Kufunika Koyesa Mkangano Pankhani Yopatulika ya Esplanade ya Yerusalemu
Introduction
M'malire omwe amatsutsana kwambiri ndi Israeli pali Sacred Esplanade of Jerusalem (SEJ).[1] Kwawo kwa Temple Mount/Noble Sanctuary, SEJ ndi malo omwe Ayuda, Asilamu, ndi Akhristu amawaona kuti ndi oyera. Ndi malo omwe amatsutsana, pakati pa mzinda, ndipo ali ndi tanthauzo lakale lachipembedzo, mbiri yakale, ndi zakale. Kwa zaka zoposa XNUMX, anthu akhala, kugonjetsa, ndi kupita kudziko lino kuti apereke mau ku mapemphero ndi chikhulupiriro chawo.
Kuwongolera kwa SEJ kumakhudza kudziwika, chitetezo, ndi zolakalaka zauzimu za anthu ambiri. Ndilo vuto lalikulu la mikangano ya Israeli-Palestine ndi Israeli-Arabia, yomwe imathandizira kusokoneza madera ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Mpaka pano, okambirana ndi omwe angakhale opanga mtendere alephera kuvomereza gawo la SEJ la mikangano ngati mkangano pa malo opatulika.
Kuwunika kwa mikangano ya SEJ kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti kuwunikira zomwe zingatheke komanso zolepheretsa kukhazikitsa mtendere ku Yerusalemu. Kuwunikaku kuphatikizepo malingaliro a atsogoleri a ndale, atsogoleri achipembedzo, anthu omwe akutsatira, komanso anthu ammudzi. Pounikira mfundo zazikuluzikulu zogwirika komanso zosaoneka, kuwunika kwa mikangano ya SEJ kungapereke zidziwitso ndi malingaliro kwa opanga mfundo, ndipo, chofunikira kwambiri, kupereka maziko pazokambirana zamtsogolo.
Kufunika Kowunikanso Kusamvana kwa Oyimira pakati
Ngakhale kwa zaka makumi ambiri akuyesetsa, zokambirana za mgwirizano wamtendere wothetsa mkangano wa Israeli ndi Palestina zalephera. Ndi malingaliro a Hobbesian ndi Huntingtonian pachipembedzo, okambirana ndi oyimira pakati omwe akukhudzidwa ndi njira zamtendere mpaka pano alephera kuthana ndi gawo lopatulika la mkanganowo.[2] Kuwunika kusamvana kwa oyimira pakati ndikofunikira kuti muwone ngati pali mwayi wopeza mayankho kuzinthu zowoneka bwino za SEJ, mkati mwazopatulika. Zina mwa zomwe zapezedwa pa kafukufukuyu ndi kutsimikiza kwa kuthekera kwa kuyitanitsa atsogoleri achipembedzo, atsogoleri andale, opembedza, ndi anthu akudziko kuti achite nawo zokambirana zomwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga chigwirizano cha anthu - dziko lomwe otsutsana amalumikizana, ngakhale akupitilizabe kukhala ndi zikhulupiriro zosiyana. , mwa kuloŵerera kwambiri m’miyambi ya mikangano yawo.
Yerusalemu ngati nkhani ya chisokonezo
Ngakhale zili zachizoloŵezi kwa oyimira pakati pa mikangano yovuta kukulitsa chilimbikitso kuti akwaniritse mapangano pazinthu zomwe zimawoneka kuti sizingathetsedwe pofika mapangano osakhazikika pazinthu zovuta, nkhani za SEJ zikuwoneka kuti zikulepheretsa mgwirizano pa mgwirizano wamtendere wa Israeli ndi Palestine. Choncho, SEJ iyenera kuyankhidwa mokwanira kumayambiriro kwa zokambirana kuti apange mgwirizano wothetsa mikangano. Mayankho ku nkhani za SEJ atha, kudziwitsa ndi kukhudza mayankho ku zigawo zina za mikangano.
