Kuongorora Hukama pakati peGross Domestic Product (GDP) uye Rufu Rufu rwunobva kuEthno-Religious Conflicts muNigeria.
Abstract:
Iri bepa rinoongorora hukama huripo pakati peGross Domestic Product (GDP) nehuwandu hwevakafa hunokonzerwa nemakakatanwa echitendero muNigeria. Inoongorora kuti kuwedzera kwekukura kwehupfumi kunowedzera sei kukakavadzana kwechitendero, asi kuderera kwekukura kwehupfumi kunobatanidzwa nekuderedza kupesana kwechitendero. Kuti tiwane hukama hwakakosha pakati pekukakavadzana kwechitendero uye kukura kwehupfumi hweNigeria, bepa rino rinotora nzira yekutsvagisa yehuwandu uchishandisa Correlation pakati peGDP nehuwandu hwevakafa. Dhata pamusoro pekufa kwakawanikwa kubva kuNigeria Security Tracker kuburikidza neKanzuru yeKune dzimwe nyika; GDP data yakaunganidzwa kuburikidza neWorld Bank uye Trading Economics. Iyi data yakaunganidzwa kwemakore 2011 kusvika 2019. Migumisiro yakawanikwa inoratidza kuti ethno-religious mhirizhonga muNigeria ine hukama hukuru hwakanaka mukukura kwehupfumi; nokudaro, nzvimbo dzine hurombo hwakanyanya dzinowanzokonzera kukakavara kwechitendero. Humbowo hwekudyidzana kwakanaka pakati peGDP nehuwandu hwevakafa mukutsvagisa uku hunoratidza kuti kumwe kutsvagisa kunogona kuitwa kutsvaga mhinduro dzezviitiko izvi.
Dhaunirodha Ichi Chinyorwa
Yakanongedzwa Kuongorora:
Marafa, YA (2022). Kuongorora hukama huripo pakati pechigadzirwa chemumba (GDP) uye nhamba yevakafa inokonzerwa nemakakatanwa echitendero muNigeria. Nyaya Yekugara Pamwe Chete, 7(1), 58-69.
Ruzivo rweChinyorwa:
@Chinyorwa{Marafa2022}
Title = {Kuongorora Hukama huri pakati peGross Domestic Product (GDP) uye Rufu Rwakabva kuEthno-Religious Conflicts muNigeria}
Munyori = {Yusuf Adam Marafa}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/examining-the-relationship-between-gross-domestic-product-gdp-and-the-death-toll-resulting-from-ethno-religious-conflicts-in-nigeria/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Dhinda); 2373-6631 (Pamhepo)}
Gore = {2022}
Zuva = {2022-12-18}
Journal = {Journal of Kugara Pamwe Chete}
Vhoriyamu = {7}
Nhamba = {1}
Mapeji = {58-69}
Muparidzi = {International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Kero = {White Plains, New York}
Edition = {2022}.
ziviso
Nyika zhinji dziri kupinda mumakakatanwa akasiyana siyana, uye kuNigeria, kukakavara kwezvitendero kwakakonzera kuparadzwa kwehurongwa hwehupfumi hwenyika. Kusimukira kwehupfumi hwevanhu veNigerian kwave kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nekukakavadzana kwechitendero. Kurasikirwa nehupenyu hwevanhu vasina mhosva kunobatsira mukusasimba kwehupfumi hwenyika kuburikidza nekudyara kushoma kwekunze izvo zvinogona kukurudzira hupfumi hwenyika (Genyi, 2017). Saizvozvowo, mamwe mativi eNigeria ave ari mukurwisana kukuru nemhaka yourombo; nokudaro, kusagadzikana kwehupfumi kunokonzera mhirizhonga munyika. Nyika yasangana nemamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa nekuda kwemakakatanwa ezvitendero aya, ayo anokanganisa runyararo, kugadzikana, uye kuchengeteka.
