Anopikisa Madimikira Asina Rugare paKutenda neMarudzi: Strategy yekusimudzira Hunobudirira Diplomacy, Budiriro neDziviriro.
ngovepo
Hurukuro iyi inokosha inoda kupikisa madimikira asina runyararo anga achishandiswa uye anoramba achishandiswa muhurukuro dzedu dzekutenda uye madzinza senzira imwe yekusimudzira kudyidzana kwakanaka, budiriro nekudzivirira. Izvi zvakakosha nekuti madimikira haasi “kutaura kunoyevedza” chete. Simba remadimikira rinotsamira pakukwanisa kwavo kuenzanisa zviitiko zvitsva kuitira kuti vabvumire iyo itsva uye isinganzwisisike dura reruzivo kuti rinzwisiswe maererano nekare uye zvakanyanya kongiri, uye kushanda sehwaro uye kururamisa kwekuita mutemo. Saka tinofanira kuvhundutswa nemadimikira azova mari muhurukuro dzedu dzekutenda nedzinza. Tinonzwa zvakare uyezve kuti hukama hwedu hunoratidza sei kupona kwaDarwin. Kana tichizogamuchira hunhu uhu, tingave takanyatsokodzera kurambidza hukama hwese hwevanhu sehunhu hwehutsinye uye husina hunhu husina munhu anofanirwa kushivirira. Naizvozvo tinofanira kuramba madimikira iwayo anoisa ukama hwechitendero nevedzinza nenzira yakaipa uye kukurudzira hunhu hwakadaro hune utsinye, husina hanya uye, pakupedzisira, hwoudyire.
ziviso
Mukati mehurukuro yake yaChikumi 16, 2015 paTrump Tower muNew York City achizivisa mushandirapamwe wake wehutungamiriri hweUnited States, mumiriri weRepublican VaDonald Trump vakati “Kana Mexico ichitumira vanhu vayo, havasi kutumira vakanaka. Havasi kukutuma, vari kukutumira vanhu vane matambudziko akawanda uye vari kuunza matambudziko iwayo. Vari kuunza zvinodhaka, vari kuunza hutsotsi. Vanobata chibharo uye vamwe, ndinofunga, vanhu vakanaka, asi ndinotaura nevarindi vepabhodha uye vari kutiudza zvatiri kuwana” (Kohn, 2015). Dimikira rakadaro rekuti "isu-kupikisana navo", rinopokana CNN Political Commentator Sally Kohn, "haisi mbeveve chete asi inoparadzanisa uye ine ngozi" (Kohn, 2015). Anowedzera kuti "Mukuumbwa kwaTrump, havasi vekuMexico chete vakaipa - vese vanobata chibharo uye vanoita zvezvinodhaka, VaTrump vanoti pasina chokwadi chekusimbisa izvi - asi Mexico nyika yakaipa zvakare, ichitumira nemaune" vanhu ivavo "ne" matambudziko iwayo'” (Kohn, 2015).
Mubvunzurudzo neNBC's Meet the Press host Chuck Todd kutepfenyura nemusi weSvondo mangwanani waGunyana 20, 2015, Ben Carson, mumwe mumiriri weRepublican weThe White House, akati: "Handikurudzire kuti tiise muMuslim kutungamira nyika ino. . Ini handibvumirane nazvo "(Pengelly, 2015). Todd ipapo akamubvunza, kuti: “Saka unodavira kuti chiIslam chinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo here?” Carson akapindura: "Kwete, handisi, ini handidi" (Pengelly, 2015). saMartin Pengelly, The Guardian (UK) mutori wenhau muNew York, anotiyeuchidza, "Chisungo VI chebumbiro reUS chinoti: Hapana Muedzo wechitendero uchazombodikanwa seKukodzera kune chero Hofisi kana Trust yeruzhinji pasi peUnited States" uye "Kugadziridzwa kwekutanga kwebumbiro kunotanga. : Congress haichaita mutemo une chekuita nekugadzwa kwechitendero, kana kurambidza kusununguka kwayo…” (Pengelly, 2015).
Kunyange zvazvo Carson aigona kuregererwa nekusava nehanya nerusaruraganda rwaakatsungirira achiri mudiki wekuAmerica uye kuti sezvo ruzhinji rwevaAfrica vaive muuranda muAmerica vaive maMuslim uye, nekudaro, zvinogoneka kuti madzitateguru ake aive maMuslim, haakwanise, zvisinei. , kuregererwa nekusaziva kuti Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an uye Islam yakabatsira sei kuumba maonero eAmerican Founding Fathers pamusoro pechitendero uye kuwirirana kweIslam nedemokrasi uye, naizvozvo, Bumbiro reAmerica, zvichipiwa chokwadi chokuti iye neurosurgeon uye verenga zvakanaka kwazvo. Sezvo Denise A. Spellberg, purofesa weIslamic History uye Middle Eastern Studies paYunivhesiti yeTexas kuAustin, achishandisa humbowo husina chokwadi hunobva pakutsvakurudza kwepasi, anoratidza mubhuku rake rinoremekedzwa zvikuru rine musoro. Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an: Islam uye Vavambi (2014), Islam yakaita basa rakakosha mukuumba maonero eVatengi vekuAmerica parusununguko rwechitendero.
Spellberg anoburitsa nyaya yekuti muna 1765 — makore gumi nerimwe asati anyora Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson akatenga Korani, iyo yakaratidza kutanga kwekuda kwake kwehupenyu hwese muIslam, uye aizoenda kunotenga mabhuku mazhinji enhoroondo yeMiddle East. , mitauro, uye kufamba, kutora zvinyorwa zvakawanda pamusoro peIslam maererano nemutemo weChirungu. Anotaura kuti Jefferson akatsvaka kunzwisisa Islam nokuti muna 11 aifungidzira vaMuslim sevagari venyika yake itsva. Anotaura kuti vamwe veVatangi, Jefferson mukuru pakati pavo, vakakwevera mazano eKuvhenekerwa pamusoro pekushivirira kwevaMuslim kuumba izvo zvanga zvave nharo dzekufungidzira kuita dombo rekutonga muAmerica. Nenzira iyi, vaMuslim vakabuda sehwaro hwengano hwekuita nguva, zvakasiyana-siyana zvechitendero cheAmerica chaizosanganisirawo vanoshoreka maCatholic nevaJudha vashoma. Anowedzera kuti gakava reruzhinji pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kwevaMuslim, izvo vamwe vavengi vaJefferson vezvematongerwo enyika vaizomuzvidza kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake, zvakabuda zvine mutsindo mukufunga kweVatangi vekutanga kusagadzira nyika yechiPurotesitendi, sezvavanogona kunge vakaita. zvaitwa. Hongu, sekufungirana pamusoro peIslam kunoramba kuripo pakati pevamwe vanhu vekuAmerica vakaita saCarson uye huwandu hwevagari vechiMuslim vekuAmerica huchikura kusvika pamamiriyoni, rondedzero yaSpellberg inoburitsa pfungwa huru iyi yeVatangi ndeyekukurumidza kupfuura nakare kose. Bhuku rake rakakosha pakunzwisisa zvibodzwa zvaivepo pakusikwa kweUnited States uye nemhedzisiro yazvo kune chizvarwa chazvino uye chichauya.
