Mitundu Yamitundu ndi Zipembedzo Zomwe Zimayambitsa Mpikisano Wazinthu Zochokera ku Malo: Mikangano ya Alimi a Tiv ndi Abusa ku Central Nigeria
Kudalirika
A Tiv a ku Central Nigeria ndi alimi alimi ambiri omwe ali ndi malo amwazikana omwe cholinga chake ndi kutsimikizira mwayi wopeza minda. A Fulani a m’madera ouma kwambiri, kumpoto kwa Nigeria ndi abusa oyendayenda amene amayendayenda ndi nyengo yamvula yapachaka ndi youma kufunafuna msipu wa ng’ombe. Central Nigeria imakopa anthu osamukasamuka chifukwa cha madzi ndi masamba omwe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa Rivers Benue ndi Niger; komanso kusowa kwa tse-tse ntchentche mkati mwa chigawo chapakati. Kwa zaka zambiri, maguluwa akhala mwamtendere, mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 pamene nkhondo yachiwawa inayambika pakati pawo chifukwa cha mwayi wopeza minda ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. Kuchokera muzolemba zolembedwa ndi zokambirana zamagulu ndi zowonera, mikanganoyi idayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuchepa kwachuma, kusintha kwanyengo, kusakhazikika kwaulimi komanso kukwera kwachisilamu. Kupititsa patsogolo ulimi ndi kukonzanso kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino kake
Introduction
Malingaliro amakono omwe amapezeka paliponse m'zaka za m'ma 1950 omwe maiko angasinthe mwachibadwa pamene akukhala amakono adawunikidwanso potengera zomwe mayiko ambiri omwe akutukuka akutukuka akupita patsogolo, makamaka kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20.th zaka zana. Otsatira amakono anali ndi malingaliro awo pakufalikira kwa maphunziro ndi kutukuka kwa mafakitale, zomwe zingalimbikitse kukula kwamatauni ndikusintha komwe kumakhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu (Eisendaht, 1966; Haynes, 1995). Ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa moyo wa nzika zambiri, kufunikira kwa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ndi kuzindikira kwa tsankho monga njira zolimbikitsira mikangano kuti apeze mwayi wopeza chithandizo kungalephereke. Zokwanira kuzindikira kuti mafuko ndi zipembedzo zidatulukira ngati nsanja zodziwika bwino zopikisana ndi magulu ena kuti athe kupeza zothandizira anthu, makamaka zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi boma (Nnoli, 1978). Popeza kuti mayiko ambiri amene akutukuka kumene ali ndi anthu ochuluka kwambiri, ndipo mafuko awo ndi zipembedzo zawo zinakulirakulira chifukwa cha utsamunda, mikangano pazandale inalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi zofuna zamagulu ndi zachuma za magulu osiyanasiyana. Ambiri mwa mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, makamaka ku Africa, anali pamlingo woyambira wamakono m'ma 1950 mpaka 1960s. Komabe, patatha zaka makumi angapo zakusinthika kwamakono, chidziwitso cha mafuko ndi chipembedzo chalimbikitsidwa ndipo, mu 21.st zaka zana, zikukwera.
Kufunika kodziwika kwa mitundu ndi zipembedzo pazandale komanso nkhani zamayiko ku Nigeria kwakhala koonekera pagawo lililonse m'mbiri ya dzikolo. Kupambana kwapafupi kwa ndondomeko ya demokalase kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 pambuyo pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa 1993 chikuyimira nthawi yomwe kutchulidwa kwa chipembedzo ndi mtundu wa anthu pa nkhani za ndale za dziko kunali kochepa. Nthawi imeneyo ya mgwirizano wa anthu ambiri ku Nigeria inasintha ndi kuthetsedwa kwa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa June 12, 1993 pomwe Chief MKO Abiola, wa Chiyoruba wochokera ku South Western Nigeria anapambana. Kuthetsedwaku kudapangitsa dziko kukhala chipwirikiti chomwe posakhalitsa chinatengera miyambo yachipembedzo (Osaghae, 1998).
Ngakhale kuti zipembedzo ndi mafuko zakhala zikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mikangano yoyambitsidwa ndi ndale, maubwenzi apakati pamagulu nthawi zambiri amatsogoleredwa ndi zifukwa zachipembedzo. Kuyambira kubwerera kwa demokalase mu 1999, maubwenzi apakati pamagulu ku Nigeria akhala akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zipembedzo. Pachifukwa ichi, ndiye kuti pali mkangano wokhudzana ndi nthaka pakati pa alimi a Tiv ndi abusa a Fulani. M'mbiri, magulu awiriwa adalumikizana mwamtendere ndi mikangano apa ndi apo koma pamiyendo yotsika, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zawo zothanirana ndi mikangano, mtendere unkapezeka nthawi zambiri. Kuyamba kwa udani waukulu pakati pa magulu awiriwa kunayamba cha m’ma 1990, m’chigawo cha Taraba, m’malo odyetserako ziweto kumene alimi a Tiv anayamba kuchepetsa malo odyetserako ziweto. Kumpoto kwapakati pa dziko la Nigeria kudakhala bwalo la zisudzo pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000, pomwe abusa a Fulani adaukira alimi a Tiv ndi nyumba zawo ndi mbewu zawo zidakhala gawo la ubale wamagulu m'derali komanso madera ena adziko. Kumenyana kwa zida izi kwakula kwambiri m'zaka zitatu zapitazi (2011-2014).
Pepalali likufuna kuwunikira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa alimi a Tiv ndi abusa a Fulani omwe amapangidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chipembedzo, ndipo akuyesera kuchepetsa mphamvu za mkangano wokhudzana ndi mpikisano wopezera malo odyetserako ziweto ndi madzi.
Kufotokozera Mgwirizano wa Mikangano: Kuzindikiritsa Makhalidwe
Central Nigeria ili ndi mayiko asanu ndi limodzi, omwe ndi: Kogi, Benue, Plateau, Nasarawa, Niger ndi Kwara. Derali limatchedwa 'middle lamba' (Anyadike, 1987) kapena lovomerezeka mwalamulo, 'north-central geo-political zone'. Derali lili ndi anthu osiyanasiyana komanso zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Pakati pa dziko la Nigeria kuli mitundu yambiri ya anthu ang'onoang'ono omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amwenye, pamene magulu ena monga Fulani, Hausa ndi Kanuri amatengedwa ngati osamukira kumayiko ena. Magulu odziwika ochepa mderali akuphatikizapo Tiv, Idoma, Eggon, Nupe, Birom, Jukun, Chamba, Pyem, Goemai, Kofyar, Igala, Gwari, Bassa etc. m’dzikolo.
Central Nigeria imadziwikanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipembedzo: Chikhristu, Chisilamu ndi zipembedzo zachikhalidwe zaku Africa. Chiwerengerocho chikhoza kukhala chosawerengeka, koma Chikhristu chikuwoneka ngati chachikulu, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kupezeka kwakukulu kwa Asilamu pakati pa osamukira ku Fulani ndi Hausa. Central Nigeria ikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kumeneku komwe ndi kalilole wa kuchuluka kwa ku Nigeria. Derali limaphatikizanso gawo la Kaduna ndi Bauchi, omwe amadziwika kuti Southern Kaduna ndi Bauchi, motsatana (James, 2000).
