Upenyu Hwakaipa Nyaya: Decrypting Encrypted Racism
ngovepo
Kushungurudzika kwe Hupenyu Hwepasina Kukosha sangano rakadzora hurukuro yavose muUnited States. Vakaungana vachirwisana nekuurayiwa kwevanhu vatema vasina zvombo, bato iri nevatsigiri vavo vakaita nhevedzano yezvikumbiro zvekururamisira nekuremekedzwa kwevanhu vatema. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vakawanda vakaratidza kushushikana pamusoro pekodzero yemutsara uyu, hupenyu dema zvine basa kubvira hupenyu hwose zvisinei nerudzi, zvinofanira kukosha. Iri bepa harina chinangwa chekutevera gakava riripo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwesemantic kwe hupenyu hwevatema or hupenyu hwose. Pane kudaro, bepa rinotsvaga kudzidza, kuburikidza nemalenzi eAfrican American anotsoropodza dzidziso (Tyson, 2015) uye mamwe akakodzera dzidziso dzemakakatanwa emagariro, shanduko inowanzoregeredzwa asi yakakosha yakaitika muhukama hwemadzinza muAmerica, shanduko kubva. pachena structural rusaruraganda kune yakavanzika fomu - encrypted rusaruraganda. Ndiko kukakavara kwebepa rino kuti seCivil Rights Movement yakabatsira mukupedza pachena structural rusaruraganda, rusarura rwakazaruka uye rusarura, the Hupenyu Hwepasina Kukosha kufamba kwakabatsira neushingi decrypting encrypted rusaruraganda muUnited States.
Nhanganyaya: Pfungwa Dzekutanga
Mutsara wekuti "Black Lives Matter," iri kubuda "Black liberation movement" ye21st zana remakore, rakadzora zvose zviri zviviri hurukuro dzavose nedzakavanzika muUnited States. Kubva payakasikwa muna 2012 mushure mekupondwa zvisiri pamutemo kwemukomana ane makore gumi nemanomwe wekuAmerica wekuAmerica, Trayvon Martin, nenharaunda yeSanford, Florida, George Zimmerman, akaregererwa nejury nekuda kwekuzvidzivirira pasi peFlorida " Stand Your Ground statute, "inozivikanwa zviri pamutemo se "Justifiable Use of Force" (Florida Legislature, 17-1995, XLVI, Ch. 2016), sangano reBlack Lives Matter rakaunganidza mamiriyoni eAfrica America uye avo vanovanzwira tsitsi kurwisa kuurayiwa kwevanhu. VaAfrica veAmerica uye hutsinye hwemapurisa; kukumbira kururamisira, kuenzana, kuenzana uye kururamisira; uye kutaura zvavanoda zvekodzero nechiremera chevanhu.
Zvichemo zvakasimudzwa nesangano reBlack Lives Matter, kunyange hazvo zvichitambirwa zvakanyanya nevatsigiri veboka, zvakasangana nekushoropodzwa kubva kune avo vanotenda kuti hupenyu hwese, zvisinei nedzinza ravo, dzinza, chitendero, murume kana magariro, zvine basa. Zvinopokana nevatsigiri ve "All Lives Matter" kuti hazvina kunaka kutarisa chete nyaya dzeAfrica America pasina kubvuma mipiro uye kuzvipira kwevanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nharaunda kuchengetedza vagari vese nenyika yese, kusanganisira kuzvipira kwehugamba. yemapurisa. Zvichienderana neizvi, mazwi anoti All Lives Matter, Native Lives Matter, Latino Lives Matter, Blue Lives Matter, uye Police Lives Matter, akasimuka achipindura zvakananga kune "varatidziri vakaungana vachipokana nehutsinye hwemapurisa uye kurwisa hupenyu hwevatema" (Towns, 2015, ndima. 3).
Kunyange zvazvo nharo dzevanotsigira hupenyu hwese hunoita sedzine chinangwa uye pasi rose, vatungamiri vakawanda vane mukurumbira muAmerica vanotenda kuti chirevo chokuti "hupenyu hwevatema hunokosha" ndeyepamutemo. Vachitsanangura kutendeseka kwe "hupenyu hwevatema" uye nei zvichifanira kutorwa zvakakomba, Mutungamiri Barack Obama, sezvakataurwa muTownes (2015), anoti:
Ndinofunga kuti chikonzero chekuti varongi vakashandisa mutsara wekuti 'vatema hupenyu hune basa' yakanga isiri yekuti vairatidza kuti hakuna mumwe munhu ane basa nehupenyu. Zvavaitaura ndezvekuti, pane dambudziko chairo riri kuitika munharaunda yeAfrica-America isiri kuitika mune dzimwe nharaunda. Uye iyo inyaya yepamutemo yatinofanira kugadzirisa. (ndima. 2)
Iri dambudziko rakasiyana nerevanhu vemuAmerica rinotaurwa nemutungamiri wenyika VaObama rine chekuita nehutsinye hwemapurisa, kuurayiwa kwevanhu vatema vasina zvombo, uye kusvika pamwero wakati, kusungwa zvisina tsarukano kwevechidiki vemuAfrica muAmerica nemhosva diki. Sezvakataurwa nevatsoropodzi vakawanda vemuAfrica muAmerica, kune “nhamba isina kuenzana yevasungwa veruvara munyika ino [United States]” (Tyson, 2015, peji 351) yavanofunga kuti imhaka ye“kusarurana kwemarudzi mukati menyika ino. hurongwa hwemutemo nemutemo” (Tyson, 2015, p. 352). Nezvikonzero izvi, vamwe vanyori vanopokana kuti "hatiti 'hupenyu hwese hune basa,' nekuti kana zvasvika kune hutsinye hwemapurisa, haisi miviri yese inotarisana neyakafanana yekushoresa uye mhirizhonga inoitwa nevevatema" (Brammer, 2015, para. 13).
Iri bepa harina chinangwa chekutsvaga gakava reruzhinji rekuti Black Lives Matter iri pamutemo here kana kuti All Lives Matter inofanirwa kutariswa zvakaenzana sezvakaitwa nevanyori nevatauri vakawanda. Tichifunga nezverusarura rwakaratidzwa rwekuda kunharaunda yeAfrica America pahwaro hwerudzi kuburikidza nehutsinye hwemapurisa, maitiro ematare uye zvimwe zviitiko zvine chekuita nerusarura, uye nekuziva kuti izvi nemaune, kuita nemaune maitiro erusarura arikutyora yeFourteenth Amendment nemimwe mitemo yemubatanidzwa. , bepa rino rinoda kudzidza nekusimbisa kuti nyaya iri pasi peBlack Lives Matter movement iri kurwisa uye kurwisana nayo. encrypted rusaruraganda. Izwi rekuti encrypted rusaruraganda inofemerwa naRestrepo and Hincapíe's (2013) “The Encrypted Constitution: A New Paradigm of Oppression,” iyo inotaura kuti:
Chinangwa chekutanga che encryption ndechekuvanza kwese kwese kwesimba. Nekuvharirwa kwemutauro wetekinoroji uye, nekudaro, maitiro, maprotocol uye sarudzo, kuratidzwa kwesimba kusingaonekwe kune chero munhu asina ruzivo rwemitauro kutyora encryption. Saka, encryption inoenderana nekuvapo kweboka rinokwanisa kuwana mafomula ekunyorera uye rimwe boka rinovafuratira zvachose. Iwo ekupedzisira, ari vaverengi vasina mvumo, vakazaruka kunyengedzwa. (p. 12)
Encrypted rusaruraganda sekushandiswa kwarinoitwa mubepa rino rinoratidza kuti the encrypted racist anoziva uye anonzwisisa misimboti ye rusaruraganda uye mhirizhonga asi haikwanise kusarura pachena uye pachena nharaunda yeAfrica America nekuti rusarura rwakajeka uye rusaruraganda rwemaitiro zvinorambidzwa uye kuitwa zvisiri pamutemo neCivil Rights Act ye1964 nemimwe Federal Laws. Nharo huru yebepa iri ndeyokuti Civil Rights Act ya1964 yakapasiswa ne88th Congress (1963–1965) ikasainwa kuva mutemo musi waChikunguru 2, 1964 naPresident Lyndon B. Johnson yakapera. pachena structural rusaruraganda asi, zvinosuruvarisa, hazvina kupera encrypted rusaruraganda, iyo a covert rudzi rwerusaruraganda. Pane kudaro, kurambidzwa kwepamutemo kwe pachena structural rusaruraganda akabereka rudzi rutsva urwu rwerusarura urwo rwakavanzwa nemaune ne encrypted racists, asi yakavanzwa kubva kune vakabatwa, kubviswa-vanhu, kutyisidzira uye kubiridzirwa nharaunda yeAfrica America.
