Kusawirirana Kwemarudzi Nezvitendero: Mabatiro Atingaita
ziviso
Ndinoda kukutendai nemoyo wese nekuvapo kwenyu, kukoshesa zvikuru neBhodi reICERM neni. Ndinotenda shamwari yangu, Basil Ugorji, nekuzvipira kwake kuICERM uye nerubatsiro rwenguva dzose, kunyanya kunhengo itsva seni. Kutungamira kwake kuburikidza nekuita kwakandibvumira kuti ndibatane nechikwata. Nekuda kwaizvozvo, ndinotenda zvikuru uye ndinofara kuva nhengo yeICERM.
Pfungwa yangu ndeyekugovera dzimwe pfungwa pamusoro pemakakatanwa emarudzi neezvitendero: maitikiro azvinoita uye magadzirisirwo azvo zvinobudirira. Panyaya iyi, ndichatarisa nyaya mbiri dzakananga: India neCôte d'Ivoire.
Tiri kurarama munyika yatinosangana nematambudziko mazuva ose, mamwe acho achiwedzera kuva kurwisana kunotyisa. Zviitiko zvakadaro zvinokonzera kutambura kwevanhu uye zvinosiya migumisiro yakawanda, kusanganisira rufu, kukuvara, uye PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder).
Mamiriro emakakatanwa aya anosiyana maererano nemamiriro ehupfumi, mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza (kunyanya nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezviwanikwa), kunetsana kunoenderana nekuzivikanwa kwakadai serudzi, dzinza, chitendero, kana tsika nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Pakati pawo, kurwisana kwemadzinza nezvitendero kwakaitika kare kwakaita kuti pave nemakakatanwa emhirizhonga, anoti: Kuurayiwa kwevaTutsi muna 1994 muRwanda kwakauraya vanhu 800,000 1995 (kunobva: Marijke Verpoorten); hondo ya8,000 yeSrebenica, yaimbova Yugoslavia yakauraya vaMuslim 1988 XNUMX (kunobva: TPIY); gakava rechitendero muXinjiang pakati pevaMuslim vechiUighurs naHans vachitsigirwa nehurumende yeChina; kutambudzwa kwenharaunda dzeIraki Kurdish muna XNUMX (kushandiswa kwe gaz kurwisa vanhu vekuKurdish muguta reHalabja (mabviro: https://www.usherbrooke.ca/); uye kusawirirana kwechitendero muIndia…, kungotaura zvishoma.
Makakatanwa aya zvakare akaomarara uye anonetsa kugadzirisa, tichitora semuenzaniso, kurwisana kweArab neIsrael kuMiddle East, inova imwe yemakakatanwa akarebesa uye akaoma kunzwisisa pasi rose.
Makakatanwa akadai anogara kwenguva yakati rebei nokuti akadzika midzi munhoroondo dzemadzitateguru; vanogarwa nhaka uye vanokurudzirwa zvikuru kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kusvika kumagumo. Zvinogona kutora nguva refu vanhu vasati vabvumirana kuenderera mberi nemitoro uye makaro kubva kare.
Kazhinji yenguva, vamwe vezvematongerwo enyika vanoshandisa chitendero uye dzinza semidziyo yekunyengedza. Vezvematongerwo enyika ava vanonzi vezvemabhizimusi ezvematongerwo enyika vanoshandisa imwe nzira yekushandisa pfungwa uye kutyisidzira vanhu nekuita kuti vanzwe kuti pane kutyisidzira kwavari kana boka ravo chairo. Nzira chete yekubuda nayo ndeyekuita uchiita kuti maitiro avo aite senge kurwira kurarama (kwakabva: François Thual, 1995).
