Hindutva muU.SA: Kunzwisisa Kusimudzirwa Kwemadzinza neKupesana Kwechitendero
- NaAdem Carroll, Ruramisiro kune Vese USA uye Sadia Masroor, Ruramisiro kune Yese Canada
- Zvinhu zvinoparara; pakati haigoni kubata.
- Kusagadzikana chete kwasunungurwa panyika,
- Mvura yakadzikama yeropa yakasunungurwa, uye kwose kwose
- Mhemberero yekusava nemhosva inonyura-
- Vakanakisisa vanoshaya chivimbo chese, nepo vakaipisisa
- Vazere neshungu dzerudo.
Yakanongedzwa Kuongorora:
Carroll, A., & Masroor, S. (2022). Hindutva muU.SA: Kunzwisisa Kusimudzirwa Kwemadzinza neKupesana Kwechitendero. Pepa rakasvitswa paInternational Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation's 7th Annual International Conference on Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding musi wa29 Gunyana 2022 paManhattanville College, Purchase, New York.
kumashure
India inyika ine marudzi akasiyana e1.38 bhiriyoni. Nevashoma vayo vechiMuslim vanofungidzirwa kusvika mamiriyoni mazana maviri, zvematongerwo enyika zveIndia zvingave zvakatarisirwa kugamuchira ruzhinji sechikamu chekuzivikanwa kwayo se "demokrasi huru pasi rose." Sezvineiwo, mumakumi emakore achangopfuura zvematongerwo enyika zveIndia zvave kunyanya kupatsanura uye Islamophobic.
Kuti unzwisise nhaurirano yayo inokamuranisa yezvematongerwo enyika netsika munhu anogona kurangarira makore 200 ehutongi hweBritain, kutanga neBritish East India Company uyezve neBritish Crown. Zvakare, Kuteura ropa kwa1947 Partition yeIndia nePakistan yakakamura dunhu nemitsara yekuzivikanwa kwechitendero, zvichikonzera makumi emakore emakakatanwa pakati peIndia nemuvakidzani wayo, Pakistan, nyika ine vanhu vanosvika mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi maviri echiMuslim.
"Hindutva" ipfungwa yepamusoro-soro inofanana neyakamukazve nyika yechiHindu inopokana nechitendero uye kuona India se "Hindu Rashtra (nyika)." Hindutva ndiyo inotungamira musimboti weRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), bapiro rekurudyi, Hindu nationalist, sangano remauto rakavambwa muna 1925 iro rakabatana netiweki yakakura yemasangano ane bapiro rekurudyi, kusanganisira Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) iyo ine. akatungamirira hurumende yeIndia kubva muna 2014. Hindutva haangofadzi vanhu vepamusoro Brahmin vachitsvaga kuramba vaine ropafadzo asi inorongwa sesangano rinokurudzira vanhu kuti vafarire “vasina hanya. [1]. "
Kunyangwe bumbiro remutemo reIndia repashure pekoloni rinorambidza rusarura runobva mukuzivikanwa kwechivanhu, hurongwa hwekasi hunoramba huri simba retsika muIndia, semuenzaniso rakaunganidzwa mumapoka ezvematongerwo enyika. Mhirizhonga yemunharaunda uye kunyange kuponda zvichiri kutsanangurwa uye kunyange kururamiswa maererano nemapoka. Munyori weIndia, Devdutt Pattanaik, anorondedzera kuti “Hindutva akasimbisa sei mabhangi evaHindu evhoti nokubvuma uchokwadi hwemapoka pamwe chete nedzidziso huru yeIslamo uye nokuienzanisa nenzira isinganyadziswi nourudzi.” Uye Professor Harish S. Wankhede vakapedzisa[2], "Yazvino yerudyi-wing dispensation haidi kukanganisa iyo inoshanda yemagariro tsika. Pane kudaro, vatsigiri veHindutva vanoita zvematongerwo enyika kupatsanurwa kwemapoka, vanokurudzira tsika dzemadzitateguru uye kupemberera tsika dzechiBrahmanical.
Kuwedzera, nharaunda diki dzakatambura nerusarura uye rusaruro pasi pehurumende itsva yeBJP. Vachinangidzirwa zvakanyanya, maMuslim echiIndia akaona kuwedzera kunotyisa kwevatungamiriri vakasarudzwa kubva mukukurudzira kushungurudzwa kwepamhepo uye kukanganisa kwehupfumi kwemabhizinesi echiMuslim kusvika pakushevedzera kuri pachena kwekupondwa kwevamwe vatungamiriri vechiHindu. Mhirizhonga inopesana nevashoma yaisanganisira kuvhima uye kungwarira.[3]
Padanho rezvematongerwo enyika, kusarudzika nyika yechiHindu inoiswa muIndia's 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), iyo inotyisidzira kurambidza mamirioni evaMuslim vanobva kuBengali. Sezvakataurwa neUS Commission yeInternational Freedom, "CAA inopa nzira yekukurumidza kune vasiri maMuslim vanobva kune Muslim-vazhinji Afghanistan, Bangladesh, nePakistan kuti vanyorere uye vawane chizvarwa cheIndia. Mutemo uyu unopa vanhu vakasarudzwa, vasiri vechiMuslim munyika idzi vapoteri mukati meIndia uye unochengeta chikamu che'vatorwa zvisiri pamutemo' kuvaMuslim chete. "[4] VaMuslim veRohingya vanotiza kuurayiwa kwevanhu muMyanmar uye vanogara muJammu vakatyisidzirwa nemhirizhonga pamwe nekudzingwa nevatungamiriri veBJP.[5] Anti-CAA varatidziri, vatori venhau uye vadzidzi vakashungurudzwa nekusungwa.
