Chipembedzo ndi Chiwawa: 2016 Summer Lecture Series

Chipembedzo ndi Ziwawa pa ICERM Radio idawulutsidwa Loweruka, Julayi 30, 2016 @ 2 PM Eastern Time (New York).

2016 Chilimwe Nkhani Series

mutu: "Chipembedzo ndi Chiwawa?"

Mlendo Wophunzitsa: Kelly James Clark, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow ku Kaufman Interfaith Institute ku Grand Valley State University ku Grand Rapids, MI; Pulofesa ku Brooks College's Honours Program; ndi Wolemba ndi Mkonzi wa mabuku opitilira makumi awiri komanso Wolemba zolemba zopitilira makumi asanu.

Zolemba za Lecture

Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris ndi Maarten Boudry amanena kuti chipembedzo ndi chipembedzo chokha chimalimbikitsa ISIS ndi ISIS-ngati ISIS kuchita zachiwawa. Iwo amanena kuti zinthu zina monga kulandidwa ufulu wa anthu pankhani ya zachuma, ulova, mavuto a m’mabanja, kusankhana mitundu ndiponso kusankhana mitundu, zatsutsidwa mobwerezabwereza. Iwo amati, chipembedzo n'chimene chimachititsa chiwawa choopsa.

Popeza zonena kuti chipembedzo chimagwira ntchito yocheperako yolimbikitsa chiwawa chankhanza ndi empirically amachirikizidwa bwino, ine ndikuganiza Dawkins, Harris ndi Boudry amanena kuti chipembedzo ndi chipembedzo chokha chimalimbikitsa ISIS ndi ISIS-ngati anthu monyanyira chiwawa ndi moopsa uninformed.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi osadziwa.

Nkosavuta kuganiza kuti mavuto a ku Ireland anali achipembedzo chifukwa, mukudziwa, anakhudza Apulotesitanti ndi Akatolika. Koma kupatsa mbalizo mayina achipembedzo kumabisa magwero enieni a mikangano—kusalana, umphaŵi, imperialism, ulamuliro, utundu ndi manyazi; palibe aliyense ku Ireland amene anali kulimbana ndi ziphunzitso zaumulungu monga kusintha kwa thupi kapena kulungamitsidwa (iwo mwina sakanatha kufotokoza kusiyana kwawo kwaumulungu). N'zosavuta kuganiza kuti kupha anthu ku Bosnia kwa Asilamu opitilira 40,000 kudachitika chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwachikhristu (ozunzidwa achisilamu adaphedwa ndi Akhristu a ku Serb). Koma ma moniker osavuta ameneŵa amanyalanyaza (a) mmene chikhulupiriro chachipembedzo cha pambuyo pa Chikomyunizimu chinali chosazama ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, (b) zoyambitsa zovuta monga kalasi, malo, chizindikiritso cha fuko, kulandidwa chuma, ndi kusakonda dziko.

Ndizosavuta kuganiza kuti mamembala a ISIS ndi al-Qaeda amalimbikitsidwa ndi zikhulupiliro zachipembedzo, koma…

Kudzudzula mikhalidwe yotere pachipembedzo kumabweretsa cholakwika chachikulu: kunena zomwe zimayambitsa machitidwe ndi zinthu zamkati monga umunthu kapena malingaliro, ndikuchepetsa kapena kunyalanyaza zinthu zakunja. Mwachitsanzo: ngati ndachedwa, ndimati kuchedwa kwanga kumabwera chifukwa cha kuyimba foni kofunikira kapena kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamsewu, koma ngati mwachedwera ndimanena kuti ndi chifukwa cha (chinthu chimodzi) cholakwika (simuli osamala) ndikunyalanyaza zomwe zingayambitse kunja. . Chifukwa chake, Arabu kapena Asilamu akachita zachiwawa timakhulupirira nthawi yomweyo kuti ndi chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chawo chokhazikika, nthawi zonse kunyalanyaza zomwe zingatheke komanso zomwe zingayambitse.