Nyaya yeIndia (Christophe Jaffrelot, 2003)
Muna 2002, nyika yeGujarat yakasangana nemhirizhonga pakati pevaHindu vazhinji (89%) nevashoma vechiMuslim (10%). Mhirizhonga yezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana yakanga ichidzokororwa, uye ndingati yakatove yakarongeka muIndia. Ongororo yakaitwa naJaffrelot inoratidza kuti, kazhinji, mhirizhonga inoitika pamberi pesarudzo nekuda kwekumanikidzana kwakanyanya pakati pemapoka ezvitendero, ezvematongerwo enyika, uye hazvishande kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vanyengetedze vavhoti nenharo dzechitendero. Mukukonana ikoko, maMuslim anoonekwa sechikamu chechishanu (vatengesi) kubva mukati, vanotyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwemaHindu uku vachiwirirana nePakistan. Kune rimwe divi, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika anoparadzira mameseji anopikisa maMuslim uye nekudaro vanogadzira bato renyika rinoshandiswa kubatsira kwavo panguva yesarudzo. Kwete chete kuti mapato ezvematongerwo enyika anofanira kupomerwa mhosva yemamiriro akadai nekuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende ndivo vane mhosva. Murudzi urwu rwemakakatanwa, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotamburira kuchengeta mufungo wavo, nokudaro vachitsigira namaune vazhinji vechiHindu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kupindira kwemapurisa nemauto panguva yemhirizhonga kudiki uye kunonoka uye dzimwe nguva kunoratidza kunonoka mushure mekuputika uye kukuvara kwakanyanya.
Kune vamwe vanhu vechiHindu, mhirizhonga iyi mikana yekutsiva maMuslim, dzimwe nguva vakapfuma kwazvo uye vanoonekwa sevadzvanyiriri vevaHindu veko.
Nyaya yeIvory Coast (Phillipe Hugon, 2003)
Nyaya yechipiri yandiri kuda kukurukura ndeye gakava riri muCôte d'Ivoire kubva muna 2002 kusvika 2011. Ndakanga ndiri mubatsiri wehurumende apo hurumende nevapanduki vakasaina chibvumirano cherunyararo muOuagadougou musi wa4 Kurume 2007.
Kunetsana uku kwakatsanangurwa sekurwisana pakati peMuslim Dioulas wekuChamhembe nemaKristu anobva kuMaodzanyemba. Kwemakore matanhatu (2002-2007), nyika yakakamurwa kuChamhembe, yakagarwa nevapanduki vachitsigirwa neNorthern population neSouth, vachidzorwa nehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo kurwisana kunoratidzika sekurwisana kwechitendero, zvakakosha kuti tiratidze kuti hazvisizvo.
Pakutanga dambudziko rakatanga muna 1993 pakafa aimbove Mutungamiriri Félix Houphouët Boigny. Mutungamiriri wake Alassane Ouattara aida kumutsiva, achitaura nezvebumbiro, asi hazvina kuitika nenzira yaakaronga, uye akatsiviwa nemutungamiri weparamende, Henry Konan Bédié.
Bédié akazoronga sarudzo makore maviri gare gare, muna 1995, asi Alassane Ouattara akabviswa mumakwikwi (nemanomano emutemo…).
Makore matanhatu gare gare, muna 1999 Bédié akadzingwa mukupidigura kwakatungamirwa nemasoja madiki ekuNorthern akavimbika kuna Alassane Ouattara. Zviitiko izvi zvakateverwa nesarudzo dzakarongwa muna 2000 nema putschists, uye Alassane Ouattara akabviswa zvakare, achibvumira Laurent Gbagbo kukunda sarudzo.
Mushure mezvo, muna 2002, pakava nekupandukira Gbagbo, uye chishuvo chikuru chevapanduki kwaive kuiswa kwavo muhurongwa hwegutsaruzhinji. Vakabudirira kumanikidza hurumende kuronga sarudzo muna 2011 umo Alassane Ouattara akabvumidzwa kutora chikamu semumiriri uye akazokunda.
Muchiitiko ichi, kutsvaga simba rezvematongerwo enyika ndiko kwakakonzera kurwisana kwakashanduka kuita chimurenga chezvombo uye chakauraya vanhu vanopfuura 10,000 XNUMX. Pamusoro pezvo, dzinza nechitendero zvaingoshandiswa kugonesa varwi, kunyanya avo vari kumaruwa, vakadzidza vakaderera.
