Zvinyorwa Zvichangobva Kuwanikwa zveKuuraya kweArmenian
Armenian Genocide
Mharidzo yeKuunganidzwa Kwakasarudzika kweOttoman Documents yeMatenadaran Nezvekuurayiwa kwevaArmenia naVera Sahakyan, Ph.D. Mudzidzi, Junior Researcher, "Matenadaran" Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, Armenia, Yerevan.
Q&A chikamu naVera Sahakyan, Ph.D. Mudzidzi, Junior Researcher, ”Matenadaran” Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, Armenia, Yerevan, uye Yustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi, Senior Lecturer, Head of Center for Urban Studies, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Indonesia. Misoro: Yakasarudzika Kuunganidzwa kweOttoman Zvinyorwa zveMatenadaran Nezvekuurayiwa kwevaArmenia. Kodzero yeKudzorera Chirongwa cheVakabatwa neKusawirirana: Nyaya Yechidzidzo cheKuedza-Kuvaka Runyararo mukati mePost-Conflict Ambon.
Hurukuro inoremekedzwa yakapihwa muna Gumiguru 31, 2018 pa5th Annual International Conference pamusoro peEthnic and Religious Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding yakaitwa neInternational Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation paQueens College, City University yeNew York, pamwe chete neCentre for Ethnic, Rudzi uye Kunzwisisa Kwechitendero (CERRU).
ngovepo
Iyo Armenian Genocide ye1915-16 yakarongwa neOttoman Empire yakakurukurwa kwenguva refu zvisinei nekuti haisati yazivikanwa neRepublic of Turkey. Kunyangwe kurambwa kwekuuraya rudzi inzira yekupara mhosva nyowani nedzimwe nyika nevasiri vehurumende, humbowo nehumbowo huripo maererano neArmenian Genocide zviri kudzikiswa. Ichi chinyorwa chine chinangwa chekuongorora zvinyorwa zvitsva uye humbowo hwekusimbisa chirevo chekuziva zviitiko zve1915-16 sechiitiko chekuuraya. Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora magwaro eOttoman akachengetwa kuMatenadaran's archives uye haana kumbobvira aongororwa. Chimwe chazvo uchapupu hwakasiyana-siyana hwekuraira kwakananga kudzinga maArmenia kubva mudzimba dzavo uye kugadzirisa vapoteri veTurkey mudzimba dzeArmenia. Panyaya iyi, mamwe magwaro akaongororwa panguva imwe chete, zvichiratidza kuti kutama kwakarongeka kweOttoman Armenians kwaiitirwa kuve kuurayiwa kwemaune uye kwakarongwa.
ziviso
Ichokwadi chisingarambiki uye nhoroondo yakanyorwa kuti muna 1915-16 vanhu veArmenian vaigara muOttoman Empire vakaurayiwa. Kana hurumende yemazuva ano yeTurkey ikaramba mhosva yakaitwa makore anopfuura zana apfuura, inova mubatsiri kune mhosva. Kana munhu kana nyika ikatadza kutambira mhosva yavakapara, dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira dzinoda kupindira. Idzi ndidzo nyika dzinonyanya kukoshesa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kudzivirira kwavo kunova chivimbiso cherunyararo. Zvakaitika muna 1915-1916 muOttoman Turkey zvinofanirwa kunyorwa semhosva yekuuraya vanhu pasi pemhosva, nekuti zvinoenderana nezvose zvinyorwa zveConvention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Muchokwadi, Raphael Lemkin akanyora tsananguro yezwi rekuti "genocide" achifunga nezve mhosva uye kutyorwa kwakaitwa neOttoman Turkey mu1915 (Auron, 2003, p. 9). Nokudaro, nzira dzinokurudzira kudzivirirwa kwemhosva dzakaparwa vanhu, uye kuitika kwadzo mune ramangwana pamwe chete nekugadzirisa runyararo dzinofanirwa kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekushorwa kwemhosva dzakapfuura.