Central Nigeria ikuyimira kusintha kuchokera ku savanna ya Kumpoto kwa Nigeria kupita ku dera la Southern Nigeria la nkhalango. Choncho lili ndi zigawo zonse za nyengo. Derali ndi loyenera kwambiri kukhala ndi moyo wongokhala, chifukwa chake, ulimi ndi ntchito yayikulu. Mbewu za muzu monga mbatata, chilazi ndi chinangwa zimalimidwa kwambiri m'derali. Mbewu monga mpunga, chimanga, mapira, chimanga, benniseed ndi soya zimalimidwanso kwambiri ndipo zimapanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri zopezera ndalama. Kulima mbewuzi kumafuna zigwa zazikulu kuti zitheke kulimidwa mokhazikika komanso zokolola zambiri. Ulimi wokhazikika umathandizidwa ndi mvula ya miyezi isanu ndi iwiri (April-October) ndi miyezi isanu ya nyengo yamvula (November-March) yoyenera kukolola mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndi mbewu za tuber. Derali limapatsidwa madzi achilengedwe kudzera m’mitsinje yomwe imadutsa m’derali n’kukathira mumtsinje wa Benue ndi Niger, womwe ndi mitsinje iŵiri ikuluikulu ku Nigeria. Mitsinje yayikulu m'derali ndi mitsinje Galma, Kaduna, Gurara ndi Katsina-Ala, (James, 2000). Magwero a madzi amenewa ndi kupezeka kwa madzi n’kofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yaulimi, komanso kupindula m’nyumba ndi m’busa.
The Tiv ndi Pastoralist Fulani ku Central Nigeria
Ndikofunika kukhazikitsa nkhani yokhudzana ndi kuyanjana pakati pamagulu ndi kugwirizana pakati pa Tiv, gulu lokhala pansi, ndi Fulani, gulu la abusa oyendayenda pakati pa Nigeria (Wegh, & Moti, 2001). A Tiv ndiye fuko lalikulu kwambiri ku Central Nigeria, pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu, okhala ku Benue State, koma opezeka ambiri ku Nasarawa, Taraba ndi Plateau States (NPC, 2006). A Tiv akukhulupirira kuti adasamuka ku Congo ndi Central Africa, ndipo adakhazikika pakati pa Nigeria m'mbiri yakale (Rubinh, 1969; Bohannans 1953; East, 1965; Moti ndi Wegh, 2001). Chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Tiv panopa n’chofunika kwambiri, chikuchokera pa 800,000 m’chaka cha 1953. Zotsatira za kukwera kwa chiwerengerochi pazaulimi n’zosiyanasiyana koma n’zofunika kwambiri pa ubale wamagulu.
Anthu amtundu wa Tiv ndi alimi olima ambiri omwe amakhala pamtunda ndipo amapeza chakudya kuchokera kwa iwo kudzera mukulima kwawo kuti apeze chakudya ndi ndalama. Ntchito yaulimi wamba inali ntchito yodziwika bwino ya Tiv mpaka mvula yosakwanira, kuchepa kwa chonde m'nthaka komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu kumabweretsa zokolola zochepa, zomwe zidapangitsa alimi a Tiv kukumbatira ntchito zomwe sizinali zaulimi monga malonda ang'onoang'ono. Pamene anthu a ku Tiv anali ochepa poyerekeza ndi malo omwe analipo kuti alimidwe m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960, kulima mosinthanasintha ndi kasinthasintha wa mbewu zinali zaulimi wamba. Ndi kukwera kosalekeza kwa anthu a Tiv, limodzi ndi midzi yawo yachikhalidwe, yotalikirana yofikira ndikuwongolera kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka, malo olimidwa adachepa kwambiri. Komabe, anthu ambiri a ku Tiv akhalabe alimi, ndipo apitirizabe kulima malo ambiri oti apeze chakudya ndi ndalama zomwe amalima mbewu zosiyanasiyana.
A Fulani, omwe ambiri ndi Asilamu, ndi gulu losamukasamuka, la abusa omwe ndi abusa oweta ng'ombe. Kufunafuna kwawo zinthu zomwe zingathandize kulera ng'ombe zawo kumawapangitsa kuti aziyenda kuchoka kumalo ena kupita kwina, makamaka kumadera omwe ali ndi msipu ndi madzi komanso opanda ng'ombe za tsetse (Iro, 1991). A Fulani amadziwika ndi mayina angapo kuphatikizapo Fulbe, Peut, Fula ndi Felaata (Iro, 1991, de st. Croix, 1945). A Fulani akuti adachokera ku Arabia Peninsula ndipo adasamukira ku West Africa. Malinga ndi Iro (1991), a Fulani amagwiritsa ntchito kuyenda ngati njira yopangira madzi ndi msipu komanso, mwina, misika. Gululi limatengera abusa kumayiko a 20 kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, zomwe zimapangitsa a Fulani kukhala gulu lodziwika bwino la chikhalidwe cha anthu (padziko lonse lapansi), ndipo likuwoneka kuti likukhudzidwa pang'ono ndi masiku ano pankhani yachuma cha abusa. Abusa a Fulani ku Nigeria amasamukira kumwera ku chigwa cha Benue ndi ng'ombe zawo kufunafuna msipu ndi madzi kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yamvula (November mpaka April). Chigwa cha Benue chili ndi zinthu ziŵiri zazikulu zochititsa chidwi—madzi a mitsinje ya Benue ndi mitsinje yake, monga ngati Mtsinje wa Katsina-Ala, ndi malo opanda tsetse. Ulendo wobwerera umayamba ndi kuyamba kwa mvula mu April ndipo umapitirira mpaka June. Chigwacho chikadzaza ndi mvula yambiri ndipo kuyenda kumalepheretsedwa ndi madera amatope omwe akuwopseza moyo wa ng'ombe ndikudutsa chifukwa cha ntchito zaulimi, kusiya chigwacho kukhala chosapeŵeka.
Contemporary Contestation for Land Based Resources
Mpikisano wopezera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka yochokera ku nthaka, makamaka madzi ndi msipu, pakati pa alimi a Tiv ndi abusa a Fulani umachitika potengera momwe magulu onse awiriwa amagwirira ntchito pazachuma komanso osamukasamuka.
Anthu amtundu wa Tiv ndi anthu ongokhala omwe moyo wawo umachokera pazaulimi. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu kumadzetsa chitsenderezo pa kupezeka kwa malo ngakhale pakati pa alimi. Kuchepa kwa chonde cha nthaka, kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zamakono zimagwirizana ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe yaulimi m'njira yomwe imasokoneza moyo wa alimi (Tyubee, 2006).