Kusawirirana kwezvitendero munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai seGhana, Niger, Djibouti, neCôte d'Ivoire, kwakanganisa magariro avo eupfumi. Ongororo yakaratidza kuti kunetsana ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekusasimukira munyika dzichiri kusimukira (Iyoboyi, 2014). Nekudaro, Nigeria ndeimwe yenyika idzo dzinotarisana nenhau dzakasimba dzezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nekupatsanurana kwemarudzi, zvitendero, uye matunhu. Nigeria iri pakati pedzimwe nyika dzakakamukana zvikuru pasi rose maererano nedzinza nechitendero, uye ine nhoroondo refu yekusagadzikana uye kunetsana kwezvitendero. Nigeria yave iri musha wemapoka emarudzi akawanda kubva panguva yekuzvitonga kwayo muna 1960; angangoita 400 madzinza anogara imomo pamwe nemapoka ezvitendero akati wandei (Gamba, 2019). Vanhu vakawanda vanoti sezvo kusawirirana kwezvitendero muNigeria kuri kudzikira, hupfumi hwenyika huchawedzera. Zvisinei, kunyatsoongorora kunoratidza kuti zvose zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanyatsoenderana kune mumwe nemumwe. Iri bepa rinoongorora hukama huri pakati pemamiriro ezvehupfumi nemagariro eNigeria uye kukakavara kwechitendero kunoguma nekufa kwevagari vasina mhosva.
Zvinhu zviviri zvakadzidzwa mubepa iri zvaive Gross Domestic Product (GDP) neDeath Toll. Gross Domestic Product ndiyo mari izere kana kukosha kwemusika wezvinhu kana masevhisi anogadzirwa nehupfumi hwenyika kwegore rimwe. Inoshandiswa pasi rese kuratidza hutano hwehupfumi hwenyika (Bondarenko, 2017). Nekune rimwe divi, nhamba yevakafa inoreva "nhamba yevanhu vanofa nekuda kwechiitiko chakadai sehondo kana tsaona" (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020). Nokudaro, bepa rino rakakurukura nezvehuwandu hwevakafa hunokonzerwa nekukakavadzana kwechitendero muNigeria, apo ichiongorora hukama hwayo nekukura kwehupfumi hwevanhu.
Zvinyorwa Zvitsva
Ethnicity and Ethno-Religious Conflicts muNigeria
Kunetsana kwechitendero kwave kutarisana neNigeria kubva muna 1960 kunoramba kusingadzoreki sezvo huwandu hwerufu hwevanhu vasina mhosva hunowedzera. Nyika ine kusachengeteka kwakawedzera, urombo hwakanyanyisa, uye mwero wakakwirira wokushaikwa kwemabasa; nekudaro, nyika iri kure nekuwana budiriro yehupfumi (Gamba, 2019). Kupokana kweEthno-rechitendero kune mutengo wakakura kuhupfumi hweNigeria sezvavanobatsira mukushanduka, kuparara, uye kupararira kwehupfumi (Çancı & Odukoya, 2016).
Ethnic identity ndiyo inonyanya kupesvedzera chitupa chekuzivikanwa muNigeria, uye mapoka makuru emadzinza ndeaIgbo anogara kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, maYoruba kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, uye Hausa-Fulani kuchamhembe. Kugovewa kwemarudzi akawanda kune chekuita nekuita sarudzo dzehurumende sezvo zvematongerwo enyika zvine basa rakakosha mukusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika (Gamba, 2019). Zvisinei, mapoka ezvitendero ari kukonzera matambudziko akawanda kupfuura mapoka emadzinza. Zvitendero zvikuru zviviri iIslam kuchamhembe uye chiKristu kumaodzanyemba. Genyi (2017) akasimbisa kuti "kukosha kwemadzinza nechitendero kuzivikanwa mune zvematongerwo enyika uye nhaurirano yenyika muNigeria kwakaramba kuri pachena pamatanho ese munhoroondo yenyika" (p. 137). Semuenzaniso, varwi vari kuchamhembe vanoda kushandisa hutongi hwechiIslam hunoita dudziro huru yeIslam. Nekudaro, shanduko yekurima uye kugadziridzwa kwehutongi kunogona kugamuchira vimbiso yekufambisira mberi hukama hwemarudzi uye hukama hwezvitendero (Genyi, 2017).