Kusanthula kwakukulu kwa kulephera kwa zokambirana za 2000 Camp David kumaphatikizapo kulephera kwa okambirana kuti akwaniritse bwino nkhani zokhudzana ndi SEJ. Wokambirana ndi Dennis Ross akuwonetsa kuti kulephera kuyembekezera nkhanizi kunathandizira kugwa kwa zokambirana za Camp David zomwe zinaitanidwa ndi Purezidenti Clinton. Popanda kukonzekera, Ross adapanga zosankha pakutentha kwa zokambirana zomwe sizinali zovomerezeka kwa Prime Minister Barak kapena Chairman Arafat. Ross ndi anzake adazindikiranso kuti Arafat sakanatha kuchita mapangano aliwonse okhudzana ndi SEJ popanda kuthandizidwa ndi mayiko achiarabu.[3]
Zowonadi, pofotokozera pambuyo pake udindo wa Camp David wa Israeli kwa Purezidenti George W. Bush, Nduna Yaikulu ya Israeli Ehud Barak adati, "Phiri la Kachisi ndilo chiyambi cha mbiri yachiyuda ndipo palibe njira yomwe ndingasayinire chikalata chosintha ulamuliro pa Phiri la Kachisi. kwa Palestine. Kwa Israyeli, kukakhala kusakhulupirika kwa Malo Opatulikitsa.”[4] Mawu otsazikana a Arafat kwa Purezidenti Clinton kumapeto kwa zokambirana anali otsimikiza chimodzimodzi: "Kundiuza kuti ndiyenera kuvomereza kuti pali kachisi pansi pa mzikiti? Sindidzachita zimenezo.”[5] Mu 2000, pulezidenti wa Igupto panthawiyo, Hosni Mubarak, anachenjeza kuti: “Kugwirizana kulikonse pa Yerusalemu kudzachititsa kuti derali liphulike m’njira imene silingalamuliridwe, ndipo uchigawenga udzabukanso.”[6] Atsogoleri akudziko ameneŵa anali ndi chidziŵitso champhamvu chophiphiritsira cha Esplanade Yopatulika ya Yerusalemu kaamba ka anthu awo. Koma iwo analibe chidziŵitso choyenerera kuti amvetsetse tanthauzo la malingalirowo, ndipo koposa zonse, analibe ulamuliro wa kumasulira malamulo achipembedzo mokomera mtendere. Akatswiri a zachipembedzo, atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndi okhulupirira wamba akadazindikira kufunika kodalira atsogoleri achipembedzo kuti awachirikize pa zokambirana zoterozo. Ngati zokambiranazo zisanachitike, kuwunika kwa mikangano kudazindikiritsa anthu oterowo ndikuwunikira madera omwe akuyenera kukambitsirana komanso zinthu zomwe ziyenera kupewedwa, okambiranawo atha kukhala ndi malo owonjezera omwe angayendere.
Pulofesa Ruth Lapidoth anapereka lingaliro longoganizirako pa zokambirana za Camp David: "Njira yake yothetsera mkangano wa Phiri la Kachisi inali kugawaniza ulamuliro pa malowa m'zigawo zogwira ntchito monga zakuthupi ndi zauzimu. Motero gulu lina likhoza kukhala ndi ulamuliro wakuthupi pa Phiri, kuphatikizapo maufulu monga kulamulira malo ofikira kapena apolisi, pamene lina lingapeze ulamuliro wauzimu, wophatikizapo ufulu wosankha mapemphero ndi miyambo. Komanso, chifukwa chakuti awiriwa ankatsutsana kwambiri ndi zauzimu, Prof. Lapidoth ananena kuti onse amene anali mkanganowo agwirizane ndi mfundo yakuti Mulungu ndiye woyenera kulamulira phiri la Kachisi.”[7] Chiyembekezo chinali chakuti mwa kukhala ndi chipembedzo ndi ulamuliro pamamangidwe oterowo, okambitsirana angapeze malo oti athetse nkhani zooneka zokhuza udindo, ulamuliro, ndi ufulu. Komabe, monga momwe Hassner akusonyezera, ulamuliro wa Mulungu uli ndi tanthauzo lenileni m’malo opatulika.[8], mwachitsanzo, ndi magulu ati omwe amapemphera kuti ndi liti. Chifukwa chake, lingalirolo linali losakwanira.
