Kuongorora Maitiro echinyakare ekugadzirisa kusawirirana mukugadziriswa kweFulani Herdsmen-Farmers Conflict muNigeria.
Abstract:
Nigeria yakatarisana nekusachengeteka kunobva mukupokana kwevafudzi-varimi munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika. Kupokana uku kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kutama kwevafudzi kubva kuchamhembe kusvika pakati nekumaodzanyemba kwenyika nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvisikwa uye kukwikwidza pamusoro pemafuro nenzvimbo, imwe yemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Maodzanyemba pakati penyika dzeNiger, Benue, Taraba, Nasarawa, neKogi ndidzo dzinonyanya kurwiswa. Chikurudziro chetsvagurudzo iyi kudiwa kwekutarisa patsva nzira yekugadzirisa kana kugadzirisa kusawirirana kusingagumi uku. Pane chikonzero chinomanikidzira chekuongorora nzira inogoneka yekuunza runyararo rwakagadzikana munharaunda. Bepa rinopikisa kuti muenzaniso wekuMadokero wekugadzirisa kusawirirana hauna kukwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko racho. Nokudaro, imwe nzira inofanira kutorwa. Nzira dzechinyakare dzemuAfrica dzekugadzirisa gakava dzinofanirwa kushanda seimwe nzira yekugadzirisa gakava rekuMadokero mukuburitsa Nigeria kubva mumatope ekuchengetedza aya. Kupokana kwevafudzi nevarimi ndiko kunonzi pathological in nature iyo inoruramisa kushandiswa kwemaitiro echinyakare ekugadzirisa gakava remukati mevanhu. Nzira dzekugadzirisa gakava dzekuMadokero dzakaratidza kusakwana uye kusashanda, uye dzakaramba dzichimira kugadzirisa gakava munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeAfrica. Nzira dzechivanhu dzekugadzirisa gakava mumamiriro ezvinhu aya dzinoshanda zvakanyanya nekuti dzinoyananisa zvakare uye dzinotenderana. Inobva pamusimboti we mugari-kune-mugari diplomacy kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwevakuru munharaunda avo vane ruzivo rwezvakaitika kare, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Kuburikidza nemhando yemhando yekubvunza, bepa rinoongorora mabhuku akakodzera richishandisa iyo kukakavara confrontation framework yekuongorora. Bepa rinopedzisa nemazano anozobatsira vanogadzira mitemo mubasa ravo rekutonga mukugadzirisa kusawirirana kwevanhu.
Dhaunirodha Ichi Chinyorwa
Yakanongedzwa Kuongorora:
Ottoh, FO (2022). Kuongorora nzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana mukugadziriswa kweFulani vafudzi-varimi kunetsana muNigeria. Nyaya Yekugara Pamwe Chete, 7(1), 1-14.
Ruzivo rweChinyorwa:
@Chinyorwa{Ottoh2022}
Title = {Kuongorora Maitiro Echinyakare Okugadzirisa Kusawirirana muKugadziriswa kweFulani Herdsmen-Farmers Conflict muNigeria}
Munyori = {Ferdinand O. Ottoh}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/kuongorora-chinyakare-kunetsana-maitiro-mune-kugadzirisa-kwe-fulani-vafudzi-varimi-makakatanwa-munigeria./}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Dhinda); 2373-6631 (Pamhepo)}
Gore = {2022}
Zuva = {2022-12-7}
Journal = {Journal of Kugara Pamwe Chete}
Vhoriyamu = {7}
Nhamba = {1}
Mapeji = {1-14}
Muparidzi = {International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Kero = {White Plains, New York}
Edition = {2022}.
Nhanganyaya: Nhoroondo Yenhoroondo
Pamberi pekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, kukakavara pakati pevafudzi nevarimi mumabhandi esavannah eWest Africa kwakanga kwatanga (Ofuokwu & Isife, 2010). Mumakumi emakore nehafu apfuura muNigeria, kurwisana kwevafudzi vemombe veFulani nevarimi kwakacherechedzwa, kuchikonzera kuparadzwa kwehupenyu nemidziyo, pamwe nekudzingwa kwezviuru zvevanhu kubva mumisha yavo. Izvi zvinoteedzerwa kumazana emakore ekufamba kwevafudzi nemombe dzavo kubva kumabvazuva nekumadokero vachiyambuka Sahel, nzvimbo isina mvura iri kumaodzanyemba kwegwenga reSahara inosanganisira bhandi rekuchamhembe reNigeria (Crisis Group, 2017). Munhoroondo ichangopfuura, kusanaya kwemvura kuma1970 nema1980 mudunhu reSahel uye kutama kwakabatana kwenhamba huru yevafudzi vachipinda munzvimbo yesango ine hunyoro yeWest Africa zvakakonzera kuwanda kwekunetsana kwevarimi nevafudzi. Kunze kwezvo, kukakavara kwakaitika kubva pakungomukirana uye kurwiswa kwakarongwa kweboka rimwe nerimwe. Iko kunetsana, semamwe ari munyika, atora humiro hutsva hwehukuru hwepamusoro, zvichiunza kune dambudziko uye inchoate chimiro cheNigerian state. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirisa sei predispositional uye proximate variables.