Hukama pakati peEthno-Religious Conflicts uye Economic Kukura muNigeria
John Smith Achaunza pfungwa ye "plural centric" kuti anzwisise dambudziko rechitendero (Taras & Ganguly, 2016). Pfungwa iyi yakagamuchirwa muzana ramakore rechi 17, uye JS Furnivall, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeBritain, akaivandudza zvakare (Taras & Ganguly, 2016). Nhasi, nzira iyi inotsanangura kuti nzanga yakakamurwa pakuswederana inoratidzirwa nemakwikwi ehupfumi emahara uye inoratidza kushaikwa kwehukama hwehukama. Muchiitiko ichi, chitendero chimwe kana kuti dzinza nguva dzose rinoparadzira kutya kwekutonga. Kune maonero akasiyana-siyana maererano nehukama huri pakati pekukura kwehupfumi uye kunetsana kwechitendero. MuNigeria, zvakaoma kuziva dambudziko ripi neripi redzinza risina kupera mukurwisana kwechitendero. Kusarurana kwemadzinza uye kwechitendero kuri kutungamira kurudzi, uko nhengo dzeboka rega rega rechitendero dzinoshuvira masimba pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika (Genyi, 2017). Chimwe chezvikonzero zvekukonana kwechitendero muNigeria kusashivirira kwechitendero (Ugorji, 2017). Vamwe vaMuslim havazivi kutendeseka kwechiKristu, uye vamwe vaKristu havazivi chiIslam sechitendero chiri pamutemo, izvo zvakakonzera kuenderera mberi kwekupomerwa kweboka rega rega rechitendero (Salawu, 2010).
Kushaikwa kwemabasa, chisimba, uye kusaruramisira zvinobuda nekuda kwekuwedzera kusachengeteka semugumisiro wemakakatanwa echitendero (Alegbeleye, 2014). Somuenzaniso, nepo upfumi hwenyika yose huri kuwedzera, mwero wokusawirirana munzanga uri kuwedzerawo. Vanenge mamiriyoni 18.5 vanhu vakafa pakati pe1960 ne1995 semugumisiro wekunetsana kwechitendero munyika dziri kusimukira dzeAfrica neAsia (Iyoboyi, 2014). Panyaya yeNigeria, kurwisana kwechitendero uku kunokuvadza kusimukira kwehupfumi nemagariro evanhu. Ruvengo rwakaramba rwuripo pakati pevaMuslim nemaKristu rwadzikisira goho renyika uye rwakatadzisa kubatana kwenyika (Nwaomah, 2011). Mamiriro ezvinhu ezvehupfumi munyika akonzera kunetsana kwakanyanya pakati pemaMuslim nemaKirisitu, izvo zvinopinza zvikamu zvese zvehupfumi; zvinoreva kuti matambudziko emagariro nehupfumi ndiwo ari kukonzera kunetsana kwezvitendero (Nwaomah, 2011).
Ethno-yechitendero mhirizhonga muNigeria inovhara mari yehupfumi munyika uye ndeimwe yezvikonzero zvinokonzera dambudziko rehupfumi (Nwaomah, 2011). Makakatanwa aya anokanganisa hupfumi hweNigeria nekugadzira kusachengeteka, kusavimbana, uye rusarura. Kunetsana kwezvitendero kunoderedza mukana wekudyara kwemukati nekunze (Lenshie, 2020). Kusachengeteka kunowedzera kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kusava nechokwadi kunoodza moyo mari yekunze; nokudaro, nyika inova isina budiriro youpfumi. Mhedzisiro yematambudziko echitendero yakapararira nenyika yese uye kukanganisa kugarisana kwevanhu (Ugorji, 2017).
