendron, 2006, p. 12).
Otembenukira ku Chisilamu ndiwonso gwero lalikulu lolembera anthu ngati asitikali oyenda pansi ku Al Qaeda ndi maukonde ena ophatikizika. Kudziwana ndi ku Europe kumapangitsa anthu otembenuka kukhala odalirika komanso odzipereka ku maphunzirowo. Azimayi asandukanso gwero lenileni la anthu ofuna kudzipha. Kuchokera ku Chechnya kupita ku Nigeria ndi Palestine, amayi adalembedwa bwino ndikutumizidwa kuti adziphe.
Kutuluka kwa magulu ankhanza komanso owopsa ku Africa ya kum'mwera kwa Sahara ndi ku Middle East motsutsana ndi zomwe zikuchitikazi zimafuna kuwunika mozama za zochitika zenizeni zomwe zikuwonetsa kusakhazikika komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa gulu lililonse. Izi ndizofunikira kuti tikhazikitse momwe kusintha kwachisilamu kumagwirira ntchito m'malo awa komanso zomwe zingakhudze kukhazikika kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndi chitetezo.
Ma Radical Movements ku Sub-Saharan Africa
Mu 1979, Asilamu a Shia adagonjetsa Shah wadziko la Iran. Kusinthaku ku Irani kunali chiyambi cha kusintha kwachisilamu masiku ano (Rubin, 1998). Asilamu adagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mwayi wobwezeretsa dziko lachisilamu loyera lomwe lili ndi maboma achinyengo achiarabu omwe amathandizidwa ndi azungu. Kusinthaku kudakhudza kwambiri chidziwitso cha Asilamu komanso kuzindikira kuti ndi ndani (Gendron, 2006). Kutsatira kwambiri kusintha kwa Shia kunali nkhondo ya Soviet ku Afghanistan mu 1979. Asilamu masauzande angapo adasamukira ku Afghanistan kuti akathamangitse osakhulupirira achikominisi. Afghanistan idakhala mwayi wachangu wophunzitsa ma jihadists. Ofuna jihadist adalandira maphunziro ndi luso pamalo otetezedwa chifukwa cha zovuta zawo zakuderalo. Munali ku Afghanistan komwe jihadism yapadziko lonse lapansi idakhazikitsidwa ndikuleredwa ndikuyambitsa gulu la Osama bin Laden la Salafi - Wahabist.
Ngakhale kuti dziko la Afghanistan linali bwalo lalikulu pomwe malingaliro achisilamu okhazikika adakhazikika ndi luso lankhondo lomwe linapezedwa; mabwalo ena monga Algeria, Egypt, Kashmir ndi Chechnya adatulukiranso. Somalia ndi Mali nawonso adalowa nawo mkanganowu ndipo akhala malo otetezeka ophunzirira zinthu zankhanza. Gulu la Al Qaeda lomwe linatsogolera ku United States pa September 11, 2001 linali kubadwa kwa Jihad yapadziko lonse ndipo kuyankha kwa US kupyolera mu kulowererapo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan kunali malo enieni a Ummah ogwirizana padziko lonse kulimbana ndi mdani wawo wamba. Magulu am'deralo adalowa nawo nkhondoyi m'mabwalo amasewera am'deralo ndi enanso kuyesa kugonjetsa adani ochokera Kumadzulo ndi maboma awo ochirikiza achiarabu. Amagwirizana ndi magulu ena kunja kwa Middle East kuyesa kukhazikitsa Chisilamu chenicheni m'madera a kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Ndi kugwa kwa Somalia koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, malo achonde anali otseguka oti afufuze Chisilamu champhamvu ku Nyanga ya Africa.
Radical Islam ku Somalia, Kenya ndi Nigeria
Somalia, yomwe ili ku Horn of Africa (HOA) imalire ndi Kenya ku East Africa. HOA ndi dera lokhazikika, njira yayikulu komanso njira yoyendera zam'madzi padziko lonse lapansi (Ali, 2008, p.1). Kenya, chuma chachikulu kwambiri ku East Africa ndi njira yabwino kwambiri ngati likulu lazachuma. Derali lili ndi zikhalidwe, mayiko ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili ndi anthu ambiri mu Africa. HOA inali njira yolumikizirana pakati pa Asiya, Aluya ndi Africa kudzera muzamalonda. Chifukwa cha kuchulukirachulukira kwa chikhalidwe ndi zipembedzo m'derali, m'derali muli mikangano, mikangano ya madera, komanso nkhondo zapachiweniweni. Somalia monga dziko mwachitsanzo silinadziwe mtendere kuyambira imfa ya Siad Barrre. Dzikoli lagawika pakati pa mikangano ndi nkhondo yapakati pazifukwa za madera. Kugwa kwaulamuliro wapakati sikunapezekenso bwino kuyambira koyambirira kwa 1990s.
