Kugadziriswa Kwegakava Netsika

Chimiro chikuru cheAlternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) yakatanga kuUS, uye inobatanidza tsika dzeEuro-America. Zvisinei, kugadzirisa kusawirirana kunze kweAmerica neEurope kunoitika pakati pemapoka ane tsika dzakasiyana, rudzi, chitendero, uye madzinza. Muyananisi akadzidziswa mu (Global North) ADR inotamburira kuenzanisa simba pakati pemapato mune dzimwe tsika uye kugadzirisa kutsika dzavo. Imwe nzira yekubudirira mukuyananisa kushandisa nzira dzinobva patsika dzechivanhu nedzechivanhu. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeADR dzinogona kushandiswa kupa simba bato rine simba shoma, uye kuunza kunzwisisa kukuru kune inotonga tsika yekuyananisa/vayananisi. Nzira dzechinyakare dzinoremekedza zvitendero zvemuno dzinogona kunge dziine kupesana kwehunhu hwevayananisi veGlobal North. Izvi zvinokosha zveGlobal North, zvakadai sekodzero dzevanhu uye kurwisana nehuwori, hazvigoni kuiswa uye zvinogona kuguma nekuomerwa kwekutsvagisa mweya nevarevereri veGlobal North pamusoro pematambudziko ekugadzirisa.  

“Nyika yawakaberekerwa inongova muenzaniso mumwe chete wezvazviri. Dzimwe tsika hakusi kuedza kwakakundikana pakuva iwe; iratidzirwo dzakasiana dzokuratidzira mudzimu womunhu.” - Wade Davis, American / Canadian anthropologist

Chinangwa chemharidzo iyi ndechekukurukura kuti kunetsana kunopedzwa sei mutsika dzechivanhu nedzechinyakare uye munharaunda dzemadzinza, uye kuita kurudziro yenzira itsva neGlobal North practitioners of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Vazhinji venyu mune ruzivo munzvimbo idzi, uye ndinovimba muchasvetukira mukati kuti mugovane zviitiko zvenyu.

Zvidzidzo pakati pezvirongwa nekuisa fetiraiza zvinogona kunaka chero bedzi kugoverana kuri kwese uye kuremekedzana. Zvakakosha kuti murapi weADR (nesangano rinomuhaya kana kumupa) kuti vaone kuvapo nekukosha kwevamwe, kunyanya mapoka echinyakare uye echivanhu.

Kune nzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa gakava. Mienzaniso inosanganisira nhaurirano, kupindirana, kupindirana uye kutonga. Vanhu vanoshandisa dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana munharaunda, dzinosanganisira kufurirwa nevezera ravo, makuhwa, kusarurana, mhirizhonga, kunyadziswa kwevanhu, huroyi, kuporeswa pamweya, uye kukakavara kwehama kana mapoka emudzimba. Iyo inotungamira nzira yekugadzirisa gakava /ADR yakatanga kuUS, uye inosanganisira tsika dzeEuropean-America. Ini ndinodaidza iyi Global North ADR kuti isiyanise kubva kune nzira dzinoshandiswa muGlobal South. Global North ADR varapi vanogona kusanganisira fungidziro nezve democracy. Sekureva kwaBen Hoffman, kune "liturgy" yeGlobal North maitiro ADR, umo muyananisi:

• havana kwavakarerekera.
• havana simba rekuita sarudzo.
• hazvisi-directive.
• gonesa.
• haifanire kupa mhinduro kumapato.
• usataurirana nemapato.
• havasaruri maererano nemhedzisiro yekuyananisa.
• hadzina kupesana kwezvido.[1]

Kune izvi, ndinowedzera kuti:

• shanda nemitemo yetsika.
• vakadzidziswa uye vanopihwa zvitupa.
• chengetedza zvakavanzika.