Mantha ndi Kusuliza Chipembedzo Zimachititsa Kuti Pakhale Vuto
Okambirana ambiri ndi oyimira pakati sanagwirizane bwino ndi gawo lopatulika la mkanganowo. Akuwoneka kuti akutengapo phunziro kwa Hobbes, kukhulupirira kuti atsogoleri andale ayenera kutengera mphamvu zomwe okhulupirira amapereka kwa Mulungu, ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito kulimbikitsa bata. Atsogoleri akumayiko akumadzulo akuonekanso kuti ali wokakamizidwa ndi anthu amakono a Huntington, akuwopa kuti chipembedzo n’chopanda nzeru. Amakonda kuona chipembedzo m'njira ziwiri zosavuta. Chipembedzo chingakhale chachinsinsi, choncho chiyenera kukhala chosiyana ndi zokambirana za ndale, kapena chokhazikika m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kotero kuti chikhale ngati chilakolako chopanda nzeru chomwe chingasokoneze zokambirana.[9] Inde, pamisonkhano yambiri,[10] Israeli ndi Palestine akugwirizana ndi lingaliro ili, kunena kuti kutchula gawo lililonse la mkanganowo kuti ndi lochokera kuchipembedzo kuwonetsetsa kuti sikungatheke ndikupangitsa kuti zisachitike.
Ndipo komabe, zoyesayesa zokambitsirana za pangano lamtendere lathunthu, popanda malingaliro ochokera kwa otsatira achipembedzo ndi atsogoleri awo, zalephera. Mtendere ukadalibe, derali likukhalabe losakhazikika, ndipo opembedza monyanyira akupitiriza kuwopseza ndi kuchita zachiwawa pofuna kuteteza SEJ ku gulu lawo.
Chikhulupiriro cha kusuliza kwa Hobbes ndi makono a Huntington chikuwoneka kuti chikulepheretsa atsogoleri achipembedzo kuti asazindikire kufunika kokhala ndi anthu opembedza, kulingalira zikhulupiriro zawo, ndi kutengera mphamvu zandale za atsogoleri awo achipembedzo. Koma ngakhale a Hobbes akadathandizira atsogoleri azipembedzo omwe akutenga nawo mbali pakufuna zisankho pazovuta zenizeni za SEJ. Akadadziwa kuti popanda thandizo la atsogoleri achipembedzo, okhulupirira sangagonjetse zigamulo zokhudzana ndi malo opatulika. Popanda kuloŵetsapo ndi kuthandizidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, odziperekawo akanada nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi “mantha a zosaoneka” ndi chiyambukiro cha kusafa kwa moyo pambuyo pa imfa.[11]
Popeza kuti chipembedzo chikuyenera kukhala champhamvu kwambiri ku Middle East mtsogolo mowoneratu, atsogoleri adziko akuyenera kuganizira momwe angagwirizanitse atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi okhulupirira kuti athetse mavuto okhudzana ndi Yerusalemu ngati gawo limodzi la zoyesayesa za kutha kwa dziko. -kupambana mgwirizano.
Komabe, sipanakhalepo kuwunika kwa mikangano komwe kunachitika ndi gulu la akatswiri oyimira pakati kuti azindikire zinthu zowoneka ndi zosaoneka za SEJ zomwe zingafunike kukambitsirana, ndikuphatikiza atsogoleri achipembedzo omwe angafunike kuthandizira kupanga mayankho ndikupanga njira zopangira mayankhowo kukhala ovomerezeka. kwa otsatira chikhulupiriro. Kusanthula kwakukulu kwa mikangano ya nkhani, zochitika, okhudzidwa, mikangano yachipembedzo, ndi zosankha zamakono zokhudzana ndi Sacred Esplanade ya Yerusalemu ndizofunikira kuti atero.
Oyimira pakati pa mfundo za anthu nthawi zonse amayesa mikangano kuti apereke kusanthula mozama kwa mikangano yovuta. Kusanthula ndikukonzekera zokambirana zamphamvu ndikuthandizira zokambiranazo pozindikira zovomerezeka za gulu lililonse lodziyimira pawokha, ndikufotokozera zonenazo popanda kuweruza. Kuyankhulana mozama ndi omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri kumabweretsa malingaliro ang'onoang'ono pamwamba, omwe amapangidwa kukhala lipoti lomwe limathandiza kukonza zochitika zonse zomwe zimamveka komanso zodalirika kwa onse omwe akukangana.
Kuwunika kwa SEJ kudzazindikiritsa maphwando omwe ali ndi zodandaula ku SEJ, kufotokoza nkhani zawo zokhudzana ndi SEJ, ndi nkhani zazikulu. Kukambilana ndi atsogoleri a ndale ndi achipembedzo, atsogoleri achipembedzo, ophunzira, ndi otsatira zikhulupiriro zachiyuda, Asilamu, ndi Chikhristu, zidzapereka kumvetsetsa kosiyanasiyana pa nkhani ndi mayendedwe okhudzana ndi SEJ. Kuunikaku kudzawunika nkhani malinga ndi kusiyana kwa zikhulupiliro, koma osati mikangano yazaumulungu.