Mumakakatanwa mazhinji emadzinza nezvitendero, kushandiswa kwemarudzi uye kusawirirana kwezvitendero chinhu chekushambadzira pabasa revamabhizimusi vezvematongerwo enyika vaine chinangwa chekuunganidza varwiri, varwi, uye zviwanikwa. Ivo, nokudaro, ndivo vanosarudza kuti ndeupi chiyero chavanounza mukutamba kuti vazadzikise zvinangwa zvavo.
Chii Chatingaita?
Vatungamiri venharaunda vadzokera mugwara munzvimbo dzakawanda zvichitevera kukundikana kwevatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi zvakanaka. Zvisinei, kuchine nzira refu yekuvaka kuvimba uye kuvimba pakati pevagari vemo, uye chimwe chezvinetso kushaikwa kwevashandi vanokwanisa kugadzirisa nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana.
Chero ani zvake anogona kuve mutungamiri munguva dzakagadzikana, asi zvinosuwisa, nekuda kwematambudziko akawanda ari kuitika nguva nenguva, zvakakosha kusarudza vatungamiriri vanokwanisa venharaunda nenyika. Vatungamiri vanogona kuita basa ravo nemazvo.
mhedziso
Ndinoziva kuti iyi thesis iri pasi pekushoropodzwa kwakawanda, asi ini ndinongoda kuti tirambe tichifunga izvi: zvinokurudzira mukukonana hazvisi izvo zvinoonekwa pakutanga. Tingatofanira kuchera zvakadzama tisati tanzwisisa kuti chii chinonyatsokuchidzira kurwisana. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kurwisana kwezvitendero kunongoshandiswa kuvhara zvimwe zvinangwa zvezvematongerwe enyika uye mapurogiramu.
Zvino ibasa redu sevanhu vanoita runyararo kuona mukukonana kumwe chete kuti vatambi vari kubuda ndivanaani uye zvavanofarira. Kunyangwe izvo zvingasava nyore, zvakakosha kuti urambe uchidzidzisa uye kugovana ruzivo nevatungamiriri venharaunda kudzivirira kusawirirana (mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka) kana kugadzirisa kwavanenge vatowedzera.
Pachinyorwa ichocho, ndinotenda ICERM, International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation, inzira yakanaka kwazvo yekutibatsira kuwana budiriro nekuunza nyanzvi, vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika nevenharaunda kuti vagovane ruzivo uye ruzivo.
Ndinokutendai nekuteerera kwenyu, uye ndinovimba ichi chichava hwaro hwenhaurirano dzedu. Uye ndinotenda zvakare nekundigamuchira muchikwata uye nekunditendera kuti ndive chikamu cherwendo urwu runoshamisa sevadzivisi verunyararo.
Nezve mutauri
Yacouba Isaac Zida aive mukuru mukuru wemauto eBurkina Faso pachinzvimbo cheGeneral.
Akadzidziswa munyika dzakawanda dzinosanganisira Morocco, Cameroon, Taiwan, France, neCanada. Aivewo mutori wechikamu muchirongwa cheJoint Special Operations paYunivhesiti muTampa, Florida, United States.
Mushure mekumukira kwevanhu muBurkina Faso muna Gumiguru 2014, VaZida vakagadzwa nemauto seMutungamiriri weNyika weBurkina Faso wenguva pfupi kuti atungamirire kubvunzana kwakazoita kuti pagadzwe munhuwo zvake semutungamiri weshanduko. VaZida vakabva vagadzwa seMutungamiriri wehurumende muna Mbudzi 2014 nehurumende yekuchinja kwevanhu.
Akasiya chigaro muna Zvita 2015 mushure mekuita sarudzo dzakasununguka dzakaitwa neBurkina Faso. Kubva munaFebruary 2016 Mr. Zida vave vachigara muOttawa, Canada, nemhuri yavo. Akafunga kudzokera kuchikoro kuPh.D. mukukonana Zvidzidzo. Zvido zvake zvekutsvagisa zvakatarisana nehugandanga mudunhu reSahel.