Imwe ADR inoitwa pakati pemapoka ane tsika dzakasiyana, rudzi, uye madzinza, apo mushandi anowanzo tamburira kuchengetedza tafura (yekutamba) nhanho pakati pemapato, nekuti kazhinji pane masimba akasiyana. Imwe nzira yekuti muyananisi ave nehanya nezvinodiwa nemapato kushandisa nzira dzeADR dzinobva pamaitiro echinyakare. Iyi nzira ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira. Inogona kushandiswa kupa simba bato rinenge riine simba shoma uye kuunza kunzwisisa kukuru kune bato rinotonga retsika (reavo vari mugakava kana revanoyananisa). Mamwe eaya masisitimu echinyakare ane zvine musoro kugadzirisa uye kutarisa nzira, uye anoremekedza maitiro ekutenda kwevanhu vanobatanidzwa.

Masangano ese anoda hutongi nekugadzirisa gakava. Maitirwo echivanhu anowanzoitwa seaya emutungamiri anoremekedzwa kana mukuru achifambisa, kuyananisira, kugadzirisana, kana kugadzirisa gakava kuburikidza nekuvaka kubvumirana nechinangwa chiri "kururamisa hukama hwavo" pane "kutsvaga chokwadi, kana kuona mhosva kana mhosva."

Nzira iyo vazhinji vedu vanoita nayo ADR inopikiswa nevaya vanodaidzira kumutsiridzwa uye kugadziriswa kwekugadzirisa kusawirirana maererano netsika uye tsika yebato rekuzvarwa kana boka renzvimbo, izvo zvinogona kushanda zvakanyanya.

Kutongwa kwemakakatanwa epashure pekoloni uye diaspora kunoda ruzivo rwunopfuura izvo nyanzvi yeADR isina hunyanzvi hwechitendero kana yetsika hunyanzvi inogona kupa, kunyangwe dzimwe nyanzvi muADR dzichiita sedzinokwanisa kuita zvese, kusanganisira kukakavara kwediaspora kunobva kutsika dzevatorwa muUnited States neEurope. .

Kunyanya, mabhenefiti echinyakare masisitimu eADR (kana kugadzirisa kusawirirana) anogona kuratidzwa se:

• kujairana netsika.
• isina uori. (Izvi zvakakosha, nekuti nyika zhinji, kunyanya kuMiddle East, hadzisangane neGlobal North mwero wekutonga kwemutemo uye kurwisa huwori.)

Mamwe maitiro akajairika echinyakare ADR ndeokuti:

• nekukurumidza kusvika pakugadziriswa.
• kuchipa.
• inowanikwa munharaunda uye ine zviwanikwa.
• zvinogoneka munharaunda dzakasimba.
• kuvimbwa.
• akanangidzira kururamisira kunodzorera panzvimbo pokutsiva—kuchengetedza kuwirirana mukati menzanga.
• inoitiswa nevatungamiri vemunharaunda vanotaura mutauro weko uye vanonzwisisa matambudziko emunharaunda. Mitongo ingangobvumwa nenharaunda yese.

Kune avo vari mukamuri vakashanda nemaitiro echinyakare kana echivanhu, runyorwa urwu rune musoro here? Ungawedzera mamwe maitiro kwairi, kubva pane zvaunosangana nazvo?

Nzira dzemunharaunda dzinogona kusanganisira:

• madenderedzwa erunyararo.
• kutaura madenderedzwa.
• musangano wemhuri kana weboka renharaunda.
• kuporesa kwetsika.
• kugadzwa kwemukuru kana munhu akachenjera kuti atonge gakava, dare revakuru, uye matare enharaunda dzepasi.