Kuchuluka kwa chipwirikiti ndi kusakhazikika kwapereka nthaka yachonde ya kusintha kwachisilamu. Gawoli limachokera ku mbiri yachiwawa ya atsamunda komanso nthawi ya Cold War, zomwe zikuwonetsa ziwawa zomwe zikuchitika mderali. Ali (2008) wanena kuti zomwe zawoneka ngati chikhalidwe chokhazikika cha ziwawa mderali ndi zotsatira za kusintha kwa ndale m'derali makamaka polimbana ndi mphamvu zandale. Kukhazikika kwachisilamu kumawoneka ngati gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu ndipo lazikika kwambiri kudzera mumagulu okhazikika amagulu amphamvu.
Njira yoyendetsera dziko lino ku Africa imayendetsedwa ndi utsogoleri woyipa. Anthu ndi magulu omwe akhumudwa amatembenukira kuvomereza mtundu wa Purist wa Chisilamu popandukira boma lomwe limalepheretsa nzika zonse zosalungama, ziphuphu ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu (Ali, 2008). Anthu amasinthidwa m'njira ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba, achinyamata amaphunzitsidwa kutanthauzira kozama kwa Korani ndi aphunzitsi okhwima a Wahabist ophunzitsidwa ku Middle East. Motero achinyamata ameneŵa akhazikika m’maganizo achiwawa ameneŵa. Chachiwiri, kutengera malo omwe anthu akukumana ndi kuponderezedwa, kuvulazidwa ndi kuwonongedwa ndi olamulira ankhondo, Al Qaeda wamasiku ano adalimbikitsa jihadist wophunzitsidwa ku Middle East adabwerera ku Somalia. Zowonadi, kuchokera ku Ethiopia, Kenya Djibouti ndi Sudan, ulamuliro woyipa wa demokalase wodzikuza wakakamiza nzika kuti zigwirizane ndi zigawenga zomwe zimalalikira Chisilamu chokhazikika kuti zibweretse kusintha kwakukulu ndi ufulu ndikukhazikitsa chilungamo.
Al-Shabaab, kutanthauza 'Achinyamata' adapangidwa kudzera munjira ziwirizi. Poyambitsa njira zachitukuko monga kuchotsa zotchinga misewu, kupereka chitetezo ndi kulanga anthu omwe amadyera masuku pamutu madera akumaloko, gululi lidawoneka ngati likukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu wamba a ku Somali, ntchito yokwanira kuti awathandize. Gululi likuyerekezeredwa ndi mamembala opitilira zida a 1,000 okhala ndi dziwe la achinyamata opitilira 3000 komanso omvera (Ali, 2008). Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa Asilamu m'dera losauka ngati Somalia, mikhalidwe yoyipa yazachuma yapangitsa kuti anthu a ku Somalia apite patsogolo. Ulamuliro wabwino ukapanda kuwoneka ngati uli ndi mwayi wokhudza HoA, kusintha kwachisilamu kumakhala kokhazikika komanso kukwera ndipo kutha kukhalabe kwakanthawi mtsogolo. Ndondomeko ya radicalization yalimbikitsidwa ndi jihad yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kanema wa kanema wa satellite wakhala mwayi wokopa anthu ochita monyanyira m'madera kudzera mu zithunzi za nkhondo ku Iraq ndi Syria. Intaneti tsopano ndi gwero lalikulu la radicalization kupyolera mu kupanga ndi kukonza malo ndi magulu ochita monyanyira. Kutumiza kwachuma pakompyuta kwalimbikitsa kukula kwachitukuko, pomwe chidwi cha mayiko akunja mu HoA chakulitsa chithunzi cha kudalira ndi kuponderezedwa komwe kumayimiridwa ndi Chikhristu. Zithunzizi ndizodziwika kwambiri ku nyanga ya Africa makamaka ku Ogaden, Oromia ndi Zanzibar.
Ku Kenya mphamvu zosinthika ndizovuta zosakanikirana ndi machitidwe ndi mabungwe, madandaulo, ndondomeko zakunja ndi zankhondo, ndi jihad yapadziko lonse (Patterson, 2015). Mphamvu izi sizingakhale zomveka bwino pa nkhani yolimbikitsa kusintha popanda kutchula mbiri yoyenera ya chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha Kenya komanso kuyandikira kwake ku Somalia.
Asilamu ku Kenya ndi pafupifupi 4.3 miliyoni. Izi ndi pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya anthu aku Kenya 38.6 miliyoni malinga ndi kalembera wa 2009 (ICG, 2012). Asilamu ambiri aku Kenya amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kum'mawa komanso ku Nairobi makamaka dera la Eastleigh. Asilamu aku Kenya ndi osakanikirana kwambiri a Chiswahili kapena Asomali, Aarabu ndi Asiya. Chisilamu chamasiku ano ku Kenya chikulimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi chiwopsezo cha Al-Shabaab mpaka kutchuka ku Southern Somalia mu 2009. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo yakhala ikukhudzidwa ndi momwe anthu aku Kenya akuyendera komanso chofunika kwambiri, monga chiwopsezo ku chitetezo ndi bata la dziko. HoA. Ku Kenya, gulu la Salafi Jihadi lochita zinthu monyanyira komanso lachangu lomwe likugwira ntchito limodzi ndi Al-Shabaab latulukira. Bungwe la Muslim Youth Center (MYC) lochokera ku Kenya ndi gawo lochititsa chidwi pa intanetiyi. Gulu la zigawenga lomwe lakula kunyumba likuukira chitetezo chamkati ku Kenya mothandizidwa ndi Al-Shabaab.