SEJ imapereka chidwi chowoneka bwino pakubweretsa kusiyana kwachikhulupiriro kudzera muzinthu monga kulamulira, ulamuliro, chitetezo, mwayi, pemphero, zowonjezera, ndi kukonza, zomanga, ndi zochitika zakale. Kumvetsetsa kowonjezereka kwa nkhanizi kutha kumveketsa bwino nkhani zomwe zili mkangano, mwinanso mwayi wopeza mayankho.
Kulephera kumvetsetsa zigawo zachipembedzo za mkanganowo ndi momwe zimakhudzira nkhondo yonse ya Israeli-Palestine zidzangowonjezera kulephera kukwaniritsa mtendere, monga umboni wa kugwa kwa ndondomeko ya mtendere ya Kerry, ndi zodziwikiratu, zomwe zimabweretsa chiwawa komanso zofunikira. kusokoneza komwe kunatsatira.
Kuwunika Kusamvana kwa Oyimira pakati
Gulu la SEJ Conflict Assessment Group (SEJ CAG) lingaphatikizepo gulu loyimira pakati ndi bungwe la alangizi. Gulu loyimira mkhalapakati likhala ndi oyimira pakati odziwa bwino zipembedzo, ndale, ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, omwe azidzagwira ntchito ngati ofunsa mafunso ndikuthandizira pazinthu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza kuzindikira omwe akufunsidwa, kuwunikanso njira zoyankhulirana, kukambirana zomwe apeza koyamba, kulemba ndi kuwunikanso zolemba za. lipoti loyesa. Bungwe la alangizi liphatikiza akatswiri azachipembedzo, sayansi yandale, mikangano ya Middle East, Jerusalem, ndi SEJ. Adzathandizira pazochitika zonse kuphatikizapo kulangiza gulu loyimira pakati pakuwunika zotsatira za zoyankhulana.
Kusonkhanitsa Kafukufuku Woyambira
Kuwunikaku kungayambike ndi kafukufuku wozama kuti azindikire ndikusokoneza malingaliro ambiri omwe angachitike pa SEJ. Kufufuzaku kungapangitse zambiri za gulu komanso poyambira kupeza anthu omwe angathandize kuzindikira omwe adafunsidwa.
Kuzindikiritsa Ofunsidwa
Gulu loyimira pakati likakumana ndi anthu, odziwika ndi SEJ CAG kuchokera mu kafukufuku wake, omwe angafunsidwe kuti atchule mndandanda woyamba wa omwe adafunsidwa. Izi zingaphatikizepo atsogoleri okhazikika komanso osakhazikika m'chipembedzo cha Muslim, Chikhristu ndi Chiyuda, ophunzira, akatswiri, akatswiri, ndale, akazembe, anthu wamba, anthu wamba komanso atolankhani. Aliyense wofunsidwa adzafunsidwa kuti avomereze anthu owonjezera. Pafupifupi zoyankhulana 200 mpaka 250 zikachitika.
Kukonzekera Interview Protocol
Kutengera kafukufuku wam'mbuyo, zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu, komanso upangiri wochokera ku gulu la alangizi, SEJ CAG ingakonzekere zoyankhulana. Ndondomekoyi ikhala ngati poyambira ndipo mafunsowo amawunikidwa pa nthawi yofunsa mafunso kuti athe kupeza kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa ofunsidwa pa nkhani za SEJ ndi mphamvu zake. Mafunsowo ayang'ana pa nkhani ya wofunsidwa aliyense, kuphatikizapo tanthauzo la SEJ, mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi zigawo za zonena zamagulu awo, malingaliro okhudza kuthetsa zotsutsana za SEJ, ndi zomveka zokhudzana ndi zonena za ena.
Kuchita zokambirana
Mamembala a gulu loyimira pakati amafunsana maso ndi maso ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi, popeza magulu a ofunsidwa amazindikiridwa m'malo ena. Angagwiritse ntchito msonkhano wapavidiyo pamene kuyankhulana maso ndi maso sikutheka.