Kunyangwe zvese zviri zviviri rusaruraganda uye encrypted rusaruraganda zvinosanganisira chinzvimbo chesimba kana chiremera, sezvazvichatsanangurwa muzvitsauko zvinotevera, chinoita encrypted rusaruraganda zvakasiyana ne rusaruraganda ndezvekuti iyo yekupedzisira yakaitwa uye yakatorwa sepamutemo pamberi pekugashirwa kweCivil Rights Act ya1964, nepo yekutanga yakavanzika uye inogona kuonekwa seisiri pamutemo chete kana, kana kana uye chete kana, yakadzikwa uye ichiratidzwa nezviremera zvepamusoro. Encrypted rusaruraganda inoisa imwe fomu ye pseudopower ku encrypted racist uyo anozoishandisa kunyengera vasina simba, vanotambura, uye vasina rusarura vemuAfrica America. "Kiyi yesimba sekutonga munyika yedu yepseudodemocratic, yepasi rose ndeye encryption yayo. Basa redu nderekugadzira mazano ekunyora kwayo” (Restrepo and Hincapíe, 2013, p. 1). Nenzira yekuenzanisa pakati peCivil Rights Movement inotungamirwa naDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. neBlack Lives Matter movement inotungamirwa naPatrisse Cullors, Opal Tometi, naAlicia Garza, bepa rino rinosimbisa kuti sezvakaitwa neCivil Rights Movement kupera pachena structural rusaruraganda, rusarura rwakazaruka uye rusarura muUnited States, sangano reBlack Lives Matter rakabatsira noushingi mukubvisa encrypted rusaruraganda muUnited States - rudzi rwerusarura rwakanga rwuchiitwa nevanhu vakawanda vari pachinzvimbo chemasimba kusanganisira vezvemutemo.
Chidzidzo pamusoro pekusuduruka kweBlack Lives Matter kufamba hakuzopedzi pasina kuongororwa kwefungidziro yefungidziro iri pasi pehukama hwemadzinza muUnited States. Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, bepa rino rinoda kutora kurudziro kubva kudzidziso ina dzinoenderana. Yokutanga ndeye "African American Criticism," dzidziso yakaoma inoongorora nyaya dzemarudzi dzakaratidza nhoroondo yeAfrica America kubvira "The Middle Passage: kutakurwa kwevasungwa veAfrica vachiyambuka Atlantic Ocean" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344) kusvika United States uko vakaitwa varanda kwemazana emakore akawanda. Yechipiri ndeye Kymlicka's (1995) "Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights" iyo inocherechedza uye inobvumira "kodzero dzakaparadzaniswa neboka" kune mamwe mapoka akatambura rusaruraganda, rusarura uye kusarura (semuenzaniso, nharaunda yeAfrica America). Yechitatu idzidziso yaGatung (1969) yekuti mhirizhonga yemaitiro iyo inogona kunzwisiswa kubva pamusiyano pakati pe "mhirizhonga yakananga uye isina kunanga". Nepo mhirizhonga yakananga ichibata vanyori tsananguro yemhirizhonga yemumuviri, mhirizhonga isina kunanga inomiririra zvimiro zveudzvinyiriri izvo zvinodzivirira chikamu chevagari vemo kuwana zvidikanwi zvavo zvevanhu nekodzero nekudaro zvichimanikidza vanhu "chaiyo somatic uye pfungwa dzekuziva kuti dzive pasi pezvavanogona kuita" (Galtung, 1969, peji 168). Uye chechina ndeyeBurton's (2001) critique ye "chinyakare simba-elite chimiro" - chimiro chinofananidzirwa mu "isu-ivo" mentality-, iyo inobata kuti vanhu vari pasi pemhirizhonga yemaitiro nemasangano uye tsika dzinogara mu simba-elite chimiro chichapindura zvechokwadi uchishandisa maitiro akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mhirizhonga uye kusateerera kwevanhu.
Kuburikidza nemalenzi edzidziso idzi dzekunetsana kwevanhu, bepa rinonyatsoongorora shanduko yakakosha yakaitika munhoroondo yeAmerica, ndiko kuti, shanduko kubva. pachena structural rusaruraganda to encrypted rusaruraganda. Mukuita izvi, kuedza kunoitwa kuratidza nzira mbiri dzakakosha dziri mumarudzi ose erusaruraganda. Ihwo huranda, rusaruro rwapachena uye rusarura rwakanyanya kuratidza rusaruraganda. Imwe yacho hutsinye hwemapurisa uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu vatema vasina pfuti ichiva mienzaniso yerusaruraganda rwakavanzika. Mukupedzisira, basa reBlack Lives Matter kufamba mukubvisa encrypted rusaruraganda rinoongororwa uye kutaurwa.
Structural Rusaruraganda
Kukurudzira kwebato reBlack Lives Matter kunodarika hutsinye hwemapurisa huri kuenderera mberi uye kuuraya kwevanhu vemuAfrica vemuAmerica nevabvakure vemuAfrica. Vavambi vesangano iri vakataura zvine mutsindo pawebhusaiti yavo, #BlackLivesMatter pa http://blacklivesmatter.com/ kuti "Inoisa avo vakashongedzerwa mukati mevatema rusununguko, zvichiita kuti rive zano re (re) kuvaka bato rerusununguko rwevatema..” Kubva pakuongorora kwangu, bato reBlack Lives Matter riri kurwisa encrypted rusaruraganda. Zvisinei, munhu haagoni kunzwisisa encrypted rusaruraganda muUnited States pasina chekuita rusaruraganda, for rusaruraganda endered encrypted rusaruraganda mukati memazana emakore akawanda eAfrican American nonviolent activism uye kusangana uku kuratidzira kwaive nemirairo, kuita. encrypted rusaruraganda kubuda kwe rusaruraganda.
