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Ngolo yogulira

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Zikhulupiriro za Abrahamic ndi Universalism: Ochita Chikhulupiriro M'dziko Lovuta

Thomas Walsh November 2, 2016

Zikhulupiriro za Abrahamu

Makanema 2
Zolankhula za Dr. Thomas Walsh
Zolankhula za Dr. Thomas Walsh

Mawu Ofunika Kwambiri pa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse Wapadziko Lonse wa 2016 pa Kuthetsa Mikangano ya Mitundu ndi Zipembedzo ndi Kumanga Mtendere
Mutu: “Mulungu M’modzi M’zikhulupiriro Zitatu: Kufufuza Mfundo Zogawana M’miyambo ya Chipembedzo cha Abrahamu—Chiyuda, Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu” 

Introduction

Ndikufuna kuthokoza ICERM ndi Purezidenti wake, Basil Ugorji, pondiyitanira ku msonkhano wofunikira uwu ndikundipatsa mwayi wogawana nawo mawu ochepa pamutu wofunikira uwu, “Mulungu Mmodzi mu Zikhulupiriro Zitatu: Kufufuza Mfundo Zogawana M’miyambo ya Chipembedzo cha Abrahamu. ”

Mutu wankhani yanga lero ndi "The Abrahamic Faiths and Universalism: Faith-Based Actors in a Complex World."

Ndikufuna kuyang'ana pa mfundo zitatu, monga momwe nthawi ikuloleza: choyamba, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa kapena zapadziko lonse komanso zomwe zimagawidwa pakati pa miyambo itatu; chachiwiri, “mbali yamdima” ya chipembedzo ndi miyambo itatu iyi; ndipo chachitatu, zina mwazochita zabwino zomwe ziyenera kulimbikitsidwa ndi kukulitsidwa.

Common Ground: Mfundo Zapadziko Lonse Zogawana ndi Miyambo ya Chipembedzo cha Abraham

Munjira zambiri nkhani ya miyambo itatuyi ili mbali ya nkhani imodzi. Nthawi zina timatcha Chiyuda, Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu miyambo ya "Abrahamu" chifukwa mbiri yawo idachokera kwa Abrahamu, bambo (pamodzi ndi Hagara) wa Ismayeli, yemwe kuchokera mumzera wake ukutuluka Muhamadi, ndi bambo wa Isaki (ndi Sara) yemwe kuchokera mumzera wake, kudzera mwa Yakobo. , Yesu anatulukira.

Nkhaniyi ili m'njira zambiri nkhani ya banja, ndi maubwenzi pakati pa mamembala a banja.

Ponena za makhalidwe omwe amagawana nawo, timawona zofanana m'madera a zaumulungu kapena chiphunzitso, makhalidwe, malemba opatulika ndi machitidwe a miyambo. Inde, palinso kusiyana kwakukulu.

Zamulungu kapena Chiphunzitso: monotheism, Mulungu wa chisamaliro (wochita nawo ntchito ndi wokangalika m'mbiri), ulosi, chilengedwe, kugwa, mesiya, soteriology, chikhulupiriro cha moyo pambuyo pa imfa, chiweruzo chomaliza. Zoonadi, pagawo lililonse logwirizana pamakhala mikangano ndi kusiyana.

Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimagwirizana, monga momwe Asilamu ndi Akhristu amalemekezera Yesu ndi Mariya. Kapena chikhulupiriro champhamvu cha Mulungu mmodzi chimene chimadziŵikitsa Chiyuda ndi Chisilamu, mosiyana ndi chiphunzitso cha Utatu cha Chikristu.

Ethics: Miyambo yonse itatu imadzipereka ku mfundo za chilungamo, kufanana, chifundo, moyo wabwino, ukwati ndi banja, kusamalira osauka ndi ovutika, kutumikira ena, kudziletsa, kuthandizira pomanga kapena kukhala ndi anthu abwino, Lamulo la Chikhalidwe; kuyang'anira chilengedwe.