Tiyeni tione zitsanzo zina.

Patangopita mphindi zochepa kuchokera pamene Omar Mateen anapha anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Orlando, asanadziwe kuti adalumbira ku ISIS panthawi ya chiwembucho, adatchedwa zigawenga. Kulumbirira kwa ISIS kunasindikiza mgwirizano kwa anthu ambiri - anali wachigawenga, wolimbikitsidwa ndi Chisilamu chokhwima. Ngati mzungu (Mkristu) aphe anthu 10, ndiye kuti wapenga. Ngati Msilamu atero, ndi chigawenga, cholimbikitsidwa ndi chinthu chimodzi - chikhulupiriro chake chonyanyira.

Komabe, Mateen anali, mwazinthu zonse, wachiwawa, wokwiya, wankhanza, wosokoneza, wopatukana, watsankho, waku America, wamwamuna, wokonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ayenera kuti anali bi-polar. Ndi mwayi wopeza mfuti. Malingana ndi mkazi ndi abambo ake, iye sanali wachipembedzo kwambiri. Malonjezo ake angapo okhulupilika ku magulu ankhondo monga ISIS, Al Qaeda ndi Hezbollah akusonyeza kuti samadziwa pang'ono za malingaliro kapena zamulungu. CIA ndi FBI sanapeze kugwirizana ndi ISIS. Mateen anali waudani, wachiwawa, (makamaka) wosapembedza, wokonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha yemwe adapha anthu 50 pa "Latin Night" pagululi.

Ngakhale mawonekedwe olimbikitsa a Mateen ndi ovuta, zingakhale zodabwitsa kukweza zikhulupiriro zake zachipembedzo (monga momwe zinalili) kuti zikhale zolimbikitsa.

Mohammad Atta, mtsogoleri wa zigawenga za 9-11, adasiya kalata yodzipha yosonyeza kudzipereka kwake kwa Allah:

Choncho, kumbukirani (Mulungu) monga Adanenera m’Buku Lake: “E, Mbuye! Titsanulireni chipiriro Chanu, ndipo limbitsani Miyendo yathu, ndipo Tipatseni chigonjetso Paokanira. Ndipo mawu Ake: “Ndi chinthu chokhacho chimene Adati, Ambuye, tikhululukireni zolakwa zathu ndi kupyola malire kwathu, ndipo khazikikani mapazi athu, ndipo tipatseni chigonjetso kwa osakhulupirira. Ndipo Mneneri Wake adati: “E, Mbuye! Inu mwavumbulutsa Buku, Inu mumasuntha mitambo; Tipatseni ife chigonjetso ndi kupanga nthaka kugwedezeka pansi pa mapazi awo. Dzipempherereni inu ndi abale anu onse kuti agonjetse ndi kumenya zolinga zawo, ndipo pemphani Mulungu kuti akupatseni kufera chikhulupiriro mukuyang’anizana ndi adaniwo, osati kuwathawa, ndikuti akupatseni chipiriro ndi kumverera kuti chilichonse chimene chingakuchitikireni ndicho. kwa Iye.

Ndithudi tiyenera kumvera mawu a Atta.

Komabe Atta (pamodzi ndi zigawenga zinzake) sankapita ku mzikiti kaŵirikaŵiri, kuchita maphwando pafupifupi usiku wonse, anali chidakwa choledzeretsa, kununkhiza kokaini, ndi kudya maswiti a nkhumba. Palibe zinthu za kugonjera Asilamu. Msungwana wake wovulayo atathetsa ubale wawo, adalowa m'nyumba mwake ndikumupha mphaka ndi ana amphaka, kuwachotsa m'mimba ndikuziduladula ndikugawa ziwalo zawo zonse mnyumbamo kuti adzazipeza pambuyo pake. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zolemba za Atta zodzipha ziwonekere ngati kasamalidwe ka mbiri kuposa kuvomereza kopembedza. Kapena mwina chinali chiyembekezo chakuti zochita zakezo zidzakhala zofunika kwambiri za chilengedwe zomwe moyo wake wosafunika kwenikweni unalibe.

