Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana Kwekusingaperi muCrude Oiri uye Gasi Yakapfuma Ekpetiama Humambo: Nyaya Yechidzidzo cheAgudama Ekpetiama Impasse.
Ekpetiama Kingdom
Hurukuro Inokudzwa neHumambo Hwake, Mambo Bubaraye Dakolo, Agada IV, Ibenanaowei weEkpetiama Kingdom, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Vatariri: Denis Bikesha, Ph.D., Dean weChikoro cheMutemo uye Mudzidzisi weMutemo, University of Rwanda, Chikoro cheMutemo, Gikondo Campus. Humambo hwake, Mambo Bubaraye Dakolo, Agada IV, Ibenanaowei weEkpetiama Kingdom, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Sachigaro: Basil Ugorji, Mutungamiriri uye CEO, International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation, New York.
Hurukuro inoremekedzwa yakapihwa muna Gumiguru 31, 2018 pa5th Annual International Conference pamusoro peEthnic and Religious Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding yakaitwa neInternational Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation paQueens College, City University yeNew York, pamwe chete neCentre for Ethnic, Rudzi uye Kunzwisisa Kwechitendero (CERRU).
ziviso
Agudama imwe yenharaunda nomwe dziri pedyo neoiri isina kukora uye gasi yakapfuma yeNun River bank bank eEkpetiama mudunhu reNiger River Delta, mudunhu reBayelsa, Nigeria. Nharaunda iyi yevagari vangangosvika zviuru zvitatu yakatambura makore gumi nemashanu mushure mekufa kwemutungamiriri wenharaunda, nekuda kwekutevedzana pamwe nematambudziko ekugadzirisa mafuta asina kuchena uye gasi. Mukuwedzera kumakumi ezviuru emhaka dzomudare dzakatevera, kurwisana kwacho kwakauraya vamwe vanhu. Achiziva kuti runyararo ruchaunza budiriro inodiwa iyo yakanzvenga vanhu kwenguva yakareba kunyangwe vakapihwa zviwanikwa zvemafuta negasi, mambo mutsva weEkpetiama humambo akafunga kudzoreredzwa kwerunyararo muAgudama nedzimwe nzvimbo dzese dzeumambo. Nzira yekugadzirisa gakava yeumambo hweEkpetiama yakashandiswa. Ruzivo rwakakodzera nezve imbroglio rwakatorwa kubva kumapato pamuzinda weAgada IV Gbarantoru. Pakupedzisira, musangano wemapato ose pamwe chete nevacherechedzi vane pfungwa dzisina divi ravakarerekera kubva kune dzimwe nharaunda muumambo hwaro wakarongwa kuti uitirwe pamuzinda wamambo mutsva kuitira kuti gakava ribudirire.
Pakati pekutya kunoratidzwa nemapato nevasina chokwadi, chinzvimbo chaIbenanaowei (mambo) chakasiya munhu wese agutsikana. Pazvinhu zvina zvaidiwa kuti mapato aite sevanhu vakayananiswa, zviviri zviri kuitwa pamwe chete nemapato ese ane chekuita, nepo chechitatu chakaitwa zvizere paumambo. New Yam Festival muna June (Okolode) 2018. Zvimwe zviviri zvinodiwa pakusarudzwa uye kuiswa kwemutungamiri mutsva wenharaunda yeAgudama zviri kuenderera mberi.
Iyi inyaya yenyaya yekuti, nekurevesa kwechinangwa, nzira yechinyakare yekugadzirisa gakava muEkpetiama ingashandiswa sei kugadzirisa kusawirirana kusingapere izvo zvakashora nzira dzekumavirira sekushandiswa kuNigeria. Mhedzisiro yakajairika ndeyekukunda-kukunda. Mhosva yeAgudama, iyo yakagara kwemakore gumi nemashanu kunyangwe mitongo yakati wandei yeBritish nzira, iri kugadziriswa neEkpetiama nzira yekugadzirisa gakava.
Geography
Agudama imwe yenharaunda nomwe dziri pedyo neoiri isina kukora uye gasi yakapfuma yeNun River bank bank eEkpetiama mudunhu reNiger River Delta, mudunhu reBayelsa, Nigeria. Iyo inharaunda yechitatu yeEkpetiama inotevera nzira yekuyerera kweNun Rwizi, kuverenga zasi kubva kuGbarantoru, iro guta riri kumusoro kwehumambo. Wilberforce Island izita renyika ine Agudama. Kuyevedza kwemazana emakore ekare maruva nemhuka zvichiri kusimba - mhandara. Kunze kwenzvimbo dzakatove nemigwagwa yemazuva ano nedzimba, kana idzo dzakacheneswa oiri negesi, uye nguva pfupi yadarika yeBayelsa state airport. Huwandu hunofungidzirwa hwevagari veAgudama hunosvika zviuru zvitatu zvevanhu. Iro guta rinoumbwa nemakomboni matatu, anoti, Ewerewari, Olomowari uye Oyekewari.