Ideology yeHindutva inoparadzirwa nemasangano mazhinji munyika dzinosvika makumi mana pasirese, achitungamirwa nevatsigiri vebato rinotonga reIndia uye veMutungamiriri weNarendra Modi. Sangh Parivar ("Mhuri yeRSS") ishoko rekusarudzika rekuunganidzwa kwemasangano echiHindu echiHindu anosanganisira Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, kana "World Hindu Organisation,") iyo CIA yakaronga sesangano rechitendero rinorwisa muNyika yayo. Factbook's 40 kupinda[6] kuIndia. Vachitaura "kudzivirira" chitendero chechiHindu netsika, veVHP vechidiki Bajrang Dal vakauraya nhamba huru yezviito zvechisimba.[7] yakanangana nemaIndia maMuslim uye akaverengerwa sevarwi. Kunyangwe iyo Factbook isingaite zvisungo zvakadaro, muna Nyamavhuvhu 2022 pakave nemishumo yekuti Bajrang Dal ari kuronga "kudzidzira zvombo zvevaHindu."[8]
Nekudaro, mamwe masangano mazhinji akaparadzirawo Hindutva nationalist maonero muIndia nepasirese. Semuyenzaniso, Vishwa Hindu Parishad yekuAmerica (VHPA) inogona kuparadzaniswa zviri pamutemo kubva kuVHP yekuIndia iyo yakakurudzira kuparadzwa kweBabri Mosque ine nhoroondo muna 1992 uye mhirizhonga yeruzhinji yakatevera.[9] Zvakadaro, yakatsigira zvakajeka vatungamiri veVHP vanokurudzira mhirizhonga. Semuenzaniso, muna 2021 VHPA yakakoka Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, mupristi mukuru weDasna Devi Tembere muGhaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, uye mutungamiri weHindu Swabhiman (Hindu Self-Respect), kuti vapiwe mukurukuri anoremekedzwa pamutambo wechitendero. Pakati pezvimwe zvinotsamwisa, Saraswati ane mbiri yekurumbidza mhondi dzechiHindu dzeMahatma Gandhi, uye nekudaidza maMuslim kuti madhimoni.[10] VHPA yakamanikidzwa kumisa kukoka kwavo zvichitevera chikumbiro che#RejectHate, asi vamwe vane chekuita nesangano iri, vakaita saSonal Shah, vachangobva kudomwa muzvinzvimbo zvine simba muBiden Administration.[11]
MuIndia, Rashtrasevika Samiti anomiririra bapiro revakadzi, riri pasi pesangano revarume reRSS. Iyo Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) yakashanda muUSA, kutanga zvisina kurongwa mukupera kwema1970s ndokuzobatanidzwa muna 1989, ichishandawo mune dzimwe nyika dzinopfuura zana nemakumi mashanu nemapazi anofungidzirwa 150.[12]. MuUSA, tsika dzechiHindutva dzinoratidzwawo nekusimudzirwa neHindu American Foundation (HAF), sangano rinomiririra rinoratidza kushoropodzwa kweHindutva zvakafanana neHinduphobia.[13]
Aya masangano anowanzo pindirana, achigadzira network inobatika zvakanyanya yevatungamiriri veHindutva nevapesvedzera. Kubatana uku kwakabuda pachena munaGunyana 2019 panguva yemusangano weHowdy Modi muHouston, Texas, nguva apo mukana wezvematongerwo enyika wenharaunda yeHindu America wakagamuchira tarisiro yakapararira muUSA. Vakamira parutivi, Mutungamiri Trump neMutungamiri Modi vakarumbidza mumwe nemumwe. Asi 'Howdy, Modi' vakaungana kwete chete Mutungamiriri Trump uye zviuru makumi mashanu vekuIndia vekuAmerica, asi vezvematongerwo enyika vazhinji, kusanganisira Mutungamiriri weDemocratic House Majority, Steny Hoyer uye maSeneta eTexas Republican John Cornyn naTed Cruz.
Sezvakataurwa neIntercept panguva iyoyo[14], "Sachigaro wekomiti yekuronga 'Howdy, Modi', Jugal Malani, mukwasha wemutevedzeri wemutungamiri wenyika weHSS.[15] uye chipangamazano kuEkal Vidyalaya Foundation yeUSA[16], dzidzo isingabatsiri iyo mumwe wake wekuIndia akabatana neRSS offshoot. Muzukuru waMalani, Rishi Bhutada*, ndiye aiva mutauriri mukuru wechiitiko ichi uye inhengo yebhodhi reHindu American Foundation.[17], inozivikanwa nemaitiro ayo ehasha ekupesvedzera nhaurirano dzezvematongerwo enyika paIndia nechiHindu. Mumwe mutauriri, VaGitesh Desai, ndivo mutungamiri wenyika[18] yechitsauko cheHouston cheSewa International, sangano rebasa rakabatana neHSS.”
Mune yakakosha uye yakanyatsotsanangurwa 2014 tsvakurudzo bepa[19] kugadzira mepu yenzvimbo yeHindutva muU.SA, South Asia Citizens Web vatsvakurudzi vakanga vatotsanangura Sangh Parivar (iyo Sangh "mhuri"), network yemapoka ari pamberi peboka reHindutva, seine nhengo inofungidzirwa inosvika mamiriyoni, uye. kuendesa mamirioni emadhora kumapoka emarudzi muIndia.