Lydia Wilson, wochita kafukufuku ku Center for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict ku Oxford University, posachedwapa adachita kafukufuku wam'munda ndi akaidi a ISIS, adawapeza "osazindikira za Chisilamu" ndipo sanathe kuyankha mafunso okhudza "lamulo la Sharia, jihad yankhondo, ndi ukhalifa.” Ndizosadabwitsa kuti a wannabe jihadist Yusuf Sarwar ndi Mohammed Ahmed adagwidwa akukwera ndege ku England akuluakulu adapezeka m'chikwama chawo. Islam kwa Dummies ndi Korani kwa Dummies.

M’nkhani yomweyi, Erin Saltman, wofufuza wamkulu wotsutsa zinthu monyanyira pa Institute for Strategic Dialogue, ananena kuti “Kulemba anthu ntchito [kwa ISIS] kumatengera zilakolako za ulendo, zachikoka, zachikondi, zamphamvu, zokhala nawo limodzi, komanso kukwaniritsidwa kwauzimu.”

Ku England's MI5's Behavioral Science Unit, mu lipoti lotayikira kwa Guardian, inavumbula kuti, “m’malo mokhala okangalika m’chipembedzo, chiŵerengero chachikulu cha awo oloŵetsedwa muuchigaŵenga satsatira chikhulupiriro chawo nthaŵi zonse. Ambiri sadziwa zachipembedzo ndipo akhoza . . . amaonedwa ngati anthu ongoyamba kumene zachipembedzo.” Zoonadi, lipotilo linati, “chizindikiro chachipembedzo chodziŵika bwino chimatetezeradi chiwawa chachiwawa.”

Kodi nchifukwa ninji a MI5 aku England angaganize kuti chipembedzo sichimachita nawo zinthu monyanyira?

Palibe mbiri imodzi, yodziwika bwino ya zigawenga. Ena ndi osauka, ena satero. Ena alibe ntchito, ena alibe. Ena ndi osaphunzira, ena alibe. Ena ali otalikirana ndi chikhalidwe, ena alibe.

Komabe, mitundu iyi ya zinthu zakunja, ngakhale sizofunikira kapena zolumikizana, do zimathandiza kuti anthu ena azisintha maganizo awo pazifukwa zina. Wochita monyanyira aliyense ali ndi mbiri yakeyake yazachikhalidwe ndi zamaganizidwe (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizindikiritso zawo zikhale zosatheka).

M'madera ena a Afirika, omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba cha ulova kwa azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 34, ISIS ikulimbana ndi omwe alibe ntchito ndi osauka; ISIS imapereka malipiro okhazikika, ntchito zopindulitsa, chakudya cha mabanja awo, ndi mwayi wobwezera iwo omwe amawoneka ngati opondereza azachuma. Ku Syria olembedwa ambiri amalowa nawo ISIS kuti athetse ulamuliro wankhanza wa Assad; zigawenga zomasulidwa zimapeza ISIS malo abwino obisalamo zakale. Anthu a ku Palestine amalimbikitsidwa ndi kunyozeredwa kwa moyo monga nzika zopanda mphamvu zamtundu wachiwiri m'dziko latsankho.

Ku Ulaya ndi ku America, kumene ambiri omwe amalembedwa ndi anyamata omwe ndi ophunzira komanso apakati, kudzipatula kwachikhalidwe ndi chinthu choyamba chomwe chimapangitsa Asilamu kukhala ochita zinthu monyanyira. Achinyamata, Asilamu otalikirana amakopeka ndi zoulutsira nkhani zomwe zimapereka mwayi ndi ulemerero ku moyo wawo wotopetsa komanso woponderezedwa. Asilamu aku Germany amalimbikitsidwa ndi ulendo komanso kudzipatula.