Nhoroondo yeKukonana
Musi waZvita 23, 1972, Agudama akawana Amananaowei mutsva, His Royal Highness Turner Eradiri II uyo akatonga kusvika Zvita 1, 2002, paakabatana nemadzitateguru ake. Iyo Agudama stool inoiswa gazeti seyechitatu kirasi yechinyakare chituru mudunhu reBayelsa. Wake Paliowei, Mutevedzeri Mukuru Awudu Okpopon akazotonga seAmananaowei weguta kusvika 2004, apo kudiwa kweAmananaowei itsva kwakaitwa nevanhu. Nemhaka yokuti taundi racho rakanga rambotongwa nebumbiro remitemo risina kunyorwa, chikumbiro chebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa chakagamuchirwa senhano yokutanga yaidikanwa. Hurongwa hwekunyorwa kwebumbiro remitemo hwakatanga musi wa1 January 2004. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekunetsana kwevanhu, asi musi waFebruary 10, 2005, veruzhinji pamusangano wavo wakaitirwa panzvimbo yetaundi vakakwidza nyaya yekuti bumbiro remutemo reAgudama ritambirwe. Kuita uku kwakaunza kusagadzikana kwemarudzi ese izvo zvakazounza muhurumende yeBayelsa semuyananisi.
Vaimbova sachigaro veTraditional Rulers' Council of Bayelsa state, HRM King Joshua Igbagara vakaitwa sachigaro weBayelsa state committee paAgudama, nechinangwa chekubatsira nharaunda kupinda muhurongwa hwekuisa murunyararo Amananaowei. Matambudziko ekuti munhu wese agamuchire bumbiro idzva akanonotsa hurongwa uhu kwemamwe mwedzi. Zvisinei, musi waChivabvu 25, 2005 bumbiro remutemo rakagamuchirwa rakaunzwa kunharaunda yeAgudama. Ukuwo komiti yetransition yakaparurwawo, ukuwo zvimwe zviumbwa zvese zvakaita se chiefs council, community development committee (CDC) zvichingodaro zvakasiiwa nemushakabvu Amananaowei zvakaputswa. Asi inenge hafu yevanhu vakanga vawirwa nedambudziko iri vakaramba kuparadzwa kwacho. Mutambi Amananaowei, munhu akatsoropodza munhevedzano yezviitiko, akagamuchira chinzvimbo chitsva uye akasiya parutivi kuti komiti yekuchinja yevarume vashanu iite basa rayo. Pamwe chete, maviri nehafu kubva mumakomboni matatu ari mutaundi, anosanganisira 85% yenharaunda yakagamuchira chinzvimbo chitsva. Mushure, kugadzwa kwekomiti yesarudzo (ELECO) kwakaitika muna Chikumi 22, 2005 nevanhu vakatorwa kubva kumakomisheni ese matatu eEwerewari, Olomowari neOyekewari. Dare resarudzo rakaenderera mberi nekuzivisa nezvekutengeswa kwemafomu nekushandisa mucheri wedhorobha pamwe neredhiyo yehurumende yeBayelsa. Mushure mesvondo rekushambadza nezvesarudzo, avo vaipikisa shanduko vakakumbira vatsigiri vavo kuti varamwe sarudzo. Vazivisawo kurudziro yavo yekuti varamwe zvachose vachishandisa nhepfenyuro yehurumende.
Zvisinei nekuramwa uku, komiti yesarudzo yakaita sarudzo muna Chikunguru 9, 2005 uyezve vagadziri veAgudama vakagadza mumiriri mumwe chete uye akahwina seAmananaowei weAgudama - His Highness Imomotimi Happy Ogbotobo musi waChikunguru 12, 2005.