Kusanganisira mapoka ese ezvitendero, huwandu hwevanhu veIndia vekuTexas hwawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri mumakore gumi apfuura kusvika ku10, asi vazhinji vanoramba vari mubato reDemocratic Party. Iko kukanganisa kweHowdy Modi nguva[20] yakaratidza kubudirira kweMutungamiriri weModi mukuratidza zvishuwo zveIndia pane kukwezva Mutungamiri Donald Trump. Nharaunda iri zvakare pro-Modi kupfuura pro-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), sevazhinji vanobva kuIndia.[21] kuUnited States kunobva kuSouth India uko Modi inotonga BJP isingabatike zvakanyanya. Zvakare, kunyangwe vamwe vatungamiriri veHindutva muU.SA vakatsigira zvine hukasha mudhuri wemuganho waTrump muTexas, nhamba iri kukura yevanobva kuIndia vari kuyambuka muganhu wekumaodzanyemba.[22], uye hurongwa hwehutungamiriri hwake hwakaoma pamusoro pekubvakacha - kunyanya miganhu pamavhiza eH1-B, uye hurongwa hwekubvisa vane mavhiza eH-4 (varoora veH1-B vane mavhiza) kodzero yekushanda - yakatsausa vamwe vazhinji munharaunda. "MaHindu enyika muAmerica akashandisa chimiro chavo chevashoma kuti vazvidzivirire ivo vachitsigira bato repamusoro-soro muIndia," maererano naDieter Friedrich, muongorori wezvenhau wekuSouth Asia akatorwa neIntercept.[23] MuIndia neUSA, vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vanopatsanura vaikurudzira zvematongerwo enyika kuti vakwidze vavhoti vavo.[24]
Sokunyora kwakaita mutori wenhau Sonia Paul muThe Atlantic,[25] "Radha Hegde, purofesa weNew York University uye mubatsiri-mupepeti we Routledge Handbook yeIndia Diaspora, yakagadzira rally yeModi's Houston sekutarisa nzvimbo yekuvhota isingafungirwe nevakawanda vekuAmerica. 'Munguva ino yourudzi hwechiHindu,' akandiudza kudaro, 'vari kumutswa semaHindu ekuAmerica.'” Zvingangodaro kuti vazhinji venhengo dzechiHindu America dzemapoka akabatana neRSS hadzina kudzidziswa zvizere, asi dzinongoenderana neIndia yamuka. urudzi. Uye zvakadaro zvinoramba zvichinetsa kuti "kumuka" uku kwakaitika mavhiki mashoma mushure mekunge hurumende yeModi yatorera Jammu neKashmir kuzvitonga uye kuisa mamirioni maviri maMuslim panjodzi yekusagadzikana muAssam State.[26]
Hondo dzeMabhuku Tsika
Sezvo vanhu vekuAmerica vachitoziva kubva mukuenderera mberi kwe "kodzero dzevabereki" uye Critical Race Theory (CRT) nharo, dzidzo yechikoro inorwisana uye inoumbwa nehondo huru dzetsika dzenyika. Kunyorwazve kwakarongeka kwenhoroondo chinhu chakakosha chepfungwa dzechiHindu dzechiHindu uye kupinza kweHindutva muzvidzidzo kunoratidzika kunge kuri kunetsa munyika mose muIndia nemuUSA. Nepo kumwe kuvandudzika mumufananidzo wevaHindu kungave kwaidikanwa, muitiro wacho wakaitwa zvematongerwe enyika kubvira pakutanga.[27]
Muna 2005 vatsigiri veHindutva vakamhan'arira [uyo] kudzivirira "mifananidzo yakaipa" yemapoka kuti isasanganisirwe muzvidzidzo.[28]. Sezvakatsanangurwa Equality Labs muongororo yavo ye2018 ye caste muAmerica, "shanduro dzavo dzaisanganisira kuyedza kudzima izwi rekuti "Dalit", kudzima mabviro eCaste murugwaro rwechiHindu, panguva imwe chete ichideredza zvinonetsa kuCaste neBrahmanism neSikh, Bhudha, uye tsika dzechiIslam. Uyezve, vakaedza kupinza udzame hwengano munhau yeIndus Valley Civilization apo vachiedza kunyomba chiIslam sechitendero chokukunda nechisimba muSouth Asia.”[29]
Kune verudzi rwechiHindu, nguva yakapfuura yeIndia ine budiriro yechiHindu ine mbiri inoteverwa nemazana emakore ekutonga kweMuslim uko Mutungamiriri Modi akarondedzera semakore ane chiuru e "uranda."[30] Vanyori venhoroondo vanoremekedzwa vanoramba vachitsanangura maonero akaomarara vanowana kushungurudzwa kwakanyanya kwepamhepo kwe "anti-Hindu, anti-India" maonero. Semuenzaniso, ane makore makumi masere nemapfumbamwe ekare munyori wenhoroondo, Romila Thapar, anogashira runyoro rwezvinonyadzisira kubva kuvateveri veModi.[31]
Muna 2016 Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia (Irvine) yakaramba rubatsiro rwemamiriyoni matanhatu emadhora kubva kuDharma Civilization Foundation (DCF) mushure mekunge nyanzvi dzakawanda dzedzidzo dzakasaina chikumbiro chekuti veDCF vanobatana vakaedza kuunza shanduko dzisiri dzechokwadi kuCalifornia mabhuku egiredhi rechitanhatu. nezvechiHindu[32], uye anoratidza kushushikana pamusoro pemushumo wenhepfenyuro unoratidza kuti chipo ichi chaibva pakuti yunivhesiti inosarudza vanoda kukwikwidza neDCF. Dare revadzidzisi rakawana hwaro "hwakanyanya kufambiswa nepfungwa" ne "zvakanyanyisa-bapiro rekurudyi pfungwa."[33] Mushure mezvo, DCF yakazivisa hurongwa hwekuunganidza miriyoni yemadhora[34] yeHindu University yeAmerica[35], iyo inopa tsigiro yemasangano kune vanhu vari muminda yezvidzidzo inokosheswa neSangh, sebapiro redzidzo reVHPA.