Uyezve, sezvatinoratidza mune mamwe emabhuku edu eIslam (Bangura, 2003; Bangura, 2004; Bangura, 2005a; Bangura, 2005b; Bangura, 2011; uye Bangura naAl-Nouh, 2011), democracy yechiIslam inoenderana neWestern democracy. , uye pfungwa dzekutora chikamu kwedemocracy uye kusununguka, sezvakaenzanisirwa neRashidun Caliphate, yakanga yatovepo munyika yekare yeIslam. Somuenzaniso, in Zvinyorwa zveIslam zveRunyararo, tinocherechedza kuti muzivi mukuru wechiMuslim Al-Farabi, akaberekwa Abu Nasr Ibn al-Farakh al-Farabi (870-980), anozivikanwawo se "tenzi wechipiri" (saAristotle anowanzonzi "tenzi wekutanga") , akaronga nyika yechiIslam yakanyatsokodzera yaakaenzanisa neyaPlato Republic, kunyange zvazvo akabva pamaonero aPlato ekuti nyika yakanaka ngaitongwe namambo muzivi uye akakurudzira panzvimbo pacho muporofita (PBUH) uyo ari mukudyidzana kwakananga naAllah/Mwari (SWT). Mukushaikwa kwemuporofita, Al-Farabi aiona democracy seyaive padyo nenyika yakanaka, achinongedzera kuRashidun Caliphate semuenzaniso munhoroondo yeIslam. Akataura zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha zvoutongi hwezvido zvevanhu vechiIslam: (1) mutungamiriri anosarudzwa nevanhu; (b) Sharia, iyo inogona kukundwa nevatongi vanotonga kana zvakakodzera zvichibva pa Zvinodiwa- chinosungirwa, mandub- izvo zvinobvumirwa, mubah- vasina hanya, haram- zvakarambidzwa, uye makruh— anonyangadza; uye akazvipira kudzidzira (3) Shura, nzira yakakosha yekubvunzana yakaitwa naMuporofita Muhammad (PBUH). Tinowedzera kuti pfungwa dzaAl-Farabi dzinoonekwa mumabasa aThomas Aquinas, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant nevamwe vazivi vechiMuslim vakamutevera (Bangura, 2004: 104-124).
Tinocherechedzawo mu Zvinyorwa zveIslam zveRunyararo kuti mukuru weMuslim jurist uye nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika Abu Al-Hassan 'Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib Al-Mawardi (972-1058) akataura misimboti mitatu yakakosha pakavakirwa hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwechiIslam: (1) tawhid-kutenda kuti Allah (SWT) ndiye Musiki, Mutsigiri uye Tenzi wezvose zviri panyika; (2) Risala- nzira iyo mutemo waAllah (SWT) unoburutsirwa nekugamuchirwa; uye (3) Khilifa kana kumiririra—munhu anofanira kuva mumiriri waAllah (SWT) pano paNyika. Anotsanangura chimiro cheIslamic democracy sezvinotevera: (a) Bazi guru rinosanganisira Amir, (b) bazi rezvemitemo kana kanzuru yeanopanga mazano inoumba Shura, uye (c) bazi rekutonga rinosanganisira Quadi vanodudzira Sharia. Anopawo zvimiso zvina zvinotevera zvinotungamirira zvehurumende: (1) chinangwa chehurumende yechiIslam ndechekuumba nzanga sezvakarongwa muQur'an neSunnah; (2) iyo nyika ichasimbisa iyo Sharia semutemo wakakosha wehurumende; (3) uchangamire huri muvanhu—vanhu vanogona kuronga nokugadza rudzi rwupi norwupi rwehurumende runowirirana nenheyo mbiri dzapfuura uye nezvinodikanwa zvenguva nemhoteredzo; (4) chero chimiro chehurumende, chinofanira kunge chakavakirwa pamusimboti wekumiririrwa kwakakurumbira, nekuti uchangamire ndehwevanhu (Bangura, 2004: 143-167).
Isu tinonongedzazve mukati Zvinyorwa zveIslam zveRunyararo kuti makore ane chiuru mushure meAl-Farabi, Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) akaratidzira yekutanga Islamic Caliphate inowirirana nedemokrasi. Achipokana kuti Islam yaive ne "matombo" esangano rehupfumi uye regutsaruzhinji remasangano echiMuslim, Iqbal akadana kuisirwa magungano emutemo akasarudzwa akasarudzwa sekutangazve kuchena kweIslam kwekutanga (Bangura, 2004: 201-224).
Chokwadi, kutenda uye dzinza ndiwo makuru ezvematongerwo enyika uye kukanganisa kwevanhu munyika yedu haisi nyaya yekupokana. Nyika ndiyo nhandare yehondo dzezvitendero nemadzinza. Hurumende dzehurumende dzinowanzoedza kufuratira uye kudzvinyirira zvishuvo zveboka rimwe nerimwe rechitendero nedzinza, kana kuti kumanikidzira tsika dzevakuru vakuru. Mukupindura, mapoka ezvinamato nemadzinza anounganidza uye kuisa zvido kuhurumende kubva pakumiririra uye kutora chikamu kusvika pakuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nekuzvitonga. Kuunganidza madzinza nezvitendero kunotora nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kubva kumapato ezvematongerwo enyika kusvika pakuita zvechisimba (kune zvimwe pamusoro peizvi, ona Said naBangura, 1991-1992).
Hukama hwepasi rose huri kuramba huchichinja kubva pakutonga kwenhoroondo yenyika kuenda kuhurongwa hwakaoma kunzwisisa apo mapoka emadzinza nezvitendero anokwikwidzana kuti apesvedzerwe. Iyo yemazuva ano yepasirese sisitimu panguva imwe chete yakawedzera parochial uye yakawanda cosmopolitan pane pasi rose system yenyika yatiri kusiya kumashure. Semuyenzaniso, nepo muWestern Europe vanhu vakasiyana tsika vari kubatana, muAfrica neEastern Europe zvisungo zvetsika nemutauro zviri kurwisana nemitsetse yematunhu (nezvimwe pane izvi, ona Said naBangura, 1991-1992).
Nekuda kwemakakava pamusoro penyaya dzekutenda uye dzinza, ongororo yemutauro wedimikira yemusoro wenyaya yakakosha nekuti, sezvandinotaridza kumwewo, madimikira haasi “kutaura kunoyevedza” (Bangura, 2007:61; 2002:202). Simba remadimikira, sezvinoonekwa naAnita Wenden, rinotsamira pakukwanisa kwavo kuenzanisa zviitiko zvitsva kuitira kuti vabvumire hutsva hutsva uye husinganzwisisike nzvimbo yeruzivo kuti inzwisiswe maererano neiyo yekare uye yakawanda, uye kushanda sehwaro uye kururamisa. kugadzira mitemo (1999:223). Zvakare, sezvakataurwa naGeorge Lakoff naMark Johnson,
Pfungwa dzinotonga pfungwa dzedu hadzisi nyaya dzenjere chete. Ivo zvakare vanotonga mashandiro edu ezuva nezuva, kusvika kune yakasarudzika ruzivo. Mafungiro edu anoronga zvatinoona, mafambiro atinoita pasirese, uye mabatiro atinoita nevamwe vanhu. Hurongwa hwedu hwepfungwa nokudaro hunoita basa guru mukutsanangura zvinhu zvedu zvezuva nezuva. Kana isu takarurama mukutaura kuti hurongwa hwedu hwekufungidzira hunonyanya kufananidzira, saka nzira yatinofunga nayo, zvatinosangana nazvo, uye zvatinoita zuva rega rega inyaya yedimikira (1980: 3).
Tichifunga nezvechidimbu chapfuura, tinofanira kuvhundutswa nemadimikira azova mari muhurukuro dzedu dzekutenda nedzinza. Tinonzwa zvakare uyezve kuti hukama hwedu hunoratidza sei kupona kwaDarwin. Kana tichizogamuchira hunhu uhwu, tingave takanyatsokodzera kurambidza hukama hwese hwevanhu sehunhu hune hutsinye uye husina hunhu husina nzanga inofanirwa kushivirira. Zvirokwazvo, vamiriri vekodzero dzevanhu vakashandisa zvinobudirira tsananguro dzakadaro kusundidzira maitiro avo.