Tisati taongorora zviitiko zvezvakaitika kare zvakapoteredza rusarura muUnited States, zvakakosha kufungisisa pamusoro pehutano hwemagariro evanhu hunotaurwa pamusoro apa tichiratidza kukosha kwavo kune nyaya yacho. Tinotanga nekutsanangura mazwi: rusaruraganda, mamiriro, uye encryption. Rusaruraganda runotsanangurwa se "hukama hwemasimba husina kuenzana hunokura kubva muhutongi hwemagariro evanhu kune rumwe rudzi kune rumwe uye izvo zvinoguma nemaitiro akarongeka ekusarura (somuenzaniso, kusarura, kutonga, uye kutambudzwa)" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Rusaruraganda rwakanambwa neiyi nzira rwaigona kutsanangurwa kubva muchitendero chepfungwa mu“mumwe” mukuru, ndiko kuti, ukuru hwedzinza guru pane dzinza rinodzorwa. Nechikonzero ichi, vazhinji veAfrican American vanotsoropodza theorists vanosiyanisa mamwe mazwi ane chekuita nerusarura, kusanganisira asi kwete kugumira rusaruraganda, racialist uye musaruraganda. Rusaruraganda ndiko "kutenda muhukuru hwemarudzi, kuderera, uye kuchena kunobva pakutenda kuti hunhu nehungwaru, kungofanana nehunhu hwenyama, zvinhu zvehupenyu zvinosiyanisa marudzi" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Naizvozvo munhu anosarura rudzi munhu upi noupi ane zvitendero zvakadaro muukuru hwedzinza, kudzikira, uye kuchena. Uye munhu ane rusaruraganda munhu upi noupi ari “munzvimbo yesimba somutezo weboka rine simba rezvamatongerwe enyika” anopinda mumiitiro ine nhevedzano yokusarura, “somuenzaniso, kuramba vanhu vanokwaniriswa basa roruvara, pokugara, dzidzo, kana kuti chimwe chinhu chipi nechipi chavanoitira. 'une kodzero" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Netsanangudzo idzi dzepfungwa, zvinova nyore kwatiri kunzwisisa rusaruraganda uye encrypted rusaruraganda.
Izwi rokuti, structural rucism, ine izwi rakakosha iro ongororo yekufungidzira ichabatsira kunzwisisa kwedu temu. Izwi rinofanirwa kuongororwa nderokuti: mamiriro. Chimiro chinogona kutsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana, asi nechinangwa chebepa rino, tsananguro dzakapihwa neOxford Duramazwi uye Dzidzi duramazwi dzinokwana. Kune vekutanga, mamiriro zvinoreva “kugadzira kana kuronga maererano nechirongwa; kupa muenzaniso kana sangano kune chimwe chinhu” (Definition of mamiriro muChirungu, uye Muduramazwi repamhepo reOxford); uye maererano neyokupedzisira i“nzira iyo chimwe chinhu chinovakwa, chinorongwa, kana kuti chakarongeka” (Tsananguro yomudzidzi yechimiro, nd Muduramazwi remudzidzi wepamhepo reMerriam-Webster). Tsanangudzo mbiri idzi dzakaiswa pamwechete dzinoratidza kuti kusati kwasikwa chimiro, paive nehurongwa, sarudzo yekuziva kuronga kana kuronga chimwe chinhu zvinoenderana nehurongwa ihwohwo, zvichiteverwa nekuita kwechirongwa uye zvishoma nezvishoma, nekumanikidzwa kutevedza zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwe. muenzaniso. Kudzokororwa kwemaitiro aya kuchapa vanhu pfungwa inoratidzika kunge yenhema yechimiro - chisingaperi, chisingachinji, chisingachinji, chakamisikidzwa, chakamira, chinogara chiripo uye chinogamuchirwa pasi rose nzira yekurarama inoramba isingachinjiki - nzira iyo chimwe chinhu chinogadzirwa. Tichifunga nezvetsanangudzo iyi, tinogona kunzwisisa kuti zvizvarwa zvevanhu vekuEurope vakavaka sei, vakadzidziswa uye vakadzidzisa vazukuru vavo mu, zvimiro zverusaruraganda vasingazive mwero wekukuvadza, kukuvara nekusaruramisira kwavakanga vachiitira mamwe marudzi, kunyanya rudzi rwevatema.
Izvo zvakaunganidzwa kusaruramisira kwakarongwa ne zvimiro zverusaruraganda vachipesana neveAfrica vekuAmerica vari pakati pemhirizhonga yeBlack Lives Matter bato rekururamisira uye kubatwa zvakaenzana. Kubva pamaonero edzidziso, nyonganyonga yeBlack Lives Matter inogona kunzwisiswa kubva ku “African American Criticism,” dzidziso yakakomba inoongorora nyaya dzemadzinza dzakaratidza nhoroondo yeAfrica America kubvira “The Middle Passage: kufambisa kwenhapwa dzemuAfrica dzichiyambuka mhiri. Atlantic Ocean” (Tyson, 2015, p. 344) kuUnited States uko vakaitwa nhapwa kwemazana emakore. Kuti atsanangure matambudziko akatarisana neveAfrica America semugumisiro weuranda, rusaruraganda, uye rusarura, vatsoropodzi veAfrica America vanoshandisa "Critical Race Theory" (Tyson, 2015, p. 352 -368). Dzidziso iyi ine chekuita nekuongororwa kwekudyidzana kwedu kubva pamaonero erudzi pamwe nekubvunza kuti kusangana uku kunokanganisa sei kugara zvakanaka kwemazuva ese kwevashoma, kunyanya nharaunda yeAfrica America. Nekuongorora zvakabuda pachena uye zvakavandika mhedzisiro yekudyidzana pakati pevaAfrica vekuAmerica nevekuEurope vane mukurumbira (vanozviti vachena) muUnited States, Tyson (2015) anotsinhira kuti:
tsananguro yerudzi rwekutsoropodza inoongorora nzira idzo ruzivo rwehupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ese hune hukama nerudzi, kunyangwe isu tingasazviona, uye tinodzidza zvitendero zvakaoma zvinotsigira izvo zvinoita sezviri nyore, zvinowanzoitika fungidziro pamusoro pedzinza kuitira kuratidza kupi uye sei rusaruraganda. ichiri kubudirira mukuvapo kwayo 'pachivande'. (p. 352)
Mibvunzo inouya mumusoro ndeiyi: Ko dzidziso yedzinza yakakosha sei kune yeBlack Lives Matter kufamba? Sei rusarura rusaruraganda richiri nyaya muAmerica zvichipihwa chokwadi chekuti maitiro erusarura akaitwa maAfrica America panguva yePre-Civil Rights Movement nguva yakamiswa zviri pamutemo neCivil Rights Acts of 1964, uye tichifunga kuti zvazvino. mutungamiri weUnited States ndewerudzi rweAfrica America? Kuti tipindure mubvunzo wekutanga, zvakakosha kusimbisa chokwadi chokuti vose vatsigiri uye vanopikisa sangano reBlack Lives Matter havabvumirani pamatambudziko emarudzi akakonzera kubuda kwechikwata. Kupokana kwavo kuri panzira kana nzira iyo vatsigiri vebato reBlack Lives Matter vanoedza kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo. Kuratidza kuti bato reBlack Lives Matter rine chikumbiro chiri pamutemo chekuenzana, kuenzana uye dzimwe kodzero dzevanhu, vatsoropodzi vavo, kunyanya vatsigiri veAll Lives Matter movement nekureva vanosanganisira maAfrica America muchikamu che "All Lives" iyo inokosha sezvavanoita. kurudzira kuenzana nekuenzana kuvagari vese zvisinei nedzinza, murume kana mukadzi, chitendero, kugona, nyika, nezvimwe zvakadaro.