Muna 2020, vabereki vanodyidzana naAmai Kupesana Nekudzidzisa Ruvengo muZvikoro (Project-MATHS) vakabvunza kuti sei Epic kuverenga app, iyo zvikoro zveveruzhinji muUS mune zvidzidzo zvavo, yakaratidza biography yeMutungamiriri weModi inoratidzira manyepo ake pamusoro pake. kuwana dzidzo, pamwe nekurwisa kwake Congress Party yeMahatma Gandhi.[36]
Makakatanwa ari kuramba achiwedzera. Mukupera kwa2021 vatsigiri vekodzero dzevanhu uye vatsoropodzi vehurumende yeModi vakaronga musangano wepamhepo, Dismantling Global Hindutva, kusanganisira mapaneru eiyo caste system, Islamophobia uye mutsauko pakati peHinduism chitendero uye Hindutva iyo huru ideology. Chiitiko ichi chakatsigirwa pamwe chete nemadhipatimendi eanopfuura makumi mana emayunivhesiti eAmerica, anosanganisira Harvard neColumbia. Sangano reHindu American Foundation nedzimwe nhengo dzesangano reHindutva vakashora chiitiko ichi vachiti chiri kugadzira nzvimbo ine utsinye kuvadzidzi vechiHindu.[37] Anoda kusvika miriyoni maemail akatumirwa achiratidzira kumayunivhesiti, uye webhusaiti yechiitiko yakaenda kunze kwenyika kwemazuva maviri mushure mekunyunyuta kwenhema. Pakasvika chiitiko ichi musi waGunyana 10, varongi varo nevatauri vaive vawana kutyityidzira rufu nekubatwa chibharo. MuIndia, Pro-Modi nhau nzira dzakasimudzira zvirevo zvekuti musangano uyu wakapa "chivharo chehungwaru cheTaliban."[38]
Masangano eHindutva akataura kuti chiitiko chacho chakaparadzira “Hinduphobia.” "Vanoshandisa mutauro weAmerican multiculturalism kuratidza chero kushoropodza seHinduphobia," akadaro Gyan Prakash, munyori wenhoroondo paPrinceton University aive mutauri pamusangano weHindutva.[39] Vamwe vafundisi vakabuda pachiitiko ichi vachityira mhuri dzavo, asi vamwe vakaita saAudrey Truschke, purofesa wenhoroondo yeSouth Asia paRutgers University, vakatowana kutyisidzirwa nerufu nekubatwa chibharo kubva kune verudzi rwechiHindu nekuda kwebasa rake pavatongi vechiMuslim veIndia. Anowanzoda kuchengetedzwa kwezvombo pazviitiko zvekutaura pachena.
Boka revadzidzi vechiHindu vokuRutgers rakateterera vakuru vacho, richida kuti arege kubvumirwa kudzidzisa kosi yechiHindu neIndia.[40] Muzvinafundo Audrey Truschke akadomwa zvakare muHAF mhosva yekutumira tweeting[41] nezve al Jazeera nyaya uye Hindu American Foundation. Musi waGunyana 8, 2021, akapupura zvakare muCongressional Briefing, "Hindutva Attacks paRusununguko rweChikoro."[42]
Urudzi hwechiHindu hwekurudyi hwakakudziridza sei kusvika kwahwo kukuru muzvidzidzo?[43] Mukutanga kwa2008 Campaign yekumisa Ruvengo Rwemari (CSFH) yakaburitsa chirevo chayo, "Zviri pachena Sangh: The National HSC neHindutva Agenda yayo," yakatarisana nekukura kwebapiro revadzidzi veSangh Parivar muUSA - Hindu Students Council (HSC). )[44] Zvichienderana neVHPA mutero unodzoka, mafirita neUS Patents Hofisi, ruzivo rweInternet domain registry, zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zveHSC, mushumo unonyora "nzira refu uye yakaoma yekubatana pakati peHSC neSangh kubva 1990 kusvika parizvino." Iyo HSC yakavambwa muna 1990 sechirongwa cheVHP yeAmerica.[45] HSC yakasimudzira vatauri vanopesanisa uye vemasekete vakaita saAshok Singhal naSadhvi Rithambara uye vakapikisa kuedza kwevadzidzi kusimudzira kubatanidzwa.[46]
Nekudaro, vechidiki vekuIndia vekuAmerica vanogona kujoina HSC vasingazive nezve "zvisingaoneki" kubatana pakati peHSC neSangh. Semuyenzaniso, senhengo inoshingaira yekirabhu yake yechiHindu yevadzidzi paCornell University, Samir aitarisira kukurudzira nharaunda yake kuita nhaurirano yemagariro nerusarura pamwe nekusimudzira kunamata. Akandiudza kuti akasvika sei kuNational Hindu Council kuronga musangano mukuru wevadzidzi wakaitwa paMIT muna 2017. Mukutaura nevaaironga navo, akakurumidza kugadzikana uye akaora mwoyo apo HSC yakakoka munyori Rajiv Malhotra semukurukuri mukuru.[47] Malhotra mutsigiri ane simba weHindutva, anopokana anorwisa Hindutva vatsoropodzi pamwe nepamhepo. ranter pamusoro pevadzidzi vaasingabvumirani navo[48]. Semuyenzaniso, Malhotra aigara achinangana nenyanzvi Wendy Doniger, achimurwisa nekuita zvepabonde uye zvemunhu pachake izvo zvakazodzokororwa mukupomerwa kwakabudirira muIndia kuti muna 2014 akawana bhuku rake, "The Hindus," rakarambidzwa munyika iyoyo.