Mamembala a gulu la Mediation angagwiritse ntchito ndondomeko yoyankhulirana yokonzedwa ngati chitsogozo ndikulimbikitsa wofunsidwa kuti apereke nkhani yake ndi kumvetsetsa kwake. Mafunso angakhale olimbikitsa kuonetsetsa kuti ofunsidwa amvetsetsa zomwe akudziwa mokwanira kuti afunse. Kuonjezera apo, polimbikitsa anthu kuti afotokoze nkhani zawo, gulu la mkhalapakati lidzaphunzira zambiri za zinthu zomwe sakanatha kuzifunsa. Mafunso angakhale ovuta kwambiri panthawi yonse yofunsa mafunso. Mamembala a gulu la Mediation angachite zoyankhulana motsimikiza mtima, kutanthauza kuvomereza kwathunthu zonse zomwe zanenedwa popanda kuweruza. Zomwe zaperekedwa zidzawunikiridwa mogwirizana ndi zomwe zaperekedwa kwa omwe akufunsidwa poyesa kuzindikira mitu yofanana komanso malingaliro ndi malingaliro apadera.
Pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa panthawi yofunsa mafunso, SEJ CAG amasanthula nkhani iliyonse yogwirika m'malo osiyanasiyana amalingaliro ndi malingaliro achipembedzo chilichonse, komanso momwe malingaliro awo amakhudzidwira ndi kukhalapo ndi zikhulupiriro za ena.
Panthawi yofunsa mafunso, SEJ CAG amalumikizana pafupipafupi komanso pafupipafupi kuti awonenso mafunso, zovuta, komanso zosagwirizana. Mamembala amafufuza zomwe apeza, pamene gulu loyimira pakati likuwonekera ndi kusanthula nkhani zachipembedzo zomwe zabisika kuseri kwa ndale, ndi zomwe zimayika nkhani za SEJ ngati mikangano yosasinthika.
Kukonzekera Lipoti la Assessment
Kulemba Lipoti
Vuto polemba lipoti lowunika ndikuphatikiza zambiri zambiri kuti zikhale zomveka komanso zomveka za mkanganowo. Pamafunika kumvetsetsa ndi kuphunzitsidwa bwino za mikangano, mphamvu zamphamvu, chiphunzitso cha zokambirana ndi machitidwe, komanso kumasuka ndi chidwi chomwe chimathandiza oyimira pakati kuti aphunzire za malingaliro ena a dziko ndikukhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi.
Pamene gulu loyimira pakati likuchita zoyankhulana, mitu idzawonekera pazokambirana za SEJ CAG. Izi zikanayesedwa panthawi yofunsa mafunso pambuyo pake, ndipo zotsatira zake, zidzasinthidwa. Bungwe la advisory liwunikanso mitu yolembera motsutsana ndi zolemba zofunsa mafunso, kuti zitsimikizire kuti mitu yonse yayankhidwa bwino komanso molondola.
Kufotokozera za Lipotilo
Lipotilo liphatikiza zinthu monga: mawu oyamba; chithunzithunzi cha mkangano; kukambitsirana kwa mphamvu zazikulu; mndandanda ndi kufotokoza kwa magulu omwe ali ndi chidwi; kufotokoza kwachikhulupiriro cha gulu lirilonse la SEJ nkhani, mphamvu, matanthauzo, ndi malonjezo; Chipani chilichonse mantha, ziyembekezo, ndi mwayi anazindikira za tsogolo la SEJ; chidule cha nkhani zonse; ndi zowonera ndi malingaliro otengera zomwe zapezeka mu kuunikaku. Cholinga chingakhale kukonzekera nkhani zachipembedzo zokhudzana ndi nkhani zooneka za SEJ za chipembedzo chilichonse chomwe chimagwirizana ndi okhulupirira, ndikupatsa opanga mfundo kumvetsetsa mozama za zikhulupiriro, ziyembekezo, ndi kuphatikizika kwa magulu achipembedzo.
Advisory Council Review
A Advisory Council adzawunikanso zolemba zambiri za lipotilo. Mamembala ena adzafunsidwa kuti apereke ndemanga mozama ndi ndemanga pa mbali za lipoti zomwe zikukhudzana ndi luso lawo. Pambuyo popeza ndemangazi, wolemba lipoti lotsogolera adzawatsatira, ngati pakufunika, kuti atsimikizire kuti amvetsetsa bwino zomwe akuwunikiridwa ndikukonzanso lipoti lokonzekera kutengera ndemangazo.