Kuzindikiridwa kwa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino pakati pa miyambo itatu ya Abrahamu kwachititsa kuti pakhale chiitano cha kupangidwa kwa “makhalidwe adziko lonse.” Hans Kung wakhala akutsogolera ntchito imeneyi ndipo inasonyezedwanso ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya 1993 ya Zipembedzo Padziko Lonse ndi malo ena.

Malemba Opatulika: Nkhani za Adamu, Hava, Kaini, Abele, Nowa, Abrahamu, Mose zimatchulidwa kwambiri m’miyambo itatu yonseyi. Zolemba zoyambirira za mwambo uliwonse zimawonedwa kukhala zopatulika ndipo mwina zowululidwa mwaumulungu kapena zouziridwa.

mwambo: Ayuda, Akhristu ndi Asilamu amalimbikitsa pemphero, kuwerenga malemba, kusala kudya, kutenga nawo mbali pa chikumbutso cha masiku opatulika mu kalendala, miyambo yokhudzana ndi kubadwa, imfa, ukwati, ndi kubwera kwa msinkhu, kupatula tsiku lapadera la mapemphero ndi misonkhano, malo. mapemphero ndi kupembedza (tchalitchi, sunagoge, mzikiti)

Zikhalidwe zogawana, komabe, sizifotokoza nkhani yonse ya miyambo itatuyi, chifukwa ndithudi pali kusiyana kwakukulu m'magulu onse atatu otchulidwa; zamulungu, zamakhalidwe, zolemba, ndi miyambo. Zina mwazodziwika kwambiri ndi izi:

  1. Yesu: miyambo itatuyi imasiyana kwambiri pakuwona kufunika, udindo, ndi chikhalidwe cha Yesu.
  2. Mohammed: miyambo itatuyi imasiyana kwambiri potengera kufunikira kwa Muhamadi.
  3. Malemba Opatulika: miyambo itatuyi imasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi malingaliro awo a malemba opatulika a aliyense. M'malo mwake, pali ndime zina zodetsa nkhawa zomwe zimapezeka m'malemba onse opatulikawa.
  4. Yerusalemu ndi “Dziko Lopatulika”: dera la Temple Mount kapena Western Wall, Al Aqsa Mosque ndi Dome of the Rock, pafupi ndi malo opatulika kwambiri a Chikhristu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu.

Kuphatikiza pa kusiyana kofunikira kumeneku, tiyenera kuwonjezeranso zovuta zina. Ngakhale pali ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi izi, pali mikangano yamkati ndi kusagwirizana mkati mwa miyambo yayikuluyi. Kutchula magawano pakati pa Chiyuda (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, Reconstructionist), Chikhristu (Chikatolika, Orthodox, Protestanti), ndi Chisilamu (Sunni, Shia, Sufi) zimangokanda pamwamba.

Nthawi zina, zimakhala zosavuta kwa Akhristu ena kupeza zambiri zomwe zimafanana ndi Asilamu kusiyana ndi Akhristu ena. Zomwezo zikhoza kunenedwa pamwambo uliwonse. Ndinawerenga posachedwa (Jerry Brotton, Elizabethan England ndi Islamic World) kuti nthawi ya Elizabethan ku England (16th m'ma XNUMX), panali zoyesayesa zomanga ubale wamphamvu ndi a Turks, monga momwe zinalili bwino kwa Akatolika onyansa ku kontinentiyo. Chifukwa chake masewero ambiri adawonetsa "Moors" ochokera Kumpoto kwa Africa, Persia, Turkey. Udani umene unali pakati pa Akatolika ndi Apulotesitanti panthawiyo, unachititsa kuti Chisilamu chikhale chogwirizana ndi anthu ambiri.

Mbali Yamdima ya Chipembedzo

Kwakhala kofala kunena za “mbali yamdima” ya chipembedzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti, kumbali ina, zipembedzo zili ndi manja odetsedwa ponena za mikangano yambiri imene timapeza padziko lonse, sikuli kwanzeru kunena mopambanitsa mbali ya chipembedzo.