Hurumende, kubvira panguva iyo Nigeria yakawana rusununguko kubva kuBritain, yaiziva nezvedambudziko raivapo pakati pevafudzi nevarimi nokudaro yakadzika mutemo weGrazing Reserve Act wa1964. kubatanidza kuchengetedzwa kwemutemo kwemafuro kubva pakurima zvirimwa, kuisirwa mamwe mafuro emafuro uye kurudziro yevafudzi vanotama kuti vagare munzvimbo dzemafuro nekuwana mafuro nemvura pane kufamba mumugwagwa nemombe dzavo (Ingawa et al., 1989). Rekodhi rekodhi rinoratidza kusimba, hutsinye, kuuraya kukuru, uye kukanganisa kwekupokana mumatunhu akadai saBenue, Nasarawa, Taraba, zvichingodaro. Semuenzaniso, pakati pe2006 naMay 2014, Nigeria yakanyora 111 vafudzi-varimi makakatanwa, ayo akakonzera kufa kwe615 kubva pahuwandu hwe61,314 vakafa munyika (Olayoku, 2014). Saizvozvo, pakati pe1991 ne2005, 35 muzana yematambudziko ese akataurwa akakonzerwa nekunetsana kwemafuro emombe (Adekunle & Adisa, 2010). Kubva munaGunyana 2017, kunetsana kwakawedzera nevanhu vanopfuura chiuru nemazana mashanu vakaurayiwa (Crisis Group, 1,500).
Iyo yekuMadokero kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakatadza kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku pakati pevafudzi nevarimi muNigeria. Ichi ndicho chikonzero kusawirirana kwevafudzi-varimi hakugone kugadziriswa mumatare ekuMadokero kuNigeria, muchidimbu nokuti mapoka aya haana mugumo muWestern adjudicatory system. Iyo modhi haitenderi vakakuvadzwa kana mapato kuti vataure maonero avo kana maonero ezve nzira yekudzoreredza rugare. Maitiro ekutonga anoita kuti rusununguko rwekutaura uye maitiro ekugadzirisa kusawirirana anetse kushandiswa munyaya iyi. Kunetsana kunoda kuwirirana pakati pemapoka maviri aya pamusoro penzira yakakodzera yekugadzirisa nhunha dzavo.
Mubvunzo unokosha ndewokuti: Sei kukonana uku kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi uye kwave kutyisa munguva pfupi yapfuura? Mukupindura mubvunzo uyu, tinotsvaka kuongorora maitiro sei predispositional uye proximate zvikonzero. Nekuona izvi, panoda kuongorora dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana kuderedza kusimba uye kuwanda kwekunetsana kuri pakati pemapoka maviri aya.
Methodology
Nzira yakagamuchirwa yetsvakurudzo iyi ndeyekuongorora nhaurirano, hurukuro yakazaruka pamusoro pemakakatanwa uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana. Hurukuro inobvumira kuongororwa kwehunhu hwemagariro nehupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika zvine humbowo uye nhoroondo, uye inopa hwaro hwekuongorora kusawirirana kusingagadzirike. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo ongororo yezvinyorwa zviripo kubva panounganidzwa ruzivo rwakakodzera nekuongororwa. Documentary evidence inobvumira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenyaya dziri kuferefetwa. Saka, zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye zvimwe zvakakosha zvekuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa kuunza ruzivo rwakakosha. Bepa rinobatanidza maonero edzidziso anotsvaka kutsanangura kupokana kusingagoneki. Iyi nzira inopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pevavaki vorugare vomunzvimbomo (vakuru) vanoziva mutsika, tsika, tsika, uye manzwiro avanhu.
Tsika Dzakasiyana Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana: Mhedziso
Kusawirirana kunobva mukutsvaga zvido zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinangwa, uye zvishuwo zvevanhu kana mapoka munzvimbo dzakatsanangurwa dzemagariro uye dzepanyama (Otite, 1999). Kunetsana kuri pakati pevafudzi nevarimi muNigeria kunokonzerwa nekusawirirana panyaya dzemafuro. Pfungwa yekugadzirisa kusawirirana inobva pamusimboti wekupindira kushandura kana kufambisa nzira yekukonana. Kugadzirisa kukakavara kunopa mukana kune mapato ari kunetsana kuti abatane netariro yekudzikisa chiyero, kusimba, nemhedzisiro (Otite, 1999). Kugadzirisa kukakavara inzira inotarisana nemhedzisiro ine chinangwa chekuziva uye kuunza kune vatungamiri vepatafura yenhaurirano yevanopokana (Paffenholz, 2006). Zvinosanganisira kuunganidzwa kwetsika dzechivanhu dzakaita sekugamuchira vaenzi, kurumbidza, kugarisana, nemaitiro ezvitendero. Izvi zviridzwa zvetsika zvinoiswa zvinobudirira mukugadzirisa kusawirirana. Sekureva kwaLederach (1997), "shanduko yekukonana igadziriso yakazara yemalenzi ekutsanangura kuti kunetsana kunobuda sei, uye nekushanduka mukati, uye kunounza shanduko muhunhu hwemunhu, hukama, hurongwa, uye tsika, uye kugadzira mhinduro dzekugadzira dzinosimudzira. shanduko ine runyararo mukati mezviyero izvozvo kuburikidza nenzira dzisiri dzemhirizhonga” (p. 83).
Iyo nzira yekushandura gakava ndeye pragmatic pane kugadzirisa nekuti inopa mapato mukana wakasiyana wekushandura nekuvakazve hukama hwavo kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwemurevereri webato rechitatu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu egamuchidzanwa eAfrica, vatongi vegamuchidzanwa, vaprista vakuru vavamwari, uye vashandi vanotarisira zvorudzidziso vanounganidzwa mukutarisira nokupedza rwisano. Kutenda mukupindira kwemashura mukukonana ndiyo imwe yenzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana nekushandura. “Nzira dzechinyakare hukama hwemagariro evanhu…. Institutionalization pano inoreva hukama hunozivikanwa uye hwakasimbiswa” (Braimah, 1999, p.161). Mukuwedzera, "maitiro ekugadzirisa kusawirirana anoonekwa sechinyakare kana akaitwa kwenguva yakareba uye akashanduka mukati mevanhu veAfrica pane kuva chigadzirwa chekunze kwenyika" (Zartman, 2000, p.7). Boege (2011) akatsanangura mazwi, "tsika" masangano uye nzira dzekuchinja kukakavara, seaya ane midzi mumagariro emunharaunda emunharaunda yeprecolonial, pre-contact, kana prehistoric societies muGlobal South uye akaitwa mune izvo. nzanga kwenguva yakati rebei (p.436).