Ethno-Religious Conflicts, Hurombo, uye Socio-Economic Development
Hupfumi hweNigeria hunonyanya kutsamira pakugadzirwa kwemafuta uye gasi. Zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana zvemari inowanikwa kunze kwenyika yeNigeria inobva mukutengeserana kwemafuta asina kuchena. Nigeria yakave nehupfumi hwehupfumi mushure mehondo yevagari vemo, iyo yakagadzirisa kusawirirana kwechitendero nekuderedza hurombo munyika (Lenshie, 2020). Hurombo hwakasiyana-siyana muNigeria sezvo vanhu vakabatanidzwa mumakakatanwa echitendero kuti vawane chouviri (Nnabuihe & Onwuzuruigbo, 2019). Urovha huri kuwedzera munyika, uye kuwedzera kwekusimudzira upfumi kungabatsira kuderedza urombo. Kuwanda kwemari kunogona kupa vagari mukana wekugara murunyararo munharaunda mavo (Iyoboyi, 2014). Izvi zvichabatsirawo mukuvaka zvikoro nezvipatara zvinozotsausa vechidiki vanorwa kuenda kubudiriro yemagariro (Olusakin, 2006).
Kune kurwisana kwechimiro chakasiyana munharaunda yese yeNigeria. Dunhu reDelta rinotarisana nekunetsana mukati memapoka emarudzi pamusoro pekutonga kwezviwanikwa (Amiara et al., 2020). Kusawirirana uku kwakanganisa kugadzikana kwematunhu uye kune kukanganisa kukuru kune vechidiki vanogara munzvimbo iyoyo. Munharaunda yekuchamhembe, kune kunetsana kwechitendero uye kukakavara kwakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekodzero yemunhu yeminda (Nnabuihe & Onwuzuruigbo, 2019). Kumaodzanyemba kwedunhu, vanhu vari kutarisana nematanho akawanda ekusarura nekuda kwehutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwemapoka mashoma (Amiara et al., 2020). Naizvozvo, urombo nesimba zvinokonzeresa kukakavara munzvimbo idzi, uye kusimukira kwehupfumi kunogona kuderedza kusawirirana uku.
Kukakavadzana kwevanhu uye zvechitendero muNigeria kunokonzerwawo nekushayikwa kwemabasa uye urombo, izvo zvine hukama hwakasimba uye zvinobatsira mukukakavadzana kwechitendero (Salawu, 2010). Chiyero chehurombo chakakwira kuchamhembe nekuda kwekukakavadzana kwechitendero nemagariro (Ugorji, 2017; Genyi, 2017). Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo dzekumaruwa dzine hutsinye hwechitendero uye hurombo, izvo zvinoita kuti mabhizinesi aende kune dzimwe nyika dzeAfrica (Etim et al., 2020). Izvi zviri kukanganisa kuwaniswa kwemabasa munyika.
Kupokana kwezvitendero zveEthno kune mhedzisiro yakaipa pakusimudzira hupfumi hweNigeria, izvo zvinoita kuti nyika isanyanya kukwezva kune mari. Kunyangwe iine matura akakura ezviwanikwa, nyika iri kushomeka mune zvehupfumi nekuda kwekuvhiringidzika kwayo mukati (Abdulkadir, 2011). Mutengo wehupfumi hwekunetsana muNigeria wakakura semugumisiro wenhoroondo refu yekunetsana kwechitendero. Pakave nekudzikira kwemaitiro ekutengeserana pakati pemarudzi pakati pemarudzi akakosha, uye kutengeserana uku ndiko kutanga kwehupenyu hwehuwandu hwevanhu (Amiara et al., 2020). Kuchamhembe kweNigeria ndiko kunonyanya kutengesa makwai, hanyanisi, bhinzi, uye matomatisi kunzvimbo dziri kumaodzanyemba kwenyika. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekukakavadzana kwechitendero, kutakurwa kwezvinhu izvi kwakaderera. Varimi vekuchamhembe vakatarisanawo nerunyerekupe rwekuti vane zvinhu zvine muchetura izvo zviri kutengeserwa vanhu vekumaodzanyemba. Zvese izvi zviitiko zvinokanganisa kutengeserana murunyararo pakati pematunhu maviri (Odoh et al., 2014).
MuNigeria mune rusununguko rwokunamata, zvinoreva kuti hamuna chitendero chikuru. Saka, kuva nemuKristu kana nyika yechiIslam hakusi rusununguko rwechitendero nekuti zvinomanikidza chitendero chakananga. Kuparadzaniswa kwehurumende nechitendero kwakakosha kuderedza kukakavara kwechitendero chemukati (Odoh et al., 2014). Nekudaro, nekuda kwekuremerwa kwevaMuslim nemaKristu munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika, rusununguko rwechitendero haruna kukwana kuve nechokwadi cherunyararo (Etim et al., 2020).