Al-Shabaab idayamba ngati gulu la zigawenga mu Union of Islamic courts ndipo idayamba kutsutsa mwamphamvu kulanda kwa Ethiopia ku Southern Somalia kuyambira 2006 mpaka 2009 (ICG, 2012). Kutsatira kuchotsedwa kwa asitikali aku Ethiopia mu 2009, gululi lidadzaza mwachangu malo opanda kanthu ndipo lidalanda kumwera ndi pakati pa Somalia. Gululi litakhazikika ku Somalia, gululi lidachitapo kanthu pazandale zachigawo ndikutumiza ku Kenya komwe kudayambika mu 2011 kutsatira kulowererapo kwa asitikali aku Kenya ku Somalia.
Kusinthika kwamasiku ano ku Kenya kumachokera ku zongopeka zakale zomwe zidapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zoopsa kuyambira koyambirira kwa 1990s mpaka 2000s. Asilamu aku Kenya adakumana ndi madandaulo ambiri omwe ambiri mwa iwo ndi mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, ulamuliro wa atsamunda a ku Britain unkanyoza Asilamu ndipo sankawaona ngati Aswahili kapena osakhala mbadwa. Ndondomekoyi idawasiya m'malire a zachuma, ndale komanso chikhalidwe cha Kenya. Daniel Arab Moi atalandira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha adatsogolera boma kudzera ku Kenyan African National Union (KANU), ngati dziko lachipani chimodzi lidalimbikitsa kusalidwa kwa Asilamu panthawi yaulamuliro wa atsamunda. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chosowa kuyimilira mu ndale, kusowa kwachuma, maphunziro ndi mwayi wina wobwera chifukwa cha tsankho ladongosolo, komanso kuponderezana ndi boma pophwanya ufulu wa anthu komanso malamulo odana ndi uchigawenga, Asilamu ena adayambitsa kuyankha mwankhanza kwa anthu aku Kenya. boma ndi anthu. M'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zigawo kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi dera la Eastleigh m'madera oyandikana nawo a Nairobi ndi omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri omwe alibe ntchito, ambiri mwa iwo ndi Asilamu. Asilamu a m'chigawo cha Lamu ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja amadziona kuti ndi otalikirana komanso okhumudwa chifukwa cha dongosolo lomwe limawafooketsa ndipo ali okonzeka kutengera malingaliro onyanyira.
Kenya, monga maiko ena mu HoA, imadziwika ndi utsogoleri wofooka. Mabungwe ovuta a boma ndi ofooka monga machitidwe oweruza milandu. Kupanda chilango ndi kofala. Chitetezo cha m'malire ndi chofooka ndipo ntchito za anthu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosauka kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwakatangale kwakatangale kwasokoneza mabungwe aboma omwe akulephera kupereka ntchito zaboma kuphatikiza chitetezo kumalire ndi zida zina kwa nzika. Chovuta kwambiri ndi gawo lachisilamu cha anthu aku Kenya (Patterson, 2015). Pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe ofooka a chikhalidwe cha anthu, dongosolo la maphunziro lachisilamu la Madrassas limaphunzitsa achinyamata m'maganizo onyanyira omwe amakhala okhwima kwambiri. Chifukwa chake achinyamata opitilira muyeso amathandizira chuma cha Kenya komanso magwiridwe antchito kuti ayende, kulumikizana ndi kupeza zothandizira komanso maukonde opitilira muyeso kuti achite zinthu zazikulu. Chuma cha ku Kenya chili ndi zomangamanga zabwino kwambiri mu HoA zomwe zimalola ma network amphamvu kuti agwiritse ntchito intaneti kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zochitika.
Asilikali aku Kenya akukwiyitsa Asilamu ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ubale wapamtima wa dzikolo ndi US ndi Israel ndiwosavomerezeka kwa Asilamu ake. Kukhudzidwa kwa US ku Somalia mwachitsanzo kumawonedwa ngati kulunjika anthu achisilamu (Badurdeen, 2012). Asilikali aku Kenya atagwirizana ndi France, Somalia, ndi Ethiopia kuti aukire gulu la Al-Shabaab lomwe limagwirizana ndi Al Qaeda mu 2011 kumwera ndi pakati pa Somalia, gulu la zigawenga lidayankha ndi ziwawa zingapo ku Kenya (ICG, 2014). Kuyambira pa September 2013 zigawenga zigawenga pa malo ogulitsira a Westgate ku Nairobi mpaka ku yunivesite ya Garrisa ndi Lamu County, Al-Shabaab yamasulidwa ku Kenya. Kuyandikira kwa Kenya ndi Somalia kumathandizira chidwi kwambiri. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kusintha kwachisilamu ku Kenya kukukulirakulira ndipo mwina sikutha posachedwa. Njira zolimbana ndi zigawenga zimaphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndikupanga kuganiza kuti Asilamu aku Kenya ndi omwe akufuna. Zofooka m'mabungwe ndi madandaulo am'mbiri zimafunika kuthandizidwa mwachangu kuti zisinthe zomwe zingathandize kuti Asilamu asinthe. Kupititsa patsogolo kuyimira ndale komanso kukulitsa malo azachuma popanga mwayi wokhala ndi lonjezo losintha zomwe zikuchitika.