Dambudziko nekushandiswa kwe "All Lives Matter" nderekuti inotadza kubvuma zvakaitika kare uye zvemarudzi uye kusarongeka kwakapfuura kunoratidzira United States. Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, vazhinji vakasununguka theorists ve kodzero dzevashoma uye tsika dzakasiyana vanopikisa kuti kupatsanurwa kwakafanana sekuti “All Lives Matter” kunorambidza “kodzero dzakanangana neboka” kana, zvichitaurwa zvakasiyana, “kodzero dzakasiyaniswa neboka” (Kymlicka, 1995). Kuti ticherechedze uye tibvumirane "kodzero dzakasiyaniswa neboka" kune mamwe mapoka akatambura rusaruraganda, rusarura uye kusarura (semuenzaniso, nharaunda yeAfrica America), Will Kymlicka (1995), mumwe wevanotungamira theorists pa. tsika dzakasiyana, yave ichibatanidzwa mukuongorora kwehuzivi, tsvakurudzo yezvidzidzo uye kugadzira mitemo panyaya dzine chokuita nekodzero dzeboka duku. Mubhuku rake, "Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights," Kymlicka (1995), kufanana nevakawanda vanopikisa dzinza re theorists, anotenda kuti liberalism sekunzwisiswa kwayakaitwa uye kushandiswa mukugadzira mitemo yehurumende yakundikana mukusimudzira nekudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. vanhu vashoma vari kurarama mukati menzanga yakakura, semuenzaniso, nzanga yeAfrica yeAmerica muUnited States. Murangariro wenguva dzose pamusoro perusununguko ndowokuti “kuzvipira kworusununguko kurusununguko rwomunhu kunorwisana nokugamuchirwa kwekodzero dzavanhu vose; uye kuti kuzvipira kwakasununguka kukodzero dzepasi rose kunopesana nekugamuchirwa kwekodzero dzemapoka chaiwo” (Kymlicka, 1995, p. 68). Kuna Kymlicka (1995), iyi “politics yekuregeredza zvakanaka” (pp. 107-108) iyo yaita kuti vanhu vashoma varambe vachitarisirwa pasi inofanira kugadziriswa.
Nenzira yakafanana, vanoongorora dzidziso dzemadzinza anotsoropodza vanotenda kuti misimboti yakasununguka sezvayakagadzirwa uye kunzwisiswa ine painogumira kana ikashandiswa munzanga ine tsika dzakasiyana. Pfungwa iyi ndeyekuti sezvo Conservatism yakapikisa zvakanyanya chero zano rezvematongerwo enyika rinoonekwa serinobatsira kune vashoma vanodzvinyirirwa, kusununguka hakufanirwe kuramba. kuyananisa or kuenzanisa sezvazvave zviri panyaya dzemarudzi. ichokwadi kuti kusununguka kwave kuchibatsira, semuenzaniso, kupasa bhiri rekuparadzanisa zvikoro, asi vanotsoropodza dzidziso dzemadzinza vanotenda kuti "hapana chayakaita kugadzirisa chokwadi chekuti zvikoro zvichiri kupatsanurwa kwete nemutemo asi nehurombo" (Tyson, 2015, peji 364). Zvakare, kunyangwe Bumbiro reMitemo richisimbisa mukana wakaenzana kune vese vagari, rusarura ruchiri kuitika mazuva ese munzvimbo dzebasa nedzimba. Bumbiro remitemo harina kubudirira kumira rusaruraganda rwakavanzika uye kusarura kwevaAfrica muAmerica avo vanoramba vari mumatambudziko, asi vanhu veEurope (vachena) vanoramba vachifarira. ropafadzo munharaunda dzinenge dzose dzenzanga.
Rusaruraganda rwemaitiro runogona kutsanangurwa serukurisa chimwe chikamu chenzanga pane chimwe - ivo vashoma. Nhengo dzeboka dzakakomborerwa - ruzhinji rwevachena - vanopihwa mukana nyore kune migove yekutonga kwedemocracy nepo vadiki vasina rusarura vachirambidzwa nemaune, pachivande kana zvakanyanya kurambidzwa kuwana migove yakafanana inopihwa nehutongi hwegutsaruzhinji. Zvino chii chena ropafadzo? Ko zvaita sei vasina ropafadzo Vana veAfrica vekuAmerica avo, pasina sarudzo yavo pachavo, vanoberekerwa muurombo, nharaunda dzine urombo, zvikoro zvisina midziyo, uye mamiriro ezvinhu anobvumidza rusaruro, kutariswa, kumira uye frisk, uye dzimwe nguva hutsinye hwemapurisa, vanobatsirwa kukwikwidzana nevachena vavo?
"Ropafadzo yechena," maererano neDelgado & Stefancic (2001, sezvakataurwa muna Tyson, 2015) inogona kutsanangurwa se "zvizhinji zvezvakanakira mumagariro, mabhenefiti, neruremekedzo rwunouya nekuve nhengo yerudzi rune simba" (p. 361) ) Mune mamwe mazwi, "ropafadzo chena imhando yemazuva ose erusarura nokuti pfungwa yose yeropafadzo inogara pane pfungwa yezvisina kunaka" (Tyson, 2015, p. 362). Kusiya ropafadzo yevachena, Wildman (1996, sezvakataurwa muna Tyson, 2015) anotenda kuti "kurega kuita sokuti rudzi haruna basa" (p. 363). Pfungwa yeropafadzo yakakosha zvikuru pakunzwisisa mamiriro eAfrica America. Kuzvarirwa mumhuri yeAfrica America hazvinei nesarudzo yemwana wemuAfrica. Mune mamwe mazwi, inobva pamhanza uye kwete pakusarudza; uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, mwana weAfrica weAmerica haafaniri kurangwa nekuda kwechisarudzo kana chisarudzo chaasina kuita. Kubva pamaonero aya, Kymlicka (1995) anotenda zvakasimba kuti “kodzero dzakanangana neboka” kana kuti “kodzero dzakasiyaniswa neboka” dzinoruramiswa “mukati medzidziso yakasununguka yekuenzanisa…iyo inosimbisa kukosha kwekugadzirisa kusaenzana kusingasarudzwe” (p. 109). Tichitambanudza mutsara uyu wepfungwa zvishoma mberi uye kusvika kumagumo ayo ane musoro, munhu anogona kupokana kuti zvirevo zve "Black Lives Matter" kufamba zvinofanirwa kutorwa sezvakanaka, nekuti izvi zvirevo zvakakosha mukunzwisisa kuti vakabatwa nerusarura rwechimiro kana chemasangano. uye mhirizhonga inonzwa.
Imwe yehutano hwemagariro evanhu theorists basa re "mhirizhonga yehutano" inoramba iine chokuita nekunzwisisa kwe rusaruraganda or rusaruraganda rwemasangano muUnited States ndiye Galtung (1969). Galtung's (1969) pfungwa yemhirizhonga yemaitiro inoenderera mberi chaipoipo uye kunanga mhirizhonga, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, inogona kutibatsira kunzwisisa kuti zvimiro uye masangano akagadzirirwa kusimudzira rusarura rwerudzi rweAfrica America uye zvimwe zvidiki zvinoshanda sei. Apo mhirizhonga yakananga inobata tsananguro yevanyori ye chisimba chenyama, mhirizhonga isina kunanga inomiririra zvimiro zveudzvinyiriri zvinodzivirira chikamu chevagari vemo kuti vakwanise kuwana zvidikanwi zvavo zvevanhu nekodzero nekudaro vachimanikidza vanhu "chaivo somatic uye mupfungwa kuona kuti ive pasi pezvavanogona kuita" (Galtung, 1969, p. 168).