Nigeria ine zvakawanda zvakasikwa uye vanhu zviwanikwa, uye nyika ine anosvika mazana mana emadzinza (Salawu, 400). Zvakadaro, nyika yakatarisana nehuwandu hwehurombo nekuda kwekunetsana kwayo kwemukati mechitendero. Aya makakatanwa anokanganisa hupenyu hwemunhu uye anoderedza hupfumi hweNigeria. Kukakavadzana kweEthno-rechitendero kunobata chikamu chese chehupfumi, izvo zvinoita kuti zvisave nyore kuti Nigeria ive nekusimudzirwa kwehupfumi pasina kutonga kusawirirana kwevanhu uye zvechitendero (Nwaomah, 2010). Semuyenzaniso, kumukirana kwevanhu nevezvitendero kwakakanganisawo kushanya munyika. Mazuva ano, huwandu hwevashanyi vanoshanyira Nigeria hwakaderera zvakanyanya kana zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika mudunhu (Achimugu et al., 2011). Matambudziko aya akaodza moyo vechidiki ava nekuvapinza mumhirizhonga. Chiyero chekushaya mabasa kwevechidiki chiri kuwedzera nekukwira kwemakakatanwa echitendero muNigeria (Odoh et al., 2020).
Vatsvagiri vakaona kuti nekuda kwehuwandu hwevanhu, iyo yakawedzera mwero webudiriro, pane mukana wakaderedzwa wekuti nyika dzidzore kubva mukuderera kwehupfumi nekukurumidza (Audu et al., 2020). Nekudaro, kuwedzera kwemitengo yemidziyo kunogona kubatsira kwete chete kubudirira kwevanhu muNigeria, asiwo kuderedza kusawirirana. Kuita shanduko yakanaka mukusimudzira hupfumi kunogona kuderedza kukakavara pamusoro pemari, ivhu, uye zviwanikwa zvakanyanya (Achimugu et al., 2020).
Methodology
Nzira uye Nzira / Dzidziso
Chidzidzo ichi chakashandisa nzira yekutsvagisa yehuwandu, iyo Bivariate Pearson Correlation. Kunyanya, kuwirirana pakati peGross Domestic Product (GDP) uye nhamba dzerufu dzakakonzerwa nedambudziko rechitendero muNigeria rakaongororwa. Iyo 2011 kusvika 2019 Gross Domestic Product data yakaunganidzwa kubva kuTrading Economics neWorld Bank, nepo data yekufa kweNigerian nekuda kwekunetsana kwechitendero kwakaunganidzwa kubva kuNigeria Security Tracker pasi peKanzuru yeKune dzimwe nyika. Iyo data yeongororo iyi yakaunganidzwa kubva kune inovimbika yechipiri zvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa pasi rose. Kuti uwane hukama pakati pezviviri zviviri zvechidzidzo ichi, SPSS statistical analysis tool yakashandiswa.
Iyo Bivariate Pearson Correlation inogadzira sampuli yekubatanidza coefficient, r, iyo inoyera simba uye kutungamira kwehukama hwemutsara pakati pezviviri zvinoramba zvichichinja (Kent State, 2020). Izvi zvinoreva kuti mubepa rino Bivariate Pearson Correlation yakabatsira kuongorora humbowo hwehuwandu hwehukama hwemutsara pakati pezviviri zvakafanana zvezvinosiyana muhuwandu, zvinova Gross Domestic Product (GDP) neDeath Toll. Naizvozvo, kuti uwane bvunzo ine miswe miviri, iyo null hypothesis (H0) uye imwe pfungwa (H1) yekukosha bvunzo yeCorrelation inoratidzwa sezvinotevera fungidziro, kupi ρ ndiyo chiyero chehuwandu hwevanhu:
- H0: ρ= 0 inoratidza kuti coefficient yekubatanidza (Gross Domestic Product uye Death Toll) i0; zvinoreva kuti hakuna mubatanidzwa.