Apita kale masiku omvera maulaliki otopetsa komanso otopetsa a Osama bin Laden. Olemba ntchito a ISIS aluso kwambiri amagwiritsa ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso kulumikizana ndi anthu (kudzera pa intaneti) kuti apange maubwenzi amtundu wina wa Asilamu omwe sali okhudzidwa omwe amakopeka kusiya moyo wawo wopanda tanthauzo ndikumenyera nkhondo limodzi pazifukwa zabwino. Ndiko kuti, amasonkhezeredwa ndi kudzimva kukhala ogwirizana ndi kufunafuna kufunika kwa umunthu.

Wina angaganize kuti maloto a anamwali pambuyo pa imfa makamaka amalimbikitsa chiwawa. Koma pamene ubwino wina umapita, pafupifupi malingaliro aliwonse angachite. Zowonadi, malingaliro osakhala achipembedzo m’zaka za zana la 20 anadzetsa kuvutika ndi imfa kokulirapo kuposa chiwawa chonse chosonkhezeredwa ndi chipembedzo m’mbiri ya anthu chisonkhetsedwa pamodzi. Germany ya Adolf Hitler inapha anthu osalakwa oposa 10,000,000, pamene WWII inapha anthu 60,000,000 (ndi imfa zambiri zobwera chifukwa cha matenda okhudzana ndi nkhondo ndi njala). Kuwonongeka ndi njala mu ulamuliro wa Joseph Stalin kupha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Ziwerengero za imfa ya Mao Zedong zimachokera ku 40,000,000-80,000,000. Kuimbidwa mlandu kwamakono kwa chipembedzo kumanyalanyaza chiŵerengero cha imfa chodabwitsa cha ziphunzitso zadziko.

Anthu akangomva ngati ali m’gulu, amachita chilichonse, ngakhale kuchitira nkhanza abale ndi alongo awo m’gululo. Ndili ndi mnzanga yemwe adamenyera nkhondo US ku Iraq. Iye ndi amzake adayamba kunyoza ntchito ya US ku Iraq. Ngakhale kuti sanalinso wofunitsitsa kukwaniritsa zolinga za dziko la United States, anandiuza kuti akanachita chilichonse, ngakhale kudzipereka yekha, chifukwa cha anthu a m’gulu lawo. Izi zimawonjezeka ngati munthu angakwanitse kuzindikira ndi kuwanyozetsa amene sali pagulu la munthu.

Katswiri wina wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Scott Atran, amene analankhulapo ndi zigawenga zambiri ndi mabanja awo kuposa katswiri aliyense wa Kumadzulo, akuvomereza. Popereka umboni ku senate ya ku America mu 2010, iye anati: "Chimene chimalimbikitsa zigawenga zakupha kwambiri padziko lapansi masiku ano si Qur'an kapena ziphunzitso zachipembedzo zomwe zimachititsa chidwi ndi kuyitanitsa kuchitapo kanthu komwe kumalonjeza ulemerero ndi ulemu pamaso pa abwenzi. , ndipo kupyolera mwa mabwenzi, ulemu wamuyaya ndi chikumbukiro padziko lonse lapansi.” Jihad, adati, "ndi yosangalatsa, yaulemerero komanso yabwino."

Harvey Whitehouse wa ku Oxford anatsogolera gulu lapadziko lonse la akatswiri odziwika bwino pa zosonkhezera za kudzipereka kopambanitsa. Iwo adapeza kuti kuchita zachiwawa sikuyendetsedwa ndi chipembedzo, koma kumalimbikitsidwa ndi kugwirizana ndi gulu.