Abusa a Fulani ndi anthu osamukasamuka omwe kachitidwe kameneka kamakhala kozungulira kuweta ng'ombe. Amagwiritsa ntchito kuyenda ngati njira yopangira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito (Iro, 1991). Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zapanga chiwembu chotsutsa chuma cha Fulani, kuphatikizapo kutsutsana kwa masiku ano ndi miyambo. A Fulani amatsutsa zamakono ndipo motero machitidwe awo opanga ndi kugwiritsira ntchito akhalabe osasinthika poyang'anizana ndi kukula kwa anthu ndi zamakono. Zinthu zachilengedwe zimapanga nkhani zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza chuma cha Fulani, kuphatikizapo ndondomeko ya mvula, kugawa kwake ndi nyengo, komanso momwe izi zimakhudzira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaka. Zogwirizana kwambiri ndi izi ndizomwe zimamera, zomwe zimagawidwa m'madera ouma ndi nkhalango. Mitundu ya zomera imeneyi imatsimikizira kupezeka kwa msipu, kusafikirika, ndi kudyetsedwa kwa tizilombo (Iro, 1991; Water-Bayer ndi Taylor-Powell, 1985). Choncho, zomera zimasonyeza kusamuka kwa abusa. Kusowa kwa malo odyetserako ziweto ndi malo osungiramo ziweto chifukwa cha ulimi motero kunayambitsa mikangano yamasiku ano pakati pa abusa osamukasamuka a Fulanis ndi alimi awo a Tiv.
Mpaka 2001, pamene mkangano waukulu pakati pa alimi a Tiv ndi abusa a Fulani unayambika pa September 8, ndipo unakhala masiku angapo ku Taraba, mafuko onsewa ankakhala pamodzi mwamtendere. M'mbuyomo, pa October 17, 2000, abusa adakangana ndi alimi a Chiyoruba ku Kwara ndi Fulani adamenyana ndi alimi amitundu yosiyanasiyana pa June 25, 2001 ku Nasarawa State (Olabode ndi Ajibade, 2014). Dziwani kuti miyezi iyi ya June, September ndi October ili mkati mwa nyengo yamvula, pamene mbewu zimabzalidwa ndikusamalidwa kuti zikololedwe kuyambira kumapeto kwa October. Motero, msipu wa ng’ombe ukadzetsa mkwiyo wa alimi amene moyo wawo ukawopsezedwa ndi mchitidwe wowononga ng’ombe umenewu. Komabe, kulabadira kulikonse kwa alimi pofuna kuteteza mbewu zawo kungayambitse mikangano yobweretsa kuwonongedwa kwa nyumba zawo.
Izi zisanachitike kuukira kogwirizana komanso kokhazikika komwe kudayamba koyambirira kwa 2000s; mikangano yapakati pa magulu ameneŵa pa minda yaulimi kaŵirikaŵiri inkatha. Abusa a Fulani ankafika, ndi kupempha chilolezo chomanga msasa ndi kudyetserako ziweto, zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkaloledwa. Kuphwanya kulikonse pa mbewu za alimi kutha kuthetsedwa mwamtendere pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotha kuthetsa kusamvana. Kudera lapakati la dziko la Nigeria, kunali matumba akuluakulu a anthu a fuko la Fulani ndi mabanja awo omwe ankaloledwa kukhazikika m’madera amene analandirako. Komabe, njira zothetsera mikangano zikuwoneka kuti zagwa chifukwa cha machitidwe a abusa atsopano a Fulani kuyambira m'chaka cha 2000. Panthawiyo, abusa a Fulani anayamba kufika popanda mabanja awo, amuna akuluakulu okha ndi ng'ombe zawo, ndi zida zapamwamba m'manja mwawo, kuphatikizapo. Mfuti za AK-47. Mikangano yankhondo pakati pa maguluwa idayamba kukhala yayikulu, makamaka kuyambira 2011, ku Taraba, Plateau, Nasarawa ndi Benue States.
Pa June 30, 2011, Nyumba ya Oyimilira ku Nigeria inatsegula mtsutso pa mkangano womwe ukuchitika pakati pa alimi a Tiv ndi a Fulani m'chigawo chapakati cha Nigeria. Nyumbayi inanena kuti anthu oposa 40,000, kuphatikizapo amayi ndi ana, anasamutsidwa ndipo anatsekeredwa m’misasa yosakhalitsa ya Daudu, Ortese, ndi Igyungu-Adze m’boma la Guma m’chigawo cha Benue. Ena mwa makampuwo anali masukulu akale a pulaimale omwe adatseka panthawi yankhondoyo ndipo adasinthidwa kukhala misasa (HR, 2010: 33). Nyumbayi idatsimikizanso kuti amuna, akazi ndi ana opitilira 50 a Tiv adaphedwa, kuphatikiza asitikali awiri pasukulu yasekondale ya Katolika, Udei m'boma la Benue. Mu May 2011, kuukira kwina kwa a Fulani pa alimi a Tiv kunachitika, kupha anthu oposa 30 ndikuchotsa anthu oposa 5000 (Alimba, 2014: 192). M'mbuyomu, pakati pa 8-10 February, 2011, alimi a Tiv m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Benue, m'dera la boma la Gwer kumadzulo kwa Benue, adaukiridwa ndi abusa ambiri omwe anapha alimi 19 ndikuwotcha midzi 33. Omenyera zida adabwereranso pa Marichi 4, 2011 kuti aphe anthu 46, kuphatikiza azimayi ndi ana, ndikuwononga chigawo chonse (Azahan, Terkula, Ogli ndi Ahemba, 2014: 16).
Kuopsa kwa ziwopsezozi, komanso kukhwima kwa zida zomwe zikukhudzidwa, zikuwonekera pakuwonjezeka kwa ovulala komanso chiwonongeko. Pakati pa December 2010 ndi June 2011, zigawenga zoposa 15 zinalembedwa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu oposa 100 awonongeke komanso nyumba zoposa 300 zinawonongeka, zonsezo zinali m'dera la boma la Gwer-West. Boma lidayankha ndikutumiza kwa asitikali ndi apolisi oyenda kumadera omwe akhudzidwa, komanso kupitiliza kufufuza njira zamtendere, kuphatikiza kukhazikitsa komiti yokhudzana ndi zovutazo motsogozedwa ndi Sultan wa Sokoto, ndi wolamulira wamkulu wa Tiv, the TorTiv IV. Ntchitoyi ikupitirirabe.
Chidani pakati pa maguluwa chidalowa mu 2012 chifukwa chokhazikika pamtendere komanso kuyang'aniridwa ndi asitikali, koma adabweranso ndikuwonjezereka komanso kufalikira kwadera mu 2013 zomwe zimakhudza Gwer-west, Guma, Agatu, Makurdi Guma ndi Logo madera aboma la Nasarawa State. Nthawi zina, midzi ya Rukubi ndi Medagba ku Doma idawukiridwa ndi a Fulani omwe anali ndi mfuti za AK-47, kusiya anthu opitilira 60 atafa ndipo nyumba 80 zidawotchedwa (Adeyeye, 2013). Apanso pa July 5, 2013, abusa a Fulani omwe anali ndi zida anaukira alimi a Tiv ku Nzorov ku Guma, kupha anthu oposa 20 ndikuwotcha mudzi wonsewo. Malo okhalamo awa ndi omwe ali m'maboma am'deralo omwe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Benue ndi Katsina-Ala. Mpikisano wamalo odyetserako ziweto ndi madzi umakhala wokulirapo ndipo utha kutha kumenyana ndi zida mosavuta.
