Decentralization: Gwaro rekupedza kusawirirana kwemarudzi muNigeria
ngovepo
Iri bepa rinotarisa nezveChikumi 13, 2017 BBC chinyorwa chakanzi "Tsamba kubva kuAfrica: Matunhu eNigeria anofanira kuwana simba?" Muchinyorwa ichi, munyori, Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani, akakurukura zvine hungwaru nezvesarudzo sarudzo dzakagadzira mamiriro emhirizhonga yemadzinza muNigeria. Zvichienderana nekuenderera mberi kwekudaidzira kwemubatanidzwa mutsva unokurudzira kuzvitonga kwematunhu uye kudzikamisa simba repakati, munyori akaongorora kuti kuisirwa kwegwaro rekubvisa kana kuendesa matunhu kungabatsira sei mukuderedza matambudziko echitendero cheNigeria.
Ethnic Conflict muNigeria: A Byproduct yeFederal Structure uye Leadership Failure
Kupokana kunoramba kuripo kwemadzinza muNigeria, kunopokana nemunyori, kwakakonzerwa nemubatanidzwa wehurumende yeNigeria, uye matongero akaita vatungamiri veNigeria kubva pakubatanidzwa kwemarudzi akasiyana mumatunhu maviri - dunhu rekuchamhembe nerekumaodzanyemba. - pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwechamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kuva nyika-nyika inonzi Nigeria muna 1914. Zvichipesana nekuda kwemarudzi emarudzi eNigeria, maBritish akabatanidza zvine simba vanhu vakasiyana-siyana nemarudzi avo vakanga vasina hukama hwepakutanga. Miganhu yavo yakagadziridzwa; ivo vakabatanidzwa kuva nyika imwe yazvino uno navakuru vakuru voudzori hweBritain; uye zita, Nigeria - zita rakatorwa kubva ku19th muzana remakore reBritish kambani, iyo Royal Niger Kambani - zvakaiswa pavari.
Nigeria isati yawana kuzvitonga muna 1960, vatongi veBritain vekoloni vaitonga Nigeria kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekutonga hunozivikanwa sehutongi husina kunanga. Kutonga kusina kunanga nemasikirwo awo kunobvumira rusarura nerusarura zviri pamutemo. MaBritish akatonga kuburikidza nemadzimambo avo akavimbika echinyakare, uye vakaunza mitemo yakatsveyama yebasa remadzinza umo vekuchamhembe vaipinzwa basa rechiuto uye vekumaodzanyemba kuita basa rehurumende kana hurumende.
Mamiriro ehutongi uye mikana yehupfumi yakaunzwa neBritish metamorphosed mukuvengana kwemarudzi, kuenzanisa, kufungidzira, kukwikwidza kwakanyanya uye rusarura panguva isati yawana kuzvitonga (1914-1959), uye izvi zvakaguma nemhirizhonga pakati pemarudzi uye hondo makore matanhatu mushure me1960. kuzivisa kuzvitonga.
Kusati kwabatanidzwa kwa1914, marudzi akasiyana-siyana emarudzi aive akazvimiririra uye aitonga vanhu vavo kuburikidza nemaitiro avo ehutongi. Nekuda kwekuzvitonga uye kuzvisarudzira kwemarudzi emarudzi aya, pakange paine kushomeka kana kusave nekurwisana kwemarudzi. Nekudaro, nekuuya kwekubatanidzwa kwe1914 uye kugamuchirwa kwehurongwa hweparamende hwehurumende muna 1960, nyika dzakambozviparadzanisa uye dzakazvimiririra - semuenzaniso, maIgbos, maYorubas, maHausa, nezvimwewo - vakatanga kukwikwidza zvine hukasha kuwana masimba centre. Izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti Igbo-lead coup d'état yaNdira 1966 yakakonzera kufa kwevatungamiriri vane mukurumbira vehurumende nemauto kunyanya kubva kuchamhembe (the Hausa-Fulani ethnic group) uye kupidigura hurumende kwaChikunguru 1966, pamwe chete nehondo. Kupondwa kwevaIgbos kuchamhembe kweNigeria nevekuchamhembe uko kwaionekwa neveruzhinji sekutsiva nevekuchamhembe kweHausa-Fulanis vachipokana neIgbos yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, zvese zvinokonzeresa kurwira masimba pakati pemarudzi pakati. Kunyange apo federalism - hurongwa hwehutungamiri hwehurumende - hwakagamuchirwa panguva yechipiri Republic muna 1979, kurwisana kwemarudzi uye kukwikwidzana kwechisimba kwemasimba uye kutonga kwezviwanikwa pakati hazvina kumira; asi, yakawedzera.