Palibe mbiri yamaganizo ya zigawenga zamasiku ano. Sapenga, nthawi zambiri amakhala ophunzira bwino ndipo ambiri ndi olemera. Iwo amasonkhezeredwa, mofanana ndi achichepere ambiri, chifukwa cha kudzimva kukhala wofunika, chikhumbo cha moyo wosangalatsa ndi watanthauzo, ndi kudzipereka ku cholinga chapamwamba. Malingaliro onyanyira, ngakhale kuti siwopanda chifukwa, amakhala otsika pamndandanda wazolimbikitsa.

Ndinanena kuti kunena kuti chiwawa choopsa kwambiri chimachitika chifukwa cha zipembedzo sikudziwika. Ndawonetsa chifukwa chake zomwe akunenazo sizikudziwika. Kupita ku gawo lowopsa.

Kupititsa patsogolo nthano yakuti chipembedzo ndizomwe zimayambitsa uchigawenga zimalowa m'manja mwa ISIS ndipo zimalepheretsa kuzindikira udindo wathu wopanga zinthu za ISIS.

Buku lamasewera la ISIS ndilosangalatsa, osati Korani, ndi Ulamuliro wa Savagery (Dipatimenti ya Tawahoush). Njira yanthawi yayitali ya ISIS ndikuyambitsa chipwirikiti kotero kuti kugonjera ku ISIS kungakhale kwabwino kukhala m'malo owopsa ankhondo. Pofuna kukopa achinyamata ku ISIS, amafuna kuthetsa "Gray Zone" pakati pa wokhulupirira weniweni ndi wosakhulupirira (momwe Asilamu ambiri amadzipeza okha) pogwiritsa ntchito "zigawenga" kuti athandize Asilamu kuona kuti osakhala Asilamu amadana ndi Chisilamu ndipo akufuna kuononga Asilamu.

Ngati Asilamu achikatikati amadzimva kukhala otalikirana komanso osatetezeka chifukwa cha tsankho, adzakakamizika kusankha mpatuko (mdima) kapena jihad (kuwala).

Anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti chipembedzo ndi chimene chimachititsa anthu kuchita zinthu monyanyira, akuthandiza kuti anthu asamachite zinthu monyanyira. Poika phula m’Chisilamu monyanyira, akuchirikiza nthano yakuti Chisilamu ndi chipembedzo chachiwawa komanso kuti Asilamu ndi achiwawa. Nkhani yolakwika ya a Boudry ikulimbikitsanso kuti ma TV aku Western akuwonetsa kuti Asilamu ndi achiwawa, otengeka, okonda tsankho, komanso zigawenga (kunyalanyaza 99.999% ya Asilamu omwe sali). Kenako timapita ku Islamophobia.

Ndizovuta kwambiri kuti azungu adzipatula kumvetsetsa kwawo ndikunyansidwa ndi ISIS ndi ena ochita monyanyira osalowa mu Islamophobia. Ndipo kuwonjezeka kwa Islamophobia, ISIS ikuyembekeza, idzanyengerera achinyamata achisilamu kuchokera ku imvi ndi kumenyana.

Ambiri mwa Asilamu, ziyenera kudziwidwa, amapeza ISIS ndi magulu ena onyanyira ngati ankhanza, opondereza komanso ankhanza.

Amakhulupirira kuti kuchita zachiwawa ndiko kupotoza Chisilamu (monga momwe a KKK ndi a Westboro Baptist amapotoza Chikristu). Amatchula Quran yomwe ikunena kuti ilipo palibe kukakamiza pankhani zachipembedzo (Al-Baqara: 256). Malinga ndi Qur’an, nkhondo ndi yodziteteza (Al-Baqarah: 190) ndipo Asilamu akulangizidwa kuti asayambitse nkhondo (Al-Hajj: 39). Abu-Bakr, Khalifa woyamba pambuyo pa imfa ya Mtumiki Muhammad (SAW) anapereka malangizo awa okhudza nkhondo (yodziteteza): “Usachite chinyengo, usachite chinyengo kapena kubwezera. Osaduladula. Musaphe ana, okalamba kapena akazi. Musadule kapena kuwotcha mitengo ya kanjedza kapena mitengo yobala zipatso. + Musaphe nkhosa, ng’ombe kapena ngamira, kupatula chakudya chanu. Ndipo udzawapeza anthu odzitsekereza kupembedza m’mabwinja, Asiyeni ku zimene adazidzipereka yekha.” Potengera izi, kuchita zachiwawa kumawoneka ngati kupotoza Chisilamu.