Table1. Zochitika Zosankhidwa Zankhondo Pakati pa alimi a Tiv ndi abusa a Fulani mu 2013 ndi 2014 pakati pa Nigeria.
| Date | Malo a chochitika | Kuyerekeza Imfa |
| 1/1/13 | Mkangano wa Jukun/ Fulani m'boma la Taraba | 5 |
| 15/1/13 | alimi / Fulani kukangana m'boma la Nasarawa | 10 |
| 20/1/13 | mlimi / Fulani kukangana m'boma la Nasarawa | 25 |
| 24/1/13 | Mkangano wa Fulani/alimi ku Plateau State | 9 |
| 1/2/13 | Mkangano wa Fulani/Eggon ku Nasarawa State | 30 |
| 20/3/13 | Fulani / alimi amakangana ku Tarok, Jos | 18 |
| 28/3/13 | Mkangano wa Fulani/alimi ku Riyom, Plateau State | 28 |
| 29/3/13 | A Fulani/alimi amakangana ku Bokkos, m'chigawo cha Plateau | 18 |
| 30/3/13 | Mkangano wa Fulani/alimi/apolisi | 6 |
| 3/4/13 | Mkangano wa Fulani/alimi ku Guma, Benue State | 3 |
| 10/4/13 | Mkangano wa Fulani/alimi ku Gwer-west, Benue State | 28 |
| 23/4/13 | Alimi a Fulani/Egbe akumenyana m'boma la Kogi | 5 |
| 4/5/13 | Mkangano wa Fulani/alimi ku Plateau State | 13 |
| 4/5/13 | Kulimbana kwa Jukun/Fulani ku wukari, Taraba state | 39 |
| 13/5/13 | Mkangano wa Fulani/Farmers ku Agatu, Benue state | 50 |
| 20/5/13 | Mkangano wa Fulani/Farmers m'malire a Nasarawa-Benue | 23 |
| 5/7/13 | Fulani akuukira midzi ya Tiv ku Nzorov, Guma | 20 |
| 9/11/13 | Fulani Invasion of Agatu, Benue State | 36 |
| 7/11/13 | Fulani/Farmers Clash ku Ikpele, okpopolo | 7 |
| 20/2/14 | Mkangano wa Fulani/alimi, Plateau state | 13 |
| 20/2/14 | Mkangano wa Fulani/alimi, Plateau state | 13 |
| 21/2/14 | Mkangano wa Fulani/alimi ku Wase, m'chigawo cha Plateau | 20 |
| 25/2/14 | A Fulani/alimi akukangana ku Riyom, m'chigawo cha Plateau | 30 |
| July 2014 | Fulani anaukira anthu okhala ku Barkin Ladi | 40 |
| March 2014 | Kuukira kwa Fulani ku Gbajimba, Benue state | 36 |
| 13/3/14 | Fulani attack on | 22 |
| 13/3/14 | Fulani attack on | 32 |
| 11/3/14 | Fulani attack on | 25 |
Source: Chukuma & Atuche, 2014; Sun newspaper, 2013
Kuukira kumeneku kudakhala kowopsa komanso kokulirapo kuyambira pakati pa 2013, pomwe msewu waukulu wochokera ku Makurdi kupita ku Naka, likulu la boma la Gwer West Local Government, udatsekedwa ndi amuna ankhondo a Fulani atalanda maboma opitilira sikisi pamsewu waukulu. Kwa nthawi yoposa chaka chimodzi, msewuwu udatsekedwa pamene abusa a Fulani okhala ndi zida ankalamulira. Kuyambira pa November 5-9, 2013, abusa a mtundu wa Fulani okhala ndi zida zamphamvu anaukira midzi ya Ikpele, Okpopolo ndi midzi ina ku Agatu, kupha anthu oposa 40 komanso kulanda midzi yonse. Oukirawo adawononga nyumba ndi minda ndikusamutsa anthu opitilira 6000 (Duru, 2013).
Kuyambira Januwale mpaka May 2014, midzi yambiri ku Guma, Gwer West, Makurdi, Gwer East, Agatu ndi Logo madera a boma la Benue adadzazidwa ndi zigawenga zowopsa za abusa a Fulani okhala ndi zida. Kuphana kunachitika ku Ekwo-Okpanchenyi ku Agatu pa Meyi 13, 2014, pomwe abusa a Fulani okhala ndi zida 230 adapha anthu 47 ndikugwetsa nyumba pafupifupi 200 m'bandakucha (Uja, 2014). Mudzi wa Imande Jem ku Guma udachezeredwa pa Epulo 11, ndikusiya alimi 4 akufa. Zigawenga ku Owukpa, ku Ogbadibo LGA komanso m'midzi ya Ikpayongo, Agena, ndi Mbatsada ku Mbalom council ward ku Gwer East LGA ku Benue State kunachitika mu May 2014 kupha anthu 20 (Isine ndi Ugonna, 2014; Adoyi ndi Ameh, 2014) ).
Kumapeto kwa kuwukira ndi kuwukira kwa a Fulani kwa alimi a Benue kudawonedwa ku Uikpam, mudzi wa Tse-Akenyi Torkula, nyumba ya makolo a wolamulira wamkulu wa Tiv ku Guma, komanso pakuwonongedwa kwa mudzi wa Ayilamo m'boma la Logo. Kuukira kwa mudzi wa Uikpam kudapha anthu opitilira 30 pomwe mudzi wonsewo udawotchedwa. Oukira a Fulani adathawa ndikumanga msasa pambuyo pa kuukira pafupi ndi Gbajimba, m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Katsina-Ala ndipo anali okonzeka kuyambiranso kuukira anthu otsalawo. Pamene bwanamkubwa wa boma la Benue anali pa ntchito yofufuza zenizeni, akupita ku Gbajimba, likulu la Guma, adathamangira a Fulani omwe anali ndi zida pa March 18, 2014, ndipo zenizeni za mkanganowo zidakhudza boma mosadziwika bwino. Kuukira kumeneku kunatsimikizira kuti abusa oyendayenda a Fulani anali ndi zida zokwanira ndipo anali okonzeka kukumana ndi alimi a Tiv pa mpikisano wopeza chuma cha nthaka.
Mkangano wopeza msipu ndi madzi opezeka msipu sikungowononga mbewu komanso kuyipitsa madzi omwe anthu amderalo sangawagwiritse ntchito. Kusintha kwa ufulu wopezera zinthu, komanso kusakwanira kwa malo odyetserako ziweto chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kulima, kunayambitsa mikangano (Iro, 1994; Adisa, 2012: Ngakhale, Ega ndi Erhabor, 1999). Kusowa kwa malo odyetserako ziweto omwe amalimidwa kumakulitsa mikangano imeneyi. Ngakhale kuti gulu la abusa a Nomadi pakati pa 1960 ndi 2000 linali losavuta, kukumana ndi abusa ndi alimi kuyambira 2000 kwakhala kwachiwawa kwambiri ndipo, m'zaka zinayi zapitazi, kupha komanso kuwononga kwambiri. Kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo pakati pa magawo awiriwa. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenda kwa a Fulani oyendayenda m'gawo loyambirira kunakhudza mabanja onse. Kufika kwawo kunawerengeredwa kuti achite mgwirizano ndi madera omwe adalandirako komanso chilolezo chomwe adafunsidwa asanathetsedwe. Pamene kuli m’madera olandirako, maubwenzi ankalamulidwa ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe ndipo, pamene kusamvana kunabuka, amathetsedwa mwamtendere. Kuweta ndi kugwiritsira ntchito magwero a madzi kunkachitidwa molemekeza miyambo ya kumaloko. Kudyetserako ziweto kunkachitika m’njira zodziwika bwino komanso m’minda yololedwa. Zikuoneka kuti dongosololi lakhumudwitsidwa ndi zinthu zinayi: kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, kusasamalira bwino kwa boma pa nkhani za alimi oweta ziweto, mavuto obwera chifukwa cha chilengedwe komanso kuchuluka kwa zida zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono.