Kunyangwe paine njodzi, vamwe vanhu nemasangano vakaramba vachidzosera kumashure Hindutva pachena[49], nepo vamwe vachitsvaka dzimwe nzira. Kubva zvaakasangana nazvo neHSC, Samir akawana nzanga yechiHindu ine ushamwari uye ine pfungwa dzakavhurika uye iye zvino ari kushanda senhengo yedare reSadhana, sangano rechiHindu rinofambira mberi. Anoti: “Kutenda kune zvakunoita nomunhu. Zvisinei, muU.SA kune mitsetse yemadzinza uye yerudzi inoda kutariswa, asi muIndia izvi zvakanyanya pamitsetse yechitendero, uye kunyangwe ukada kuchengetedza kutenda nezvematongerwo enyika zvakaparadzana, zvakaoma kusatarisira kumwe kutaura kubva kuvatungamiriri vezvitendero veko. Maonero akasiyana aripo muungano yega yega, uye mamwe matembere anogara kure nechero "zvematongerwo enyika" kutaura, nepo mamwe achiratidza hunhu hwenyika, kuburikidza nerutsigiro rwekuvaka kweRam Janmabhoomi Tembere panzvimbo yeAyodhya mosque yakaparadzwa semuenzaniso. Ini handifunge kuti Kuruboshwe/kurudyi zvikamu muUSA zvakafanana neIndia. Iyo Hindutva mumamiriro eAmerica inopindirana neEvangelical Right paIslamophobia, asi kwete pazvinhu zvese. Zvisungo zvebapiro rekurudyi zvakaoma. "
Legal Push Back
Zvichangobva kuitwa zvemutemo zvakaita kuti nyaya yecaste iwedzere kuoneka. Muna Chikunguru 2020, vatongi veCalifornia vakamhan'ara kambani yeTekinoroji yeCisco Systems vachipomerwa rusarura kuna mainjiniya wekuIndia nevamwe vake vekuIndia ivo vese vaishanda mudunhu.[50]. Mhosva iyi inoti Cisco haina kugadzirisa zvakakwana kushushikana kwemushandi waDalit kuti akashungurudzwa nevashandi vepamusoro vechiHindu. Sekunyora kunoita Vidya Krishnan muAtlantic, "Nyaya yeCisco inoratidza chiitiko chenhoroondo. Kambani iyi — chero kambani — haingadai isina kumbobvira yatarisana nemhosva dzakadai muIndia, uko rusarura rwevanhu, kunyangwe zvisiri pamutemo, chiri chokwadi chinogamuchirwa… muIndia.”[51]
Gore rakatevera, muna Chivabvu 2021, dare redzimhosva rakapomera sangano rechiHindu, Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, anozivikanwa zvikuru seBAPS, akakwezva vanopfuura mazana maviri evashandi vepasi kuUS kuti vavake temberi yakakura yechiHindu muNew Jersey. , achivabhadhara zvishoma se$200 paawa kwemakore anoverengeka.[52] Mhosva iyi yakati vashandi vaigara mukomboni yakakomberedzwa umo mafambiro avo aitariswa nemakamera nemagadhi. BAPS inoverenga pamusoro pe1200 mandirs munetiweki yayo uye anopfuura makumi mashanu matembere muUSA neUK, mamwe akanyanya kunaka. Kunyange ichizivikanwa nebasa renharaunda uye philanthropy, BAPS yakatsigira pachena nekupa mari kuRam Mandir muAyodhya, yakavakwa panzvimbo yenhoroondo yemosque yakaputswa nevechiHindu, uye Mutungamiriri weIndia Modi anga aine hukama hwepedyo nesangano. BAPS yaramba mhosva yekushandiswa kwevashandi.[53]
Panguva imwecheteyo, mubatanidzwa wakakura wevarwiri veIndia vekuAmerica nemasangano ekodzero dzevanhu akadana US Small Business Administration (SBA) kuti iongorore kuti mapoka evaHindu erudyi akatambira sei mazana ezviuru zvemadhora mumari yekubatsira yeCOVID-19, sezvakataurwa. naAl Jazeera muna Kubvumbi 2021.[54] Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti masangano akabatana neRSS akawana mari inodarika zviuru mazana masere nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu emadhora mukubhadhara zvakananga, uye nezvikwereti. Al Jazeera akatora mashoko aJohn Prabhudoss, sachigaro weFederation of Indian American Christian Organisations kuti: “Mapoka ehurumende anoona nezvekodzero dzevanhu pamwe nemasangano anorwira kodzero dzevanhu anofanirwa kucherekedza zvakanyanya kusabatwa zvakanaka kwemari yeCOVID nemapoka echiHindu akanyanya kuUnited States.”