Nyaya yeongororo iyi igwaro rehurumende reOttoman rine mapeji matatu (f.3). Gwaro racho rakanyorwa neTurkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs uye rakatumirwa kudhipatimendi rechipiri rinotarisira pfuma yakasiiwa semushumo une ruzivo pamusoro pekudzingwa kwemwedzi mitatu (kubva May 25 kusvika August 12) (f.3). Inosanganisira ruzivo pamusoro pemirairo yakawanda, sangano rekutapwa kweArmenians, nzira yekudzingwa, uye migwagwa iyo maArmenians akadzingwa. Uyezve, ine ruzivo nezvechinangwa chezviito izvi, mabasa evakuru panguva yekudzingwa, zvinoreva kuti Humambo hweOttoman hwakashandiswa kuronga kushandiswa kwemidziyo yeArmenia, pamwe neruzivo nezve maitiro eTurkification yeArmenians kuburikidza nekugovera vana veArmenian. kumhuri dzeTurkey uye kuvashandura kuva chitendero cheIslam (f.3).
Icho chidimbu chakasarudzika, sezvo chine maodha akange asati amboverengerwa mune mamwe magwaro. Kunyanya, ine ruzivo rwechirongwa chekugadzirisa vanhu veTurkey mudzimba dzeArmenian vakatama nekuda kweHondo yeBalkan. Iri ndiro gwaro rekutanga repamutemo kubva kuOttoman Empire rinotaura zviri pamutemo chero zvatakaziva kweanopfuura zana ramakore. Heino imwe yemirairo yakasarudzika:
12 Chivabvu 331 (Chivabvu 25, 1915), Cryptogram: Mushure mekutapudzwa kweArmenian [misha], nhamba yevanhu nemazita emisha anofanira kuziviswa zvishoma nezvishoma. Nzvimbo dzakagarwa dzeArmenian dzinofanirwa kugariswa patsva nevaMuslim vanotama, mapoka avo ari muAnkara neKonya. Kubva kuKonya, vanofanira kutumirwa kuAdana neDiarbekir (Tigranakert) uye kubva kuAnkara kuenda kuSivas (Sebastia), Kesariya (Kayseri) uye Mamuret-ul Aziz (Mezire, Harput). Nechinangwa ichocho chakakosha, vatorwa vanotorwa vanofanira kutumirwa kunzvimbo dzataurwa. Panguva yekugamuchira murairo uyu, vanotama kubva kumatunhu ataurwa pamusoro apa vanofanira kufamba nenzira uye nzira dzataurwa. Neizvi, tinozivisa kuitika kwayo. (f.3)
Kana tikabvunza vanhu vakapona pakuurayiwa kwevanhu kana kuti vakaverenga zvinyorwa zvavo (Svazlian, 1995), tichauya neuchapupu hwakawanda hwakanyorwa nenzira imwe chete, sekuti vaitisundidzira, vachitidzinga, vachititorera vana vedu nechisimba, vachitibira. vanasikana vedu, tichipa nzvimbo dzedu dzokugara kuvatami vechiMuslim. Uhwu humbowo hunobva kuchapupu, chokwadi chakanyorwa mundangariro icho chakatamiswa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa kuburikidza nehurukuro pamwe chete nekurangarira kwemajini. Aya magwaro ndiwo chete humbowo hwepamutemo hune chekuita neKupondwa kwerudzi rweArmenia. Rimwe gwaro rakaongororwa kubva kuMatenadaran ndiro cryptogram pamusoro pekutsiva kwevaArmenian (yemusi wa12 Chivabvu, 1915 uye 25 Chivabvu, 1915 mukarenda yaGregory).
Nokudaro, zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo. MaArmenians aifanira kubva mumaawa maviri chete mushure mekuzivisa mutemo wekutsiva. Naizvozvo, kana mwana akarara anofanira kumutswa, kana mukadzi achisununguka aifanira kutora nzira uye kana mwana muduku akanga achishambira murwizi, amai vaifanira kuenda vasina kumirira mwana wavo.