I) Kusintha Mphamvu za Population
Pafupifupi 800,000 m'zaka za m'ma 1950, chiwerengero cha Tiv chakwera kufika pa mamiliyoni anayi m'chigawo cha Benue chokha. Kalembera wa anthu wa 2006, yemwe adawunikiridwa mu 2012, akuyerekeza kuti anthu a Tiv m'boma la Benue ndi pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. A Fulani, omwe amakhala m'mayiko a 21 ku Africa, amakhala kumpoto kwa Nigeria, makamaka Kano, Sokoto, Katsina, Borno, Adamawa ndi Jigawa States. Ndiwo ambiri ku Guinea kokha, omwe amapanga pafupifupi 40% ya anthu mdzikolo (Anter, 2011). Ku Nigeria, amapanga pafupifupi 9% ya anthu mdzikolo, okhala ndi anthu ambiri ku North West ndi North East. (Ziwerengero za anthu amitundu ndizovuta chifukwa kalembera wa anthu amtundu wa anthu satengera mtundu wa anthu.) Ambiri mwa anthu osamukira kudziko lina a Fulani amakhazikika ndipo, monga anthu omwe ali ndi mayendedwe awiri a nyengo ku Nigeria ndi kukula kwa chiwerengero cha 2.8% (Iro, 1994) , mayendedwe apachaka awa asokoneza ubale ndi alimi a Tiv omwe amangokhala.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu, madera odyetserako ziweto ndi a Fulani atengedwa ndi alimi, ndipo zotsalira za malo odyetserako ziweto sizilola kusuntha kwa ng'ombe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu ndi minda. Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu, kufalikira kwa malo okhala ku Tiv komwe kumafuna kutsimikizira mwayi wolimidwa kwadzetsa kulanda, ndikuchepetsanso malo odyetserako ziweto. Chifukwa chake, kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kwadzetsa zotulukapo zazikulu pamachitidwe a ubusa komanso ongokhala. Chotsatira chachikulu chakhala mikangano yankhondo pakati pa magulu okhudzana ndi mwayi wopeza msipu ndi madzi.
II) Kusaganizira mokwanira za Boma pa Nkhani za Aweta
Iro wanena kuti maboma osiyanasiyana ku Nigeria anyalanyaza ndi kunyalanyaza fuko la Fulani paulamuliro, ndipo adachita zinthu zaubusa monyenga (1994) ngakhale athandizira kwambiri chuma cha dzikolo (Abbas, 2011). Mwachitsanzo, 80 peresenti ya anthu aku Nigeria amadalira abusa a Fulani nyama, mkaka, tchizi, tsitsi, uchi, batala, manyowa, zofukiza, magazi a nyama, nkhuku, ndi zikopa ndi khungu (Iro, 1994: 27). Pamene kuli kwakuti ng’ombe za Fulani zimapereka ngolo, kulima ndi kukokera, zikwi za anthu a ku Nigeria nawonso amapeza zosoŵa zawo mwa “kugulitsa, kukama ndi kupha kapena kunyamula ng’ombe,” ndipo boma limalandira ndalama kuchokera ku malonda a ng’ombe. Ngakhale zili choncho, ndondomeko za umoyo wa boma pa nkhani yopereka madzi, zipatala, masukulu ndi malo odyetserako ziweto zakhala zikukanidwa ponena za abusa a Fulani. Khama la boma kulenga boreholes kumira, kuteteza tizilombo ndi matenda, kulenga malo odyetserako kwambiri ndi yambitsanso njira odyetserako ziweto (Iro 1994, Ngakhale, Ega ndi Erhabor 1999) anavomereza, koma amaona ngati mochedwa kwambiri.
Ntchito zoyamba zowoneka bwino zapadziko lonse pothana ndi zovuta zaubusa zidawonekera mu 1965 ndi lamulo la Grazing Reserve Law. Izi zinali zoteteza abusa kuti asaopsezedwe ndi kuwalepheretsa alimi, oweta ng'ombe ndi olowa m'malo odyetserako ziweto (Uzondu, 2013). Komabe, lamuloli silinatsatidwe ndipo njira zogulitsira katundu zidatsekedwa, ndipo zidasowa m'minda. Boma linapendanso malo odyetserako ziweto mu 1976. Mu 1980, mahekitala 2.3 miliyoni anakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo kukhala malo odyetserako ziweto, kuimira 2 peresenti yokha ya malo amene anaikidwiratu. Cholinga cha boma chinali kupanganso mahekitala 28 miliyoni, mwa madera 300 omwe adawunikidwa, ngati malo odyetserako ziweto. Mwa mahekitala 600,000 okha, okhala ndi madera 45 okha, anapatulidwa. Mahekitala onse 225,000 okhala ndi malo asanu ndi atatu adakhazikitsidwa mokwanira ndi boma ngati malo odyetserako ziweto (Uzondu, 2013, Iro, 1994). Ambiri mwa madera osungikawa alandidwa ndi alimi, chifukwa chachikulu chomwe boma silingathe kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko chawo kuti agwiritse ntchito abusa. Chifukwa chake, kusowa kwachitukuko chokhazikika cha akaunti yosungiramo ziweto ndi boma ndichomwe chimayambitsa kusamvana pakati pa a Fulanis ndi alimi.
III) Kufalikira kwa Zida Zing'onozing'ono ndi Zida Zopepuka (SALWs)
Pofika m’chaka cha 2011, zinkayerekezedwa kuti panali zida zazing’ono zokwana 640 miliyoni zomwe zikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi; mwa awa, 100 miliyoni anali ku Africa, 30 miliyoni ku Sub-Saharan Africa, ndipo 59 miliyoni anali ku West Africa. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti 2014% mwa awa anali m'manja mwa anthu wamba (Oji ndi Okeke 2011; Nte, 2012). Arab Spring, makamaka chipwirikiti cha ku Libya pambuyo pa 2008, chikuwoneka kuti chakulitsa matope ochulukirapo. Nthawiyi idagwirizananso ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa Islamic fundamentalism zomwe zikuwonetseredwa ndi zigawenga za Boko Haram ku Nigeria kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Nigeria komanso zigawenga za Turareg zaku Mali zofuna kukhazikitsa dziko lachisilamu ku Mali. Ma SALW ndi osavuta kubisa, kusunga, otchipa kugula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito (UNP, XNUMX), koma amapha kwambiri.