Atsogoleri achisilamu ali pankhondo yolimbana ndi zikhulupiliro zabodza. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2001, atsogoleri ambiri achisilamu padziko lonse lapansi nthawi yomweyo adadzudzula kuukira kwa Al Qaeda ku US. Pa Seputembala 14, 2001, atsogoleri achisilamu pafupifupi XNUMX adasaina ndikugawa mawu awa: "Atsogoleri omwe adasaina m'munsimu, atsogoleri amagulu achisilamu, akuchita mantha ndi zomwe zidachitika Lachiwiri pa Seputembara 11, 2001 ku United States zomwe zidapha anthu ambiri, kuwononga ndi kuwukira anthu osalakwa. Timaonetsa chifundo ndi chisoni chathu chachikulu. Timatsutsa, mwamphamvu kwambiri, zochitika, zomwe zikutsutsana ndi miyambo yonse ya anthu ndi Chisilamu. Izi zakhazikika mu Malamulo Olemekezeka a Chisilamu omwe amaletsa nkhanza zamtundu uliwonse kwa osalakwa. Mulungu Wamphamvuzonse akunena m’Qur’an yopatulika kuti: ‘Palibe wosenza mitolo sangasenze mtolo wa wina’ (Surat al-Isra 17:15).

Pomaliza, ndikuganiza kuti ndizowopsa kunena kuti zipembedzo zimachita monyanyira komanso kunyalanyaza zochitika zakunja, chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala monyanyira. awo vuto likakhalanso wathu vuto. Ngati kuchita zinthu monyanyira kumalimbikitsidwa ndi awo chipembedzo ndiye iwo ali ndi udindo wonse (ndi iwo muyenera kusintha). Koma ngati kuchita zinthu monyanyira kumalimbikitsidwa chifukwa cha zochitika zakunja, ndiye kuti omwe ali ndi udindo pazimenezi ali ndi udindo (ndipo ayenera kuyesetsa kusintha zinthuzo). Monga James Gilligan, mu Kupewa Chiwawa, akulemba kuti: “Sitingathe n’komwe kuletsa chiwawa kufikira titavomereza zimene ife enife tikuchita zimene zimachirikiza chiwawacho, mokangalika kapena mwachibwanabwana.”

Kodi mayiko a Kumadzulo athandizira bwanji ku mikhalidwe yomwe imayambitsa chiwawa chachiwawa? Poyamba, tidagwetsa Purezidenti wosankhidwa mwa demokalase ku Iran ndikuyika Shah wankhanza (kuti apezenso mafuta otsika mtengo). Ufumu wa Ottoman utasweka, tidagawanitsa Middle East molingana ndi mwayi wathu pazachuma komanso motsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chabwino. Kwa zaka zambiri tagula mafuta otsika mtengo kuchokera ku Saudi Arabia, phindu lomwe lalimbikitsa Wahhabism, magwero a malingaliro a Islamic monyanyira. Tidasokoneza Iraq pazabodza zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu masauzande ambiri aphedwe. Tidazunza Aarabu monyoza malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi komanso ulemu waumunthu, ndipo takhala tikusunga Arabu omwe tikudziwa kuti ali m'ndende popanda mlandu kapena njira yovomerezeka ku Guantanamo. Ma drones athu apha anthu osawerengeka osalakwa ndipo kulira kwawo kosalekeza mumlengalenga kumavutitsa ana omwe ali ndi PTSD. Ndipo thandizo la United States la Israeli likupititsa patsogolo kupanda chilungamo kwa Palestine.