Naizvozvo tinofanira kuramba madimikira iwayo anoisa ukama hwedu mugwara rakaipa uye kukurudzira hunhu hwakadaro hune utsinye, husina hanya uye, pakupedzisira, hwoudyire. Zvimwe zveizvi hazvina kuchena uye zvinoputika kana zvangoonekwa sezvazviri, asi mamwe akanyanya kuomarara uye akavakirwa mumucheka wega wega wemaitiro edu ekufunga. Zvimwe zvinogona kupfupikiswa muchirogani; vamwe havana kana mazita. Mamwe anoita seasiri madimikira zvachose, kunyanya kusimbisa kusingachinji pamusoro pekukosha kwemakaro, uye vamwe vanoita sevanonyepa pahwaro hwepfungwa yedu sevanhu, sekunge chero imwe pfungwa yaizofanira kuve inopikisa munhu, kana kuipa.
Mubvunzo mukuru unopindurwa pano wakanangana: Ndeapi marudzi emadimikira akatekeshera muhurukuro dzedu dzekutenda nedzinza? Zvisinei, tisati tapindura mubvunzo uyu, zvine musoro kuti tipe nhaurirano pfupi yematauriro emutauro wemadimikira, sezvo iriyo nzira yekutevera nayo ongororo.
Metaphorical Linguistic Approach
Sezvandinotaura mubhuku redu rine musoro Madimikira Asina Rugare, madimikira zvirungamutauro (kureva kushandiswa kwemazwi nenzira yokuratidza uye yedimikira kuratidza enzaniso inojekesera nokufanana) zvichibva pakufanana kunoonekwa pakati pezvinhu zvakasiyana kana zvimwe zviito (Bangura, 2002:1). Maererano naDavid Crystal, marudzi mana anotevera emadimikira akazivikanwa (1992:249):
- Madimikira akajairika ndidzo dzinoumba chikamu chekunzwisisa kwedu kwezuva nezuva kwechiitiko, uye dzinogadziriswa pasina kuedza, se "kurasikirwa neshinda yenharo."
- Madimikira edetembo wedzera kana kubatanidza madimikira emazuva ese, kunyanya pazvinangwa zvekunyora — uye aya ndiwo manzwisisirwo anoitwa izwi iri pachinyakare, muchirevo chenhetembo.
- Madimikira epfungwa ndiwo mashandiro ari mupfungwa dzevakurukuri anonyatso gadzirisa mafungiro avo—somuenzaniso, pfungwa yokuti “Nharo ihondo” inobva padimikira rakadai sokuti “Ndakarwisa maonero ake.”
- Madimikira akasanganiswa anoshandiswa kusanganisa madimikira asingaenderane kana asingaenderane mumutsara mumwechete, sekuti “Uyu munda wemhandara une nhumbu zvinogona kuitika.
Nepo kupatsanurwa kwaCrystal kunobatsira zvikuru kubva pachimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro chetatu (kutarisisa hukama hwetatu pakati pezvakajairwa, mutauro, uye kune zvazvinoreva), kubva pamaonero emitauro pragmatics (inotarisisa hukama hwepolyadic pakati pezvakajairwa, mutauri, mamiriro, uye munzwi), zvisinei, Stephen Levinson anopa mazano anotevera "chikamu chetatu chezvirevo" (1983: 152-153):
- Madimikira ezita ndeavo vane fomu BE(x, y) sekuti “Iago is an eel. Kuti azvinzwisise, munzwi/muverengi anofanira kukwanisa kugadzira fananidzo inoenderana.
- Madimikira ekufanotaura ndeaya ane chimiro chepfungwa G(x) kana G(x, y) sekuti “Mwalimu Mazrui akafambira mberi.” Kuti uzvinzwisise, munzwi/muverengi anofanira kuumba mufananidzo wakaoma unoenderana.
- Zvirungamutauro ndeavo vane chimiro chepfungwa G(y) chinozivikanwa nekuve hazvirevi kuhurukuro yakapoteredza kana ichitsanangurwa sezvariri.
Shanduko yedimikira ipapo inowanzoratidzwa nezwi rine chirevo chekongiri richitora pfungwa isinganzwisisike. Somuenzaniso, sezvinotaurwa naBrian Weinstein,
Nekugadzira kufanana kwakaerekana pakati pezvinozivikanwa nekunzwisiswa, semotokari kana muchina, uye chii chakaomarara uye chinokatyamadza, senzanga yeAmerica, vateereri vanoshamisika, vanomanikidzwa kuita shanduko, uye pamwe vanogutsikana. Vanowanawo mudziyo wemnemonic — mutsara wekubata unotsanangura matambudziko akaoma (1983: 8).
Zvirokwazvo, nekushandisa madimikira, vatungamiriri nevakuru vanogona kugadzira mafungiro nemanzwiro, kunyanya kana vanhu vachishungurudzika pamusoro pekupokana uye matambudziko ari munyika. Munguva dzakadai, sezvakaratidzirwa nokukurumidza pashure pokurwiswa kweWorld Trade Center muNew York nePentagon muWashington, DC musi waSeptember 11, 2001, mhomho yevanhu inoshuva tsananguro dzakapfava nemirayiridzo: somuenzaniso, “vanodenha musi waSeptember 11, 2001. 2002 inovenga America nekuda kwehupfumi hwayo, sezvo maAmerican vanhu vakanaka, uye kuti America inofanirwa kubhomba magandanga chero kwavanenge vadzokera muzera rekare ”(Bangura, 2: XNUMX).
Mumashoko aMurray Edelman "zvido zvemukati uye zvekunze zvinokurudzira kubatanidzwa kune zvakasarudzwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvenhema nemadimikira anoumba maonero enyika yezvematongerwo enyika" (1971: 67). Kune rimwe divi, anoona Edelman, madimikira anoshandiswa kuburitsa chokwadi chisingadikanwi chehondo nekuidaidza kuti “kurwira demokrasi” kana kutaura nezvehutsinye uye neocolonialism se“kuvapo. Kune rumwe rutivi, anowedzera Edelman, madimikira anoshandiswa kuvhundutsa uye kushatirisa vanhu nekureva nhengo dzesangano rezvematongerwo enyika se "magandanga" (1971: 65-74).
Zvamazvirokwazvo, ukama huri pakati pomutauro nomufambiro une rugare kana kuti usina runyararo uri pachena zvikuru zvokuti hatimbozvifungi. Munhu wose anobvuma, maererano naBrian Weinstein, kuti mutauro ndiwo musimboti wenzanga yevanhu uye ukama hwevanhu—kuti unoumba hwaro hwebudiriro. Pasina iyi nzira yekutaurirana, Weinstein anopokana, hapana vatungamiriri vanogona kuraira zviwanikwa zvinodiwa kuti vaumbe hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hunopfuura mhuri nevavakidzani. Anoenderera mberi achiti, kunyange tichibvuma kuti kugona kushandisa mashoko kuitira kunyengetedza vavhoti ndeimwe nzira inoshandiswa nevanhu kuti vawane uye varambe vakasimba, uye kuti tinoyemura hunyanzvi hwekutaura nekunyora sezvipo, isu, zvisinei, hatidaro. ona mutauro sechinhu chakaparadzana, semutero, unoenderana nesarudzo dzevanoziva nevatungamiriri vane masimba kana nevakadzi nevarume vanoda kuhwina kana kupesvedzera simba. Anowedzera kuti isu hationi mutauro muchimiro kana capital ichipa mabhenefiti anoyerwa kune avo vanayo (Weinstein 1983: 3). Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pamusoro pemutauro uye hunhu hune rugare ndechekuti, kutevera Weinstein,
Maitiro ekuita sarudzo kuitira kugutsa zvido zveboka, kuumba nzanga zvinoenderana nekwakanaka, kugadzirisa matambudziko, uye kushandira pamwe nedzimwe nzanga munyika ine simba iri pakati pezvematongerwo enyika. Kuunganidza nekudyara mari kunowanzo chikamu chemaitiro ehupfumi, asi kana avo vane capital vakaishandisa kuita pesvedzero uye simba pamusoro pevamwe, inopinda munhandare yezvematongerwo enyika. Saka, kana zvichikwanisika kuratidza kuti mutauro inyaya yezvisarudzo zvemitemo pamwe chete nechinhu chinopa zvakanakira, nyaya inogona kuitwa yekudzidza mutauro seimwe yezvinyorwa zvinosundidzira kuvhurika kana kuvhara musuwo wesimba, hupfumi, uye mukurumbira mukati mevanhu uye kubatsira kuhondo nerunyararo pakati pevanhu (1983: 3).