Chofunika kwambiri pa mikangano yamasiku ano pakati pa abusa a Fulani ndi alimi ku Nigeria, makamaka pakati pa Nigeria, ndi chakuti a Fulanis omwe ali nawo pa mikanganoyo ali ndi zida zokwanira pofika poyembekezera mavuto, kapena ndi cholinga choyatsa moto. . Abusa amtundu wa Fulani m'zaka za m'ma 1960-1980 amafika pakati pa Nigeria ndi mabanja awo, ng'ombe, zikwanje, mfuti zopangira kusaka, ndi ndodo zowongolera ng'ombe ndi chitetezo chambiri. Kuyambira m’chaka cha 2000, abusa oyendayenda afika atanyamula mfuti za AK-47 ndi zida zina zopepuka zitalendewera m’manja. Zikatere, ng’ombe zawo zimakankhidwira dala m’mafamu, ndipo amaukira alimi amene akufuna kuzikankhira kunja. Kubwezera kumeneku kumatha kuchitika maola angapo kapena masiku angapo pambuyo pokumana koyamba komanso maola osagwirizana ndi masana kapena usiku. Zigawenga zakhala zikukonzedwa pamene alimi ali m'minda yawo, kapena pamene anthu akuyang'ana maliro kapena kuikidwa m'manda ndi kupezeka kwakukulu, komabe pamene anthu ena akugona (Odufowokan 2014). Kuwonjezera pa kukhala ndi zida zankhondo, panali zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti abusa ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa (zida) kwa alimi ndi anthu okhala ku Anyiin ndi Ayilamo ku Logo boma la boma mu March 2014: mitembo inalibe kuvulala kapena mfuti (Vande-Acka, 2014) .
Zigawengazi zikutsindikanso nkhani yokondera zipembedzo. A Fulani ambiri ndi Asilamu. Kuwukira kwawo anthu ambiri achikhristu ku Southern Kaduna, Plateau State, Nasarawa, Taraba ndi Benue kwadzetsa nkhawa. Kuukira kwa anthu okhala ku Riyom m’boma la Plateau ndi Agatu m’chigawo cha Benue—madera amene kuli Akristu ochuluka—kudzutsa mafunso okhudza chipembedzo cha oukirawo. Kupatula apo, abusa okhala ndi zida amakhazikika ndi ng'ombe zawo pambuyo pa kuukiridwa kumeneku ndipo akupitirizabe kuzunza anthu pamene akuyesera kubwerera ku nyumba ya makolo awo yomwe yawonongedwa tsopano. Izi zikuwonetseredwa ku Guma ndi Gwer West, ku Benue State ndi matumba a madera ku Plateau ndi Southern Kaduna (John, 2014).
Kuchuluka kwa zida zazing'ono ndi zida zopepuka kumafotokozedwa ndi utsogoleri wofooka, kusatetezeka ndi umphawi (RP, 2008). Zina zokhudzana ndi zigawenga, uchigawenga, zigawenga, ndale zachisankho, mavuto achipembedzo ndi mikangano yamagulu ndi zigawenga (Lamlungu, 2011; RP, 2008; Vines, 2005). Momwe a Fulanis oyendayenda tsopano ali ndi zida zankhondo panthawi ya transhumance, nkhanza zawo pomenyana ndi alimi, nyumba ndi mbewu, ndi kukhazikika kwawo alimi ndi anthu okhalamo atatha kuthawa, zikuwonetsa gawo latsopano la mgwirizano wamagulu polimbana ndi nthaka. Izi zimafuna malingaliro atsopano ndi chitsogozo cha mfundo za anthu.
IV) Kulephera kwa chilengedwe
Kupanga ubusa kumayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi malo omwe kupanga kumachitika. Zosapeŵeka, zochitika zachilengedwe za chilengedwe zimatsimikizira zomwe zili m'kati mwa abusa a transhumance kupanga. Mwachitsanzo, abusa oyendayenda a Fulani amagwira ntchito, amakhala ndi kuberekana m'malo omwe amakumana ndi vuto la kudula nkhalango, kuwononga chipululu, kuchepa kwa madzi komanso nyengo ndi nyengo zomwe sizikudziwika bwino (Iro, 1994: John, 2014). Vutoli likugwirizana ndi mfundo za nkhanza za chilengedwe pa mikangano. Mikhalidwe ina ya chilengedwe ndi kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, kusowa kwa madzi ndi kutha kwa nkhalango. Pamodzi kapena palimodzi, mikhalidwe imeneyi imapangitsa kuti magulu azisuntha, makamaka magulu osamukira kumayiko ena, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa mikangano yamitundu akamapita kumadera atsopano; gulu lomwe lingasokoneze dongosolo lomwe lilipo monga kulandidwa (Homer-Dixon, 1999). Kuchepa kwa malo odyetserako ziweto ndi madzi kumpoto kwa Nigeria m'nyengo yachilimwe komanso kuyenda kwa anthu olowera kum'mwera kupita kuchigawo chapakati cha Nigeria nthawi zonse kwalimbikitsa kusowa kwachilengedwe komanso kuchititsa mpikisano pakati pamagulu, chifukwa chake, mkangano wapakati pa alimi ndi Fulani (Blench, 2004) ; Atelhe and Al Chukwuma, 2014). Kuchepetsedwa kwa nthaka chifukwa cha kumanga misewu, madamu ulimi wothirira ndi ntchito zina zachinsinsi ndi zapagulu, ndi kufunafuna zitsamba ndi madzi omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ng'ombe zonse zimafulumizitsa mwayi wopikisana ndi mikangano.
Njira
Pepalalo lidatengera njira yofufuzira kafukufuku yomwe imapangitsa kuti maphunzirowo akhale abwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito magwero oyambirira ndi achiwiri, deta inapangidwa kuti ifufuze kufotokoza. Deta yoyamba idapangidwa kuchokera kwa osankhidwa osankhidwa omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chothandiza komanso chozama cha nkhondo yapakati pa magulu awiriwa. Kukambitsirana kwamagulu kunachitika ndi anthu omwe akhudzidwa ndi mikangano mu gawo la kafukufukuyu. Ulaliki wowunikiridwawu ukutsatira chitsanzo cha mitu ndi mitu ing'onoing'ono yosankhidwa kuti iwonetsere zomwe zimayambitsa komanso zomwe zimadziwika pochita zinthu ndi a Fulani oyendayenda komanso alimi osangokhala m'boma la Benue.
Benue State Monga Malo Ophunzirira
Benue State ndi amodzi mwa mayiko asanu ndi limodzi omwe ali kumpoto chapakati cha Nigeria, komwe amakhala ndi Middle Belt. Maikowa akuphatikizapo Kogi, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, Taraba, ndi Benue. Mayiko ena omwe amapanga dera la Middle Belt ndi Adamawa, Kaduna (kum'mwera) ndi Kwara. Ku Nigeria yamakono, derali likugwirizana ndi Middle Belt koma osati zofanana ndendende ndi izo (Ayih, 2003; Atelhe & Al Chukwuma, 2014).