Mhedzisiro iyi yakatoita kuti pave nekukakavadzana kwakawanda. Hurumende yenyika yaipomerwa mhosva yekurerekera divi rimwe chete nevamwe vanhu munharaunda. Mhosva dzemumatare dzakamhan'arwa nekukasira kumhan'arirwa vanhu vakarambira sarudzo. Macounter suits akamhan'arwa navo. Mhosva dzakawanda dzefisticuffs idzo dzakazoita kuti dzive mhirizhonga yakaitika zvakare. Paiva nekusungwa uye kusungwa kwemhosva kwakatangwa nemapoka maviri aya. Nekufamba kwemazuva nyaya dzakawanda dzakamhan'arwa uye vanhu vakawanda vachipomerwa mhosva dzakasiyana siyana. Sutu yehurumende yaipokana nemaitiro akatungamira mukubuda kweAmananaowei mutsva akazotemerwa pamusoro pake zvekuodza mwoyo kwevatsigiri vake vaive vakazara. Akarasikirwa nenyaya yacho mune zvese. Dare, muna Gunyana 2012, rakadzima sarudzo yaHappy Ogbotobo saAmananaowei. Naizvozvo, pamberi pemutemo uye pamberi pevagari vese vanoteerera mutemo veAgudama nemhiri, haana kumbobvira ave ishe kana kwesekondi imwe chete. Saka akabva aita sevamwe vaAgudama vabvakure vasina kumbova Amananaowei. Naizvozvo aisafanirwa kuonekwa kana kutaurwa seaimbove Amananaowei muumambo hweEkpetiama. Mutongo uyu wakadzosa hutungamiri hwenharaunda mumaoko ekanzuru yakasiiwa nemushakabvu. Chisungo ichi chakapikiswawo mudare asi mutongo wakaramba uchiti kanzuru yemushakabvu Amananaowei ienderere mberi nehutungamiri hweguta sezvo zvisikwa zvinosembura vacuum.
Zviitwa zvemafuta negasi zvakakwira zvakanyanya muna 2004 na2005, sezvo SPDC yakatanga kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yavo huru yegasi yemuAfrica. Vakatanga chirongwa cheGbaran/Ubie mabhiriyoni emadhora muGbarain/Ekpetiama cluster. Izvi zvakaunza nemukana usati wamboitika wekupinda kwezviwanikwa zvemari uye mapurojekiti akaenzana ekuvandudza zvivakwa munharaunda muEkpetiama neGbarain humambo, kusanganisira Agudama.
Pakati pa2005 pakasarudzwa Amananaowei akadzingwa uye 2012 apo dare rakadzima hutongi hwake, idzo nharaunda dzaimupikisa nekutonga kwake hadzina kumbomuziva saAmananaowei saka havana kumbomuteerera. Paiva nezviito zvakati kuti zvemaune zvekusateerera pakubata kwake. Saka mutongo wedare wakadzora chinzvimbo ichi wakangobvisa kushorwa kwehutungamiriri. Panguva ino neruzhinji rwevanhu veAgudama. Muvimbiki weaimbove Amananaowei anopokana kuti havana kuwana kushandira pamwe kwevatungamiriri venharaunda nevatsigiri vavo panguva yavo saka naivowo vaisazopa zvavo.
Zvakamboedza Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana
Mhirizhonga iyi (yemakore angangosvika gumi nemashanu) yaona mapoka ese ari maviri anonetsana muAgudama achiita nzendo dzisingaverengeki kuenda kukamba yemapurisa mudunhu rekumaodzanyemba kweNigeria, kumatare edzimhosva uye kumatare edzimhosva, uyewo kumochari kunochengetedza kana kutora vakafa. . Muzviitiko zvishomanana, vamwe vanhu vakaedza kugadzirisa matambudziko kunze kwedare, asi hapana akaona chiedza chezuva. Kazhinji panguva yekuda kuwana truce imwe kana maviri kubva kune chero mativi anopokana aikanganisa nyaya uye obvisa kuedza.
Pakagadzwa Humambo Hwake Mambo Bubaraye Dakolo saIbenanaowei weEkpetiama humambo muna 2016, kufungirana pamwe nekusawirirana kwaive kwanyanya pakati pevanhu veAgudama. Asi akatsunga zvizere kugadzirisa imbroglio, akatanga nhaurirano nemapoka ese munharaunda - avo vane polarized uye vasina-polarized zvakafanana kwemwedzi mishoma mushure mekugara. Kukurukurirana kwakatambanudzirwa kune vanhu mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeumambo hweEkpetiama vaive neruzivo rwakakodzera nezve kunetsana.
Misangano yakawanda uye isina kurongwa yakaitwa namambo pamuzinda waAgada IV. Zvinhu zvine basa, zvakaita semitongo nematare edzimhosva, zvakapihwa kubva kumativi ese kuti zvitsigire zvavainge vataura. Zvishandiso noufakazi hwapamuromo zvakanyatsonzverwa mambo asati asarudza kuvaunza pamwe chete mumuzinda wake kekutanga munguva refu.