Sezvo vanhu vachishandisa madimikira sechisarudzo chekuziva pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emitauro ine hunhu, hupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, pfungwa nemagariro, kunyanya kana hunyanzvi hwemutauro hwakagovaniswa zvisina kuenzana, chinangwa chikuru chechikamu chekuongorora data chinotevera kuratidza kuti madimikira akashandiswa muhurukuro dzedu dzekutenda nedzinza anosanganisira zvinangwa zvakasiyana. Mubvunzo mukuru zvino ndouyu unotevera: Madimikira anogona sei kuzivikanwa nenzira yakarongwa muhurukuro? Kuti uwane mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu, chinyorwa chaLevinson chezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kuongorora madimikira mundima yemitauro pragmatics chine pundutso.
Levinson anokurukura dzidziso nhatu dzakaisa pasi ongororo yemadimikira mundima yezvidzidzo zvemitauro. Dzidziso yekutanga ndeye Kuenzanisa Theory iyo, maererano naLevinson, inotaura kuti "Madimikira anofananidzira nekudzvinyirirwa kana kubviswa kwezvirevo zvakafanana" (1983: 148). Dzidziso yechipiri ndeye Kudyidzana Theory iyo, ichitevera Levinson, inokurudzira kuti “Madimikira mashandisirwo akasarudzika emazwi emutauro apo izwi rekuti 'dimikira' (kana Tarisa) inoiswa mune imwe 'chaiyo' kutaura (kana Frame), zvekuti chirevo chetariro chinopindirana uye kuchinja Zvinoreva iyo Frame, uye zvimwewo” (2983:148). Dzidziso yechitatu ndeye Chidzidzo chetsamba izvo, sezvakataurwa naLevinson, zvinosanganisira "kudhirowa kwenzvimbo imwe yekuziva kune imwe, kubvumira kutsvaga kana kunyorwa kwakawanda" (1983: 159). Pane izvi zvitatu zvinotumirwa, Levinson anowana iyo Chidzidzo chetsamba kuti rive rinonyanya kubatsira nekuti “rine hunhu hwekuzvidavirira kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvemadimikira: chimiro che'non-prepositional', kana kusamira kwedimikira kubva kune dimikira, katsika kekutsiva kongiri kune abstract mazwi, uye madhigirii akasiyana ayo madimikira anogona kubudirira” (1983:160). Levinson anozoenderera mberi nekupa zano rekushandisa matanho matatu anotevera ekuona madimikira muchinyorwa: (1) “nhoroondo yekuti chero trope kana kusashandisa mutauro kunozivikanwa sei”; (2) “ziva kuti madimikira anosiyaniswa sei nemamwe tambo;” (3) "kana yangozivikanwa, kududzirwa kwemadimikira kunofanira kuvimba nezvinhu zvekukwanisa kwedu kufungisisa nenzira yekuenzanisa" (1983: 161).
Madimikira paKutenda
Semudzidzi wekubatana kwaAbrahama, zvinondikodzera kuti nditange chikamu ichi nezvinotaurwa neZvakazarurwa muTorah Tsvene, Bhaibheri Dzvene, uye Korani Tsvene nezverurimi. Iyi inotevera mienzaniso, imwe kubva kubazi rimwe nerimwe raAbhurahama, pakati pezvakawanda zviri muna Zvakazarurwa:
The Holy Torah, Pisarema 34:14: “Dzora rurimi rwako pane zvakaipa, nemiromo yako pakutaura zvinonyengera.”
Bhaibheri Dzvene, Zvirevo 18:21 : “Rurimi rune simba pamusoro porufu noupenyu; vanorida vachadya zvibereko zvaro.
The Holy Qur'an, Surah Al-Nur 24:24: “Musi uyu ndimi dzavo, maoko avo, netsoka dzavo zvichavapupurira pamusoro pezviito zvavo.
Kubva mudzidziso dzapfuura, zviri pachena kuti rurimi runogona kuva chisakiso apo shoko rimwe kana kuti anopfuura rinogona kukuvadza chiremerera chevanhu vane hanya zvikuru, mapoka, kana kuti nzanga. Zvamazvirokwazvo, mumazera ose, kubata rurimi kwomunhu, kurega kutukwa kuduku, kushandisa shiviriro noukuru kwakadzivisa kuparadza.
Imwe kurukurirano yasara pano yakavakirwa paganhuro yaGeorge S. Kun ine musoro unoti “Religion and Spirituality” mubhuku redu, Madimikira Asina Rugare (2002) umo anoti apo Martin Luther King, Jr. paakatanga kurwira kodzero dzevanhu mukutanga kwema1960, akashandisa madimikira echitendero nemitsara, tisingarevi hurukuro yake yakakurumbira yekuti "Ndine hope" yakapihwa pamatanho epanzvimbo. Lincoln Memorial muWashington, DC musi waNyamavhuvhu 28, 1963, kukurudzira vatema kuti varambe vaine tariro nezveAmerica bofu. Pakukwirira kweBato Rekodzero Dzevanhu muma1960, Vatema vaiwanzobatana maoko voimba kuti, “Tichakunda,” dimikira rechitendero rakavabatanidza mukurwisana kwavo kwerusununguko. Mahatma Gandhi akashandisa "Satyagraha" kana "kubatirira pachokwadi," uye "kusateerera kwevanhu" kuunganidza maIndia mukupikisa kutonga kweBritish. Zvichipesana nezvisingadaviriki uye kazhinji panjodzi huru, vazhinji vanorwira rusununguko rwemazuva ano vakashandisa zvirevo zvechitendero uye mutauro kuunganidza rutsigiro (Kun, 2002: 121).
Vanyanyisi vakashandisawo madimikira nemitsara kufambisira mberi hurongwa hwavo. Osama bin Laden akazvisimbisa semunhu akakosha munhoroondo yemazuva ano yechiIslam, achipinda mukati mepfungwa dzekuMadokero, tisingataure nezvechiMuslim, achishandisa rhetoric nemadimikira echitendero. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo bin Laden akamboshandisa rhetoric yake kuraira vateveri vake mumagazini yaGumiguru-Mbudzi, 1996. Ndida'ul Islam ("The Call of Islam"), magazini yemhirizhonga-Islamic yakaburitswa muAustralia:
Ndeipi bheya [sic] pasina kupokana muhondo iyi inotyisa yeJudhiya-Christian kurwisa nyika yeMuslim, iyo yakafanana isati yamboonekwa, ndeyekuti maMuslim anofanira kugadzirira zvese zvinogoneka kudzinga muvengi, zvehondo, zvehupfumi, kuburikidza nebasa roumishinari. , nedzimwe nzvimbo dzese…. (Kun, 2002:122).
Mashoko aBin Laden airatidzika kuva akapfava asi akava akaoma kubata nawo mumudzimu nomunjere makore mashomanene gare gare. Kuburikidza nemashoko aya, bin Laden nevateveri vake vakaparadza hupenyu nemidziyo. Kune avo vanonzi "varwi vatsvene," vanorarama kuti vafe, izvi zvinokurudzira kubudirira (Kun, 2002: 122).
Vanhu vekuAmerica vakaedzawo kunzwisisa mitsara nemadimikira echitendero. Vamwe vanonetsekana kushandisa zvirungamutauro munguva dzerunyararo nedzisina runyararo. Apo Munyori weDziviriro, VaDonald Rumsfeld, pavakakumbirwa kumusangano wenhau waSeptember 20, 2001 kuti vauye nemashoko anotsanangura rudzi rwehondo iyo United States yakanga yakatarisana nayo, akabatikana nemashoko nemitsara. Asi Mutungamiriri weUnited States, George W. Bush, akauya nemashoko ekutaura uye madimikira echitendero kunyaradza uye kupa simba vanhu vekuAmerica mushure mekurwiswa muna 2001 (Kun, 2002: 122).