Chipembedzo, pambuyo pa zonse, m'malingaliro mwanga, chiri chabwino kwambiri pakuthandizira kwake pa chitukuko cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ngakhale osakhulupirira Mulungu amene amachirikiza nthanthi zakuthupi za chisinthiko chaumunthu amavomereza ku mbali yabwino ya chipembedzo m’chitukuko cha munthu, kupulumuka.

Komabe, pali matenda omwe nthawi zambiri amakhudzana ndi zipembedzo, monga momwe timapezera matenda okhudzana ndi magawo ena a anthu, monga boma, bizinesi, ndi pafupifupi magawo onse. Ma pathologies, m'malingaliro mwanga, sikuti amangotchula dzina, koma amawopseza chilengedwe chonse.

Nawa ma pathologies ofunika kwambiri:

  1. Chipembedzo chimakulitsa ethnocentrism.
  2. Imperialism yachipembedzo kapena triumphalism
  3. Kudzikuza kwa Hermeneutic
  4. Kuponderezedwa kwa "wina", "kutsutsa ena."
  5. Kusazindikira miyambo yamunthu komanso miyambo ina (Islamophobia, "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", etc.)
  6. "Teleological suspension of the ethical"
  7. "Clash of civilizations" ndi la Huntington

Nchiyani Chimafunika?

Pali zinthu zambiri zabwino zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi.

Gulu lophatikiza zipembedzo likupitilira kukula komanso kupita patsogolo. Kuchokera mu 1893 ku Chicago pakhala kukula kosalekeza kwa zokambirana pakati pa zipembedzo.

Mabungwe monga Nyumba Yamalamulo, Zipembedzo Zokhudza Mtendere, UPF, komanso zoyeserera za zipembedzo ndi maboma zolimbikitsa kuphatikizika kwa zipembedzo, mwachitsanzo, KAICIID, Amman Interfaith Message, ntchito za WCC, PCID ya ku Vatican, ndi bungwe la Vatican. United Nations UNAOC, World Interfaith Harmony Week, ndi Inter-Agency Task Force pa FBOs ndi SDGs; ICRD (Johnston), Cordoba Initiative (Faisal Adbul Rauf), msonkhano wa CFR pa "Religion and Foreign Policy". Ndipo kumene ICERM ndi The InterChurch Group, etc.

Ndikufuna kutchula ntchito ya Jonathan Haidt, ndi buku lake lakuti “The Righteous Mind.” Haidt amalozera ku zinthu zina zomwe anthu onse amagawana:

Kuvulaza / chisamaliro

Chilungamo/kufanana

Kukhulupirika mu gulu

Ulamuliro/ulemu

Chiyero/chiyero

Timapangidwa kuti tipange mitundu, monga magulu ogwirizana. Tili ndi zingwe kuti tigwirizane mozungulira matimu ndikulekanitsa kapena kugawikana ndi magulu ena.

Kodi tingapeze kulinganiza?

Tikukhala m'nthawi yomwe tikukumana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu kuchokera ku kusintha kwa nyengo, kuwonongeka kwa ma gridi amagetsi, ndikuwononga mabungwe azachuma, kuwopseza ndi maniac omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza zida zamankhwala, zachilengedwe kapena zida zanyukiliya.

Pomaliza, ndikufuna nditchule "zabwino" ziwiri zomwe zikuyenera kutsanzira: The Amman Intefaith Message, ndi Nostra Aetate yomwe idaperekedwa pa Okutobala 28, 1965, "Munthawi Yathu" ndi Paul VI ngati "chilengezo cha mpingo mu kugwirizana ndi zipembedzo zosakhala zachikristu.”

Pa maunansi a Chisilamu achikristu: “Popeza kuti m’zaka mazana ambiri palibe mikangano ndi udani woŵerengeka umene wabuka pakati pa Akristu ndi Asilamu, sinodi yopatulika imeneyi ikulimbikitsa onse kuiŵala zakale ndi kugwira ntchito mowona mtima kaamba ka kumvetsetsana ndi kusunga limodzi ndi kulimbikitsana. kuti apindule ndi chilungamo cha anthu onse ndi ubwino wamakhalidwe abwino, komanso mtendere ndi ufulu…” “kukambirana kwa abale”

"RCC imakana chilichonse chomwe chili chowona ndi choyera m'zipembedzo izi"….."nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa kuwala kwa chowonadi komwe kumaunikira anthu onse." Komanso PCID, ndi Assisi World Day of Prayer 1986.