Nenzira yekufananidza, munhu anogona kutaura kuti sezvakaita maIndia eNiger Delta yeNigeria akatambura nemhedzisiro yemhirizhonga yezvimiro mumaoko ehurumende yeNigeria nemakambani emafuta emarudzi akawanda, ruzivo rweAfrica America muUnited Sates, kutanga kubva. nguva yekusvika kwevaranda vekutanga, kuburikidza nenguva ye Kusunungurwa, ivo Kodzero dzeVanhu, uye kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura kubuda kwe Hupenyu Hwepasina Kukosha kufamba, kwakaratidzwa zvakanyanya mhirizhonga yemaitiro. Panyaya yeNigeria, hupfumi hweNigeria hwakanyanya kubva pane zviwanikwa, kunyanya kutorwa kwemafuta mudunhu reNiger Delta. Migove kubva mukutengeswa kwemafuta anobva kuNiger Delta inoshandiswa kusimudzira mamwe maguta makuru, kupfumisa mishandirapamwe yekuchera kunze kwenyika pamwe nevashandi vavo vari kunze kwenyika, kubhadhara vezvematongerwo enyika, pamwe nekuvaka migwagwa, zvikoro uye zvimwe zvivakwa mune mamwe maguta. Zvisinei, vanhu veNiger Delta havangotamburi chete nemigumisiro yakaipa yekutorwa kwemafuta - semuenzaniso kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuparadzwa kwekugara kwavo kwakapiwa naMwari -, asi vakaregeredzwa kwemazana emakore, vanyaradzwa, vari pasi peurombo hwakanyanya uye kubatwa kwehutsinye. Uyu muenzaniso wakangoerekana wauya mupfungwa pandakanga ndichiverenga tsananguro dzaGatung (1969) dzemhirizhonga yemaitiro. Saizvozvo, chiitiko cheAfrica America chechisimba chemaitiro maererano naTyson (2015) chinokonzerwa ne:
kubatanidzwa kwemitemo yerusaruraganda uye maitiro mumasangano ayo nzanga inoshanda nayo: semuenzaniso, dzidzo; hurumende, nyika, uye hurumende dzematunhu; mutemo, zvose maererano nezvakanyorwa mumabhuku uye mashandisirwo aunoitwa nematare uye nevakuru vemapurisa; hutano hwehutano, uye nyika yemakambani. (p. 345)
Kubvisa zvimiro zvakavakirwa pamitemo yerusaruraganda kunoda kusava nechisimba kana dzimwe nguva mhirizhonga uye inodhura dambudziko remasangano uye zvimiro zvekudzvinyirira. Nenzira imwecheteyo iyo vatungamiriri veNiger Delta, vachitsigirwa naKen Saro-Wiwa, vakarwa kurwira kururamisira kune vadzvinyiriri vemauto eNigeria panguva iyoyo, iyo Saro-Wiwa nevamwe vazhinji vakabhadhara mubairo werusununguko nehupenyu hwavo sevadzvanyiriri vemauto. akavatongera rufu pasina kutongwa kwakakodzera, Martin Luther King Jr. “akava mutungamiriri weCivil Rights Movement” (Lemert, 2013, p. 263) iyo yakashandisa nzira dzisina mhirizhonga kugumisa zviri pamutemo rusaruro rwemarudzi muUnited States. Nehurombo, Dr. King "akapondwa muMemphis muna 1968 paaironga 'kufora kwevarombo' kuWashington" (Lemert, 2013, p. 263). Kupondwa kwevasina mhirizhonga vakaita saDr. King naKen Saro-Wiwa kunotidzidzisa chidzidzo chakakosha pamusoro pemhirizhonga yezvimiro. Maererano naGatung (1969):
Kana chimiro chacho chichityisidzirwa, avo vanobatsirwa nechisimba chemaitiro, pamusoro peavo vose vari pamusoro, vachaedza kuchengetedza chimiro chakanyatsogadzirirwa kuchengetedza zvido zvavo. Nekutarisa zviitiko zvemapoka akasiyana uye vanhu kana chivakwa chichityisidzirwa, uye zvakanyanya nekucherechedza kuti ndiani anouya kuzonunura chimiro, bvunzo yekushanda inounzwa inogona kushandiswa kurongedza nhengo dzechimiro maererano nekufarira kwavo. mukuchengetedza chimiro. (p. 179)
Mubvunzo unouya mupfungwa ndewokuti: Vachengeti vemhirizhonga yemaitiro vacharamba vachichengetedza chimiro kusvika rinhi? Panyaya yeUnited States, zvakatora makumi emakore akawanda kutanga chirongwa chekuputsa zvivakwa zvakanyudzwa murusarura ganda, uye sekuratidzira kwakaratidzwa nesangano reBlack Lives Matter, kune basa rakawanda rinofanira kuitwa.
Zvinoenderana nepfungwa yaGaltung's (1969) yemhirizhonga yemaitiro, Burton (2001), mutsoropodzo ye "chinyakare simba-elite chimiro" - chimiro chinofananidzirwa mu "isu-ivo" mafungiro-, inotenda kuti vanhu vari pasi pemhirizhonga yezvimiro nemasangano uye zvimiro zviri musimba-elite chimiro vachapindura vachishandisa maitiro akasiyana, kusanganisira mhirizhonga uye kusateerera munharaunda. Zvichienderana nekutenda mudambudziko rebudiriro, munyori anoburitsa chokwadi chekuti kushandiswa kwekumanikidza hakuchakwane kuchengetedza mhirizhonga yemaitiro kune avo vanobatwa nayo. Kufambira mberi kwepamusoro muhunyanzvi hwekutaurirana, semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwesocial media uye kugona kuronga uye kuunganidza vatsigiri kunogona kuunza nyore shanduko yemagariro inodiwa - shanduko yemasimba masimba, kudzoreredza kweruramisiro, uye pamusoro pese kupera kwechisimba chemaitiro nzanga.