Madimikira echitendero ane basa rinokosha munguva yakapfuura pamwe chete nehurukuro dzepfungwa dzanhasi. Madimikira echitendero anobatsira kunzwisisa mutauro usina kujairika uye kuwedzera mutauro kupfuura zvawajaira. Vanopa zvikonzero zvekutaura zvine hunyoro kupfuura nharo dzakasarudzwa nemazvo. Zvisineyi, pasina mashandisirwo nemazvo uye nenguva yakakodzera, madimikira echitendero anogona kuunza zvinhu zvaisanzwisiswa kare, kana kuashandisa senzira yekuwedzera kurasika. Madimikira echitendero akadai se“hondo yehondo,” “jihad,” uye “chakanaka nechakaipa,” akashandiswa naPresident George W. Bush naOsama bin Laden kurondedzera zviito zvemumwe nomumwe panguva yekurwisa United States musi waSeptember 11, 2001 zvakakurudzira vanhu, vechitendero. mapoka uye nzanga kutora mativi (Kun, 2002:122).
Zvivako zvemadimikira zvine hunyanzvi, zvakapfuma muzvirevo zvechitendero, zvine simba rakakura rekupinda mumoyo nepfungwa dzevaMuslim nemaKristu uye vachararama kupfuura avo vakaagadzira (Kun, 2002: 122). Tsika dzisinganzwisisike dzinowanzotaura kuti madimikira echitendero haana simba rekutsanangura zvachose (Kun, 2002: 123). Chokwadi, vatsoropodzi netsika ava vaona kuti mutauro unosvika kure ungaenda sei mukuparadza nzanga nekukanisa chitendero chimwe kune chimwe (Kun, 2002:123).
Kurwiswa kwakaipisisa kwaGunyana 11, 2001 kuUnited States kwakavhura nzira dzakawanda itsva dzekunzwisisa madimikira; asi zvamazvirokwazvo yakanga isiri nguva yokutanga nzanga ine nhambo yokunzwisisa simba remadimikira echitendero asina rugare. Semuyenzaniso, vanhu vekuAmerica havasati vanzwisisa kuti kuimba kwemazwi kana madimikira akadai saMujahidin kana kuti “varwi vanoera,” Jihad kana “hondo tsvene” kwakabatsira sei kupinza maTaliban pamasimba. Madimikira akadai akagonesa Osama bin Laden kuita chishuwo chake chekupokana nekuMadokero uye kuronga makumi emakore akati wandei asati awana mukurumbira kuburikidza nekurwiswa kweUnited States. Vanhu vakashandisa madimikira echitendero aya sechikonzero chekubatanidza vanonyanyisa mune zvechitendero nechinangwa chekukonzera mhirizhonga (Kun, 2002: 123).
Sokuraira kwakaita Mutungamiriri weIran, Mohammed Khatami, “nyika iri kupupurira chimiro chinoshingaira chokusazvibata munzanga nezvematongerwe enyika, kuchityisidzira gadziriro chaiyo yokuvapo kwomunhu. Iyi nzira itsva yekushanda nihilism inotora mazita akasiyana-siyana, uye inosuruvarisa uye inosuruvarisa kuti mamwe emazita iwayo akafanana nekunamata uye kuzvizivisa zvekunamata "(Kun, 2002: 123). Kubva munaGunyana 11, 2001 zviitiko zvine njodzi vanhu vazhinji vakashamisika nezvemibvunzo iyi (Kun, 2002:123):
- Mutauro upi worudzidziso ungagona kuva wakasimba zvikuru uye une simba rokukwevera munhu kupira upenyu hwake kuti aparadze vamwe?
- Madimikira aya akanyatsopesvedzera uye akaronga vateveri vechitendero vechiduku kuva mhondi here?
- Aya madimikira asina rugare anogonawo kuva asina runyararo here kana kuti anovaka?
Kana madimikira achigona kubatsira kuvhara mukaha uripo pakati pezvinozivikanwa nezvisingazivikanwe, vanhu, vatsinhanisi, pamwe nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, vanofanira kuzvishandisa nenzira yekudzivisa makakatanwa uye kutaurirana kunzwisisa. Kutadza kurangarira mukana wekududzirwa zvisizvo nevateereri vasingazivikanwi, madimikira echitendero anogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro isingatarisirwi. Madimikira ekutanga akashandiswa mushure mekurwiswa kweNew York neWashington DC, se "crusade," akaita kuti maArabu mazhinji anzwe kusagadzikana. Kushandiswa kwemadimikira echitendero asina runyararo akadaro kuronga zviitiko kwaive kwakaoma uye kusina kufanira. Izwi rekuti "crusade" rine midzi yechitendero mukutanga kweEuropean kuedza kwechiKristu kudzinga vateveri veMuporofita Muhammad (PBUH) kubva kuNyika Tsvene mu11.th Century. Iri izwi raive nemukana wekuvandudza kumukira kwemazana emakore maMuslim ainzwa achipokana nemaKristu pamushandirapamwe wavo muNyika Tsvene. Sezvakataurwa naSteven Runciman mumhedziso yenhoroondo yake yehondo dzechiKristu, hondo yechechi yakanga iri "chiitiko chinosuruvarisa uye chinoparadza" uye "Hondo Tsvene pachayo yakanga iri chimwe chinhu kunze kwechiito chenguva refu chekusashivirira muzita raMwari, izvo zvinopesana neNzvimbo Tsvene. Mweya.” Izwi rekuti crusade rakapihwa kuvakwa kwakanaka nevezvematongerwo enyika nevanhuwo zvavo nekuda kwekusaziva kwavo nhoroondo uye kusimudzira zvinangwa zvavo zvezvematongerwo enyika (Kun, 2002: 124).
Kushandiswa kwemadimikira kwezvinangwa zvekutaurirana zvakajeka kune basa rekubatanidza rakakosha. Vanopawo bhiriji rakajeka pakati pezvishandiso zvakasiyana zvekugadzirisazve mutemo weveruzhinji. Asi ndiyo nguva inoshandiswa madimikira akadaro inokosha zvikuru kuvateereri. Madimikira akasiyana-siyana ari kukurukurwa muchikamu chino chokutenda haasi, pachawo, asina rugare, asi nguva yaakashandiswa akamutsa kukakavara uye kududzira zvisiri izvo. Madimikira aya anonzwisa tsitsi nekuti mavambo awo anogona kurondwa kune kunetsana pakati pechiKristu nechiIslam mazana emakore apfuura. Kuvimba nemadimikira akadaro kuti uwane rutsigiro rweruzhinji rwegwaro rakati kana chiito chehurumende kune ngozi zvisingatarisirwi kunyanya kusanzwisisa zvinorehwa nekirasi uye mamiriro emadimikira (Kun, 2002: 135).
Zvidimikira zvechitendero zvisina runyararo zvakashandiswa naPresident Bush naBin Laden kuratidza zviito zvemumwe nemumwe muna 2001 zvakakonzera kuti zvinhu zviome munyika dzese dzekuMadokero nedzeMuslim. Zvirokwazvo, vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica vaitenda kuti Bush Administration yaive ichiita nekutenda kwakanaka uye ichitsvaga zvakanakira nyika kupwanya "muvengi akaipa" anotarisira kukanganisa rusununguko rweAmerica. Nenzira imwecheteyo, maMuslim mazhinji munyika dzakasiyana-siyana aitenda kuti zviito zvehugandanga zvaBin Laden pamusoro peUnited States zvaive nechikonzero, nekuti United States inorerekera kuIslam. Mubvunzo ndewokuti vanhu vekuAmerica nevaMuslim vakanyatsonzwisisa here kukosha kwemufananidzo wavakanga vachipenda uye nekugadzirisa kwezviito zvemativi maviri (Kun, 2002: 135).