Ndemanga ya Wofunsidwa
Ndemanga za bungwe la alangizi zitaphatikizidwa mu lipoti lokonzekera, zigawo zofunikira za lipoti lokonzekera zidzatumizidwa kwa wofunsidwa aliyense kuti awonedwe. Ndemanga zawo, kuwongolera, ndi mafotokozedwe ake zitha kutumizidwanso ku gulu loyimira pakati. Mamembala amgulu amawunikiranso gawo lililonse ndikutsata omwe adafunsidwa pafoni kapena pavidiyo, ngati pakufunika.
Lipoti la Final Conflict Assessment
Pambuyo pakuwunikiridwa komaliza ndi bungwe la alangizi ndi gulu loyimira pakati, lipoti lowunika mikangano limalizidwa.
Kutsiliza
Ngati zamakono sizinathetse chipembedzo, ngati anthu akupitirizabe kukhala ndi "mantha a zosaoneka," ngati atsogoleri achipembedzo ali ndi ndale, ndipo ngati ndale amadyera masuku pamutu chifukwa cha ndale, ndiye kuti kuyesedwa kwa mikangano kwa Sacred Esplanade ya Yerusalemu kumafunika. Ndi gawo lofunikira pakukambitsirana kwamtendere kwabwino, chifukwa lidzanyoza nkhani zowoneka za ndale ndi zokonda pakati pa zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe achipembedzo. Pamapeto pake, zitha kubweretsa malingaliro osaganiziridwa kale ndi njira zothetsera kusamvana.
Zothandizira
[1] Grabar, Oleg ndi Benjamin Z. Kedar. Kumwamba ndi Dziko Lapansi Zikukumana: Malo Opatulika a Yerusalemu, (Yad Ben-Zvi Press, University of Texas Press, 2009), 2.
[2] Ron Hassner, Nkhondo pa Malo Opatulika, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009), 70-71.
[3] Ross, Dennis. Mtendere Wosowa. (New York: Farrar, Straus ndi Giroux, 2004).
[4] Menahem Klein, Vuto la ku Yerusalemu: Kulimbana ndi Udindo Wamuyaya, (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2003), 80.
[5] Curtius, Mary. “Malo Opatulika Ndilo Lofunika Kwambiri Pakati pa Zopinga Mtendere wa Kumadzulo kwa Kumadzulo; Chipembedzo: Mikangano yambiri ya Israeli-Palestine imatsikira ku malo okwana maekala 36 ku Yerusalemu," (Los Angeles Times, September 5, 2000). A1.
[6] Lahoud, Lamia. "Mubarak: Kugwirizana kwa Yerusalemu kumatanthauza chiwawa," (Jerusalem Post, Ogasiti 13, 2000), 2.
[7] "Kukambirana ndi Mbiri: Ron E. Hassner," (California: Institute of International Studies, University of California Berkeley Events, February 15, 2011), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIb9iJf6DA8.
[8] Hasner, Nkhondo pa Malo Opatulika, 86-87.
[9] Ibid, XX ndi.
[10]"Chipembedzo ndi Mikangano ya Israeli-Palestine," (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Sept 28, 2013),, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/religion-and-the-israel-palestinian-conflict. Matupi.
[11] Negretto, Gabriel L. Leviathan wa Hobes. Mphamvu Yosatsutsika ya Mulungu Wachivundi, Analisi e diritto 2001, (Torino: 2002), http://www.giuri.unige.it/intro/dipist/digita/filo/testi/analisi_2001/8negretto.pdf.
[12] Sher, Gilad. Kupitilira Kufikira: Zokambirana zamtendere za Israeli-Palestine: 1999-2001, (Tel Aviv: Miskal–Yedioth Books and Chemed Books, 2001), 209.
[13] Hasner, Nkhondo pa Malo Opatulika.
Nkhaniyi inakambidwa pa msonkhano woyamba wapachaka wa International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation’s 1st Annual International Conference on Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding womwe unachitikira ku New York City, USA, pa October 1, 2014.
Title: “Kufunika Koyesa Kusamvana Pankhani ya Malo Opatulika a Yerusalemu”
Presenter: Susan L. Podziba, Policy Mediator, Founder and Principal of Podziba Policy Mediation, Brookline, Massachusetts.
mtsogoleri: Elayne E. Greenberg, Ph.D., Pulofesa wa Legal Practice, Wothandizira Dean of Dispute Resolution Programs, ndi Mtsogoleri, Hugh L. Carey Center for Dispute Resolution, St. John's University School of Law, New York.