Encrypted Racism
Sezvakakurukurwa muzvitsauko zvakapfuura - zvitsauko zvinobata pfungwa dzekutanga uye rusaruraganda - mumwe musiyano pakati rusaruraganda uye encrypted rusaruraganda ndezvekuti panguva yenguva yerusaruraganda, vanhu vemuAfrica vakanyorerwa zviri pamutemo kuti havasi vagari vemo kana vatorwa uye vakatorerwa kodzero dzekuvhota uye mukana wekuunganidza vamiriri, kuita uye kururamisira, uku vari munjodzi huru yekuuraiwa neEuropean (white). ) masupremacists muUnited States, kunyanya kuMaodzanyemba. Vatema, maererano naDu Bois (1935, sezvakataurwa muLemert, 2013) vakatarisana nemhedzisiro yekusarura kusingaperi muSouth. Izvi zvinoonekwa mu "mubayiro wevanhu uye wepfungwa" wakasiyaniswa uyo "boka revachena revashandi" (Lemert, 2013, peji 185) vakagamuchira mukuwedzera kumubhadharo wavo wakaderera, kusiyana ne "boka revatema revashandi" vakatambura maitiro. , kusarura mupfungwa uye kuruzhinji. Mukuwedzera, nhepfenyuro yemazuva ose "yakada kufuratira zvachose Negro kunze kwemhosva uye kuseka" (Lemert, 2013, p. 185). Vanhu vokuEurope vakanga vasina hanya nevaranda vomuAfrica vavakauya navo kuAmerica, asi zvibereko zvavo zvaikosheswa zvikuru uye zvaikosheswa. Mushandi wemuAfrica “akaparadzaniswa uye akaparadzaniswa” nezvibereko zvake. Chiitiko ichi chinogona kuenzanisirwa zvakare tichishandisa Marx's (sezvakataurwa muLemert, 2013) dzidziso ye "Estranged Labour" iyo inoti:
Kuparadzaniswa kwemushandi muchigadzirwa chake kunoreva kwete chete kuti basa rake rinova chinhu, hupenyu hwekunze, asi kuti huripo kunze kwake, zvakasununguka, sechinhu chisingazivikanwi kwaari, uye kuti inova simba rayo pachayo rinotarisana naye; zvinoreva kuti hupenyu hwaakapa pachinhu chinotarisana naye sechinhu chinovenga uye chisiri. (p. 30)
Kuparadzaniswa kwemuranda wemuAfrica kubva pane zvaakagadzira - izvo izvo zvigadzirwa zvebasa rake - zvine mucherechedzo mukuru mukunzwisisa kukosha kunonzi kune maAfrica nevapamba vavo vekuEurope. Idi rokuti muranda weAfrica akabvisirwa kodzero yake yokuwana zvibereko zvebasa rake rinoratidzira kuti vatapi vake vaisamuona somunhu, asi sechinhu, sechinhu chakaderera, pfuma yaigona kutengwa nokutengeswa, yaigona kushandiswa. kana kuparadzwa pamadiro. Zvisinei, mushure mokubviswa kweuranda uye Civil Rights Act ya1964 iyo yairambidza zviri pamutemo rusaruraganda muUnited Sates, masimba erusaruraganda muAmerica akachinja. Injini (kana pfungwa) iyo yakakurudzira uye yakakonzera rusaruraganda yakatamiswa kubva kuhurumende uye yakanyorwa mupfungwa, misoro, maziso, nzeve, uye maoko evamwe vanhu veEurope (vachena). Sezvo nyika yakamanikidzwa kutyora mutemo pachena structural rusaruraganda, rusaruraganda rwegadziriro rwakanga rusisiri rwapamutemo asi zvino rwusiri pamutemo.
Kungofanana nezvinowanzotaurwa, "tsika dzekare dzinofa zvakaoma," zvakaoma zvikuru kuchinja uye kurega kubva kune tsika dzakajaira uye dziripo kana tsika kuitira kuti ugadzirise kumararamiro matsva - tsika itsva, itsva. weltanschauung uye tsika itsva. Kubva haugone kudzidzisa imbwa yakwegura manomano matsva, zvinova zvakaoma zvikuru uye zvinononoka kune vamwe vanhu vekuEurope (vachena) kuti vasiye rusaruraganda uye vagamuchire hurongwa hutsva hwekururamisira uye kuenzana. Nemutemo wehurumende wepamutemo uye nedzidziso, rusaruraganda rwakabviswa mukati mezvimiro zvekare zvakatangwa zvekudzvinyirirwa. Nezvisina kurongwa, zvakaunganidzwa nhaka yetsika, uye mukuita, rusaruraganda rwakachinja kubva pamisimboti yezvimiro kuenda kune yakavanzika fomu; kubva pakutariswa kwehurumende kusvika pakutonga kwemunhu; kubva pachimiro chayo chiri pachena uye chiri pachena kusvika kuchimiro chakanyanya kuvanzwa, chakavanzika, chakavanzika, chakavanzika, chisingaoneki, chakafukidzwa, chakafukidzwa, uye chakavanza chimiro. Uku kwaiva kuzvarwa kwa encrypted rusaruraganda muUnited States of America iyo sangano reBlack Lives Matter riri kurwisa, kuratidzira uye kurwisana mu21.st remakore.
Muchikamu chekutanga chebepa rino, ndakataura kuti kushandisa kwangu izwi, encrypted rusaruraganda inofemerwa naRestrepo and Hincapíe's (2013) “The Encrypted Constitution: A New Paradigm of Oppression,” iyo inotaura kuti:
Chinangwa chekutanga che encryption ndechekuvanza kwese kwese kwesimba. Nekuvharirwa kwemutauro wetekinoroji uye, nekudaro, maitiro, maprotocol uye sarudzo, kuratidzwa kwesimba kusingaonekwe kune chero munhu asina ruzivo rwemitauro kutyora encryption. Saka, encryption inoenderana nekuvapo kweboka rinokwanisa kuwana mafomula ekunyorera uye rimwe boka rinovafuratira zvachose. Iwo ekupedzisira, ari vaverengi vasina mvumo, vakazaruka kunyengedzwa. (p. 12)
Kubva pane ino quotation, munhu anogona kunzwisisa zviri nyore maitiro emukati e encrypted rusaruraganda. Kutanga, munharaunda yakavharidzirwa yerusaruraganda, kune mapoka maviri evanhu: boka rakaropafadzwa uye boka risina rombo. Nhengo dzeboka dzakakomborerwa dzinokwanisa kuwana izvo Restrepo and Hincapíe (2013) vanodana kuti "formulae of encryption" (p. 12) pairi mitemo ye rusaruraganda rwakavanda kana rusaruraganda uye maitiro erusarura akavakirwa. Nekuti nhengo dzeboka dzakakomborerwa ndeavo vanotora zvinzvimbo zvehutungamiriri mumahofisi ehurumende uye nemamwe masangano akarongeka munharaunda, uye vachipihwa chokwadi chekuti vane mafomula e encryption, ndiko kuti, makodhi ekuvanzika ayo nhengo dzeboka dzakakomborerwa dzinonyora uye sarudza algorithm kana seti yemirayiridzo uye mapatani ekudyidzana pakati pemapoka ane rombo uye asina kurongeka, kana kuiswa zvakasiyana uye zvakajeka, pakati pevachena nevatema muUnited States, vanhu vachena (vane ropafadzo) vanogona kusarura nyore nyore uye kusarura vanhu veAfrica America (vatema vasina kodzero), dzimwe nguva vasingazive kuti vari kuita rusarura. Yekupedzisira, isina mukana wekuwana mafomula e encryption, zvakavanzika zveruzivo, kana macode epachivande ekushanda anotenderera mukati meboka rakaropafadzwa, dzimwe nguva haatomboziva zviri kuitika kwavari. Izvi zvinotsanangura chimiro chechakavanzika, chakavanzika kana chakavanzika cherusarura ganda chinoitika mukati mehurongwa hwedzidzo, dzimba, basa, zvematongerwo enyika, nhepfenyuro, hukama hwemapurisa nenharaunda, hurongwa hwekutonga, zvichingodaro. Tyson (2015) nenzira isina kunanga inobata pfungwa ye encrypted rusaruraganda uye kuti inoshanda sei muUnited States nekusimbisa kuti:
Sezvo vazhinji vekuAmerica vemarudzi ese vanoziva, zvisinei, rusaruraganda haruna kupera: rwakangoenda "pasi pevhu." Kureva kuti, kusaruramisira kworudzi muUnited States kuchiri chinetso chikuru uye chinopfuurira; zvave kungoita zvishoma kudarika zvazvaimboita. Kusaruramisira kwedzinza kunoitwa pavanyengeri, sokunge zvakadaro, kuti vadzivise kutongwa kwapamutemo, uye kwakabudirira munzira idzo, muzviitiko zvakawanda, vanyajambwa vako bedzi vanonyatsoziva. (p. 351)
Kune mienzaniso mizhinji iyo munhu anogona kuratidza nayo mashandiro evakavharirwa racists. Mumwe muenzaniso ndeyekupikisa kusinganzwisisike kuri pachena uye kwakahwanda kwevamwe maRepublicans kune zvese zvisungo zvemitemo zvakaunzwa Mutungamiriri Barack Obama, Mutungamiriri wekutanga wemuAfrica wekuAmerica weUnited States. Kunyangwe mushure mekukunda musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika muna 2008 na2012, chikwata chemaRepublicans chaikwikwidzwa naVaDonald Trump chiri kuramba chichiti mutungamiri wenyika VaObama havana kuzvarirwa muAmerica. Kunyange hazvo vanhu vazhinji vemuAmerica vasingatore VaTrump zvine mutsindo, asi munhu anofanirwa kubvunza chikonzero chake mukutorera VaObama kodzero dzavo dziri mubumbiro remitemo semugari wemuAmerica akazvarwa. Iyi haisi nzira yakahwanda here, yakanyorwa kana kuti yakanyorwa kuti Obama haakodzeri kuva Mutungamiriri weUnited States nekuti munhu mutema anobva muAfrica, uye haana muchena zvekuti angave mutungamiri wenyika munyika ine ruzhinji rwevanhu. chena?