Al Qaeda ndi ISIS ku Iraq ndi Syria
Kusokonekera kwa boma la Iraq motsogozedwa ndi Nuri Al Maliki komanso kusalidwa bwino kwa anthu a Sunni komanso kuyambika kwa nkhondo ku Syria ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zapangitsa kuti dziko la Iraq lachisilamu (ISI) liyambikenso. ndi Syria (ISIS) (Hashim, 2014). Poyamba anali ogwirizana ndi Al Qaeda. ISIS ndi gulu lankhondo la Salafist-jihadist ndipo lidachokera ku gulu lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Abu Musab al-Zarqawi ku Jordan (AMZ). Cholinga choyambirira cha AMZ chinali cholimbana ndi boma la Jordan, koma zidalephera ndipo adasamukira ku Afghanistan kukamenyana ndi a mujahidin motsutsana ndi Soviet Union. A Soviets atachoka, kubwerera kwake ku Jordan sikunathe kutsitsimutsanso nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi ufumu wa Jordanian. Apanso, adabwerera ku Afghanistan kuti akakhazikitse kampu yophunzitsira zankhondo zachisilamu. Kuwukira kwa US ku Iraq mu 2003 kudakopa AMZ kuti isamukire mdzikolo. Kugwa komaliza kwa Saddam Hussein kudayambitsa zigawenga zomwe zidakhudza magulu asanu osiyanasiyana kuphatikiza Jamaat-al-Tauhid Wal-Jihad (JTJ) ya AMZ. Cholinga chake chinali kukana magulu ankhondo ndi asitikali aku Iraq ndi asitikali a Shia ndikukhazikitsa boma la Islamic. Njira zowopsya za AMZ pogwiritsa ntchito mabomba odzipha akulimbana ndi magulu osiyanasiyana. Njira zake zowopsa zidalunjika magulu ankhondo a Shia, malo aboma ndikupanga tsoka lothandizira anthu.
Mu 2005, bungwe la AMZ lidalumikizana ndi al Qaeda ku Iraq (AQI) ndikugawana malingaliro omalizawa kuti athetse kupembedza milungu yambiri. Machenjerero ake ankhanza komabe adakhumudwitsa ndi kulekanitsa anthu a Sunni omwe amanyansidwa ndi kupha ndi kuwononga kwawo konyansa. AMZ pamapeto pake adaphedwa mu 2006 ndi asitikali aku US ndipo Abu Hamza al-Muhajir (aka Abu Ayub al-Masri) adakwezedwa m'malo mwake. Izi zitangochitika pomwe AQI idalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa Islamic State of Iraq motsogozedwa ndi Abu Omar al-Baghdadi (Hassan, 2014). Kukula kumeneku sikunali mbali ya cholinga choyambirira cha gululo. Popeza kutenga nawo mbali kwakukulu pakuthandizira zoyesayesa kukwaniritsa cholinga chinalibe zinthu zokwanira; ndi kusauka kwa bungwe kunapangitsa kuti agonjetsedwe mu 2008. Mwatsoka, chisangalalo cha chikondwerero cha kugonjetsedwa kwa ISI chinali champhindi. Kuchotsedwa kwa asitikali aku US ku Iraq, kusiya udindo waukulu wachitetezo cha dziko kwa asitikali osintha aku Iraq kunakhala kovutirapo ndipo ISI idabweza, kugwiritsa ntchito zofooka zomwe zidachitika chifukwa chakuchotsedwa kwa US. Pofika mu Okutobala 2009, ISI idawononga bwino ntchito za anthu kudzera muulamuliro wa zigawenga.
Kuwonekeranso kwa ISI kunatsutsidwa bwino ndi US pamene atsogoleri ake adatsatiridwa ndikuphedwa. Pa Epulo 28, Abu Ayub-Masri ndi Abu Umar Abdullal al Rashid al Baghdadi adaphedwa pakuukira kwa Joint-US-Iraq ku Tikrit (Hashim, 2014). Mamembala ena a utsogoleri wa ISI adatsatiridwanso ndikuthetsedwa kudzera mu zigawenga zosatha. Utsogoleri watsopano pansi pa Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al Samarrai (aka Dr. Ibrahim Abu Dua) adawonekera. Abu Dua adagwirizana ndi Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi kuti athandizire kuyambiranso kwa ISI.
Nthawi ya 2010-2013 idapereka mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zidayambitsa chitsitsimutso cha ISI. Bungweli linakonzedwanso ndipo mphamvu zake zankhondo ndi zoyang'anira zidamangidwanso; Mkangano womwe ukukula pakati pa utsogoleri wa Iraq ndi anthu a Sunni, kuchepa kwa zotsatira za al-Qaeda komanso kufalikira kwa nkhondo ku Syria zidapangitsa kuti ISIS ibwerenso. Pansi pa Baghdadi, cholinga chatsopano cha ISI chinali kufotokozera za kugonjetsedwa kwa maboma osaloledwa makamaka boma la Iraq ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa caliphate ya Chisilamu ku Middle East. Bungweli lidasinthidwa mwadongosolo kukhala caliphate ya Chisilamu ku Iraq ndipo pambuyo pake kukhala Islamic State yomwe idaphatikizapo Syria. Bungweli panthawiyo linasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yodziletsa, yosinthasintha komanso yogwirizana.