Zvisineyi, tsananguro yedimikira yezviitiko zveGunyana 11, 2001 nehurumende yeUnited States yakakurudzira vateereri vekuAmerica kuti vatore rhetoric zvakanyanya uye vatsigire kurwisa kwechiuto muAfghanistan. Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemadimikira echitendero kwakakurudzirawo vamwe vanhu vekuAmerica vaive vasingafariri kuti varove vanhu vekuMiddle East. Vakuru vezvemitemo vanoita zvemadzinza evanhu vanobva kunyika dzeArab neEastern Asia. Vamwe munyika yeMuslim vaitsigirawo kurwiswa kwehugandanga kuUnited States nevatsigiri vayo nekuda kwemashandisirwo aiitwa izwi rekuti “jihad”. Nekutsanangura zviito zveUnited States zvekuunza avo vakarwisa Washington, DC neNew York kururamisiro se "crusade," pfungwa iyi yakagadzira mufananidzo wakaumbwa nekuzvitutumadza kwekushandisa dimikira (Kun, 2002: 136).
Hapana kupokana zviito zveGunyana 11, 2001 zvaive zvisina kunaka uye nemutemo, maererano nemutemo weIslam Sharia; zvisinei, kana madimikira akasashandiswa zvakakodzera, anogona kumutsa mifananidzo yakaipa nendangariro. Mifananidzo iyi inobva yashandiswa nevanyanyisi kuita mamwe mabasa echihwande. Tichitarisa zvirevo zvechinyakare uye maonero emadimikira akadai sekuti “crusade” uye “jihad,” munhu anogona kuona kuti akabviswa muchirevo chechinyorwa; mazhinji emadimikira aya ari kushandiswa panguva apo vanhu vekuMadokero nevechiMuslim vakatarisana nenhamba yekusaruramisira. Zvirokwazvo, vanhu vakashandisa dambudziko kunyengera uye kunyengetedza vateereri vavo kuti vawane budiriro yezvematongerwo enyika. Kana pakaitika dambudziko renyika vatungamiri vamwe navamwe vanofanira kuyeuka kuti chero kushandiswa kusina kufanira kwemadimikira echitendero kune zvematongerwo enyika kune migumisiro yakakura munharaunda (Kun, 2002: 136).
Madimikira pamusoro peEthnicity
Hurukuro inotevera yakavakirwa pachitsauko chaAbdulla Ahmed Al-Khalifa chakanzi “Ethnic Relations” mubhuku redu, Madimikira Asina Rugare (2002), umo anotiudza kuti hukama hwemadzinza hwakava nyaya inokosha munguva yeHondo Yemashoko nokuti mhirizhonga yakawanda yemukati, ikozvino inonzi ndiyo nzira huru yekurwisana kwechisimba pasi rose, inobva pane zvemarudzi. Zvinhu izvi zvingakonzera sei kusawirirana kwemukati? (Al-Khalifa, 2002:83).
Zvikonzero zvedzinza zvinogona kutungamirira kumakakatanwa emukati munzira mbiri. Kutanga, madzinza makuru anoita rusarura rwetsika kune vemarudzi maduku. Rusarura rwetsika runogona kusanganisira mikana yedzidzo isina kuenzana, zvirambidzo zvemutemo nezvezvematongerwo enyika pakushandiswa nekudzidzisa mitauro mishoma, uye zvimhingamipinyi parusununguko rwechitendero. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, matanho akasimba ekubatanidza vanhu vashoma akasanganiswa nezvirongwa zvekuunza huwandu hukuru hwemamwe madzinza munzvimbo diki anoumba rudzi rwekupondwa kwetsika (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 83).
Nzira yechipiri ndeyekushandiswa kwenhoroondo dzeboka uye maonero eboka pamusoro pavo uye nevamwe. Hazvidzivisiki kuti mapoka mazhinji ane zvichemo zviri pamutemo kune vamwe nekuda kwemhosva dzerumwe rudzi kana imwe dzakaitwa pane imwe nguva iri kure kana ichangopfuura. Rumwe “ruvengo rwekare” rune hwaro hwechokwadi hwenhau. Nekudaro, ichokwadi zvakare kuti mapoka anowanzo kuchenesa uye kukudza nhoroondo dzawo, kuita dhimoni vangave vavakidzani, kana vakwikwidzi nevadzivisi (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 83).
Idzi ngano dzemadzinza dzinonyanya kunetsa kana mapoka evanokwikwidza aine mifananidzo yegirazi yemumwe nemumwe, izvo zvinowanzoitika. Somuenzaniso, kune rumwe rutivi, vaSerb vanozviona se“vadziviriri vane gamba” veEurope neCroats se“matsotsi anoparadza rudzi.” VaCroatia, kune rumwe rutivi, vanozviona vamene sa“vanyajambwa vakashinga” vokuSerbia “vane utsinye.” Kana mapoka maviri ari padhuze aine maonero ega ega ega ega, kudenha kudiki kune rimwe divi kunosimbisa zvinotendwa zvakadzika uye kunopa chikonzero chekutsiva. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, kukakavara kwakaoma kudzivirira uye kwakatooma kudzikamisa, kana kwatanga (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 83-84).
Saka madimikira akawanda asina rugare anoshandiswa nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vasimudzire kusawirirana uye kuvengana pakati pemadzinza kuburikidza nekutaura kwevanhu uye nenhepfenyuro. Pamusoro pazvo, madimikira aya anogona kushandiswa muzvinhanho zvese zvekunetsana kwemarudzi kutanga nekugadzirira kwemapoka emakakatanwa kusvika padanho risati rasvika pakugadzirisa zvematongerwo enyika. Zvisinei, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kune mapoka matatu emadimikira asina runyararo muhukama hwemadzinza panguva yekunetsana kana kukakavara kwakadaro (Al-Khalifa, 2002:84).
Category 1 kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwemazwi asina kunaka kuwedzera mhirizhonga uye kushata kwemamiriro ezvinhu mukukonana kwemarudzi. Aya mazwi anogona kushandiswa nemapato ari kunetsana (Al-Khalifa, 2002:84):
Vatsiva: Kutsiva neboka A mukukonana kunotungamira mukupikisa kutsiva neboka B, uye zviito zvese zvekutsiva zvinogona kupinza mapoka maviri mudenderedzwa risingaperi remhirizhonga nekutsiva. Uyezve, kutsiva kungava kwechiito chakaitwa nerimwe dzinza kurwisana nerimwe munhoroondo yeukama hwacho. Munyaya yeKosovo, somuenzaniso, muna 1989, Slobodan Milosevic akavimbisa maSerb kutsiva vanhu vokuAlbania vokuKosovo nokuda kwokukundwa muhondo neuto reTurkey makore 600 akanga apfuura. Zvaiva pachena kuti Milosevic akashandisa dimikira rekuti "kutsiva" kugadzirira maSerbs ehondo yekurwisa Kosovo Albanians (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 84).
Ugandanga: Kusavapo kwekubvumirana pane tsananguro yepasi rose ye "hugandanga" inopa mukana kumapoka emadzinza anobatanidzwa mukurwisana kwemadzinza kuti vataure kuti vavengi vavo "magandanga" uye zviito zvavo zvekutsiva rudzi rwe "hugandanga." Mukurwisana kweMiddle East, semuenzaniso, vakuru veIsrael vanodana vaPalestine vanozviuraya mabhomba "magandanga," nepo vePalestine vachizviona se "Mujahideen” uye kuita kwavo se“Jihad” kurwisa mauto eIsraeri. Kune rimwe divi, vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika nevechitendero vePalestine vaiwanzotaura kuti Prime Minister weIsrael Ariel Sharon aive "gandanga" uye kuti masoja eIsrael "magandanga" (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 84-85).