Islamophobia
Sezvambotaurwa, muIndia kusimudzirwa kweAnti-Muslim hurukuro kwakapararira. An anti-Muslim pogrom muDelhi[55] zvakasangana nekushanya kwekutanga kwemutungamiri wenyika kwaDonald Trump kuIndia[56]. Uye mukati memakore maviri apfuura mishandirapamwe yepamhepo yakasimudzira kutya nezve "love jihad"[57] (kunangana hushamwari hwezvitendero zvakasiyana uye michato), Coronajihad”[58], (vachipomera kupararira kwedenda kumaMuslim) uye “Spit Jihad” (kureva, “Thook Jihad”) vachipomera kuti vatengesi vechikafu vechiMuslim vanopfira muchikafu chavanenge vatengesa.[59]
Muna Zvita 2021, vatungamiriri vechiHindu pa“Paramende Yechitendero” muHaridwar vakashevedzera zviri pachena kuti vaMuslim vauraye vanhu vakawanda.[60], pasina mhosva kubva kuMutungamiri Modi kana vateveri vake. Mwedzi chete yapfuura, VHP yeAmerica[61] akanga akoka Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, muprista mukuru weDasna Devi Tembere semutauri mukuru[62]. Chiitiko chakarongwa chakamiswa mushure mekunyunyuta kwakawanda. Yati anga atove nemukurumbira wakashata we "kuvenga ruvengo" kwemakore uye akaiswa muhusungwa mushure mekudaidzira kupondwa kwevanhu vakawanda muna Zvita.
Iko kune chokwadi yakakura iripo Islamophobic hurukuro muEurope[63], USA, Canada nedzimwe nyika. Kuvakwa kweMosque kwave kuchipikiswa muUSA kwemakore mazhinji[64]. Kupikisa kwakadaro kunowanzo kuratidzwa maererano nekuwedzera kunetseka kwemotokari asi muna 2021 zvakaonekwa kuti nharaunda dzechiHindu dzakanyanya kuoneka vapikisi vekuwedzera kwemusikiti muNaperville, IL.[65].
MuNaperville vashori vakaratidza kushushikana pamusoro pekukwirira kweminaret uye mukana wekudaidzira kumunamato kutepfenyurwa. Munguva pfupi yapfuura muCanada, Ravi Hooda, muzvipiri webazi reko reHindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS)[66] uye nhengo yePeel District School Board mudunhu reToronto, tweeted kuti kubvumira nhare dzemunamato wechiMuslim kutepfenyurwa kunovhura musuwo we "Nzira dzakaparadzana dzevatasvi vengamera nembudzi" kana mitemo "inoda kuti vakadzi vese vafukidze kubva kumusoro kusvika kutsoka mumatende. .”[67]
Matauriro eruvengo neanozvidza akadaro akakurudzira chisimba uye kutsigira chisimba. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti muna 2011, gandanga rekurudyi Anders Behring Breivik akafemerwa muchikamu nemazano eHindutva kuuraya nhengo dzevechidiki makumi manomwe nenomwe dzakabatana neNorwegian Labor Party. Muna Ndira 77[68], kurwisa kwemagandanga pane imwe mosque muQuebec City kwakauraya vaMuslim vatanhatu vakabva kune dzimwe nyika ndokukuvadza 6[69], yakafuridzirwa nehupo hwakasimba hwebapiro rekurudyi munharaunda (kusanganisira chitsauko cheboka reNordic ruvengo[70]) pamwe neruvengo rwepamhepo. Zvakare muCanada, muna 2021 boka reCanadian Hindu Advocacy rinotungamirwa naIslamophobe Ron Banerjee, vakaronga musangano wekutsigira murume akauraya maMuslim mana nerori yake muguta reCanada reLondon.[71]. Kunyangwe Secretary General weUN akaona uye akashora kurwiswa uku[72]. Banarjee ane mukurumbira wakashata. Muvhidhiyo yakatumirwa paRise Canada's YouTube account muna Gumiguru 2015, Banerjee aigona kuonekwa akabata Qur'an achiipfira nekuipukuta nekumashure kwake. Muvhidhiyo yakakwidzwa paRise Canada's YouTube account muna Ndira 2018, Banerjee akatsanangura Islam se "kapoka kechibharo."[73]
Kuparadzira Kufurira
Zviripachena vazhinji verudzi rwechiHindu muUSA havatsigire kukurudzira kana zviito zvechisimba zvakadaro. Zvisinei, masangano akafuridzirwa eHindutva ari pamberi pakuita shamwari nokupesvedzera vanhu muhurumende. Kubudirira kwekuedza kwavo kunogona kuonekwa mukukundikana kweCongress yeUnited States kushora kuzvitonga kweKashmir muna 2019 kana kudzvinyirirwa kwevaMuslim muAssam State. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa mukutadza kweDhipatimendi reHurumende reUS kudoma India seNyika Yekunetseka Kwakati (CPC), zvisinei nekurudziro yakasimba yeUS Commission yeInternational Religious Freedom.
Sehunesimba uye hwakatsunga sekupinzwa kwayo muhurongwa hwedzidzo hweUS, Hindutva yekufambisa inonangana matunhu ese ehurumende, sezvavane kodzero yese yekuita. Zvisinei, maitiro avo ekumanikidza anogona kunge ane hasha. The Intercept[74] akatsanangura kuti Indian American Congressman Ro Khanna akasiya sei muna Chivabvu 2019 muchidimbu nezveKusarurwa kweCaste paminiti yekupedzisira nekuda kwe "kumanikidzwa kubva kumapoka mazhinji ane simba echiHindu."[75] Waaishanda naye Pramila Jayapal akaramba ari mutsigiri wechiitiko ichi. Pamwe chete nekuronga kuratidzira pazviitiko zvemunharaunda yake,[76] Varatidziri vakaunganidza anopfuura mazana maviri nemakumi matatu emapoka echiHindu neIndia ekuAmerica nevamwe vanhu, kusanganisira Hindu American Foundation, kuti vatumire Khanna tsamba vachishoropodza chirevo chake paKashmir uye vachimukumbira kuti abude muCongressal Pakistan Caucus, yaakanga achangobva kupinda.