Mwachidule, manyazi athu, kunyozeka ndi kuvulaza Aarabu kwapanga zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuyankha mwankhanza.

Chifukwa cha kusalinganika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu, mphamvu zofooka zimakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito njira za zigawenga komanso kuphulitsa mabomba.

Vuto si lawo okha ayi. Zilinso kudzachitira. Chilungamo chimafuna kuti tisiye kuwaikira mlandu ndikukhala ndi udindo pazopereka zathu zomwe zimabweretsa mantha. Popanda kusamalira mikhalidwe yomwe imabweretsa uchigawenga, sikudzatha. Chifukwa chake, kuphulitsa bomba makamaka kwa anthu wamba momwe ISIS imabisala kumangowonjezera izi.

Monga momwe ziwawa zonyanyira zimasonkhezeredwa ndi chipembedzo, zisonkhezero zachipembedzo ziyenera kukanizidwa. Ndikugwirizana ndi zoyesayesa za atsogoleri achisilamu kuti azitemera achinyamata achisilamu kuti asagwirizane ndi chisilamu choona ndi anthu ochita monyanyira.

Kuumirira pa zosonkhezera zachipembedzo sikuchirikizidwa mwachitsimikiziro. Mapangidwe olimbikitsa a ochita monyanyira ndi ovuta kwambiri. Komanso, ife Azungu tathandizira mikhalidwe yomwe imalimbikitsa kuchita zinthu monyanyira. Tiyenera kugwira ntchito molimbika komanso pamodzi ndi abale ndi alongo athu achisilamu kuti tipange zinthu zachilungamo, zofanana ndi mtendere.

Ngakhale ngati mikhalidwe yosonkhezera kuchita zinthu monyanyira itawongoleredwa, okhulupirira ena owona mosakayikira adzapitiriza kulimbana kwawo kwachiwawa kuti apange ulamuliro wampatuko. Koma gulu lawo la usilikali lidzakhala litauma.

Kelly James Clark, Ph.D. (University of Notre Dame) ndi pulofesa mu Honours Programme ku Brooks College ndi Senior Research Fellow ku Kaufman Interfaith Institute ku Grand Valley State University ku Grand Rapids, MI. Kelly wakhala akuchezera Oxford University, University of St. Andrews ndi University of Notre Dame. Ndi Pulofesa wakale wa Philosophy ku Gordon College ndi Calvin College. Amagwira ntchito mu filosofi yachipembedzo, zamakhalidwe, sayansi ndi chipembedzo, ndi malingaliro ndi chikhalidwe cha China.

Iye ndi mlembi, mkonzi, kapena wolemba nawo mabuku opitilira makumi awiri komanso wolemba zolemba zopitilira makumi asanu. Mabuku ake akuphatikizapo Ana a Abrahamu: Ufulu ndi Kulekerera mu Nyengo ya Mikangano ya Zipembedzo; Chipembedzo ndi Sayansi ya Origins, Bwererani ku Chifukwa, Nkhani ya Ethics, Pamene Chikhulupiriro Sichikwanira, ndi 101 Mfundo Zazikulu Zafilosofi Zofunika Kwawo pa Zamulungu. Ndi Kelly Afilosofi Amene Amakhulupirira adavoteredwa chimodzi mwaChikhristu Masiku Ano 1995 Books of the Year.

Posachedwapa wakhala akugwira ntchito ndi Asilamu, Akhristu ndi Ayuda pa sayansi ndi chipembedzo, ndi ufulu wachipembedzo. Mogwirizana ndi chaka chakhumi cha 9-11, adakonza zosiyirana, "Ufulu ndi Kulekerera mu Nyengo ya Mikangano ya Zipembedzo” ku Georgetown University.