- H1: ρ≠ 0 inoratidza kuti coefficient yekubatanidza (Gross Domestic Product uye Death Toll) haisi 0; zvinoreva kuti pane kushamwaridzana.
Data
Tafura 1: Data zvinyorwa kubva Trading Economics/World Bank (Gross Domestic Product); Nigeria Security Tracker pasi peKanzuru yehukama hwekunze (Rufu).
Mufananidzo 1. Ethno-Chitendero Rufu Rufu neNyika muNigeria kubva 2011 kusvika 2019
Mufananidzo 2. Ethno-Chitendero Rufu Rufu neGeopolitical Zones muNigeria kubva 2011 kusvika 2019.
Results
Mhedzisiro yemhedzisiro yakaratidza kubatana kwakanaka pakati peGross Domestic Product (GDP) nehuwandu hwevakafa (APA: r(9) = 0.766, p <.05). Izvi zvinoreva kuti misiyano miviri yakanyatsoenderana kune imwe neimwe; zvisinei, kukura kwevanhu kunogona kuva nemigumisiro neimwe nzira. Nokudaro, sezvo Nigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) inowedzera, nhamba yevakafa semugumisiro wekukakavadzana kwechitendero kunowedzerawo (Ona Tafura 3). Iwo akasiyana data akaunganidzwa kwemakore 2011 kusvika 2019.
Tafura 2: Izvi zvinopa pfupiso yedata, iyo inosanganisira huwandu hwese hwezvinhu / zvinochinjika, uye chirevo uye chakajairwa kutsauka kweNigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) uye kufa kwehuwandu hwemakore akashandiswa muchidzidzo.
Tafura 3. Kuwirirana pakati peGross Domestic Product (GDP) neDeath Toll (APA: r(9) = 0.766, p <.05).
Iyi ndiyo mibairo yekubatana. Nigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) uye Death Toll data yakaverengerwa nekuongororwa pachishandiswa SPSS statistical software. Migumisiro inogona kuratidzwa se:
- Iko kuwirirana kweGross Domestic Product (GDP) nayo pachayo (r=1), uye nhamba yezvisingashaiwi zvakaonekwa zveGDP (n=9).
- Iko kuwirirana kweGDP uye Rufu Rwerufu (r=0.766), zvichibva pane n=9 zvakacherechedzwa zvine maitiro maviri asina kurasikirwa.
- Iko kuwirirana kweRufu rweKufa nayo pachayo (r = 1), uye nhamba yezvisingashaikwe zvekutarisa uremu (n = 9).
Chati 1. The scatterplot chart inoratidza kuwirirana kwakanaka pakati pezvakasiyana zviviri, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) uye Death Toll. Mitsara yakagadzirwa kubva kune data ine mutsetse wakanaka. Naizvozvo, pane hukama hwakanaka hwemutsara pakati peGDP neDeath Toll.
hurukuro
Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro iyi, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti:
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP) uye Rufu Rufu vane hukama hwakakosha hwemutsetse (p <.05).
- Nzira yehukama yakanaka, zvinoreva kuti Gross Domestic Product (GDP) neDeath Toll zvine hukama hwakanaka. Muchiitiko ichi, izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowanzowedzera pamwe chete (kureva, GDP yakakura inosanganiswa nehuwandu hweKufa).
- Iyo R yakapetwa kaviri yemubatanidzwa inenge iri pakati nepakati (.3 < | r | < .5).
Ongororo iyi yakaongorora hukama huripo pakati pekukura kwehupfumi sezvinoratidzwa neGross Domestic Product (GDP) nemakakatanwa ezvitendero, izvo zvakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vasina mhosva. Huwandu hwese hweNigerian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) kubva muna 2011 kusvika 2019 imadhora zviuru zvina nemazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemashanu, uye huwandu hwerufu kubva kumatunhu makumi matatu nematanhatu uye Federal Capital Territory (FCT) imakumi matanhatu nenhatu, 4,035,000,000,000. Kusiyana nemaonero ekutanga emuongorori, ayo aive ekuti sezvo Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ichikwira huwandu hwevanhu vanofa huchadzikiswa (inversely proportional), chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza kuti pane hukama hwakanaka pakati pemagariro ehupfumi uye huwandu hwevakafa. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti sezvo Gross Domestic Product (GDP) inowedzera, nhamba yevakafa inowedzera (Chati 36).