Vamiriri Ilham Omar naRashida Tlaib vanga vachipokana nemaitiro ekumanikidza akadaro, asi vamwe vazhinji havana; semuenzaniso, Rep. Tom Suozzi (D, NY), akasarudza kudzokera kumashure pazvirevo zveKashmir. Uye sarudzo dzePresident dzisati dzaitwa, Hindu American Foundation yakayambira zvisizvo nezvehutungamiriri hweDemocratic Party kuramba huri "muoni asingatauri" we "Hinduphobia" iri kukura mubato.[77].
Mushure mesarudzo dza2020 dzeMutungamiri Biden, manejimendi ake akaita seakateerera kushoropodzwa kwesarudzo yake yevamiriri vemushandirapamwe.[78]. Sarudzo yake yemushandirapamwe yaAmit Jani semubatanidzwa nenharaunda yechiMuslim yakasimudza tsiye, sezvo mhuri yake yaive nehukama hunozivikanwa kuRSS. Vamwe vatauri vakashoropodza "mubatanidzwa wemaMotley weMuslim, Dalit, nemapoka akasiiwa akasiiwa" pamushandirapamwe wavo weinternet uchipokana naJani, uyo baba vake mushakabvu vakavamba Overseas Shamwari dzeBJP.[79]
Mibvunzo yakawanda yakasimudzwawo nezveCongressal Representative (uye Mutungamiriri Mumiriri) Tulsi Gabbard's link kune ari kure-kurudyi manhamba echiHindu.[80]. Nepo meseji yerudyi yeChristian evangelical uye yerudyi-bapiro yechiHindu ichishanda zvakafanana pane kuyambuka, Rep Gabbard haina kujairika mukubatana nematunhu ese ari maviri.[81]
Padanho reparamende yeNew York State, Nhengo yeGungano Jenifer Rajkumar akashoropodzwa nekuda kwevanopa vanotsigira Hindutva.[82] Boka renharaunda yeQueens Against Hindu Fascism rakaonawo kuti aitsigira Mutungamiriri weModi. Mumwe mumiriri wenzvimbo iyi, Senator weOhio State Niraj Antani akataura mukutaura kwaGunyana 2021 kuti akashora musangano we "Disantling Hindutva" "nemashoko akasimba" se "hapana chinopfuura rusarura uye rusarura kune maHindu."[83] Zvichida kune mienzaniso yakawanda yakafanana yepandering iyo inogona kucherwa nekumwe kutsvagisa.
Pakupedzisira, pane nhamburiko dzenguva dzose dzokusvika kuna meya womunzvimbomo nokudzidzisa madhipatimendi echipurisa.[84] Nepo nzanga dzeIndia nechiHindu dzine kodzero dzose dzokuita izvi, vamwe vacherekedzi vakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokubatanidzwa kweHindutva, somuenzaniso kuvaka ukama hweHSS nemadhipatimendi emapurisa muTroy neCaton, Michigan, uye Irving, Texas.[85]
Pamwe chete nevatungamiriri veHindutva vane simba, mauto ekufunga, vatsigiri uye vanoita zvehungwaru vanotsigira kukurudzira kwehurumende yeModi muUSA nemuCanada.[86] Nekudaro, pamusoro peizvi, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise zvirinani kuongororwa, disinformation uye propaganda mishandirapamwe iri kusimudzirwa online.
Social Media, Journalism uye Tsika Hondo
India ndiyo musika mukuru paFacebook, une vanhu 328 miriyoni vanoshandisa social media platform. Pamusoro pezvo, maIndia anosvika mamirioni mazana mana anoshandisa sevhisi yekutumira mameseji paFacebook, WhatsApp[87]. Nehurombo, idzi social media dzave mota dzeruvengo uye disinformation. MuIndia, kuuraya kwakawanda kwemombe kunoitika mushure merunyerekupe rwakapararira pasocial media, kunyanya WhatsApp[88]. Mavhidhiyo ekunyomba uye kurohwa anowanzo kugoverwa paWhatsApp zvakare.[89]
Vatori venhau vechikadzi vakanyanya kutambura nekutyisidzirwa nechisimba chepabonde, "deepfakes" uye doxing. Vatsoropodzi veMutungamiri Modi vauya kuzonyanya kushungurudzwa. Semuenzaniso, muna 2016, mutori wenhau Rana Ayub akaburitsa bhuku nezve kupindirana kweMutungamiriri nemhirizhonga yakaitika muna 2002 muGujarat. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, pamusoro pekugamuchira kutyisidzira kwerufu kwakawanda, Ayub akaziva nezvevhidhiyo yezvinonyadzisira yaigovaniswa pamapoka akasiyana eWhatsApp.[90] Chiso chake chaive chakakwidibira pachiso chemutambi wemufirimu wezvinonyadzisira, achishandisa tekinoroji yeDeepfake iyo yakashandura chiso chaRana kuti agadzirise kutaura kweruchiva.
Ms Ayub vanonyora kuti, "Mazhinji e Twitter anobata uye maakaundi eFacebook akatumira vhidhiyo yezvinonyadzisira uye mapikicha anozviratidza sevateveri vaModi nebato ravo."[91] Kutyisidzirwa kwakadai kuvatori venhau vechikadzi kwakakonzerawo kupondwa chaiko. Muna 2017, mushure mekushungurudzwa kwakapararira pasocial media, mutori wenhau uye mupepeti Gauri Lankesh akaurayiwa nevanopikisa-bapiro rekurudyi kunze kwemba yake.[92] Lankesh aimhanya nemagazini maviri evhiki uye aishora bapiro rekurudyi vechiHindu avo vakatongerwa nematare enzvimbo nemhosva yekusvibisa zita rekushoropodza kwake BJP.