Mumwe muenzaniso ndewekutaura kunotaurwa nevatsoropodzi veAfrica America maererano nemaitiro erusarura mukati memitemo nemutemo. “Kuva nemagiramu 28 e<em>crack cocaine (inoshandiswa zvikuru nevanhu vatema vokuAmerica) kunongoerekana kwamutsa tongero yemakore mashanu yomujeri. Zvakadaro, zvinotora 500 magiramu ehupfu cocaine (inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nevachena vekuAmerica) kukonzeresa iwoyo makore mashanu anosungirwa mutongo wemujeri” (Tyson, 2015, p. 352). Pamusoro pezvo, rusarura nerusaruro rwakakurudzira kutariswa kwemapurisa munharaunda dzemuAfrica America uye kumira nekupokana, hutsinye hwemapurisa uye kupfura kusiri madikanwa kwevanhu vekuAmerica vasina zvombo zvinogona kuonekwa zvakaenzana sezviri kubva pamisimboti ye encrypted rusaruraganda.
Encrypted rusaruraganda sekushandiswa kwarinoitwa mubepa rino rinoratidza kuti the encrypted racist anoziva uye anonzwisisa misimboti ye rusaruraganda uye mhirizhonga asi haikwanise kusarura pachena uye pachena nharaunda yeAfrica America nekuti rusarura rwakajeka uye rusaruraganda rwakajeka zvinorambidzwa uye kuitwa zvisiri pamutemo neCivil Rights Act ye1964 nemimwe Federal Laws. Mutemo weCivil Rights Act wa1964 wakapasiswa ne88th Congress (1963–1965) ukasainwa kuva mutemo musi waChikunguru 2, 1964 naMutungamiri Lyndon B. Johnson wakapera. pachena structural rusaruraganda asi, zvinosuruvarisa, hazvina kupera encrypted rusaruraganda, iyo a covert rudzi rwerusaruraganda. Nekugara uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuunganidza mamirioni avanhu kwete chete muUnited States asiwo pasi rese kurwisa encrypted racist agendia wevachena supremacists, sangano reBlack Lives Matter rakabudirira mukugadzira kuziva uye kusimudza kuziva kwedu kune chokwadi che. encrypted rusaruraganda kuzviratidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva pakurongeka kusvika kuutsinye hwemapurisa; kubva pakutaurwa uye kusungwa kusvika pakupondwa kwevaAfrica vekuAmerica vasina zvombo; uyewo kubva kumabasa nekuita rusarura rwedzimba kusvika pakushorwa nerusarura uye kudzvanyirirwa muzvikoro. Iyi mienzaniso mishoma yerusaruro rwakavanzika iyo iyo Black Lives Matter movement yakabatsira kubvisa.
Decrypting Encrypted Racism
kuti encrypted rusaruraganda yakaderedzwa kuburikidza nekuratidzira kweBlack Lives Matter kufamba hakusi nedhizaini yakarongwa, asi ne. runyararo - izwi rakashandiswa muna Ndira 28, 1754 naHorace Walpole rinoreva kuti “zvakawanikwa, netsaona uye nehuchenjeri, hwezvinhu” (Lederach 2005, p. 114) hazvisati zvazivikanwa. Hazvisi nehungwaru hwevakatanga veBlack Lives Matter movement, asi nekurwadziwa nekurwadziwa kwevachiri kuyaruka vasina pfuti uye mazana ehupenyu hwevatema hwakangoerekana hwagurwa nepfuti dzevanozviti vachena vepamusoro vane moyo. yakavharidzirwa ruvengo rune chepfu kune hupenyu hwevatema, uye mupfungwa, mumusoro uye muuropi sarudzo yekuuraya munhu mutema asina pfuti yakabatidzwa nekurangarira kwekare. zvimiro zverusaruraganda.
Zvinogona kupokana kuti hutsinye hwemapurisa, rusaruro, rusarura uye fungidziro pamusoro perudzi rwevatema munyika yose zvakatekesherawo mumaitiro akare erusaruraganda. Asi zviitiko muFerguson, Missouri, zvakapa vaongorori, vanogadzira mitemo uye veruzhinji kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwehunhu hwe. encrypted rusaruraganda. Kuratidzira kwesangano reBlack Lives Matter kwakabatsira mukusimudzira chiedza chekuferefeta kumaitiro erusarura, uye kuurayiwa kwevasina pfuti, vemuAfrica vekuAmerica. Kuferefetwa kweDhipatimendi reMapurisa eFerguson kwakaitwa nekuburitswa neUnited States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division musi wa4 Kurume 2015 mushure mekuurayiwa kwaMichael Brown, Jr. kunoratidza kuti maitiro ekuita zvemitemo muFerguson anokuvadza zvisingaite vagari veFerguson vemuAfrica-America uye vanodzingwa. muchidimbu nekusarura kwemarudzi, kusanganisira stereotyping (DOJ Report, 2015, p. 62). Chirevo ichi chinotsanangura zvakare kuti zviito zveFerguson zvemitemo zvinoisa kukanganisa kwakasiyana kune veAfrica America iyo inotyora mutemo wemubatanidzwa; uye kuti mitemo yaFerguson yekusimbisa mutemo inokurudzirwa muchidimbu nechinangwa chekusarura mukutyora kwechina chechina Amendment nemimwe mitemo yemubatanidzwa (DOJ Civil Rights Division Report, 2015, pp. 63 – 70).