Rabi David Rosen akuchitcha “kuchereza kwaumulungu” kumene kungasinthe “unansi woipitsidwa kwambiri.”

Amman Interfaith Message imatchula Quran 49:13. “Anthu inu, Ife tidakulengani inu nonse kuchokera kwa mwamuna mmodzi ndi mkazi mmodzi, ndipo tidakupangani kukhala mitundu ndi mafuko kuti mudziwane. Kwa Mulungu, olemekezeka kwambiri mwa inu ndi amene akumkumbukira (Mulungu).

La Convivencia ku Spain ndi 11th ndipo 12th zaka zambiri "Golden Age" ya Kulekerera ku Corodoba, WIHW ku UN.

Mchitidwe wa makhalidwe abwino aumulungu: kudziletsa, kudzichepetsa, chikondi, kukhululuka, chikondi.

Kulemekeza mizimu ya "hybrid".

Chitanipo kanthu mu "zamulungu zachipembedzo" kuti mupange zokambirana za momwe chikhulupiriro chanu chimawonera zikhulupiliro zina: zonena zawo zoona, zodzinenera za chipulumutso, ndi zina zotero.

Hermenutic kudzichepetsa re zolemba.

Zakumapeto

Nkhani ya nsembe ya Abrahamu ya mwana wake pa Phiri la Moriya (Genesis 22) ili ndi gawo lalikulu pa miyambo ya chikhulupiriro cha Abrahamu. Ndi nkhani yodziwika, komabe yomwe imanenedwa mosiyana ndi Asilamu kuposa Ayuda ndi Akhristu.

Nsembe ya osalakwa imavutitsa. Kodi Mulungu anali kuyesa Abrahamu? Anali mayeso abwino? Kodi Mulungu ankafuna kuthetsa nsembe ya magazi? Kodi inali kalambulabwalo wa imfa ya Yesu pamtanda, kapena Yesu sanafe pa mtanda pambuyo pake?

Kodi Mulungu anaukitsa Isaki kwa akufa, monga mmene anaukitsira Yesu?

Kodi anali Isaki kapena Isimaeli? (Ndemanga za 37)

Kierkegaard adalankhula za "kuyimitsidwa kwaukadaulo kwaukadaulo." Kodi “mayamiko a Mulungu” ayenera kutsatiridwa?

Benjamin Nelson analemba buku lofunika kwambiri mu 1950, zaka zapitazo lotchedwa, Lingaliro la Usury: Kuchokera ku Tribal Brotherhood kupita ku Universal Otherhood. Kafukufukuyu amaganizira za chikhalidwe chofuna chiwongola dzanja pakubweza ngongole, chinthu choletsedwa mu Deuteronomo pakati pa mamembala a fuko, koma chololedwa mu ubale ndi ena, choletsa chomwe chidachitika m'mbiri yakale yachikhristu yoyambirira komanso yazaka zapakati, mpaka nthawi ya Kukonzanso chiletsocho chinathetsedwa, ndipo chinatha, malinga ndi kunena kwa Nelson ku lingaliro la chilengedwe chonse, pamene m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anthu amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake ponseponse monga “ena.”

Karl Polanyi, mu The Great Transformation, analankhula za kusintha kwakukulu kuchokera ku chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kupita ku chikhalidwe cholamulidwa ndi chuma cha msika.

Chiyambireni kuyambika kwa “masiku ano” akatswiri ambiri a zamakhalidwe a anthu akhala akuyesetsa kumvetsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kupita ku chikhalidwe chamakono, kuchoka pa chimene Tonnies anachitcha kuti kuchoka ku Gulu ku Gesellschaft (Community ndi Society), kapena Maine akufotokozedwa ngati magulu osinthika kupita kumagulu amgwirizano (Lamulo Lakale).