Zviito Zvazvino
2pm musi waKubvumbi 17, 2018 yaive nguva uye zuva rinogamuchirwa rekuti mapato ese auye kumuzinda wamambo kuzoyananisa/kupindirana. Musangano usati waitwa, paive nefungidziro nerunyerekupe pamusoro pezvabuda zvisina kunaka uye zvakarerekera. Sezvineiwo mapato ese aive nechekuita nekufungidzira mhedzisiro. Pakupedzisira nguva yakatarwa yakasvika uye Humambo hwake Mambo Bubaraye Dakolo, Agada IV, akauya ndokugara paakakanda.
Akataura pagungano remuna Nyamavhuvhu revanhu vangangosvika makumi masere. Akatarisa zvinhu izvo zvaaifunga kuti zvese zvinofanirwa kubvuma, uye akataura kuti:
matare, munaGunyana 2012, akadzima kusarudzwa kwaHappy Ogbotobo saAmananaowei - saka pamberi pemutemo uye pamberi pedu sevagari vanoteerera mutemo veAgudama, tinofanira kubvuma kuti akange asiri, uye haana kumbobvira ave sabhuku kana kwesekondi imwe chete. Saka akafanana nemumwe munhu wese muAgudama asiri uye asati ambove Amananaowei. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyangwe kana ari kunzi sabhuku, uye izvo zvingave zvakaitika dzimwe nguva, izvo hazvireve uye hazvireve kuti aimbova Amananaowei muumambo uhwu maererano nemutemo. Chief Sir Bubaraye Geku ndivo sachigaro weAgudama Council. Uye izvi zvakasimbiswa uye zvakasimbiswa zvakare nedare redzimhosva rinokwanisa. Izvi zvinobvumira hutungamiriri hwake hwenguva pfupi hweAgudama. Uye nekuti tinofanira kufambira mberi, uye tinofanira kudaro nhasi, ndinotenda kuti munobvuma kuti tese tinozviita nhasi. TOSE tinofanira kumuunganira. Tose ngatitsigirei hutongi hwake hweAgudama ari nani.
Mambo vakatarisawo dzimwe nyaya dzinobata-bata dzakaita segwaro rebumbiro remitemo. Rimwe bato raida kuti bumbiro idzva rinyorwe patsva. Asi vamwe vakati kwete vachiti gwaro rebumbiro remitemo ra2005 rinofanira kutevedzwa. Mambo vakaramba vachiti inoramba ichinyorwa nekuti haina kutenderwa zvizere nevanhu veAgudama uye mumwe munhu anogona kuipikisa kana chimwe chinhu chisina kuitwa. Akavadaidza kuti vatarise kuti vaone kuti maiva sei newiri yavo yakanyorwa nechido chavo, uye kuti chakabatsira sei mukudzingwa kwaVaHappy Ogbotobo pachigaro chavo zvisiri pamutemo. Akabvunza: zvichave nehungwaru here kuituka nekuikanda parutivi sezvo iine basa uye kuda kwevanhu veAgudama? Kunyanya kune vanhu vanoyananisa? Vanhu vakayananiswa here? Akati aizoramba. Kwete nokuti tinofanira kufambira mberi. Aiwa nekuti hapana bumbiro remitemo munyika rino rakakwana. Kwete kunyange iyo yeUnited States of America! Ehe, iwe unoramba uchinzwa, yekutanga kugadziridzwa uye yechipiri kugadzirisa, nezvimwe.
Nyaya Yakamirira kuDare Rokukwidzwa
Pachine nyaya iri kudare redzimhosva muPort Harcourt. Izvi zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa sezvo pasina sarudzo itsva dzeAmananaowei dzinogona kuitwa pasina kutanga dzagadzirisa nyaya dzinechekuita mudare.
VaIbenanaowei vakakwidza nyaya kune vese vaive pagungano iri pamusoro pekuda kuisa nyaya yakamirira kudare redzimhosva muPort Harcourt. Vaitaurawo zvaitendwa namambo kuti zvakabuda mudare redzimhosva muPort Harcourt hazvigadzirise dambudziko. Kunyangwe zvaizopa vanokunda, chero vangave, maminetsi mashoma emafaro asingashandure chinhu kuti ive nani paAgudama. “Saka kana tichida Agudama, nyaya iyoyo tinoipedza nhasi. Tinofanira kuibvisa. Handei tinoibvisa,” akadaro zvakare. Izvi zvakazogamuchirwa nevose. Kuziva kuti nyaya iri mudare rekukwidzwa kwemhosva muPort Harcourt ikangobviswa inogona kupa mukana wekuti sarudzo dziitwe zvakafadza vakawanda zvikuru.