Kukakavadzana kwakawanda pakati pemarudzi, mhirizhonga nehondo zvakatambudza Nigeria mumakore apfuura zvakakonzerwa nekurwira kuti nderipi boka richange richitungamira nyaya, kubatanidza masimba pakati, uye kutonga nyaya dzehurumende yemubatanidzwa, kusanganisira mafuta. inova ndiyo yekutanga mari muNigeria. Ongororo yaNwaubani inotsigira dzidziso inotsigira maitiro anodzokororwa echiito uye maitiro muhukama hwemarudzi muNigeria pamusoro pemakwikwi epakati. Kana rimwe dzinza ratora simba pakati (simba remubatanidzwa), mamwe madzinza anonzwa kurerukirwa uye kusabatanidzwa anotanga kunetsa kuti abatanidzwe. Kusagadzikana kwakadai kunowanzowedzera kuva chisimba uye hondo. Kupidigura kwemauto muna Ndira 1966 kwakatungamira mukubuda kwemukuru weIgbo wenyika uye kupokana kwaChikunguru 1966 izvo zvakakonzera kuparara kwehutungamiriri hweIgbo uye zvakaunza hudzvanyiriri hwemauto ekuchamhembe, pamwe nekuparadzaniswa kwemauto. dunhu rekumabvazuva kuumba nyika yakazvimiririra yakabviswa yeBiafra kubva kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa yeNigeria iyo yakatungamira kuhondo yemakore matatu (1967-1970) yakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vanodarika mamirioni matatu, vazhinji vacho vaive maBiafra, yese mienzaniso ye chiito-maitiro maitiro ehukama hwehukama muNigeria. Zvakare, kusimuka kweBoko Haram kwakaonekwa sekuedza kwakaitwa nevekuchamhembe kukonzeresa kusagadzikana munyika uye kunetesa hutongi hwehurumende yaPresident Goodluck Jonathan vanobva kuNiger Delta ine mafuta yekumaodzanyemba kweNigeria. Sezvineiwo, Goodluck Jonathan akarasikirwa ne (re) sarudzo ye2015 kune iye zvino Mutungamiri Muhammadu Buhari uyo ari wekuchamhembe kweHausa-Fulani rudzi.
Kukwira kwaBuhari kumutungamiri wenyika kunoperekedzwa nemapoka maviri makuru emagariro evanhu uye echiuto kubva kumaodzanyemba (kunyanya, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba-kumaodzanyemba). Imwe yacho ndiyo mhirizhonga yakamutsiridzwa yerusununguko rweBiafra inotungamirwa neVanhu veIndigenous veBiafra. Imwe yacho kumukazve kwesangano remagariro rinobva kwezvakatipoteredza muNiger Delta yakapfuma yemafuta inotungamirwa neNiger Delta Avengers.
Kufunga patsva Chimiro Chazvino cheNigeria
Zvichienderana neaya masaisai matsva emhirizhonga yemarudzi ekuzvisarudzira uye kuzvitonga, nyanzvi zhinji nevagadziri vemitemo vari kutanga kufunga patsva chimiro chehurumende yemubatanidzwa nemisimboti pakavakirwa mubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa. Zvinopokanwa muchinyorwa chaNwaubani cheBBC kuti hurongwa hwakasarudzika hwekuti matunhu kana nyika dzedzinza dzipihwe simba rakawanda uye kuzvitonga kuzvitonga, pamwe nekuongorora nekudzora zviwanikwa zvavo vachibhadhara mutero kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa. rubatsiro mukuvandudza hukama hwemarudzi muNigeria, asi zvinonyanya kukosha, mutemo wakadaro unopa runyararo, kuchengetedzeka uye kukura kwehupfumi kune vese nhengo dzemubatanidzwa weNigerian.