Wahab (2017) akaongorora muenzaniso wechinyakare muSudan, matunhu eSahel neSahara, uye Chad zvichibva pamaitiro eJudiyya - kupindira kwebato rechitatu mukudzoreredza uye shanduko. Izvi zvakagadzirirwa zvakanangana nevafundisi vanotama uye varimi vakagariswa kuti vave nechokwadi chekugarisana murunyararo pakati peaya madzinza anogara munzvimbo imwechete kana anodyidzana nguva zhinji (Wahab, 2017). Iyo Judiyya modhi inoshandiswa kugadzirisa nyaya dzemumba neyemhuri dzakadai sekurambana uye kuchengetwa, uye kukakavara pamusoro pekuwana nzvimbo yemafuro nemvura. Inoshandawo kumakakatanwa ane chisimba anosanganisira kuparadzwa kwemidziyo kana kufa, pamwe nekunetsana kukuru pakati pemapoka. Iyi modhi haina kujairika kune aya mapoka eAfrica chete. Inoshandiswa kuMiddle East, Asia, uye yakatoshandiswa muAmerica dzisati dzapindirwa nokukundwa. Mune mamwe mativi eAfrica, mamwe marudzi echivanhu akafanana neJudiyya akagamuchirwa mukugadzirisa kusawirirana. Matare eGacaca muRwanda muenzaniso wekare weAfrica wekugadzirisa kukakavara wakagadzwa muna 2001 mushure mekuuraya rudzi muna 1994. Dare reGacaca harina kungotarisa kururamisira; kuyananisa kwaiva pakati pebasa rayo. Zvakatora nzira yekutora chikamu uye yekuvandudza mukutonga kwekururamisira (Okechukwu, 2014).
Iye zvino tinogona kutora gwara redzidziso kubva kudzidziso dzechisimba che eco-mhirizhonga uye kunetsana kunovaka kuti tiise hwaro hwakanaka hwekunzwisisa nyaya iri kuferefetwa.
Maonero eTheoretical
Dzidziso ye eco-violence inowana hwaro hwayo hwe epistemological kubva pamaonero ezvematongerwo enyika ecology akagadzirwa naHomer-Dixon (1999), ayo anotsvaka kutsanangura hukama hwakaoma pakati penyaya dzezvakatipoteredza uye kurwisana kwechisimba. Homer-Dixon (1999) anoti:
Kudzikira kwemhando uye kuwanda kwezviwanikwa zvinogonekazve, kukura kwevanhu, uye kuwana zviwanikwa kuita chimwe kana mumisanganiswa yakasiyana-siyana kuwedzera kushomeka, kune mamwe mapoka evanhu, kwezvirimwa, mvura, masango, nehove. Vanhu vanenge vabatwa nechirwere ichi vanogona kutama kana kudzingwa vachienda kune dzimwe nyika. Mapoka anotama anowanzoparira kurwisana kwemadzinza apo anotamira kunzvimbo itsva uye nepo kuderera kwepfuma kuchikonzera kushayiwa. (p. 30)
Zviri pachena mudzidziso yemhirizhonga yezvemukati menyika ndeyekuti kukwikwidzana pamusoro pezviwanikwa zvishoma zvinokonzeresa mhirizhonga. Maitiro aya akawedzera nekuda kwekukanganisa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvakawedzera kushomeka kwezvisikwa pasi rose (Blench, 2004; Onuoha, 2007). Kusawirirana kwevafudzi nevarimi kunoitika pane imwe nguva yegore - mwaka wemvura - apo vafudzi vanoendesa mombe dzavo kumaodzanyemba kunofura. Dambudziko rekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze rinokonzera gwenga nekusanaya kwemvura kuchamhembe ndiro rinokonzera kuwanda kwemhirizhonga pakati pemapoka maviri aya. Vafudzi vanoendesa mombe dzavo kunzvimbo uko dzinenge dzichiwana huswa nemvura. Mukuita izvi, mombe dzinogona kukanganisa zvirimwa zvevarimi zvoita kuti pave nekunetsana kwenguva refu. Apa ndipo panova nedzidziso yekurwisana kunovaka.
Dzidziso yekurwisana kunovaka inotevera muenzaniso wezvokurapa umo maitiro ekuparadza anoparadza anofananidzwa nechirwere - pathological maitiro anokanganisa vanhu, masangano, uye nzanga yose (Burgess & Burgess, 1996). Kubva pakuona uku, zvinongoreva kuti chirwere hachigoni kurapwa zvachose, asi zviratidzo zvinogona kutarisirwa. Kufanana nomushonga, dzimwe hosha dzimwe nguva dzinokombamira kukurira zvikuru zvinodhaka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kusawirirana kunongoitikawo pachezvake, kunyanya kukonana kusingagoneki. Panyaya iyi, kunetsana kuri pakati pevafudzi nevarimi kwasvibisa nzira dzese dzinozivikanwa nekuda kwenyaya huru inova yekuwaniswa minda yekuti vararame.
Kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku, nzira yekurapa inotorwa iyo inotevera mamwe matanho ekuongorora dambudziko remurwere ari kutambura kubva kune imwe mamiriro ekurapa anoita seasingarapike. Sezvinoitwa munharaunda yezvokurapa, nzira yechinyakare yekugadzirisa kusawirirana inotanga kutora danho rekuongorora. Danho rekutanga nderekuti vakuru munharaunda vabatanidzwe mukuronga makakatanwa — kuti vaone mapato ari mugakava, pamwe nezvido zvavo nezvinzvimbo zvavo. Vakuru ava munharaunda vanofungidzirwa kuti vanonzwisisa nhoroondo yehukama pakati pemapoka akasiyana. Panyaya yenhoroondo yekutama kwevaFulani, vakuru vanogona kurondedzera kuti vanga vachirarama sei kwemakore nenharaunda dzavaigara. Nhanho inotevera yekuongorora ndeyekusiyanisa zvinhu zvakakosha (zvinokonzeresa kana nyaya) dzemakakatanwa kubva kune makakatanwa, ayo ari matambudziko ari mugwara remakakatanwa anogadzikwa pamusoro pezvinhu zvakakosha izvo zvinoita kuti kukonana kunetse kugadzirisa. Mukuedza kuita kuti mapato maviri aya achinje nzvimbo dzawo dzakaoma mukutsvaga zvido zvavo, imwe nzira inovaka inofanira kutorwa. Izvi zvinotungamirira kune nzira inovaka yekutarisana.
Nzira yekurwisana inovaka inozobatsira mapato maviri aya kuti vanyatsonzwisisa makuriro edambudziko kubva pamaonero avo neomupikisi wavo (Burgess & Burgess, 1996). Iyi nzira yekugadzirisa gakava inoita kuti vanhu vaparadzanise nyaya dzinokosha mukukonana kubva kunyaya dzine mutsauko, zvichibatsira kugadzira mazano anozofadza mapato ese. Mumaitiro emakakatanwa echinyakare, panove nekupatsanurwa kwenyaya dzinokosha pachinzvimbo chekudziita zvematongerwo enyika unova hunhu hwemuenzaniso wekuMadokero.
Dzidziso idzi dzinopa tsananguro yekunzwisisa zvinhu zvakakosha mukukonana uye kuti zvichagadziriswa sei kuti pave nekugara murunyararo pakati pemapoka maviri ari munharaunda. Muenzaniso wekushanda ndiyo dzidziso yekurwisana kunovaka. Izvi zvinopa humbowo hwekuti masangano echinyakare angashandiswe sei mukugadzirisa kusawirirana kusingapere pakati pemapoka. Kushandiswa kwevakuru mukutonga kwekururamisira uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana kunoda nzira inovaka yekutarisana. Iyi nzira yakafanana nenzira iyo Umuleri-Aguleri yakakonzera kukakavara kwekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNigeria kwakagadziriswa nevakuru. Apo nhamburiko dzose dzokupedza rwisano yamasimba masimba pakati pamapoka maviri dzakakundikana, pakanga pane kupindira kwomudzimu kupfurikidza nomuprista mukuru uyo akapa shoko rakabva kumadzitateguru pamusoro porutongeso rwaiuya rwaizowira nzanga mbiri. Shoko raibva kumadzisekuru raiti gakava rigadziriswe murunyararo. Masangano okuMadokero akadai sedare, mapurisa, nemauto haana kukwanisa kugadzirisa gakava racho. Rugare rwakadzorerwa chete nekupindira kunoshamisa, kugamuchirwa kwemhiko, chiziviso chepamutemo che "hapasisina hondo" iyo yakateverwa nekusainwa kwechibvumirano cherunyararo uye kuitwa kwetsika yekuchenesa kune avo vaibatanidzwa mukurwisana kwechisimba kwakaparadza. hupenyu nemidziyo yakawanda. Vanodavidza kuti anotyora chibvumirano cherugare anotarisana nehasha dzemadzitateguru.
Structural cum Predispositional Variables
Kubva pane tsananguro iri pamusoro uye yefungidziro, tinokwanisa kuburitsa zviri pazasi zvimiro sei predispositional mamiriro ayo ari kukonzera mhirizhonga yevaFulani vafudzi-varimi. Chimwe chinhu kushomeka kwezvishandiso izvo zvinotungamira kumakwikwi makuru pakati pemapoka. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro chibereko chezvisikwa uye nhoroondo, iyo inogona kutaurwa kuti inogadzirisa danho risingaperi rekupokana pakati pemapoka maviri. Izvi zvakawedzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinouya nedambudziko rekushanduka kwegwenga rinokonzerwa nemwaka murefu wekusanaya kwemvura kubva muna Gumiguru kusvika Chivabvu uye kunaya kwemvura shoma (600 kusvika 900 mm) kubva munaChikumi kusvika Gunyana kuchamhembe kweNigeria uko kwakaoma uye kwakaoma zvishoma (Crisis Group, 2017). Semuyenzaniso, dzinotevera dzinoti, Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, neZamfara, dzine 50-75 muzana yenzvimbo inoshanduka kuita gwenga (Crisis Group, 2017). Mamiriro ekunze aya ekudziya kwepasi achikonzera kusanaya kwemvura uye kushomeka kwemafuro nemapurazi kwakamanikidza mamiriyoni evafudzi nevamwe kuti vatamire kunharaunda yekuchamhembe nepakati nekumaodzanyemba kwenyika kunotsvaka ivhu rine zvibereko, izvo zvinozokanganisa tsika dzekurima uye raramo yevatema.