Zikhulupiriro za Abrahamu chilichonse ndi chamakono mu chiyambi chawo. Iliyonse idayenera kupeza njira yake, titero kunena kwake, pakukambirana ubale wake ndi masiku ano, nthawi yodziwika ndi kulamulira kwadongosolo ladziko ladziko ndi chuma chamsika komanso, kumlingo wina wachuma chamsika cholamulidwa ndi kukwera kapena malingaliro adziko lapansi omwe amabisa mwachinsinsi. chipembedzo.

Iliyonse yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuti ikhale yolinganiza kapena kuletsa mphamvu zake zakuda. Kwa Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu pakhoza kukhala chizolowezi chofuna kupambana kapena kulamulira dziko lonse, mbali imodzi, kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikhazikitso kapena monyanyira, kumbali ina.

Ngakhale mwambo uliwonse umafuna kupangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano ndi anthu ammudzi pakati pa otsatira, udindowu ukhoza kulowa mukusankhira anthu omwe si mamembala kapena / kapena osatembenuka kapena kuvomereza malingaliro a dziko.

KODI ZIKHULUPIRIRO IZI ZIMACHITITSA BWANJI: THE COMMON GROUND

  1. Theism, ndithudi monotheism.
  2. Chiphunzitso cha Kugwa, ndi Theodicy
  3. Chiphunzitso cha Chiombolo, Chitetezero
  4. Lemba Lopatulika
  5. Horeneutics
  6. Muzu Wambiri wa Mbiri, Adamu ndi Hava, Kaini Abele, Nowa, Aneneri, Mose, Yesu
  7. Mulungu Amene Amakhudzidwa M'mbiri, ZOKHUDZA
  8. Kuyandikira kwa Geographic of Origins
  9. Mibadwo: Isake, Ismayeli, ndi Yesu anachokera mwa Abrahamu
  10. Ethics

MPHAMVU

  1. ukoma
  2. Kudziletsa ndi Kulanga
  3. Banja Lolimba
  4. kudzichepetsa
  5. Lamulo lachikhalidwe
  6. Oyang'anira
  7. Ulemu Wapadziko Lonse kwa Onse
  8. Justice
  9. choonadi
  10. kukonda

NTHAWI YA MDIMA

  1. Nkhondo Zachipembedzo, mkati ndi pakati
  2. Ulamuliro Wachinyengo
  3. Kunyada
  4. Triumphalism
  5. Zachipembedzo zodziwitsa ethno-centrism
  6. "Nkhondo Yopatulika" kapena ziphunzitso zachipembedzo za Jihad
  7. Kuponderezedwa kwa "otsutsa ena"
  8. Kuchepetsa kapena kulanga anthu ochepa
  9. Kusadziŵa ena: Akuluakulu a Zion, Islamophobia, ndi zina zotero.
  10. chiwawa
  11. Kukula kwa ethno-religious-nationalism
  12. "Metanarratives"
  13. Zosayerekezeka
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Thomas Walsh

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Chipembedzo ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma zomwe zimakhudza anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Monga momwe zikuwonekera, chipembedzo sichofunikira kokha kuti timvetsetse za kukhalapo kwa anthu amtundu uliwonse komanso chimagwirizana ndi mfundo zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chitukuko. Umboni wa m'mbiri ndi chikhalidwe pa mawonetseredwe osiyanasiyana ndi mayina a zochitika zachipembedzo ndi wochuluka. Dziko la Igbo ku Southern Nigeria, kumbali zonse za mtsinje wa Niger, ndi limodzi mwa magulu akuluakulu a zamalonda akuda ku Africa, omwe ali ndi chidwi chodziwika bwino chachipembedzo chomwe chimakhudza chitukuko chokhazikika komanso kuyanjana pakati pa mitundu pakati pa miyambo yawo. Koma malo achipembedzo ku Igboland akusintha mosalekeza. Mpaka 1840, zipembedzo zazikulu za Igbo zinali zachikhalidwe kapena zachikhalidwe. Pasanathe zaka makumi aŵiri pambuyo pake, pamene ntchito yaumishonale yachikristu inayamba m’derali, panabuka gulu lina lankhondo limene likanasinthanso chipembedzo cha m’deralo. Chikristu chinakula mpaka kucheperapo kulamulira komaliza. Zaka XNUMX zisanachitike Chikhristu ku Igboland, Chisilamu ndi zikhulupiriro zina zazing'ono zidayamba kupikisana ndi zipembedzo zaku Igbo ndi Chikhristu. Pepalali likutsatira za kusiyanasiyana kwa zipembedzo komanso kufunikira kwake pakukula kogwirizana ku Igboland. Imakoka zambiri kuchokera kuzinthu zosindikizidwa, zoyankhulana, ndi zojambula. Akunena kuti zipembedzo zatsopano zikatuluka, chikhalidwe chachipembedzo cha Igbo chidzapitilira kusiyanasiyana ndi / kapena kusintha, kaya kuphatikiza kapena kudzipatula pakati pa zipembedzo zomwe zilipo komanso zomwe zikubwera, kuti a Igbo apulumuke.