Kusachengeteka: Mazwi okuti “kusachengeteka” kana kuti “kushaya kuchengeteka” anowanzoshandiswa mukurwisana kwemadzinza nemapoka emarudzi kupembedza vavariro dzavo dzokutanga mauto avo pachikamu chekugadzirira hondo. Musi waKurume 7, 2001 Mutungamiriri weIsrael Ariel Sharon akataura izwi rekuti "chengetedzo" kasere muhurukuro yake yekutanga kuIsrael Knesset. Vanhu vePalestine vaiziva kuti mutauro uye mazwi akashandiswa mukutaura aive nechinangwa chekukurudzira (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 85).
Category 2 rinosanganisira mazwi ane chimiro chakanaka, asi anogona kushandiswa nenzira isina kunaka yekukurudzira uye kururamisa kwehasha (Al-Khalifa, 2002:85).
Nzvimbo tsvene: Iri harisi izwi risina runyararo pacharo, asi rinogona kushandiswa kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvinoparadza, sekuti, kupembedza zviito zvechisimba nekutaura kuti chinangwa ndechekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzinoyera. Muna 1993, 16th-Musikiti wezana ramakore - Babrii Masjid - muguta rekuchamhembe reAyodhya muIndia rakaparadzwa nemhomho dzakarongeka dzezvematongerwo enyika dzevaHindu, vaida kuvakira Rama temberi panzvimbo iyoyo. Chiitiko ichocho chinokatyamadza chakateverwa namasimba masimba omunzanga nebope munyika yose, umo vanhu 2,000 2002 kana kuti vanopfuura vakaparara—vose vari vaviri vaHindu navaMuslim; zvisinei, vaMuslim vakatambudzwa vakawanda kupfuura Hindu (Al-Khalifa, 85: XNUMX).
Kuzvisarudzira uye kuzvimirira: Nzira inoenda kurusununguko uye rusununguko rweboka redzinza inogona kuva neropa uye inodhura upenyu hwevakawanda, sezvakaita muEast Timor. Kubva 1975 kusvika 1999, masangano ekupikisa muEast Timor akasimudza sirogani yekuzvisarudzira uye rusununguko, zvichidhura hupenyu hwe200,000 East Timorese (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 85).
Kuzvidzivirira: Zvinoenderana neChikamu 61 cheChata yeUnited Nations, "Hapana chinhu chiri muChata chazvino chinokanganisa kodzero yemunhu kana yekuzvidzivirira kwakabatana kana kurwisa kwepfuti kuchiitika kune nhengo yeUnited Nations…." Nokudaro, Charter yeUnited Nations inochengetedza kodzero yenyika dziri nhengo yekuzvidzivirira pakurwiswa neimwe nhengo. Zvakadaro, zvisinei nekuti izwi iri rinogumira kushandiswa nenyika, rakashandiswa neIsrael kururamisa mauto ayo achipokana nenzvimbo dzePalestine idzo dzisati dzazivikanwa senyika nenyika dzepasirese (Al-Khalifa, 2002:85- 86).
Category 3 inoumbwa nemashoko anotsanangura zvinoparadza zvinokonzerwa nemakakatanwa emadzinza akadai sekuparadza rudzi, kuchenesa madzinza uye mhosva dzeruvengo (Al-Khalifa, 2002:86).
Genocide: Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose rinotsanangura shoko racho sechiito chinosanganisira kuuraya, kurova zvakakomba, nzara, uye matanho akanangana nevana “vakazvipira nevavariro yokuparadza, vakazara kana kuti murutivi, boka rorudzi, dzinza, dzinza kana kuti chitendero.” Kushandiswa kwekutanga neUnited Nations kwaive apo Secretary-General wayo akazivisa kuSecurity Council kuti zviito zvechisimba muRwanda pamusoro pevaTutsi vashoma nevaHutu vazhinji zvakaonekwa sekuuraya vanhu muna Gumiguru 1, 1994 (Al-Khalifa, 2002:86) .
Ethnic Cleansing: kucheneswa kwedzinza kunotsanangurwa sokuedza kuchenesa kana kuchenesa nharaunda yedzinza rimwe chete nokushandisa ugandanga, kubata chibharo, uye kuuraya kuitira kuti vagari vemo vaende. Shoko rokuti “kucheneswa kwedzinza” rakapinda mushoko renyika dzakawanda muna 1992 nehondo yaichimbova Yugoslavia. Zvakadaro inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muGeneral Assembly uye Security Council zvigadziriso uye zvinyorwa zveakakosha rapporteurs (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 86). Zana remakore rapfuura, Greece neTurkey vakataura zvine mutsindo nezve“kuchinjana kwevagari vemo” yavo yekuparadza dzinza.
Mhosva dzeruvengo: Mhosva dzeruvengo kana rusaruro maitiro anotsanangurwa nenyika kuva asiri pamutemo uye ari pasi pekurangwa, kana achinge akonzera kana kureva kukuvadza munhu kana boka nekuda kwekusiyana kunoonekwa. Mhosva dzeruvengo dzakasimudzirwa nevaHindu kurwisa vaMuslim muIndia dzinogona kushanda semuenzaniso wakanaka (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 86).
Tichitarisa kumashure, hukama huri pakati pekuwedzera kwekurwisana kwemadzinza uye kushandiswa kwemadimikira asina runyararo kunogona kushandiswa mukuedza kwekudzivirira nekudzivirira kurwisana. Nokudaro, nharaunda yepasi rose inogona kubatsirwa nekuongorora kushandiswa kwemadimikira asina runyararo pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana kuti aone nguva chaiyo yekupindira kuitira kudzivirira kuputika kwekurwisana kwemarudzi. Somuenzaniso, munyaya yeKosovo, nyika dzepasi rose dzingadai dzakatarisira chinangwa chakajeka cheMutungamiri Milosevic chekuita mhirizhonga kuKosovar Albanians muna 1998 kubva muhurukuro yake yakapiwa muna 1989. Zvechokwadi, muzviitiko zvakawanda, nyika dzepasi rose dzinogona kupindira kwenguva refu kusati kwatanga kunetsana uye kudzivirira zvinoparadza uye zvinoparadza mhedzisiro (Al-Khalifa, 2002: 99).
Pfungwa iyi inobva pafungidziro nhatu. Chokutanga ndechokuti nhengo dzesangano renyika dzakawanda dzinoita mutsinhirano, izvo zvisiri izvo nguva dzose. Kuratidzira, munhau yeKosovo, kunyange zvazvo UN yakanga ine chishuvo chokupindira pamberi pokuputika kwechisimba, yakadziviswa neRussia. Chechipiri ndechekuti nyika huru dzine chido chekupindira mukurwisana kwemadzinza; izvi zvinogona kushandiswa chete mune zvimwe zviitiko. Somuenzaniso, muchiitiko cheRwanda, kushaikwa kwefariro kurutivi rwenyika huru kwakatungamirira kukunonotswa kupindira kwenzanga yenyika mukurwisana. Chechitatu ndechekuti nyika dzepasi rose dzinogara dzichida kumisa kuwedzera kwekupokana. Asi, zvinoshamisa, mune dzimwe nguva, kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga kunokonzeresa kuedza kwevechitatu kupedza gakava (Al-Khalifa, 2002:100).
mhedziso
Kubva munhaurirano yapfuura, zviri pachena kuti hurukuro dzedu dzekutenda nedzinza dzinoratidzika senzvimbo ine madhaka uye inorwisana. Uye kubva pakatanga kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, mitsetse yehondo yanga ichiwanda zvisina tsarukano mumambure anopindirana emakakatanwa atinawo nhasi. Zvamazvirokwazvo, gakava pamusoro pokutenda norudzi zvakakamurwa nezvido nezvitendwa. Mukati memidziyo yedu, zvishuwo zvinokura, zvichiita kuti misoro irove, kuona kusina kujeka, uye kufunga kuvhiringika. Dzakukurwa mumhepo yokuvengana, pfungwa dzakarangana, ndimi dzakacheka, uye maoko akaremara nokuda kwenheyo uye zvichemo.