Pamusoro pazvo, kurasikirwa kwemafuro nekuda kwekudiwa kukuru kwevanhu nehurumende kuitira kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwakaisa dambudziko kune ivhu shoma riripo remafuro nekurima. Mumakore ekuma1960, nzvimbo dzemafuro dzinopfuura mazana mana neshanu dzakavambwa nehurumende yedunhu rekuchamhembe. Izvi hazvisisipo. 415 chete yemafuro aya akanyorwa zviri pamutemo pasina kutsigirwa nemutemo kuvimbisa kushandiswa kwega kana kutora matanho ekudzivirira chero kupi zvako kungangoitika (Crisis Group, 114). Zvinoreva izvi ndezvekuti vanopfuya mombe vachasara vasina imwe sarudzo kunze kwekutora mafuro anowanikwa. Varimi vachasanganawo nekushaikwa kweminda kumwe chete.
Kumwe kusarudzika kuri kutaurwa nevafudzi kuti varimi vaifarirwa nezvisungo zvehurumende yemubatanidzwa. Gakava ravo nderekuti varimi vakawaniswa nharaunda kumakore ekuma1970 izvo zvakavabatsira kushandisa pombi dzemvura muminda yavo. Zvakadai, vanoti sangano reNational Fadama Development Projects (NFDPs) rakabatsira varimi kuti vashandise matoro ayo akabatsira zvirimwa zvavo, ukuwo vafudzi vemombe vakatadza kuwana matoro ane huswa huzhinji hwavaimboshandisa pasina njodzi yekuti zvipfuyo zvinorasikira mumapurazi.
Dambudziko remakororo emaruwa uye kuba kwemombe mune dzimwe nyika dziri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva ndiro riri kukonzera kufamba kwevafudzi kumaodzanyemba. Makororo ari kuramba achiwedzera kuchamhembe kwenyika iyi. Vafudzi vacho vakabva vatanga kutakura zvombo kuti vazvidzivirire kumakororo nemamwe zvikwata zvematsotsi munharaunda dzevarimi.
Vanhu veMiddle Belt munharaunda yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwenyika vanoti vafudzi vemombe vanotenda kuti kuchamhembe kweNigeria yose ndeyavo nokuti vakakunda vamwe vose; kuti vanonzwa kuti zviwanikwa zvose, kusanganisira ivhu, ndezvavo. Mafungiro emhando iyi anokonzera kusanzwanana pakati pemapoka. Vane maonero aya vanotenda kuti vaFulani vanoda kuti varimi vabve munzvimbo dzinofungidzirwa kuti mafuro kana nzira dzemombe.
Precipitant kana Proximate Zvikonzero
Izvo zvinokonzeresa zvikonzero zvekukonana pakati pevafudzi nevarimi zvine chekuita nekurwisana kwemapoka, ndiko kuti, pakati pevarimi vechiKristu varimi nevarombo vechiMuslim Fulani vafudzi kune rimwe divi, uye vepamusoro vanoda minda yekuwedzera mabhizinesi avo ega. chimwe chacho. Vamwe vakuru vemauto (vese vari mubasa uye vakasiya basa) pamwe nevamwe veNigerian vepamusoro vanoita zvekurima zvekutengesa, kunyanya kupfuya mombe, vakagovera imwe nzvimbo inogadzirirwa kufudza vachishandisa simba ravo uye simba. Chii chinozivikanwa se munda tora syndrome yakapinda zvichikonzera kushomeka kwechinhu chakakosha ichi chekugadzirwa. Kurwira ivhu nevakuru kunokonzeresa kusawirirana pakati pemapoka maviri aya. Kusiyana neizvi, varimi vekuMiddle-Belt vanotenda kuti mhirizhonga inorongwa nevafudzi veFulani nechinangwa chekuparadza nekuparadza vanhu veMiddle-Belt kubva kunyika yemadzitateguru avo kuchamhembe kweNigeria kuitira kuti vawedzere hutongi hweFulani ( Kukah, 2018; Mailafia, 2018). Kufunga kwerudzi urwu kuchiri mukati menzvimbo yekufungidzira nekuti hapana humbowo hwekuzvitsigira. Dzimwe nyika dzakaunza mitemo inorambidza mafuro akavhurika, kunyanya muBenue neTaraba. Kupindira kwakaita seizvi kwakatowedzera kusawirirana uku kwemakumi emakore.
Chimwe chiri kukonzera kunetsana uku inyaya yavari kupomerwa nevafundisi yekuti masangano ehurumende ari kuvarerekera zvikuru pamabatiro avari kuita gakava iri, zvikuru mapurisa nedare. Mapurisa anogara achipomerwa mhosva yekuita zvehuori uye kurerekera divi rimwe chete, ukuwo hurongwa hwematare hunonzi hurefu husina basa. Vafudzi ava vanotiwo vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika vari kunzwira varimi tsitsi nekuda kwekuda kuita zvematongerwo enyika. Zvinogona kuonekwa ndezvekuti varimi nevafudzi havachina chivimbo mukukwanisa kwevakuru vavo vezvematongerwo enyika kuyananisira gakava iri. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vakashandisa kuzvibatsira kuburikidza nekutsvaga kutsiva senzira yekuwana kururamisira.
Zvematongerwo enyika sei chitendero ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvinokuchidzira kurwisana kwevafudzi nevafudzi. Vezvematongerwo enyika vanowanzo shandisa mhirizhonga iripo kuti vabudirire pazvinangwa zvavo. Kubva pamaonero echitendero, maIndia avo vanonyanya kuve maKristu vanonzwa kuti vari kutongwa nekudzikisirwa nevaHausa-Fulani avo vanonyanya kuve vaMuslim. Mukurwisa kumwe nokumwe, panogara paine dudziro yechitendero. Ndiyo iyi ethno-religious dimension iyo inoita kuti vafudzi veFulani nevarimi vatambudzike nekunyengedzwa nevezvematongerwo enyika panguva uye mushure mesarudzo.