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Kutembenuka ku Chisilamu ndi Ethnic Nationalism ku Malaysia

Pepalali ndi gawo la kafukufuku wokulirapo womwe umayang'ana kwambiri za kukwera kwa utundu wa anthu amtundu wa Malay ndi ukulu ku Malaysia. Ngakhale kuti kukwera kwa dziko la Malaysia kungabwere chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, pepalali likukamba za lamulo lachisilamu la kutembenuka mtima ku Malaysia komanso ngati lalimbikitsa kapena ayi kuti mafuko a Malaysia akhale apamwamba. Malaysia ndi dziko lamitundu yambiri komanso zipembedzo zambiri lomwe lidalandira ufulu wake mu 1957 kuchokera ku Britain. Amaleya pokhala fuko lalikulu kwambiri nthawi zonse akhala akuwona chipembedzo cha Chisilamu monga gawo limodzi la kudziwika kwawo komwe kumawalekanitsa ndi mafuko ena omwe adabweretsedwa m'dzikoli panthawi yaulamuliro wa atsamunda a Britain. Ngakhale kuti Chisilamu ndi chipembedzo chovomerezeka, malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino amalola kuti zipembedzo zina zizichitidwa mwamtendere ndi anthu omwe si Achimalaya, omwe ndi amtundu wa China ndi Amwenye. Komabe, lamulo lachisilamu lomwe limayendetsa maukwati achisilamu ku Malaysia lalamula kuti anthu omwe si Asilamu alowe m'Chisilamu ngati akufuna kukwatirana ndi Asilamu. Mu pepala ili, ndikutsutsa kuti lamulo lachisilamu lotembenuzidwa lagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida cholimbikitsira maganizo a mtundu wa Chimalaya ku Malaysia. Deta yoyambirira idasonkhanitsidwa kutengera zoyankhulana ndi Asilamu aku Malay omwe adakwatirana ndi omwe si Achimalaya. Zotsatira zawonetsa kuti ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwa ku Malaysia amaona kuti kutembenukira ku Chisilamu ndikofunikira monga momwe chipembedzo cha Chisilamu chimafunikira ndi malamulo a boma. Kuonjezera apo, sawonanso chifukwa chomwe anthu omwe si a Malawi angakane kuti alowe m'Chisilamu, chifukwa pabanja, anawo adzatengedwa ngati Amamaya malinga ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, omwe amabweranso ndi udindo ndi mwayi. Malingaliro a anthu omwe si a Malawi omwe adalowa Chisilamu adachokera ku mafunso achiwiri omwe adachitidwa ndi akatswiri ena. Popeza kuti kukhala Msilamu kumagwirizana ndi kukhala Mmalay, ambiri omwe si Amamalay omwe adatembenuka amadzimva kuti alibe chidziwitso chachipembedzo ndi fuko, ndipo amakakamizika kutengera chikhalidwe cha mtundu wa Malay. Ngakhale kuti kusintha lamulo lotembenuzidwa kungakhale kovuta, kukambirana momasuka pakati pa zipembedzo m'masukulu ndi m'magulu a boma kungakhale njira yoyamba yothetsera vutoli.

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Nur Daut November 18, 2023

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