Kukundikana kuenderana nematambudziko emamiriro emunharaunda ndiyo inowanzokonzera kukanganisa muADR kana uchishanda netsika kunze kweGlobal North. Hukoshi hwevanoita sarudzo, varapi, uye vaongorori vari kuita chirongwa zvinokanganisa maonero uye sarudzo dzeavo vanobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa gakava. Mitongo pamusoro pekuchinjana pakati pezvidikanwi zvakasiyana zvemapoka evanhu zvakabatana nehunhu. Vashandi vanofanira kuziva nezvemakakatanwa aya uye voataura, zvirinani kwavari, padanho rega rega mukuita. Makakatanwa aya haasi kuzogara achigadziriswa asi anogona kudzikiswa nekubvuma basa rezvikoshero, uye kushanda kubva pamusimboti wekuenzanirana mune zvakapihwa. Kunyange zvazvo kune mazano akawanda uye maitiro ekururamisa, zvinowanzobatanidzwa nezvinotevera zvinhu zvina zvikuru:

• rukudzo.
• kusarerekera (kusava nerusaruro uye kufarira).
• Kubatanidzwa.
• kuvimbika (zvisina hukama zvakanyanya nekuvimbika kana kugona asi pane pfungwa yekuchenjerera kwetsika).

Kutora chikamu kunoreva pfungwa yekuti munhu wese anofanirwa nemukana wakakodzera wekuzadzisa kugona kwake kuzere. Asi zvechokwadi munzanga dzakawanda dzechivanhu, vakadzi vanobviswa pamukana—sezvavakanga vari mumagwaro ekutanga eUnited States, umo “varume vose vakasikwa vakaenzana” asi chaizvoizvo vakasarurwa nedzinza, uye vakadzi vakasabatanidzwa zvakanyanya. kodzero dzakawanda uye mabhenefiti.

Chimwe chinhu chokufunga nezvacho mutauro. Kushanda mumutauro usiri wemutauro wekutanga kunogona kukanganisa kutonga kwetsika. Semuenzaniso, Albert Costa weUniversitat Pompeu Fabra yekuSpain nevamwe vake vakaona kuti mutauro unounzwa nedambudziko retsika unogona kuchinja mabatiro anoita vanhu padambudziko racho. Vakaona kuti mhinduro dzakapihwa nevanhu dzaive dzakadzikama uye dzekushandisa zvichibva pane zvakanakira nhamba huru yevanhu. Psychological and emotional distance yakasikwa. Vanhu vanowanzoitawo zvirinani pabvunzo dzepfungwa dzakachena, mutauro wekunze - uye kunyanya pamibvunzo ine mhinduro iri pachena-asi-isiyo uye mhinduro chaiyo inotora nguva kuti igadziriswe.

Pamusoro pazvo, tsika inokwanisa kutara macode ehunhu, sezvakaitika kuAfghanistani nePakistani Pashtunwali, kune iyo kodhi yemaitiro ine hupenyu hwakadzama mumubatanidzwa wepfungwa dzedzinza; unoonekwa se'mutemo' usina kunyorwa wedzinza. Unyanzvi hwetsika, zvakanyanya, seti yemaitiro anoenderana, maitiro, uye marongero anouya pamwechete muhurongwa, agency, kana pakati pevashandi vanogonesa basa rinoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana. Inoratidza kugona kuwana nekushandisa ruzivo rwezvinotendwa, maitiro, maitiro uye nzira dzekutaurirana dzevagari, vatengi nemhuri dzavo kuvandudza masevhisi, kusimbisa zvirongwa, kuwedzera kutora chikamu kwenharaunda, uye kuvhara mikaha muchimiro pakati pemapoka akasiyana ehuwandu.

Zviitwa zveADR zvinofanirwa kuve zvichibva mutsika nemagariro uye kurudziro, nehunhu, tsika, nezvitendero zvinotaridza rwendo rwemunhu neboka uye nzira yakasarudzika yerunyararo nekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Masevhisi anofanirwa kuve akavakirwa patsika nemaitiro emunhu.  Ethnocentrism inofanira kudziviswa. Tsika, pamwe nemamiriro ezvakaitika kare, anofanirwa kuiswa muADR. Pfungwa yehukama inoda kuwedzerwa kuti isanganise madzinza nemadzinza. Kana tsika nenhoroondo zvikasiiwa kana kubatwa zvisina kufanira, mikana yeADR inogona kuderedzwa uye mamwe matambudziko agadzirwa.