Kuba kwemombe kunoramba kuri chikonzero chikuru chekurwisana kumatunhu ari kuchamhembe kweBenue, Nasarawa, Plateau, Niger, nezvimwewo. Vafudzi vakati wandei vakafa vachiedza kuchengetedza mombe dzavo kuti dzisabiwa. Vapari vemhosva vanoba mombe yenyama kana kutengesa (Gueye, 2013, p.66). Kubira mombe imhosva yakarongeka zvine hudzamu. Izvo zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwezviitiko zvemhirizhonga munyika idzi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti havasi vese vafudzi-varimi kunetsana kunofanirwa kutsanangurwa kuburikidza neiyo prism yevhu kana kukuvara kwezvirimwa (Okoli & Okpaleke, 2014). Vafudzi vemombe ava vanoti vamwe vagari vemumaruwa nevarimi vematunhu aya vanoita zvekubira mombe nekudaro vakasarudza kuzvigadzirira pfuti kuti vadzivirire mombe dzavo. Kusiyana neizvi, vamwe vanhu vanoti humbavha hwemombe hunogona kuitwa chete nevaFulani vanofamba netsoka vanoziva kufamba musango nemhuka idzi. Izvi hazvisi zvekushora varimi. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akonzera ruvengo rusina madikanwa pakati pemapoka maviri aya.
Kushandiswa kweTsika dzeKugadzirisa Kusawirirana
Nigeria inoonekwa senyika isina kusimba ine mhirizhonga huru pakati pemarudzi akasiyana. Sezvambotaurwa, chikonzero hachisi kure nekutadza kwemasangano ehurumende ane chekuita nekuchengetedza mutemo, kurongeka, nerunyararo (mapurisa, vatongi, nemauto). Hazvina maturo kutaura kuti pane kusavapo kana kusavapo kwemasangano emazuva ano anoshanda ehurumende kuti adzore mhirizhonga uye kugadzirisa kukakavara. Izvi zvinoita kuti nzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana dzive imwe nzira yekugadzirisa kusawirirana kwevafudzi nevarimi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino yenyika, zviri pachena kuti nzira yekuMadokero yave isinganyanyi kushanda mukugadzirisa kusawirirana uku kusingagoneki nekuda kwehutano hwakadzika hwemakakatanwa uye kukosha kwekusiyana pakati pemapoka. Nokudaro, maitiro echinyakare anoongororwa pasi apa.
Kutangwa kwedare revakuru rinova sangano rekare muvanhu vemuAfrica kunogona kuongororwa kuti paonekwe kuti kunetsana kusingachinjiki uku kunodziviswa kusati kwasvika pachiyero chisingafungidzirwe. Vakuru ndivo vafambisi verunyararo vane ruzivo uye ruzivo rwenyaya dzinokonzera kusawirirana. Ivo zvakare vane hunyanzvi hwekuyananisa hunodiwa zvakanyanya kugadzirisa kune runyararo kunetsana kwevafudzi nevarimi. Ichi chiitiko chinocheka munharaunda dzese, uye chinomiririra track 3 level diplomacy inotungamirwa nevagari uye inocherekedza basa rekuyananisa revakuru (Lederach, 1997). Kukurukurirana kwevakuru kunogona kuongororwa uye kushandiswa pakukonana uku. Vakuru vane ruzivo rwakareba, uchenjeri, uye vanoziva nhoroondo yokutama yeboka rimwe nerimwe munharaunda. Vanokwanisa kutora danho rekuongorora nekuronga makakatanwa nekuona mapato, zvido, nezvinzvimbo.
Vakuru ndivo vachengeti vetsika uye vanofarikanya ruremekedzo rwepwere. Izvi zvinovaita kuti vabatsire zvikuru mukuyananisa kunetsana kunoramba kuripo kwerudzi urwu. Vakuru vemapoka ese ari maviri vanogona kushandisa tsika dzechivanhu kuti vagadzirise, vashandure, uye vagadzirise kusawirirana uku mukati mematunhu avo pasina kupindira kwehurumende, sezvo mapato asisina chivimbo nemasangano ehurumende. Iyi nzira inoyananisa zvakare nokuti inobvumira kudzorerwa kwekugarisana kwevanhu uye hukama hwakanaka hwemagariro evanhu. Vakuru vanotungamirirwa nepfungwa yekubatana kwevanhu, kuwirirana, kuvhurika, kugarisana murunyararo, ruremekedzo, kushivirira, uye kuzvininipisa (Kariuki, 2015).
Nzira yechinyakare haisi yenyika-centric. Inokurudzira kupora uye kuvhara. Kuti vave nechokwadi cheyananiso yechokwadi, vakuru vachaita kuti vose vari vaviri vadye kubva mundiro imwe chete, kunwa waini yomuchindwe (jini yomunzvimbomo) kubva mukapu imwe chete, uye kutyora uye kudya kola-nzungu pamwe chete. Rudzi urwu rwekudya paruzhinji chiratidzo cheyananiso yechokwadi. Inoita kuti nharaunda igamuchire munhu ane mhosva zvakare munharaunda (Omale, 2006, p.48). Kutsinhana kwekushanya kwevatungamiri vemapoka kunowanzokurudzirwa. Rudzi urwu rwemasaini rwakaratidza kuva shanduko mukugadzirisa hukama hwehukama (Braimah, 1998, p.166). Imwe yenzira dzinoshanda kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwechinyakare kubatanidza mutadzi munharaunda. Izvi zvinotungamirira pakuyanana kwechokwadi uye kugarisana zvakanaka pasina chigumbu. Chinangwa ndechekugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa mutadzi.