Naizvozvo, hazvishamise kuti nharaunda yeAfrica America inotsamwiswa nemaitiro erusarura echipurisa chizere nevachena. Mubvunzo mumwe unouya mupfungwa ndewekuti: ingave iyo DOJ Civil Rights Division yakaferefeta Dhipatimendi reMapurisa reFerguson kana zvisiri zvekuratidzira kweBlack Lives Matter movement? Zvichida kwete. Zvichida, kana zvisiri zvekuratidzira kwakaramba kuchiitwa neBlack Lives Matter movement, kuuraya kwakakonzerwa nerusarura kwevanhu vatema vasina pfuti muFlorida, Ferguson, New York, Chicago, Cleveland, uye mune mamwe maguta mazhinji nenyika nemapurisa, zvaisaita. zvakafumurwa nekuferefetwa. Sangano reBlack Lives Matter rinogona kududzirwa se "izwi reruvara" rakasiyana (Tyson, 2015, p. 360) - pfungwa yakakosha yedzinza inobata kuti "vanyori nevanofunga vashoma vanowanzove vari munzvimbo iri nani kupfuura vanyori nevanofunga vachena. kunyora nekutaura nezverudzi uye rusaruraganda nekuti vanosangana nerusarura zvakananga” (Tyson, 2015, p. 360). Vatsigiri ve“inzwi remavara” vanokoka vanyajambwa verusaruraganda kuti vataure nhau dzavo sezvavakasangana norusarura. Sangano reBlack Lives Matter rinotamba iri basa rakakosha rekutaura nyaya, uye mukuita kudaro, rinoshanda se21.st Century call kuti isangoshandura mamiriro azvino akaiswa mukati encrypted rusaruraganda, asi kufumura nekudzikisira izvo Restrepo and Hincapíe (2013) vanodana kuti "formulae of encryption" (p. 12), iyo yakavanzika macode ayo akaropafadzwa nhengo dzeboka rekodhi uye decode algorithm uye mapatani ekudyidzana pakati pemapoka ane rombo uye asina rombo. , kana kuti kuisa zvakasiyana uye zvakajeka, pakati pevachena nevatema muUnited States.
mhedziso
Tichifunga nezvekuoma uye kuomesesa kwerudzi rwerusarura muUnited States, uye tichifunga zvipimo zvakasangana nemunyori panguva yekuunganidza dhata pamusoro penyaya dzakawanda dzemhirizhonga kuvanhu vatema, vatsoropodzi vazhinji vanogona kupokana kuti bepa iri harina data remumunda rakakwana (kureva, zvinyorwa zvekutanga. ) panofanira kuvakirwa nharo nenzvimbo dzemunyori. Sezvinei kuti tsvagiridzo yemumunda kana dzimwe nzira dzekuunganidza dhata inzvimbo inodiwa kune zvakawanikwa tsvakiridzo uye zvakawanikwa, zvisinei, munhu anogona zvakare kutaura kuti haisi mamiriro akakwana ekuongorora kwakadzama kwekunetsana kwevanhu sezvakamboitwa mupepa rino. kushandisa dzidziso dzekunetsana kwevanhu dzinoenderana nechidzidzo chiri kudzidzwa.
Sezvakataurwa munhanganyaya, chinangwa chikuru chinopihwa bepa iri ndechekuongorora uye kuongorora zviitiko zve "Black Lives Matter" kufamba uye kuedza kwavo kuburitsa pachena rusarura rwakavanzika rwakaiswa mumasangano uye nhoroondo yeUnited States kuitira kuti. kugadzira nzira yekururamisira, kuenzana uye kuenzana kune vashoma, kunyanya nharaunda yeAfrica America. Kuti uwane chinangwa ichi, bepa rakaongorora dzidziso ina dzakakodzera dzemagariro evanhu: "African American Criticism" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344); Kymlicka's (1995) "Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights" iyo inocherechedza uye inobvumira "kodzero dzakaparadzaniswa neboka" kune mamwe mapoka akatambura rusaruraganda, rusarura uye kusarura; Galtung's (1969) dzidziso ye mhirizhonga yemaitiro iyo inoburitsa zvimiro zveudzvanyiriri zvinotadzisa chikamu chevagari kuwana zvidikanwi zvavo zvevanhu nekodzero nekudaro zvichimanikidza vanhu "chaivo somatic uye pfungwa dzekuziva kuti dzive pasi pezvavanogona kuita" (Galtung, 1969, p. 168); uye pakupedzisira Burton's (2001) critique ye "chinyakare simba-elite chimiro" - chimiro chinofananidzirwa mu "isu-ivo" mentality-, iyo inobata kuti vanhu vari pasi pemhirizhonga yemaitiro nemasangano uye tsika dzinogara musimba- chimiro chevakuru chinozopindura nekushandisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekuzvibata, kusanganisira mhirizhonga uye kusateerera munharaunda.
Ongororo yekurwisana kwemarudzi muUnited States iyo bepa iri rakabudirira kuita maererano nedzidziso idzi, uye nerubatsiro rwemienzaniso chaiyo inoratidza shanduko kana kusimuka kubva. pachena structural rusaruraganda to encrypted rusaruraganda. Shanduko iyi yakaitika nekuti nemutemo wehurumende wepamutemo uye nedzidziso, rusaruraganda rwakabviswa muUnited States. Kuburikidza nezvisina kurongwa, zvakaunganidzwa nhaka yetsika, uye mukuita, rusaruraganda rwakachinja kubva pahwaro hwemisimboti yemisimboti kuenda kune yakavanzika, yakavharika fomu; yakasimuka kubva pautarisiri hwehurumende kuenda kuhutongi hwemunhu; kubva pachimiro chayo chiri pachena uye chiri pachena kusvika kuchimiro chakanyanya kuvanzwa, chakavanzika, chakavanzika, chakavanzika, chisingaoneki, chakafukidzwa, chakafukidzwa, uye chakavanza chimiro.
Iyi yakavanzika, yakavanzika, yekodhi kana yakahwanda yerusarura rudzi ndiyo inorehwa nebepa iri serusarura rwakavanzika. Bepa iri rinotsinhira kuti sekuti Civil Rights Movement yakabatsira mukupedza pachena structural rusaruraganda, rusarura rwakazaruka uye rusarura muUnited States, sangano reBlack Lives Matter rakabatsira noushingi mukubvisa encrypted rusaruraganda muUnited States. Mumwe muenzaniso unogona kunge uri zviitiko muFerguson, Missouri, izvo zvakapa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwechimiro che encrypted rusaruraganda kuvatsvakurudzi, vagadziri vemitemo uye ruzhinji rwevanhu kuburikidza neDOJ's Report (2015) inoratidza kuti Ferguson mitemo yemitemo inokuvadza zvisingaenzaniswi vagari veFerguson veAfrica-America uye inotungamirirwa muchidimbu nekusarura kwemarudzi, kusanganisira stereotyping (p. 62). The Black Lives Matter movement naizvozvo i "izwi remavara" rakasiyana (Tyson, 2015, p. 360) kubatsira vanhu veAfrica veAmerica vaitungamirirwa uye vakasarudzika kuti vataure nyaya dzavo sezvavaisangana nerusarura.
Nyaya dzavo dzakabatsira mukubvisa rusaruraganda rwakavanzika muUnited States. Nekudaro, kumwe kutsvagisa kunodiwa kuti unzwisise nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzinoshandiswa ne21st zana remazana asina mhirizhonga veAfrican American activists vanoita kuti manzwi avo anzwike, uye kuongorora matambudziko avanosangana nawo mukuratidzira kwavo pamwe nekuongorora maitiro kubva kuhurumende uye nevachena vane masimba.
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