Kuchoka kwa asitikali aku US ku Iraq kunasiya malo opanda chitetezo. Ziphuphu, kusalinganiza bwino zinthu, ndi kusokonekera kwa kagwiridwe ka ntchito kunali kuonekera kwambiri. Kenako adalowa kugawanika kwakukulu pakati pa anthu a Shia ndi Sunni. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi kusagwirizana kwa utsogoleri wa Iraq kwa a Sunni poyimilira ndale komanso zankhondo ndi zina zachitetezo. Kudzimva kusalidwa kudapangitsa a Sunni kupita ku ISIS, bungwe lomwe adadana nalo kale chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mwankhanza zolinga za anthu wamba kuti amenyane ndi boma la Iraq. Kuchepa kwa chikoka cha al Qaeda komanso nkhondo ku Syria kudatsegula malire atsopano azinthu zolimbikitsa kuphatikizika kwa Islamic State. Nkhondo ku Syria itayamba mu Marichi 2011, mwayi wolembera anthu ntchito komanso chitukuko chachikulu cha maukonde unatsegulidwa. ISIS idalowa nawo nkhondo yolimbana ndi boma la Bashar Assad. Baghdadi, mtsogoleri wa ISIS, adatumiza makamaka asitikali aku Syria monga mamembala a Jabhat al-Nusra kupita ku Syria omwe adagwira bwino ntchito yankhondo ya Assad ndikukhazikitsa "ndondomeko yabwino komanso yophunzitsidwa bwino yogawa chakudya ndi mankhwala" (Hashim, 2014 , p.7). Izi zinakopa anthu a ku Syria omwe amanyansidwa ndi nkhanza za Free Syrian Army (FSA). Kuyesa kwa Baghdadi kuti agwirizane ndi al Nusra kulibe ndipo ubale wosweka udakalipo. Mu June 2014, ISIS idabwerera ku Iraq mwankhanza ndikuukira magulu ankhondo aku Iraq ndikusiya madera. Kupambana kwake ku Iraq ndi Syria kudalimbikitsa utsogoleri wa ISIS womwe udayamba kudzitcha dziko lachisilamu kuyambira 29 June 2014.
Boko Haram ndi Radicalization ku Nigeria
Kumpoto kwa Nigeria kuli mitundu yambiri yachipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe. Madera omwe amapanga kumpoto kwambiri akuphatikiza Sokoto, Kano, Borno, Yobe ndi Kaduna mayiko omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe zovuta ndipo akuphatikiza kugawikana kwakukulu kwachikhristu ndi Asilamu. Anthu ambiri ndi Asilamu ku Sokoto, Kano ndi Maiduguri koma ogawanika mofanana ku Kaduna (ICG, 2010). Maderawa akhala akukumana ndi ziwawa chifukwa cha mikangano yachipembedzo kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1980. Kuyambira mchaka cha 2009, Bauchi, Borno, Kano, Yobe, Adamawa, Niger ndi Plateau komanso Federal Capital Territory, Abuja akumana ndi ziwawa zoyendetsedwa ndi gulu lachipani cha Boko Haram.
Boko Haram, gulu lachisilamu lodziwika bwino ndi dzina lachiarabu - Jama'tu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati Wal-Jihad kutanthauza - Anthu odzipereka ku kufalitsa kwa Kuphunzitsa kwa Mneneri ndi Jihad (ICG, 2014). Kutanthauzira kwenikweni, Boko Haram amatanthauza "maphunziro akumadzulo ndi oletsedwa" (Campbell, 2014). Gulu lachisilamu lachisilamuli limapangidwa ndi mbiri yaulamuliro woyipa wa Nigeria komanso umphawi wadzaoneni kumpoto kwa Nigeria.
Mwachiwonetsero komanso machitidwe, Boko Haram wamasiku ano amalumikizana ndi gulu la Maitatsine (omwe amatemberera) lomwe linatulukira ku Kano kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970. A Mohammed Marwa, wachinyamata wachinyamata wokhwima kwambiri waku Cameroon adatulukira ku Kano ndipo adapanga zotsatirazi kudzera mumalingaliro achisilamu odzikweza ngati wowombola ndi kuyimilira mwaukali motsutsana ndi zikhalidwe zakumadzulo ndi chikoka. Otsatira a Marwa anali gulu lalikulu la achinyamata omwe alibe ntchito. Kukangana ndi apolisi kunali kaŵirikaŵiri paubwenzi wa gululo ndi apolisi. Gululi linakangana mwankhanza ndi apolisi mu 1980 pamsonkhano womwe unakonzedwa ndi gululi womwe unayambitsa zipolowe zazikulu. Marwa anafa pa zipolowezo. Ziwawa izi zidakhala kwa masiku angapo ndikupha anthu ambiri komanso kuwonongeka kwa katundu (ICG, 2010). Gulu la Maitatsine linawonongeka pambuyo pa zipolowe ndipo mwina adawonedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma la Nigeria ngati chochitika chimodzi chokha. Zinatenga zaka zambiri kuti gulu lofananalo liwonekere ku Maiduguri mu 2002 monga 'Nigerian Taliban'.