Musimboti wekugadzirisa kusawirirana kwechinyakare kururamisira kudzoreredza. Mienzaniso yakasiyana-siyana yekururamisira kudzoreredzwa kunoitwa nevakuru inogona kubatsira mukupedza kupokana kusingaperi pakati pevafudzi nevarimi sezvo kwakanangana nekudzoreredza kuenzana kwevanhu uye kuwirirana pakati pemapoka ari kunetsana. Sezvineiwo, vanhu veko vanonyatsoziva mitemo yeAfrica uye hurongwa hwekururamisira kupfuura hurongwa hwakaomarara hwehutongi hwechiRungu hunogara pahunyanzvi hwemutemo, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinosunungura vanopara mhosva. Iyo Western adjudicatory system ine maitiro ega ega. Iyo yakanangana nemusimboti wekudzoreredza kururamisira uyo unofuratira musimboti weshanduko yekukonana (Omale, 2006). Panzvimbo yekuisa iyo yekuMadokero modhi iyo isingazivikanwe zvachose kuvanhu, iyo yemuno nzira yekusandura kukakavara nekuvaka runyararo inofanira kuongororwa. Nhasi, vatongi vazhinji vetsika vakadzidza uye vanogona kubatanidza ruzivo rwemasangano ekutonga eWestern netsika dzechivanhu. Zvisinei, vaya vangave vasina kugutsikana nemutongo wevakuru vanogona kuenda kudare.
Panewo nzira yekupindira kwemweya. Izvi zvinotarisa pachimiro chepfungwa nemagariro uye pamweya chekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Nheyo dziri seri kweiyi nzira dzakanangidzirwa pakuyananisa, pamwe chete nokuporeswa kwendangariro nomudzimu kwavanhu vanobatanidzwa. Kuyanana kunoumba hwaro hwekudzoreredza kugarisana kwevanhu pamwe nehukama mutsika dzechivanhu. Kuyananisa kwechokwadi kunogadzirisa hukama pakati pemapato anopokana, nepo vapari vemhosva nevakabatwa vachibatanidzwazve munharaunda (Boege, 2011). Mukugadzirisa kusawirirana uku kusingachinjiki, madzitateguru anogona kukumbirwa nekuti anoshanda semubatanidzwa pakati pevapenyu nevakafa. Munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoitika kunetsana uku, vadzimu vanogona kushevedzwa kuti vakumbire mweya wemadzisekuru. Muprista mukuru anogona kugadza mutongo wakasimba mukukonana kworudzi urwu apo mapoka ari kuita zvirevo zvinoratidzika zvisingawirirane zvakafanana nezvakaitika mukurwisana kweUmuleri-Aguleri. Vose vachaungana munzvimbo tsvene umo kola, zvinwiwa, uye zvokudya zvaizogoverwa uye minamato inoitwa nokuda kworugare munharaunda. Murudzi urwu rwomutambo wetsika, munhu upi noupi asingadi rugare anogona kutukwa. Mupristi mukuru ane simba rekukumbira zvirango zveumwari kune vasingaenderane. Kubva pane tsananguro iyi, munhu anogona kugumisa kuti mazwi ekugadzirisa runyararo mumagariro echinyakare anogamuchirwa uye anoteererwa nenhengo dzenharaunda nekuda kwekutya mhedzisiro yakaipa serufu kana chirwere chisingarapike kubva kunyika yemweya.
Uyezve, kushandiswa kwetsika kunogona kuverengerwa muvafudzi-varimi nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Tsika yetsika inogona kutadzisa mapato kusvika kumagumo. Zviitiko zvinoshanda sekudzora kusawirirana uye maitiro ekuderedza mumagariro echinyakare eAfrica. Tsika inongoreva chero chiitiko chisingafungidzike kana nhevedzano yezviito zvisingagone kupembedzwa kuburikidza netsananguro dzine musoro. Tsika dzakakosha nekuti dzinogadzirisa mamiriro epfungwa uye ezvematongerwo enyika ehupenyu hwemunharaunda, kunyanya kukuvadzwa kwevanhu nemapoka kunogona kukonzera kukakavara (King-Irani, 1999). Mune mamwe mazwi, tsika dzakakosha kumagariro emunhu, kugarisana, uye kubatanidzwa munharaunda (Giddens, 1991).
Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mapato asina kugadzirira kuchinja nzvimbo yavo, vanogona kukumbirwa kupika mhiko. Kuita mhiko inzira yekudaidza mwari kuti apupurire chokwadi cheuchapupu, ndiko kuti, izvo munhu anotaura. Semuyenzaniso, vaAro - dzinza riri mudunhu reAbia kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNigeria - vane mwari anonzi juju refu yeArochukwu. Zvinotendwa kuti ani naani anopika kwairi nhema achafa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kukakavara kunofungidzirwa kugadziriswa nekukurumidza mushure mekupika mhiko pamberi pe juju refu yeArochukwu. Saizvozvo, kupika mhiko neBhaibheri Dzvene kana Korani kunoonekwa senzira yekuratidza kusava nemhosva kwechero kukanganisa kana kudarika (Braimah, 1998, p.165).
Munzvimbo dzechinyakare, majee anogona kuitika pakati pemapato sezvaiitwa munharaunda zhinji muNigeria. Iyi inzira isina kuisirwa mukugadzirisa kusawirirana kwechinyakare. Yaiitwa pakati pevaFulani kuchamhembe kweNigeria. John Paden (1986) akaenzanisira pfungwa uye kukosha kwehukama hwekuseka. VaFulani naTiv naBarberi vakatora majee uye kuseka kuti vaderere makakatanwa pakati pavo (Braimah, 1998). Tsika iyi inogona kutorwa mukunetsana kuri kuitika pakati pevafudzi nevarimi.