Basa remurapi weADR rinogona kunge riri remufambisi ane ruzivo rwakanyanya rwekubatana kweboka, kukakavara uye mamwe masimba, pamwe nekugona uye chido chekupindira. Kusimbisa basa iri, panofanirwa kuve nekudzidziswa kugadzirisa gakava kunoenderana netsika nemagariro uye zvirongwa zvenhengo dzeADR, kodzero dzevanhu, mapoka ekodzero dzevanhu uye masangano ehurumende anosangana uye/kana kubvunzana neFirst Peoples nemamwe mapoka echivanhu, echinyakare uye echivanhu. Dzidzo iyi inogona kushandiswa senzira yekuumba chirongwa chekugadzirisa gakava chinoenderana netsika nemagariro munharaunda dzayo. Makomisheni ehurumende anorwira kodzero dzevanhu, hurumende yemubatanidzwa, mauto nemamwe mapoka ehurumende, mapoka anobatsira vanhu, masangano asiri ehurumende, nevamwe vanogona, kana chirongwa ichi chikabudirira, vanokwanisa kugadzirisa misimboti nehunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa dambudziko rekodzero dzevanhu vasina mhandu. nedzimwe nyaya uye pakati pedzimwe nharaunda dzetsika.

Nzira dzakakodzera dzetsika dzeADR hadzisi nguva dzose, kana pasi rose, dzakanaka. Vangaparira zvinetso zvetsika—zvinobatanidza kushaikwa kwekodzero dzavakadzi, utsinye, kuvakirwa pazvimiro zveboka kana kuti zveboka, uye neimwe nzira kusasvitsa mipimo yekodzero dzevanhu yenyika yose. Panogona kunge paine hurongwa hwechinyakare hunopfuura humwe hunoshanda.

Kushanda kwenzira dzakadai mukupa kodzero dzekuwana kodzero hakungoonekwi chete nenyaya dzakahwinwa kana kukundwa, asiwo nemhando yemitongo yakapihwa, kugutsikana kunowanikwa nemumhari, uye kudzoreredzwa kwekuwirirana.

Pakupedzisira, mushandi weADR angave asina kugadzikana nekutaura zvekunamata. MuUnited States, kazhinji tinorovedzwa kuchengeta rudzidziso pamhene—uye zvikurukuru “rusatora rutivi”—hurukuro. Nekudaro, kune kuomarara kweADR kunoziviswa nechitendero. Muenzaniso ndeuya waJohn Lederach, ane nzira yakaziviswa neChechi yeMennonite yokuMabvazuva. Mamiriro emweya emapoka aanoshanda nawo dzimwe nguva anoda kuzivikanwa. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kuNative American, First Peoples mapoka nemadzinza, uye kuMiddle East.

Zen Roshi Dae Soen Sa Nim akashandisa mutsara uyu kakawanda:

“Rasa pfungwa dzese, zvaunoda nezvausingadi, wongochengeta pfungwa dzausingazivi. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru. "  (Seung Sahn: Handizive; Kufudza Ox; http://www.oxherding.com/my_weblog/2010/09/seung-sahn-only-dont-know.html)

Ndokutenda zvikuru. Ndedzipi mhinduro uye mibvunzo yaunayo? Ndeipi mimwe mienzaniso yezvinhu izvi kubva pane zvakaitika kwauri?

Marc Brenman aimbova Kuurayautive Kwaurictor, Washington State Human Rights Commission.

[1] Ben Hoffman, Canadian Institute of Applied Negotiation, Win That Agreement: Confessions of a Real World Mediator; CIIAN News; Chando 2009.