Chiyambi chamasiku ano cha Boko Haram chikhoza kutsatiridwa ndi gulu lachinyamata lachinyamata lomwe linkapembedza ku Msikiti wa Alhaji Muhammadu Ndimi ku Maiduguri pansi pa Mohammed Yusuf mtsogoleri wawo. Yusuf adasinthidwa ndi Sheikh Jaffar Mahmud Adam, katswiri wodziwika bwino komanso mlaliki. Yusuf mwiniwake, pokhala mlaliki wachikoka, adalimbikitsa kutanthauzira kwake kopitilira muyeso Korani komwe kumadana ndi zikhalidwe zaku Western kuphatikiza akuluakulu aboma (ICG, 2014).
Cholinga chachikulu cha Boko Haram ndikukhazikitsa dziko lachisilamu potengera kutsatira mosamalitsa mfundo ndi mfundo zachisilamu zomwe zingathetse mavuto a katangale ndi ulamuliro woyipa. Mohammed Yusuf adayamba kuukira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chisilamu ku Maiduguri monga "Oipa komanso osawomboledwa" (Walker, 2012). A Taliban aku Nigeria monga gulu lake adadziwika kuti adachoka ku Maiduguri atayamba kukopa akuluakulu aboma kuti adziwe malingaliro ake, kupita kumudzi wa Kanama m'boma la Yobe pafupi ndi malire a Nigeria ndi Niger ndikukhazikitsa gulu lomwe limayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa Chisilamu. mfundo. Gululi linali pa mkangano wokhudza ufulu wa usodzi ndi anthu a m’deralo zomwe zidakopa chidwi cha apolisi. Pakulimbana kotsimikizika, gululi lidaphwanyidwa mwankhanza ndi akuluakulu ankhondo, kupha mtsogoleri wawo Muhammed Ali.
Otsalira a gululo adabwerera ku Maiduguri ndipo adagwirizananso pansi pa Mohammed Yusuf yemwe anali ndi maukonde akuluakulu omwe adafalikira ku mayiko ena monga Bauchi, Yobe ndi Niger States. Zochita zawo mwina zinali zosadziŵika kapena zinanyalanyazidwa. Njira yazaumoyo yogawa chakudya, Malo ogona, ndi zolembedwa zina zinakopa anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo unyinji wa anthu opanda ntchito. Mofanana ndi zochitika za Maitatsine ku Kano m'zaka za m'ma 1980, ubale pakati pa Boko Haram ndi Apolisi unalowa chiwawa nthawi zonse pakati pa 2003 ndi 2008. Kulimbana kwachiwawa kumeneku kunafika pachimake mu July 2009 pamene mamembala anakana lamulo loti azivala zipewa za njinga zamoto. Atatsutsidwa pamalo ochezera, mikangano yankhondo pakati pa Apolisi ndi gululo idachitika kutsatira kuwombera apolisi pamalo ochezera. Ziwawazi zinapitirira kwa masiku ambiri ndipo zinafalikira ku Bauchi ndi ku Yobe. Mabungwe aboma, makamaka apolisi, adawukiridwa mwachisawawa. A Mohammed Yusuf ndi apongozi ake adamangidwa ndi asitikali ndikuwapereka kupolisi. Onse awiri anaphedwa mwachisawawa. Buji Foi, yemwe kale anali woyang'anira zachipembedzo yemwe adadzifotokozera yekha apolisi adaphedwa chimodzimodzi (Walker, 2013).
Zomwe zapangitsa kuti chisilamu chikhale cholimba ku Nigeria ndi chisokonezo chazovuta zazachuma, mabungwe ofooka a boma, maulamuliro oyipa, kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, komanso chikoka chakunja komanso kukonza zida zamakono. Kuyambira 1999, mayiko ku Nigeria alandira ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku boma la feduro. Chifukwa cha zinthuzi, kusasamala kwachuma ndi kunyada kwa akuluakulu aboma kunakula. Pogwiritsa ntchito mavoti achitetezo, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika ndalama za maboma ndi maboma ang'onoang'ono ndi zothandizira zakulitsidwa, zomwe zikukulitsa kuwononga chuma chaboma. Zotsatira zake ndikuwonjezeka kwaumphawi pomwe 70 peresenti ya aku Nigeria akugwera muumphawi wadzaoneni. Kumpoto chakum'mawa, komwe kuli likulu la zochitika za Boko Haram, kwakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi umphawi wa pafupifupi 90 peresenti (NBS, 2012).
Ngakhale malipiro a anthu akwera, ulova nawonso wakwera. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga, kusowa kwa magetsi kwanthawi yayitali komanso zotsika mtengo zomwe zasokoneza kukula kwa mafakitale. Zikwizikwi za achichepere kuphatikizapo omaliza maphunziro awo ali paulova ndi opanda ntchito, okhumudwa, otaya mtima, ndipo chifukwa cha chimenecho, ali olembedwa mosavuta kuti atengere maganizo osintha maganizo.