Nzira yekupamba inogona kushandiswa panyaya yekubiwa kwemombe sezvaiitwa munharaunda dzevafudzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzirisa nekumanikidza mombe dzakabiwa kuti dzidzoserwe kana kudzoserwa zvachose kana kubhadhara zvakaenzana kumuridzi. Mhedzisiro yekupaza inoenderana nekumanikidza uye simba reboka rinopaza pamwe nereanopikisa uyo, mune dzimwe nguva, anorwisa pane kubvuma.
Aya maitiro akakodzera kuongororwa mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo nyika yazviwana pachayo. Zvakadaro, hatisi kukanganwa chokwadi chekuti nzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzirisa gakava dzine hutera. Zvakadaro, avo vanoti nzira dzechinyakare dzinopokana nemaitiro epasi rose ekodzero dzevanhu uye hutongi hwejekerere vanogona kutadza kuziva chikonzero nekuti kodzero dzevanhu nehutongi hwejekerere zvinogona kubudirira chete kana paine kugarisana murunyararo pakati pemapoka akasiyana munharaunda. Maitiro echinyakare anosanganisira ese strata nzanga - varume, vakadzi, uye vechidiki. Hazvirevi hazvo kusarura chero munhu. Kubatanidzwa kwevakadzi nevechidiki kwakakosha nekuti ava ndivo vanhu vanotakura mutoro wekukonana. Zvinenge zvisingakodzeri kubvisa mapoka aya mukukonana kwerudzi urwu.
Kuoma kwekukonana uku kunoda kuti nzira dzechinyakare dzishandiswe zvisinei nekusakwana kwayo. Pasina panikiro, zvimiro zvegamuchidzanwa zvazvino uno zvakakomborerwa kusvikira kutambanuko yokuti nzira dzetsika dzokupedza rwisano hadzichadiwi navanhu. Zvimwe zvikonzero zvekudzikira kwechido mumaitiro echinyakare ekugadzirisa gakava zvinosanganisira kuzvipira kwenguva, kusakwanisa kukwidza mitongo isingafadzi muzviitiko zvakawanda, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, huori hwevakuru nevakuru vezvematongerwo enyika (Osaghae, 2000). Kunobvira kuti vamwe vakuru vangava vakarerekera mukubata kwavo nhau, kana kuti nokuda kwokukara kwavo kwomunhu oga. Izvi hazvisi zvikonzero zvakakwana nei nzira yechinyakare yekugadzirisa gakava ichifanira kushorwa. Hapana system isina kukanganisa zvachose.
Mhedziso uye Mazano
Kusandurwa kwegakava kunotsamira pakururamisira kwekudzoreredza. Nzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana, sezvaratidzwa pamusoro, dzinobva pamisimboti yekutonga kwekudzorera. Izvi zvakasiyana nemaitiro ekuMadokero ekutonga ayo akavakirwa pakudzorera kana kuranga maitiro. Bepa rino rinokurudzira kushandiswa kwemaitiro echinyakare ekugadzirisa kusawirirana kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwevafudzi nevarimi. Zvinosanganisirwa muzvirongwa zvechivanhu izvi ndezvekuripiswa kwevakabatwa nemhosva uye kudzoserwa kwevapari vemhosva munharaunda kuitira kuvaka patsva hukama hwakaputsika uye kudzoreredza kugarisana munharaunda dzakakanganiswa. Kuitwa kweizvi kune runyararo uye kudzivirira kusawirirana.
Kunyangwe nzira dzechinyakare dzisina zvikanganiso, kubatsira kwadzo hakugone kusimbiswa zvakanyanya mudhaka rekuchengetedza razvino iro nyika yazviwana pachayo. Iyi nzira inotarisa mukati mekugadzirisa kusawirirana inofanirwa kuongororwa. Hutongi hweMadokero munyika hwaratidza kusashanda uye kutadza kugadzirisa gakava riripo iri. Izvi zvimwe nekuti mapoka maviri aya haasisina kutenda mumasangano ekuMadokero. Dare redzimhosva rakazadzwa nemaitiro anovhiringa uye mhedzisiro isingatarisike, ichitarisa pakupara mhosva uye kurangwa kwemunhu. Nekuda kwematambudziko ese aya ndipo pakaumbwa Dare reVakachenjera neAfrican Union kuti ribatsire mukugadzirisa kunetsana kuri kuitika muAfrica.
Nzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzirisa gakava dzinogona kuongororwa seimwe nzira yekugadzirisa gakava revafudzi nevarimi. Nekupa nzvimbo yekuvimba yekuwana chokwadi, kureurura, kukumbira ruregerero, ruregerero, kutsiva, kubatanidzwazve, kuyananiswa uye kuvaka hukama, kugarisana kwevanhu kana kuenzana kwevanhu kunozodzoreredzwa.
Zvakadaro, musanganiswa wemienzaniso yemuno neyeKumadokero yekugadzirisa kusawirirana inogona kushandiswa mune mamwe maitiro ekugadzirisa kusawirirana kwevafudzi nevarimi. Zvinokurudzirwawo kuti nyanzvi dzemitemo yechivanhu nedze sharia dzipinzwe muhurongwa hwekugadzirisa. Matare echinyakare uye esharia umo madzimambo nemadzishe vane masimba ari pamutemo uye matare eWestern court anofanirwa kuramba aripo uye achishanda pamwe chete.
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