Chati 2: Graphical inomiririra hukama hwakananga pakati peGross Domestic Product (GDP) uye kufa kweNigeria kubva ku2011 kusvika 2019. Mutsara webhuruu unomiririra Gross Domestic Product (GDP), uye mutsara weorenji unomiririra kufa. Kubva pagirafu, muongorori anogona kuona kusimuka uye kudonha kwezviviri zviviri sezvazvinofamba panguva imwe chete munzira imwechete. Izvi zvinoratidza Hukama hwakanaka sezvinoratidzwa muTebhurari 3.
Chati yacho yakagadzirwa naFrank Swiontek.
Recommendations, Kureva, Mhedziso
Ichi chidzidzo chinoratidza kuwirirana pakati pemakakatanwa echitendero nekusimudzira hupfumi muNigeria, sekutsigirwa nemabhuku. Kana nyika ikawedzera kusimudzira hupfumi hwayo uye kuenzanisa bhajeti regore pamwe nezviwanikwa pakati pematunhu, mukana wekuderedza kusawirirana kwechitendero kunogona kunge kwakakwira. Kana hurumende ikasimbisa mitemo yayo uye ikadzora mapoka emarudzi nezvitendero, ipapo kurwisana kwomukati kwaigona kudzorwa. Kuvandudzwa kwemitemo kunodiwa kuti pave nekutonga nyaya dzemarudzi nezvitendero munyika, uye hurumende pamatanho ese inofanirwa kuona kuti mabhindauko aya aitwa. Chitendero hachifanirwe kushandiswa zvisiri izvo, uye vatungamiriri vezvitendero vanofanira kudzidzisa veruzhinji kugamuchirana. Vechidiki havafanire kupindira mumhirizhonga inoitika nekuda kwemadzinza nezvitendero. Munhu wese anofanirwa kuwana mukana wekuva nhengo yemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika munyika, uye hurumende haifanirwe kugovera zviwanikwa zvichienderana nemarudzi anodiwa. Makosi edzidzo anofanirwa kuchinjwa zvakare, uye hurumende inofanira kusanganisira chidzidzo chemabasa evagari. Vadzidzi vanofanira kuziva nezvemhirizhonga uye zvazvinoreva mukusimudzira magariro nehupfumi. Hurumende inofanirwa kukwezva vemabhizimisi vakawanda munyika kuitira kuti ikwanise kukunda dambudziko rehupfumi hwenyika.
Kana Nigeria ikaderedza dambudziko rehupfumi, pachava nemikana yakakura yekuderedza kusawirirana kwechitendero. Kunzwisisa migumisiro yekudzidza, iyo inoratidza kuti kune kuwirirana pakati pemakakatanwa echitendero uye kukura kwehupfumi, zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinogona kuitwa kune mazano pamusoro penzira dzekuwana rugare nekusimudzira kuNigeria.
Zvikonzero zvinotungamira zvekunetsana zvave zverudzi nechitendero, uye kukakavara kukuru kwechitendero muNigeria kwakanganisa hupenyu hwemagariro, hupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika. Makakatanwa aya akanetsa kugarisana kwevanhu munharaunda dzeNigeria uye akaita kuti vashaye hupfumi. Mhirizhonga inokonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwemadzinza uye kunetsana kwezvitendero zvakaparadza runyararo, budiriro, uye kusimukira kwehupfumi muNigeria.
References
Abdulkadir, A. (2011). Diary yematambudziko echitendero muNigeria: Zvinokonzera, mhedzisiro uye mhinduro. Princeton Law uye Public Affairs Kushanda Pepa. https://ssrn.com/Abstract=2040860
Achimugu, H., Ifatimehin, OO, & Daniel, M. (2020). Kunyanya chitendero, kudzoreredza kwevechidiki uye kuchengetedzeka kwenyika muKaduna North-West Nigeria. KIU Interdisciplinary Journal yeHumanities uye Social Sayenzi, 1(1), 81-101.