"Zvandinoda Zvevanhu veAgudama"
Hurukuro yamambo panzira yekuenda kunharaunda yaive yakanzi 'zvandinoda kuvanhu veAgudama'. Vakakumbira vose kuti vabvume uye vashande pamwe chete naChief Sir Bubaraye Geco inotungamira kanzuru sehurumende iri pamutemo yeAgudama uye vakadawo kuti Chief Sir Bubaraye Geco led council vaite basa riri nyore rekusarura chero munhu weAgudama mukubata kwake nedhorobha. kubva panguva iyoyo. Akawedzera kuti mukuru wekanzuru achaitawo basa rakaoma rekuita kunge asingasarure chero munhu weAgudama mukubata kwake neguta kubva panguva iyoyo. Kuchinja kwemaonero uku kwakakosha zvikuru.
Mambo vakada kuti vaumbe komiti yesarudzo isiri yeAgudama, Ekpetiama isina divi ravakarerekera kuti iite sarudzo dzemuAgudama mukupera kwegore kana zvimwe zvese zvaitwa. Vakurudzirawo kuti bumbiro remutemo reAgudama rakashandiswa uye rakataurwa nezvaro mumutongo wakabvisa sarudzo yaVa Happy Ogbotobo nekutonga rivandudzwe zvine mutsindo chete sezvo iyi yanga isiri nguva yekuchinja kukuru.
Mune mweya wekutenderera sezvakasimbiswa mubumbiro uye kubvumira kuvharwa kwakakodzera, kuwirirana kwehama, kururamisira, kuyananiswa kwechokwadi kwevanhu veEkpetiama veAgudama, uye rudo rwenharaunda, kusarudzwa kwechigaro cheAmananaowei cheAgudama kunofanira kubvumira chete vavhoti. kubva kuEwerewari naOlomowari. Vese vakakurudzirwa kuti vatore kana kutsigira vamiriri kubva mumakomboni aya uye kuti munhu anenge aratidza rudo rwechokwadi kunharaunda asarudzwe. Chikumbiro ichi, sechinzvimbo chenguva pfupi, chakanangana nekugadzirisa huwandu hwakawanda hweshuviro dzevanhu veAgudama.
Pana Mr. Happy Ogbotobo
Mutungamiriri wenharaunda akadzingwa, VaHappy Ogbotobo, vakakurukurwawo nezvavo. Anobva kuEwerewari komboni. Sezvo sarudzo yake nekutonga zvakabviswa, zvingangove zvakanaka kuti akwikwidze zvakare kana achida uye achizadzisa mamwe maitiro ekusarudzwa pachitsiko cheAmananaowei weAgudama.
mhedziso
VaIbenanaowei vakazopa vanhu veAgudama mwedzi mitatu yekushanda pamwechete semumwe. Akavakumbira kuti vabvise chikumbiro chakamirira uye vatsigire hurumende iripo. Vakanga vachitungamirirwa kuti vapemberere pamwe chete Okolode muna June 2018. Ivo chaizvoizvo vakapa pamwe chete boka rakanakisisa remutambo.
Chivimbiso chekomiti yesarudzo mumwedzi mishomanana kana vakaratidza kugadzirira chakaitwa. Mambo akasimbisa chokwadi chekuti kurwisana kwaisava kurwa kwevatambi, asi kungonetsana kwemhuri kwakatorwa zvakanyanyisa, uye nzira yechinyakare yekugadzirisa yakatorwa yaive nzira yakanaka yekupedza kupokana kwemhuri. Kunyangwe vamwe vangave vakaodzwa mwoyo asi mambo anotenda kuti Agudama anofanira kubatana uye kushanda pamwe chete uye kusafunga kuti vangave nazvo. Inogara iri kupa uye kutora, akasimbisa. Uye ino ndiyo nguva yekupa uye kutora. Musangano wapera ne sirogani yetsika – Aahinhhh Ogbonbiri! Onua.
Nyaya
Nzira yeEkpetiama yekugadzirisa kusawirirana iyo inogara ichitarisa kuhwina-kuhwina kwave kuri musimboti werunyararo rwemunharaunda nekugarisana kubva kare uye ichiri yechokwadi nanhasi chero mupire achiteerera uye achichengeta kurevesa kwechinangwa.
Hurumende yenyika yeBayelsa kunyanya nemamwe masangano ese ehurumende anogona kusimudzira tsika iyi nekuita kuti mayunivhesiti atsvage nekunyora tsika iyi, pamwe nekuishandisa kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakawanda kwatekeshera nemafuta negasi muNiger Delta nekumwewo.