Nyaya yedecentralization kana devolution inotsamira pamubvunzo wesimba. Kukosha kwesimba mukugadzira mitemo hakugone kusimbiswa zvakanyanya munyika dzedemocracy. Mushure meshanduko yehutongi hwejekerere muna 1999, simba rekuita sarudzo dzemitemo nekudzitevedzera rakapihwa vakuru vakasarudzwa nedemocracy, kunyanya vanogadzira mitemo pakongiresi. Vagadziri vemitemo ava, zvisinei, vanowana simba ravo kubva kuvagari vakavasarudza. Naizvozvo, kana chikamu chikuru chevagari vemo vasingafari nehurongwa hwazvino hwehurumende yeNigeria - kureva, hurongwa hwemubatanidzwa - saka vane simba rekutaura nevamiriri vavo nezve kudiwa kwekuvandudzwa kwemitemo kuburikidza nemutemo unozoisa. panzvimbo yakawedzera hurongwa hwehurumende hunozopa simba rakawanda kumatunhu uye simba shoma pakati.
Kana vamiriri vacho vakaramba kuteerera zvinodiwa nezvido zvenhengo dzavo, zvino vagari vane simba rekuvhotera vadziki vemitemo vanosimudzira kufarira kwavo, kuita kuti inzwi ravo rinzwike, uye vape mitemo inovatsigira. Kana vakasarudzwa vakaziva kuti havasi kuzovhoterwa kana vasingatsigire mutemo wekuendesa masimba kumatunhu unodzosera kuzvitonga kumatunhu, vanomanikidzwa kuuvhotera kuti vachengetedze zvigaro zvavo. Naizvozvo, vagari vane simba rekushandura hutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika hunozodzika marongero anozopindura kune zvavanoda zvedecentralization uye kuwedzera mufaro wavo.
Decentralization, Conflict Resolution uye Economic Growth
Humwe hurongwa hwehurumende hune hutongi hwejekerere hunopa zvigadziriso - kwete -kuomarara - zvimiro zvekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Muedzo wegwaro rakanaka riri mukukwanisa kwegwaro iri kugadzirisa matambudziko aripo kana kusawirirana. Kusvika pari zvino, hurongwa hwemubatanidzwa huripo hunopa simba rakawandisa kumuzinda hauna kukwanisa kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwemadzinza kwakakanganisa Nigeria kubva payakawana kuzvitonga. Chikonzero ndechekuti simba rakawandisa rinopihwa pakati ukuwo matunhu achitorerwa kuzvitonga.
Imwe hurongwa hwakasarudzika hunogona kudzoreredza simba uye kuzvitonga kuvatungamiriri venzvimbo nematunhu vari padyo nedambudziko chairo rinosangana nevagari zuva nezuva, uye vane ruzivo rwekushanda nevanhu kuti vawane mhinduro dzechigarire kumatambudziko avo. . Nekuda kwekushanduka-shanduka kwayo mukuwedzera kutora chikamu kwenzvimbo munhaurirano dzezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi, marongero akasarudzika ane mukana wekupindura kune zvinodiwa nevagari venzvimbo, ukuwo uchiwedzera kugadzikana mumubatanidzwa.
Nenzira imwechete iyo nyika dziri muUnited States dzinoonekwa semarabhoritari ezvematongerwo enyika yenyika yose, mutemo wakasarudzika muNigeria unopa masimba kumatunhu, kukurudzira pfungwa nyowani, uye kubatsira mukupinzwa kwemazano aya uye hutsva hutsva mukati medunhu rega kana. state. Hutsva hutsva kana marongero kubva kumatunhu kana nyika zvinogona kudzokororwa kune dzimwe nyika isati yave mutemo wemubatanidzwa.
mhedziso
Mukupedzisa, rudzi urwu rwehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hune zvikomborero zvakawanda, zviviri zvacho zvinobuda pachena. Chekutanga, hurongwa hwehurumende hwakaganhurwa haungounze vagari vemo pedyo nezvematongerwo enyika nezvematongerwo enyika pedyo nevagari, uye zvakare huchachinja pfungwa dzekurwisana kwemarudzi uye kukwikwidzana pamusoro pesimba kubva pakati kuenda kumatunhu. Chechipiri, kuendesa matunhu kunosimudzira kukura kwehupfumi uye kugadzikana munyika yese, kunyanya kana hutsva hutsva uye marongero kubva kune imwe nyika kana dunhu zvinodzokororwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika.
Munyori, Dr. Basil Ugorji, ndiye Mutungamiriri uye CEO weInternational Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation. Akawana Ph.D. muKuongorora Kukakavadzana uye Kugadzirisa kubva kuDhipatimendi reKugadzirisa Kugadzirisa Zvidzidzo, Koreji yeUnyanzvi, Hunhu uye Sayenzi Yemagariro, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