Democracy inofanirwa kubatanidza kupokana uye kukakavara, senge injini inoshanda inobata kuputika kwechisimba kuita basa. Sezviri pachena, kune kukakavara kwakawanda uye kupesana kutenderera. Muchokwadi zvichemo zvakabatwa nevasiri vekuMadokero, vekuMadokero, vakadzi, varume, vapfumi nevarombo, zvisinei zvekare uye zvimwe zvisina humbowo, zvinotsanangura hukama hwedu kune mumwe nemumwe. Chii chinonzi "Africa" pasina mazana emakore ekudzvinyirira kweEurope neAmerica, kudzvinyirirwa, kuora mwoyo, uye kudzvinyirira? Chii chinonzi "murombo" pasina kusava nehanya, kutuka uye kuzvikudza kwevapfumi? Boka rega rega rine chikwereti chechinzvimbo charo uye musimboti wekusava nehanya uye kuregerera kweanopikisa.
Hurongwa hwehupfumi hwepasi rose hunoita zvakawanda kubatanidza rudo rwedu rwekupokana nemakwikwi kuva matiririyoni emadhora ehupfumi hwenyika. Asi kubudirira kwehupfumi zvisinei, izvo zvakabuda zveinjini yedu yehupfumi zvinoshungurudza uye zvine njodzi kufuratira. Hurongwa hwedu hwehupfumi hunoita sehunomedza kupesana kukuru kwevanhu sekutaura kunoita Karl Marx kupesana kwemapoka nekuva nepfuma chaiyo yeanovavarira. Pamudzi wedambudziko redu inyaya yekuti pfungwa isina kusimba yesonganiro yatinayo kune mumwe kune yekuzvida semushure wayo. Hwaro hwesangano redu remagariro uye budiriro yedu huru kuzvida, uko nzira dzinowanikwa kune mumwe nemumwe wedu hadzina kukwanirana nebasa rekuwana kuzvifarira kwakanyanya. Kuti tive nechokwadi chekunzwanana kwevanhu, chirevo chinofanira kutorwa kubva muchokwadi ichi ndechokuti tose tinofanira kuedza kudiwa. Asi vazhinji vedu tingade kuregeredza kutsamirana kwedu pane matarenda emumwe, simba, nehunyanzvi hweumwe neumwe, uye panzvimbo pezvo kukurudzira kushanduka kwemaonero edu akasiyana.
Nhau yakaratidza yaratidza kakawanda kuti hatingambobvumiri kutsamirana kwomunhu kuputsa misiyano yedu yakasiyana-siyana ndokutibatanidza pamwe chete semhuri yevanhu. Pane kubvuma kudyidzana kwedu, vamwe vedu vakasarudza kumanikidza vamwe kuti vazviise pasi tisingaongi. Kare kare, vanhu vomuAfrica vaiva muuranda vakashanda nesimba kuti vadyare nokukohwa makomborero epasi nokuda kwevatenzi vevaranda vokuEurope neAmerica. Kubva pane zvinodikanwa uye zvinodiwa nevaridzi vevaranda, vachitsigirwa nemitemo inomanikidza, taboos, zvitendero, uye chitendero, hurongwa hwehupfumi hwemagariro hwakavapo kubva mukupokana uye kudzvanyirira kwete kubva mupfungwa yekuti vanhu vanodana.
Zvinongori muropa kuti mukaha wakadzika wamuka pakati pedu, wakakonzerwa nekusakwanisa kwedu kubatana sezvidimbu zvinokosha zveorganic whole. Kuyerera pakati pemawere emukaha uyu rwizi rwezvichemo. Zvichida kwete simba rekuzvarwa, asi kudedera kwehasha kwekutaura kunotyisa uye kuramba kwehutsinye kwakashandura zvichemo zvedu kuita kukurumidza kumhanyisa. Iye zvino mhepo ine chisimba inotizvuzvurudza tichikava uye tichizhamba takananga kunodonha kukuru.
Kutadza kuongorora kutadza kwetsika nemagariro edu antagonism, vakasununguka, vanochengetedza, uye vanonyanyisa veese mativi nehunhu vakamanikidza kunyangwe vane runyararo uye vasingafarire vedu kutora mativi. Tichiodzwa mwoyo nekukura uye kusimba kwehondo dziri kuputika kwese kwese, kunyangwe zvine musoro uye zvakaumbwa pakati pedu zvinoona kuti hapana nzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera yekumira pairi. Kunyange vafundisi vari pakati pedu vanofanira kutora rutivi, sezvo mugari wose ari kumanikidzirwa ndokupinzwa muchiuto kuti atore rutivi mukurwisana.
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Pamusoro Author
Abdul Karim Bangura muongorori-mu-munogara weAbrahamic Connections uye Islamic Peace Studies paCentre for Global Peace muChikoro cheInternational Service paAmerican University uye mutungamiriri weThe African Institution, vese muWashington DC; muverengi wekunze weResearch Methodology paPlekhanov Russian University muMoscow; purofesa wekutanga werunyararo weInternational Summer School in Peace and Conflict Studies paYunivhesiti yePeshawar muPakistan; uye mukuru wepasi rese uye chipangamazano weCentro Cultural Guanin muSanto Domingo Este, Dominican Republic. Ane maPhD mashanu ePolitical Science, Development Economics, Linguistics, Computer Science, neMathematics. Ndiye munyori wemabhuku makumi masere nematanhatu uye anopfuura mazana matanhatu ezvinyorwa zvenyanzvi. Akahwina mibairo inodarika makumi mashanu yehunyanzvi uye yebasa renharaunda, pakati pemibairo ichangoburwa yeBangura ndeye Cecil B. Curry Book Award nekuda kwake. African Mathematics: Kubva Mabhonzo kuenda kuMakomputa, iyo yakasarudzwawo neAfrican American Success Foundation's Book Committee serimwe remabhuku makumi maviri nerimwe akakosha ati ambonyorwa neveAfrica America muScience, Technology, Engineering neMathematics (STEM); the Diopian Institute for Scholarly Advancement's Miriam Ma'at Ka Re Award pachinyorwa chake chakanzi “Domesticating Mathematics in the African Mother Tongue” Nyaya yePan-African Studies; Mubairo Wakakosha weUnited States DRM we "basa rakatanhamara uye rakakosha kunharaunda yepasirese;" Mubairo weInternational Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation's Award yebasa rake rehunyanzvi pakugadzirisa kusawirirana kwemarudzi nechitendero nekuvaka runyararo, nekukurudzira runyararo nekupedza kukakavara munzvimbo dzine makakatanwa; yeMoscow Government Department of Multicultural Policy uye Integrational Cooperation Mubairo wesainzi uye unoshanda chimiro chebasa rake parunyararo pakati pemarudzi uye hukama hwezvitendero; uye The Ronald E. McNair Shirt yenyanzvi yekutsvagisa nzira iyo yakaraira nhamba huru yenyanzvi dzetsvakiridzo muzvidzidzo zvedzidzo zvakaburitswa mumagazini nemabhuku ane hunyanzvi uye akahwina mibairo yepepa yepamusoro makore maviri akatevedzana—2015 na2016. Bangura anotsetsenura mitauro inenge gumi nemiviri yomuAfrica nemitanhatu yokuEurope, uye ari kudzidza kuti awedzere unyanzvi hwake muchiArabic, chiHebheru, uye Hieroglyphics. Iye zvakare inhengo yemasangano mazhinji ezvidzidzo, akashanda seMutungamiriri uyezve Mumiriri weUnited Nations weAssociation of Third World Studies, uye ari Nhume Yakakosha yeAfrican Union Peace and Security Council.