Benue state ili ndi madera 23 aboma omwe ali ofanana ndi zigawo za mayiko ena. Adapangidwa mu 1976, Benue imagwirizana ndi ntchito zaulimi, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa anthu opitilira 4 miliyoni amapeza zofunika pamoyo wawo chifukwa cholima wamba. Ulimi wamakina uli pamlingo wotsika kwambiri. Boma lili ndi mawonekedwe apadera kwambiri; kukhala ndi mtsinje wa Benue, mtsinje wachiwiri waukulu ku Nigeria. Ndi mitsinje yambiri yayikulu yopita ku River Benue, boma limakhala ndi madzi chaka chonse. Kupezeka kwa madzi ochokera kumadera achilengedwe, chigwa chotambalala chokhala ndi malo okwera ochepa komanso nyengo yabwino komanso nyengo ziwiri zazikulu zanyengo yamvula komanso yamvula, zimapangitsa Benue kukhala yoyenera pazaulimi, kuphatikiza zoweta. Pamene tsetse fly free element imayikidwa pa chithunzi, dziko limakwanira bwino mukupanga kukhala chete. Mbewu zomwe zimalimidwa kwambiri m’bomalo ndi monga chilazi, chimanga, chimanga, mpunga, nyemba, soya, mtedza, mbewu ndi masamba osiyanasiyana amitengo.
Boma la Benue ndi lodziwika bwino la kuchulukana kwamitundu ndi zikhalidwe komanso kusiyanasiyana kwazipembedzo. Mafuko ochulukirachulukira akuphatikizapo a Tiv, omwe mwachiwonekere ndi ambiri omwe akufalikira m'madera 14 a maboma, ndipo magulu ena ndi Idoma ndi Igede. Idoma ili ndi zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndipo Igede iwiri ndi madera aboma motsatana. Madera asanu ndi mmodzi mwa akuluakulu aboma a Tiv ali ndi madera akuluakulu a m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Izi zikuphatikizapo Logo, Buruku, Katsina-Ala, Makurdi, Guma ndi Gwer West. M'madera olankhula ku Idoma, Agatu LGA imagawana malo okwera mtengo m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Benue.
Kusamvana: Chirengedwe, Zoyambitsa ndi Njira
Kunena zowona, mikangano ya alimi-osamukasamuka ya Fulani imachokera pakukhudzana. Abusa a Fulani amafika m’boma la Benue mwaunyinji ndi ng’ombe zawo nyengo yadzuwa itangoyamba kumene (November-March). Amakhala pafupi ndi magombe a mitsinje m'boma, amadyera m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndikupeza madzi ku mitsinje ndi mitsinje kapena maiwe. Ziwetozo zikhoza kusochera n’kukalowa m’minda, kapena kulowetsedwa mwadala m’mafamu kuti zidye mbewu zomwe zakula kapena zimene zakolola kale koma kuti ziunikenso. A Fulani ankakonda kukhazikika m'maderawa ndi anthu omwe akukhala nawo mwamtendere, nthawi zina kusagwirizana komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma ndikukhazikika mwamtendere. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, obwera kumene a Fulani anali ndi zida zokwanira kuti akumane ndi alimi okhala m'minda kapena nyumba zawo. Ulimi wamasamba m’mphepete mwa mitsinje kaŵirikaŵiri unali woyamba kukhudzidwa ndi ng’ombe zikamafika kudzamwa madzi.
Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, a Fulani oyendayenda omwe anafika ku Benue anayamba kukana kubwerera kumpoto. Iwo anali ndi zida zambiri ndikukonzekera kukhazikika, ndipo kuyamba kwa mvula mu April kunakhazikitsa maziko a kukumana ndi alimi. Pakati pa April ndi July, mitundu ya mbewu imamera ndikukula, zomwe zimakopa ng'ombe zikuyenda. Udzu ndi mbewu zomwe zimamera pamalo olimidwa ndikusiyidwa kuti zigwere zimawoneka zokongola komanso zopatsa thanzi kwa ng'ombe kuposa udzu womwe umamera kunja kwa minda yotere. Nthawi zambiri mbewu zimabzalidwa limodzi ndi udzu womwe umamera m'malo osalimidwa. Ziboda za ng'ombe zimapanikiza nthaka ndipo zimapangitsa kuti kulima ndi makasu kukhale kovuta, ndipo zimawononga mbewu zomwe zikukula, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Fulanis zisagwirizane ndi a Fulanis komanso, kuukira kwa alimi okhalamo. Kafukufuku wokhudza madera omwe mkangano pakati pa alimi a Tiv ndi Fulani udachitika, monga mudzi wa Tse Torkula, Uikpam ndi Gbajimba semitauni ndi midzi motsatana, onse aku Guma LGA, akuwonetsa kuti a Fulani okhala ndi zida ndi ng'ombe zawo adakhazikika atathamangitsa zida za Tiv. , ndipo apitirizabe kuukira ndi kuwononga mafamu, ngakhale pamaso pa gulu la asilikali omwe ali m’derali. Kuphatikiza apo, a Fulani okhala ndi zida zamphamvu adamanga gulu la ochita kafukufuku pa ntchitoyi gululi litamaliza kukambirana ndi alimi omwe adabwerera ku nyumba zawo zomwe zidawonongeka ndikuyesera kumanganso.
Zimayambitsa
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano ndi kulolera ng'ombe m'minda. Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu ziwiri: kupanikizana kwa nthaka, komwe kumapangitsa kulima pogwiritsa ntchito njira zakale zolima (khasu) kukhala zovuta kwambiri, ndi kuwononga mbewu ndi zokolola za m'mafamu. Kukula kwa mkangano panyengo yobzala mbewu kudalepheretsa alimi kulima kapena kuchotsa malo ndikulola kudyetserako mopanda malire. Mbewu monga zilazi, chinangwa ndi chimanga zimadyedwa kwambiri ngati zitsamba/msipu ndi ng’ombe. A Fulani akakakamizika kukhazikika ndikukhala m'malo, amatha kupeza bwino msipu, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito zida. Akatero amatha kuchepetsa ntchito zaulimi ndi kulanda malo olimidwa. Amene anafunsidwa anagwirizana mogwirizana ponena za kuloŵerera m’minda yaulimi kumeneku monga chomwe chinayambitsa mkangano wopitirizabe pakati pa maguluwo. Nyiga Gogo m’mudzi mwa Merkyen, (Gwer west LGA), Terseer Tyondon (mudzi wa Uvir, Guma LGA) ndi Emmanuel Nyambo (m’mudzi mwa Mbadwen, Guma LGA) adandaula kuti minda yawo yawonongeka chifukwa chopondaponda ndi kudyetsera ng’ombe kosalekeza. Kuyesetsa kwa alimi kukana izi kudalephereka, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti athawe ndipo kenaka asamukire kumisasa yongoyembekezera ya Daudu, St. Mary's Church, North Bank, ndi Community Secondary Schools, Makurdi.