Mabungwe aboma ku Nigeria afooketsedwa mwadongosolo chifukwa cha katangale komanso kupanda chilango. Dongosolo la chilungamo chaupandu ndizovuta kwambiri. Kusowa kwandalama komanso njira yachiphuphu zawononga apolisi ndi makhothi. Mwachitsanzo, Muhammed Yusuf kangapo adamangidwa koma osaimbidwa mlandu. Pakati pa 2003 ndi 2009, Boko Haram pansi pa Yusuf adagwirizanitsa, adagwirizanitsa, ndikupanga malonda m'mayiko ena, komanso adalandira ndalama ndi maphunziro kuchokera ku Saudi Arabia, Mauritania, Mali, ndi Algeria popanda kuzindikira, kapena mophweka, mabungwe a chitetezo ndi anzeru aku Nigeria sananyalanyazidwe. iwo. (Walker, 2013; ICG, 2014). Mu 2003, Yusuf adapita ku Saudi Arabia mothandizidwa ndi maphunziro ndipo adabweranso ndi ndalama kuchokera kumagulu a Salafi kuti athandizire dongosolo lazaumoyo kuphatikizapo ngongole. Zopereka zochokera kwa amalonda akumaloko zidathandiziranso gululi ndipo dziko la Nigeria lidayang'ana mbali ina. Maulaliki ake akuluakulu adagulitsidwa poyera komanso momasuka kumpoto chakum'mawa ndipo gulu lazanzeru kapena dziko la Nigeria silinathe kuchitapo kanthu.
The makulitsidwe nthawi ya gulu akufotokoza kugwirizana ndale kwa zikamera wa gulu lamphamvu kwambiri kuti achulukitse chitetezo dziko. Mabungwe a ndale adalandira gululo kuti lipindule nawo pazisankho. Powona achinyamata ambiri omwe akutsatira Yusuf, Modu Sheriff, yemwe kale anali Senator, adachita mgwirizano ndi Yusuf kuti atengere mwayi pa chisankho cha gululo. Pobwezera, Sheriff adayenera kukhazikitsa Sharia ndikupereka maudindo andale kwa mamembala a gululo. Atapambana pachisankho, a Sheriff adasiya mgwirizano, ndikukakamiza Yusuf kuti ayambe kuukira Sheriff ndi boma lake muulaliki wake wamphamvu (Montelos, 2014). Mkhalidwe wowonjezereka wowonjezereka unayimbidwa mlandu ndipo gululo linapita mopitirira ulamuliro wa boma la boma. Buji Foi, wophunzira wa Yusuf adapatsidwa mwayi woti akhale Commissioner for Religious Affairs ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumizira gululo ndalama koma izi zidakhala zanthawi yochepa. Ndalamazi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera mwa apongozi ake a Yusuf, Baba Fugu, kuti apeze zida makamaka kuchokera ku Chad, kudutsa malire a Nigeria (ICG, 2014).
Chisilamu cholimbana ndi Boko Haram kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Nigeria chidalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kudzera m'malumikizidwe akunja. Bungweli limagwirizana ndi Al Qaeda ndi Afghan Taliban. Pambuyo pa kuwukira kwa Julayi 2009, ambiri mwa mamembala awo adathawira ku Afghanistan kukaphunzitsidwa (ICG, 2014). Osama Bin Laden adapereka ndalama zothandizira gulu la Boko Haram kudzera mwa Mohammed Ali yemwe adakumana naye ku Sudan. Ali adabwerera kwawo kuchokera ku maphunziro ku 2002 ndikukhazikitsa pulojekiti yopanga ma cell ndi US $ 3 miliyoni bajeti yothandizidwa ndi Bin Laden (ICG, 2014). Mamembala ampatukowo adaphunzitsidwanso ku Somalia, Afghanistan, ndi Algeria. Malire apakati ndi Chad ndi Nigeria adathandizira izi. Maulalo ndi Ansar Dine (Othandizira Chikhulupiriro), Al Qaeda ku Maghreb (AQIM), ndi Movement for Oneness and Jihad (MUJAD) akhazikitsidwa bwino. Atsogoleri a maguluwa adapereka maphunziro ndi ndalama kuchokera kumadera awo ku Mauritania, Mali, ndi Algeria kwa mamembala a gulu la Boko-Haram. Maguluwa alimbikitsa chuma, mphamvu zankhondo, ndi malo ophunzitsira omwe akupezeka ku gulu lachigawenga ku Nigeria (Sergie ndi Johnson, 2015).
Nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga imaphatikizapo malamulo odana ndi zigawenga komanso kulimbana kwa zida pakati pa gulu lachigawenga ndi apolisi aku Nigeria. Malamulo odana ndi uchigawenga adayambitsidwa mu 2011 ndikusinthidwa mu 2012 kuti apereke mgwirizano pakati pa ofesi ya National Security Adviser (NSA). Izi zidali zothetsanso mabungwe achitetezo pakati pankhondo. Lamuloli limapereka mphamvu zambiri zotha kumangidwa ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende. Malamulowa komanso kulimbana kwa zida zadzetsa kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kuphatikiza kupha anthu omwe adamangidwa. Mamembala odziwika agululi kuphatikiza Mohammed Yusuf, Buji Foi, Baba Fugu, Mohammed Ali, ndi ena ambiri aphedwa motere (HRW, 2012). Gulu lankhondo la Joint Military Task Force (JTF) lomwe lili ndi asitikali, apolisi ndi akatswiri azamisala adamanga mwachinsinsi ndikutsekera anthu omwe akuwaganizira kuti ndi agululo, adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopitilira muyeso komanso kupha anthu ambiri omwe akuwakayikira. Kuponderezedwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe kumeneku kudapangitsa kuti asilamu azilimbana ndi gulu lomwe lakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi boma. Imfa ya zigawenga zoposa 1,000 zomwe zili m’manja mwa asilikali zinakwiyitsa kwambiri mamembala awo kuchita zinthu zoipitsitsa.
Boko Haram idatenga nthawi kuti ikulimbike chifukwa cha madandaulo pa ulamulilo woyipa komanso kusalingana kumpoto kwa Nigeria. Zizindikiro za kuphulika kwa radicalism zinawonekera poyera mu 2000. Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa ndale, yankho lachidziwitso kuchokera ku boma linachedwa. Pambuyo pa zigawenga za mu 2009, kuyankha mosasamala sikunakwaniritse zambiri ndipo njira ndi njira zomwe anagwiritsira ntchito zidakulitsa chilengedwe chomwe chinakulitsa kuthekera kwa khalidwe loipitsitsa. Zinatengera Purezidenti Goodluck Jonathan mpaka 2012 kuti avomere kuopsa kwa gulu lampatuko pa kupulumuka kwa Nigeria ndi dera. Chifukwa cha katangale ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu osankhika, umphawi ukukulirakulira, chilengedwe chidapangidwa bwino chifukwa cha zochitika zazikulu ndipo Boko Haram adatengerapo mwayi pazomwe zidachitikazo ndipo zidasintha ngati gulu lowopsa la zigawenga kapena gulu lachisilamu loyambitsa zigawenga pa mabungwe aboma, mipingo, malo osungiramo magalimoto. ndi zipangizo zina.
Kutsiliza
Kusintha kwakukulu kwachisilamu ku Middle East ndi kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa kumakhudza kwambiri chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikuchokera pa mfundo yakuti kusakhazikika komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha zochitika zazikulu za ISIS, Boko Haram, ndi Al-Shabaab zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi. Mabungwe awa sanatulukire ku blues. Mikhalidwe yomvetsa chisoni ya chikhalidwe ndi zachuma yomwe idawapanga ikadalipo ndipo zikuwoneka kuti palibe zambiri zomwe zikuchitika kuti zikhazikike. Mwachitsanzo, ulamuliro woipa ukadali wofala m’madera amenewa. Mawonekedwe aliwonse a demokalase akadali okhudzana kwambiri ndi utsogoleri wabwino. Mpaka momwe chikhalidwe cha anthu m'maderawa chipitirire bwino, kusintha kwakukulu kungakhalepo kwa nthawi yaitali.
Ndikofunikira kuti maiko a Kumadzulo asonyeze kukhudzidwa ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'maderawa kuposa momwe zikuwonekera. Vuto la othawa kwawo kapena othawa kwawo ku Europe chifukwa chakuchitapo kanthu kwa ISIS ku Iraq ndi nkhondo yaku Syria ndi chisonyezo chakufunika kofulumira kwa mayiko aku Western kuthana ndi nkhawa zachitetezo ndi kusakhazikika komwe kudapangidwa ndi kusintha kwachisilamu ku Middle East. Osamuka akhoza kukhala zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri. N’kutheka kuti anthu a m’mipatuko yoopsayi ali m’gulu la anthu osamukira ku Ulaya. Akakhazikika ku Europe, atha kutenga nthawi kuti apange ma cell ndi ma network amphamvu omwe angayambe kuopsa ku Europe ndi padziko lonse lapansi.
Maboma m'maderawa akuyenera kuyamba kukhazikitsa njira zophatikizira muulamuliro. Asilamu a ku Kenya, Nigeria, ndi Sunni ku Iraq ali ndi mbiri ya madandaulo otsutsana ndi maboma awo. Madandaulowa amachokera pakuyimilira anthu oponderezedwa m'magawo onse kuphatikiza ndale, zachuma, zankhondo ndi chitetezo. Njira zophatikizira zimalonjeza kukulitsa chidwi chokhala ogwirizana komanso udindo wonse. Zinthu zapakatikati zimayikidwa bwino kuti ziwonetsetse momwe magulu awo amakhalira.
M'madera, madera aku Iraq ndi Syria akhoza kukula pansi pa ISIS. Zochita zankhondo zitha kupangitsa kuti malo achepetse koma ndizotheka kuti gawo lina likhalabe m'manja mwawo. M’gawo limenelo, kulembera anthu usilikali, kuphunzitsidwa, ndi kuphunzitsidwa kudzayenda bwino. Chifukwa chosamalira gawo loterolo, mutha kupita kumayiko oyandikana nawo kuti azitumiza kunja mosalekeza zinthu zowopsa.
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