Zvinoenderana nekuraira uku, imwe nzvimbo, musasa kana gwara harina kutaurwa panguva yekudzinga maArmenians. Vamwe vaongorori vanotaura kuti chirongwa chaicho hachina kuwanikwa pachiri kuongorora zvinyorwa zvine chekuita neKuuraya kweArmenia. Nekudaro, imwe chirongwa chiripo chine ruzivo nezve kutamiswa kwevaArmenia kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe pamwe nemirairo yekuvapa chikafu, pekugara, mishonga uye zvimwe zvakakosha pavanenge vachivadzinga. Kuti uende kunzvimbo B inodiwa X nguva, inonzwisisika uye muviri wemunhu unokwanisa kurarama. Hakuna mutungamiriri akadaro zvakare. Vanhu vaibudiswa mudzimba dzavo chaimo, vachidzingwa zvisina tsarukano, nzira dzemigwagwa dzaichinjwa nguva nenguva sezvo vakanga vasina kwavaienda. Chimwe chinangwa chaiva chokuparadza uye kufa kwevanhu kuburikidza nekudzingirira uye kutambudza. Zvichienderana nekudzingwa, hurumende yeTurkey yakanyoresa nechinangwa chehurongwa hwehurongwa, kuitira kuti mushure mekudzingwa kwevaArmenia, komiti yevagari vemo "iskan ve asayiş müdüriyeti" vakwanise kugarisa vatami veTurkey zviri nyore.
Nezvevadiki, avo vaisungirwa kuve Turkified, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti vaisabvumidzwa kuenda nevabereki vavo. Kwakanga kune makumi ezviuru zvenherera dzeArmenia dzaichema mudzimba dzevabereki dzisina chinhu uye pasi pekunetseka kwepfungwa (Svazlian, 1995).
Nezvevana veArmenian, muunganidzwa weMatenadaran une Cryptogram (29 June, 331 inova Chikunguru 12, 1915, Cryptogram-telegraph (şifre)). “Zvinogoneka kuti vamwe vana vanogona kuramba vari vapenyu munzira yekudzingwa nekudzingwa. Nechinangwa chokuadzidzisa nokuvadzidzisa, anofanira kuendeswa kumataundi nemisha yakadaro ine mari, mumhuri dzevanhu vanozivikanwa zvikuru uko kusingagari vanhu vokuArmenia….” (f.3).
Kubva kuOttoman archive gwaro (yaGunyana 17, 1915) takaona kuti kubva pakati peAnkara 733 (mazana manomwe nemakumi matatu nenhatu) vakadzi nevana vechiArmenian vakadzingwa kuEskişehir, kubva kuKalecik 257, uye kubva kuKeskin 1,169 (DH.EUM) 2. Şb) Izvi zvinoreva kuti vana vemhuri idzi vakave nherera chose. Kunzvimbo dzakadai seKalecik neKeskin, dzine nzvimbo duku zvikuru, vana 1,426 2 vakawandisa. Maererano negwaro rimwe chete, takaona kuti vana vataurwa vakagoverwa kumasangano echiIslam (DH.EUM. 2011. Şb)). Tinofanira kutaura kuti gwaro rataurwa rinosanganisira ruzivo rwevana vane makore ari pasi pemakore mashanu tichifunga kuti chirongwa cheTurkification chevana veArmenian chakanyorerwa vana vari pasi pemakore mashanu (Raymond, XNUMX). Murangariro weurongwa uhwu kwaiva kunetseka kuti vana vakura kupfuura vashanu vacharangarira udzame hwemhosva yacho mune ramangwana. Nokudaro, vaArmenia vakanga vasina vana, vasina pokugara, vachitambura mundangariro nomumuviri. Izvi zvinofanira kutsoropodzwa semhosva kuvanhu. Kuratidza zvakazarurwa izvi zvichangoburwa, pane ino chiitiko tinodzokorora kubva kune imwe waya yeBazi reZviri mukati, zvakare kubva muunganidzwa weMatenadaran.
15 Chikunguru 1915 (1915 Chikunguru 28). Tsamba yehurumende: “Kubva pakutanga chaipo muUmambo hweOttoman misha inogarwa nevaMuslim yakanga iri miduku uye yakasarira shure nemhaka yokuva kure nebudiriro. Izvi zvinopesana nechinzvimbo chedu chikuru maererano nehuwandu hwevaMuslim hunofanira kuwanzwa uye kuwedzera. Hunyanzvi hwevatengesi pamwe nehunyanzvi hunofanira kuvandudzwa. Nokudaro, zvakakosha kugadzirisa misha yeArmenia yakasunungurwa nevagari vane, iyo yaimbova nezana kusvika kune zana nemakumi mashanu edzimba. Nyorera nekukurumidza: Mushure mekugara kwavo, misha icharamba isina vanhu kuti vanyorese kuitira kuti vazogariswa patsva nevatorwa vechiMuslim nemadzinza (f.3).