Chinanso chomwe chikuyambitsa mkangano ndi funso la kugwiritsa ntchito madzi. Alimi a Benue amakhala mmadera akumidzi omwe alibe mwayi wopeza madzi am'mipopi komanso/kapenanso kuchitsime. Anthu akumidzi amagwiritsa ntchito madzi a m'mitsinje, mitsinje kapena maiwe kuti agwiritse ntchito ponse pawiri komanso kutsuka. Ng'ombe za Fulani zimawononga magwero a madziwa pogwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji komanso potulutsa madzi pamene zikuyenda m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madziwo akhale owopsa kwa anthu. Chinanso chomwe chinayambitsa mkanganowu ndi kuzunzidwa kwa akazi a Tiv ndi amuna a Fulani, ndi kugwiriridwa kwa alimi aakazi okhaokha ndi abusa aamuna pamene amayi akutunga madzi mumtsinje kapena mitsinje kapena maiwe kutali ndi nyumba zawo. Mwachitsanzo, Mayi Mkurem Igbawua anamwalira atagwiriridwa ndi bambo wina wa ku Fulani yemwe sakudziwika, monga momwe amayi ake a Tabitha Suemo amachitira, poyankhulana pamudzi wa Baa pa August, 15, 2014. misasa ndi anthu obwerera kwawo ku nyumba zowonongeka ku Gwer West ndi Guma. Mimba yosafunidwa imakhala umboni.
Vutoli mwa zina likupitirirabe chifukwa cha magulu atcheru omwe amayesa kumanga a Fulani omwe alola dala ng'ombe zawo kuwononga mbewu. Abusa amtundu wa Fulani amavutitsidwa mosalekeza ndi magulu a alonda ndipo, m'menemo, alonda osakhulupirika amawalanda ndalama mwa kukokomeza malipoti otsutsana ndi Fulani. Atatopa ndi kulanda ndalama, a Fulani amayamba kuukira ozunza awo. Posonkhanitsa thandizo la anthu ammudzi poteteza, alimi amapangitsa kuti zigawenga zichuluke.
Zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe alonda amachita ndi kulanda kwa mafumu am'deralo omwe amatolera ndalama kwa Fulani monga malipiro a chilolezo chokhala ndi kudyera m'dera la mfumuyi. Kwa abusa, kusinthanitsa ndalama ndi olamulira achikhalidwe kumatanthauzidwa ngati malipiro a ufulu wodyetsera ndi kudyetsa ng'ombe zawo, mosasamala kanthu za mbewu kapena udzu, ndipo abusawo amavomereza izi, ndikuziteteza, pamene akuimbidwa mlandu wowononga mbewu. Mmodzi wachibale, Ulekaa Bee, adalongosola izi poyankhulana ngati chifukwa chachikulu cha mikangano yamakono ndi a Fulanis. Kulimbana ndi a Fulani pa anthu okhala mumzinda wa Agashi poyankha kuphedwa kwa abusa asanu a Fulani kunachokera pa olamulira achikhalidwe omwe amalandira ndalama kuti adyetse: kwa Fulani, ufulu wodyetserako umakhala wofanana ndi umwini wa nthaka.
Zotsatira za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma za mikangano pa chuma cha Benue ndi zazikulu. Izi zikuchokera ku kusowa kwa chakudya komwe alimi ochokera ku ma LGA anayi (Logo, Guma, Makurdi, ndi Gwer West) akukakamizika kusiya nyumba ndi minda yawo pachimake cha nyengo yobzala. Zotsatira zina pazachuma ndi kuonongeka kwa masukulu, matchalitchi, nyumba, mabungwe aboma monga mapolisi, komanso kutayika kwa miyoyo (onani zithunzi). Anthu ambiri anataya zinthu zina zamtengo wapatali kuphatikizapo njinga zamoto (chithunzi). Zizindikiro ziwiri zaulamuliro zomwe zidawonongedwa ndi kuphwanya kwa abusa a Fulani ndi polisi ndi Guma LG Secretariat. Vutoli linali m'njira yolunjika ku boma, zomwe sizikanatha kupereka chitetezo ndi chitetezo kwa alimi. A Fulanis anaukira apolisi kupha apolisi kapena kukakamiza kuthawa, komanso alimi omwe anathawa m'nyumba za makolo awo ndi minda yawo poyang'anizana ndi ntchito ya Fulani (onani chithunzi). M’zochitika zonsezi, a Fulani sanataye chilichonse kupatulapo ng’ombe zawo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasamutsidwa kumalo otetezeka zisanayambe kuukira alimi.
Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, alimi ati akhazikitse malo owetera ng’ombe, akhazikitse malo odyetserako ziweto komanso akhazikitse njira zodyeramo ziweto. Monga Pilakyaa Moses ku Guma, Miyelti Allah Cattle Breeders Association, Solomon Tyohemba ku Makurdi ndi Jonathan Chaver wa Tyougahatee ku Gwer West LGA onse adatsutsa, njirazi zingakwaniritse zosowa za magulu onsewa ndikulimbikitsa machitidwe amakono a ubusa ndi kungokhala.
Kutsiliza
Mkangano pakati pa alimi a Tiv omwe amangokhala chete ndi abusa a Fulani ongoyendayenda omwe amagwiritsa ntchito transhumance amachokera ku mpikisano wopezera malo odyetserako msipu ndi madzi. Ndale za mkanganowu zimagwidwa ndi zotsutsana ndi zochitika za Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association, zomwe zimayimira a Fulanis oyendayenda ndi oweta ziweto, komanso kutanthauzira kwa nkhondo yomenyana ndi alimi omwe sakhala pansi pamitundu ndi zipembedzo. Zinthu zachilengedwe zolepheretsa chilengedwe monga kuwononga chipululu, kuphulika kwa anthu ndi kusintha kwa nyengo zaphatikizana kuti ziwonjezere mikangano, monga kukhala ndi umwini ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malo, komanso kuyambitsa msipu ndi kuipitsa madzi.
Kukana kwa Fulani kuzinthu zamakono kumayeneranso kuganiziridwa. Chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe, a Fulanis ayenera kukopeka ndikuthandizidwa kuti agwirizane ndi njira zamakono zoweta ziweto. Kubera ng'ombe kwawo kosaloledwa, komanso kulanda ndalama kochitidwa ndi akuluakulu a m'deralo, kumasokoneza kusalowerera ndale kwa magulu awiriwa potsata mikangano yamtunduwu. Kapangidwe kamakono ka magulu onsewa akulonjeza kuthetsa zinthu zomwe zimawoneka ngati zachibadwidwe zomwe zikuyambitsa mikangano yamasiku ano yokhudzana ndi nthaka pakati pawo. Kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi zovuta zachilengedwe zimasonyeza kuti kusinthika kwamakono ndi kusagwirizana kopindulitsa kwambiri pofuna kukhalirana mwamtendere mogwirizana ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko komanso nzika zonse.
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Nkhaniyi inakambidwa pa msonkhano woyamba wapachaka wa International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation’s 1st Annual International Conference on Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding womwe unachitikira ku New York City, USA, pa October 1, 2014.
Title: "Zizindikiro Zamitundu ndi Zipembedzo Zomwe Zimayambitsa Mkangano Wazinthu Zochokera ku Malo: Mikangano ya Alimi a Tiv ndi Abusa ku Central Nigeria"
Presenter: George A. Genyi, Ph.D., Department of Political Science, Benue State University Makurdi, Nigeria.