Alegbeleye, GI (2014). Ethno-religious crisis and socio-economic development muNigeria: Matambudziko, Matambudziko uye nzira yekumberi. Chinyorwa chePolisi uye Development Zvidzidzo, 9(1), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.12816/0011188
Amiara, SA, Okoro, IA, & Nwobi, OI (2020). Ethno-rechitendero kunetsana uye theoretical hwaro hwekunzwisisa kukura kwehupfumi hweNigeria, 1982-2018. American Research Journal yeHumanities & Social Science, 3(1), 28-35.
Audu, IM, & Ibrahim, M. (2020). Mhedzisiro yeBoko-Haram mhirizhonga, ethnoreligious uye magariro nezvematongerwo enyika kune hukama munharaunda yeMichika munharaunda yehurumende, Adamawa state, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. International Journal yeCreative uye Innovation Tsvagiridzo munzvimbo dzese, 2(8), 61-69.
Bondarenko, P. (2017). Gross domestic product. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://www.britannica.com/topic/gross-domestic-product
Cambridge Dictionary. (2020). Nhamba yevakafa: Tsanangudzo muCambridge English Dictionary. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/death-toll
Çancı, H., & Odukoya, OA (2016). Matambudziko emarudzi uye echitendero muNigeria: Kuongororwa kwakananga pamusoro pekuzivikanwa (1999-2013). African Journal on Conflicts Resolution, 16(1), 87-110.
Etim, E., Otu, DO, & Edidiong, JE (2020). Ethno-religious identity uye kuvaka-runyararo muNigeria: nzira yeruzhinji. Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities uye Developmental Studies, 3(1).
Gamba, SL (2019). Kukanganisa kwehupfumi hwekunetsana kwechitendero pahupfumi hweNigeria. International Journal of Management Research & Ongororo, 9(1).
Genyi, GA (2017). Madzinza nezvitendero zvinoumba kukwikwidza kwezviwanikwa zvevhu: VaTiv-varimi nevafudzi vanopokana pakati peNigeria kusvika 2014. Nyaya Yekugara Pamwe Chete, 4(5), 136-151.
Iyoboyi, M. (2014). Kukura kwehupfumi nekunetsana: Humbowo kubva kuNigeria. Chinyorwa cheSustainable Development Zvidzidzo, 5(2), 116-144.
Kent State. (2020). SPSS tutorials: Bivariate Pearson Correlation. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://libguides.library.kent.edu/SPSS/PearsonCorr
Lenshie, NE (2020). Ethno-religious identity uye intergroup hukama: iyo isina kurongeka hupfumi chikamu, Igbo hukama hwehupfumi, uye matambudziko ekuchengetedza kuchamhembe kweNigeria. Central European Journal yeInternational uye Chengetedzo Zvidzidzo, 14(1), 75-105.
Nnabuihe, OE, & Onwuzuruigbo, I. (2019). Kugadzira kusagadzikana: Spatial kurongeka uye kusawirirana kwechitendero muJos metropolis, North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Maonero ekuronga, 36(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2019.1708782
Nwaomah, SM (2011). Matambudziko echitendero muNigeria: Kuratidzwa, mhedzisiro uye nzira yekumberi. Chinyorwa cheSociology, Psychology uye Anthropology muKudzidzira, 3(2), 94-104. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i6/4206.
Odoh, L., Odigbo, BE, & Okonkwo, RV (2014). Mari yehupfumi yekusawirirana munharaunda muNigeria uye mushonga wehukama hweveruzhinji kugadzirisa dambudziko. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(12).
Olusakin, A. (2006). Runyararo muNiger-Delta: Kubudirira kwehupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika zvekutsamira pamafuta. International Journal on World Peace, 23(2), 3-34. Yakatorwa kubva www.jstor.org/stable/20752732
Salawu, B. (2010). Ethno-religious mhirizhonga muNigeria: Causal ongororo uye zvirevo zvemaitiro matsva ekutonga. European Journal yeSocial Sayenzi, 13(3), 345-353.
Ugorji, B. (2017). Ethno-Chitendero kurwisana muNigeria: Ongororo uye kugadzirisa. Chinyorwa cheKugara Pamwe Chete, 4-5(1), 164-192.