Saka rudzii rwehurongwa hwaivepo hwekuitwa kwendima yataurwa pamusoro apa? Paimbove nenzvimbo yakakosha muHumambo hweOttoman yainzi "Deportation uye Resettlement Directorate." Mukati moKupondwa kwamarudzi, sangano rakanga rabatira pamwe nokutumwa kwezvivako zvisina mwene. Yakanga yashandisa kunyoreswa kwedzimba dzeArmenia uye yakanyora mazita anoenderana. Saka hechino chikonzero chikuru chekudzingwa kwevaArmenia somugumisiro wekuti rudzi rwose rwakaparadzwa mumagwenga. Nokudaro, muenzaniso wokutanga wokudzingwa wakaitwa muna April 1915 uye gwaro richangoburwa, riripo, nderomusi waOctober 22, 1915. Pakupedzisira, rini rakanga riri mavambo kana kuti kuguma kwokudzingwa kana kuti chii chakanga chiri mugumo?
Hapana kujeka. Chinhu chimwe chete chinozivikanwa kuti vanhu vaigara vachityairwa, vachichinja mafambiro avo, huwandu hwemapoka uye kunyange nhengo dzeboka: vasikana vadiki zvakasiyana, vakuru, vana, vana vari pasi pemakore mashanu, boka rega rega. Uye vari munzira, vaigara vachimanikidzwa kutendeuka.
Gwaro repachivande rakasainwa naTalyat Pasha, remusi wa22 Gumiguru, rakatumirwa kumatunhu makumi maviri nematanhatu neruzivo rwunotevera: "Talyat inoraira kana paine nyaya dzekutendeuka mushure mekudzingwa, kana zvikumbiro zvavo zvabvumwa kubva kudzimbahwe, kutamiswa kwavo kunofanirwa kubviswa. uye kana zvinhu zvavo zvatopiwa kune mumwe mutorwa zvinofanira kudzorerwa kumuridzi wepakutanga. Kutendeuka kwevanhu vakadaro kunogamuchirwa” (DH. ŞFR, 26).
Saka, izvi zvinoratidza kuti nzira dzekutora dzehurumende dzevagari veArmenia muHumambo hweOttoman dzakashandiswa kare kupfuura Turkey yaizokweverwa muhondo. Zviito zvakadaro zvaiitirwa vagari vomuArmenia zvaiva uchapupu hwokutyora mutemo mukuru wenyika yacho sezvakatsanangurwa muBumbiro reMitemo. Muchiitiko ichi, magwaro ekutanga eHumambo hweOttoman anogona kunge asina kupokana uye humbowo hwechokwadi hwekugadzirisa kwekodzero dzakatsikwa-tsikwa dzevaArmenian vakaurayiwa.
mhedziso
Zvinyorwa zvitsva-zvichangobva kuwanikwa humbowo hwakavimbika maererano neruzivo rweKuuraya kweArmenian. Zvinosanganisira murayiro wevakuru vakuru vehurumende veOttoman Empire wokudzinga vanhu vokuArmenia, kuvatorera zvinhu zvavo, kutendeutsa vana vechiArmenia kuva chiIslam, uye pakupedzisira kuvatsakatisa. Ndihwo humbowo hwekuti chirongwa chekuuraya rudzi chakarongwa kare Humambo hweOttoman husati hwapinda muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Yakanga iri hurongwa hwepamutemo hwakanyorwa padanho rehurumende kutsakatisa vanhu veArmenia, kuparadza nyika yavo yenhoroondo uye kuvatorera zvinhu zvavo. Nyika dzakabudirira dzinofanirwa kutsigira kushorwa kwekuramba chero zviito zvekuparadza rudzi. Naizvozvo, nekuburitswa kwemushumo uyu, ndinoda kuve nehanya nenyanzvi dzemitemo yepasi rose kuti vakurudzire kushorwa kwemarudzi uye runyararo rwepasi rose.
Nzira inonyanya kushanda yekudzivirira kuurayiwa kwemarudzi ndiyo chirango chenyika dzinouraya. Mukukudza kurangarira kwevakapondwa, ndinoshevedzera kushorwa kwerusarura kuvanhu zvisinei nerudzi rwavo, nyika, chitendero uye hunhu hwavo.
Hapana kuurayiwa kwevanhu, hapana hondo.
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