Nhasi, kudenhwa kwe“slut-shaming” kunopfuurira. Muna 2021, app inonzi Bulli Bai inotambirwa pawebhusaiti yeGitHub yakagovanisa mafoto evakadzi vanopfuura zana vechiMuslim vachiti vari "kutengeswa."[93] Ko masocial media platforms ari kuitei kuti adzorere ruvengo urwu? Zviri pachena kuti hazvina kukwana.
Mune chinyorwa chinobaya 2020, Zvisungo zvepaFacebook neBato Rinodzora reIndia zvinoomesa kurwisa kwaro Kupokana Nekutaura Ruvengo, Mutori wenhau weTime Magazine Tom Perrigo akatsanangura zvakadzama kuti Facebook India yakanonoka sei kutora kutaura kwevekuvenga maMuslim apo yakaitwa nevakuru vepamusoro, kunyangwe mushure mekunge Avaaz nemamwe mapoka evaratidziri vanyunyuta uye vashandi veFacebook vakanyora zvichemo zvemukati.[94] Perrigo akanyorawo hukama pakati pevashandi veFacebook vakuru muIndia neModi's BJP bato.[95] Pakati paNyamavhuvhu 2020, iyo Wall Street Journal yakataura kuti vashandi vepamusoro vakapokana kuti kuranga vamiriri vemitemo kunokuvadza tarisiro yebhizinesi reFacebook.[96] Vhiki rinotevera, Reuters akatsanangura sei, vachipindura, vashandi veFacebook vakanyora tsamba yakazaruka yemukati vachidaidza vatungamiriri kuti vashore hutsinye hunopesana neMuslim uye kuti vashandise mitemo yekutaura kweruvengo nguva dzose. Tsamba iyi yakataurawo kuti pakanga pasina vashandi vechiMuslim papuratifomu yeIndia policy timu.[97]
Muna Gumiguru 2021 iyo New York Times yakavakirwa chinyorwa pane zvinyorwa zvemukati, chikamu chehombe cache yezvinhu zvinonzi Mapepa eFacebook yakaunganidzwa nemuridzo Frances Haugen, aimbove maneja wechigadzirwa cheFacebook.[98] Mapepa aya anosanganisira mishumo yekuti mabhoti nemaakaundi emanyepo, ainyanya kubatanidzwa nemauto ezvematongerwo enyika ari kukonzeresa sarudzo dzenyika, sezvavakaita kuUnited States.[99] Ivo zvakare vanodonongodza kuti Facebook marongero aitungamira sei kune mamwe mashoko asiri iwo muIndia, kunyanya hutsinye panguva yedenda.[100] Zvinyorwa zvinotsanangura kuti chikuva chaiwanzokundikana sei kudzora ruvengo. Sekureva kwechinyorwa: "Facebook yakazeza kudoma RSS sesangano rine njodzi nekuda kwe"kushushikana kwezvematongerwo enyika" zvinogona kukanganisa mashandiro esocial network munyika."
Mukutanga kwa2022 magazini yenhau yeIndia, The Waya, yakaratidza kuvepo kweapp yakavanzika yakanyanyisa inonzi 'Tek Fog' iyo yaishandiswa nematroll ane hukama nebato rinotonga reIndia kubira ma media enhau uye kukanganisa mapuratifomu ekutumira mameseji seWhatsApp. Tek Fog inogona kubira chikamu 'chichiitika' che Twitter uye 'maitiro' paFacebook. Tek Fog vanoshanda vanogonawo kugadzirisa nyaya dziripo kuti dzigadzire nhau dzenhema.
Zvichitevera kuferefetwa kwemwedzi makumi maviri, achishanda neanoridza muridzo asi achitsigira zvakawanda zvezvaanopomerwa, mushumo unoongorora kuti iyo app inogadzirisa sei ruvengo uye kushungurudzwa kwakanangana nekuparadzira nhema. Chirevo ichi chinocherekedza kubatana kweapp kukambani yeIndia yekuAmerica inotengeswa pachena tekinoroji masevhisi, Persistent Systems, yakaisa mari yakawanda mukuwana zvibvumirano zvehurumende muIndia. Iyo zvakare inosimudzirwa neIndia #20 social media app, Sharechat. Chirevo chinoratidza kuti zvinokwanisika zvinongedzo kune ma hashtag ane chekuita nemhirizhonga uye kuCOVID-1 kushamwaridzana. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti "pazvikamu zvinosvika mamiriyoni 19 zvakaongororwa ... zvinoda kusvika 3.8% (mamiriyoni 58) zvadzo zvinogona kunzi 'kutaura kweruvengo'.
Muna 2019, EU DisinfoLab, NGO yakazvimirira inoongorora disinformation mishandirapamwe yakanangana neEU, yakaburitsa mushumo unotaura nezve network yevanopfuura mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu eIndia "nhepfenyuro dzenhema dzemuno" dzinotora nyika makumi matanhatu neshanu, kusanganisira kumadokero.[101] Kuedza uku kwakagadzirirwa kuvandudza maonero eIndia, pamwe nekusimbisa pro-Indian uye anti-Pakistani (uye anti-Chinese) manzwiro. Gore rakatevera, chirevo ichi chakateverwa nemushumo wechipiri wakawana kwete chete pamusoro pe750 manyepo enhau enhau, anofukidza nyika zana negumi nepfumbamwe, asi akati wandei akabira zvitupa, angangoita gumi akabira UN Human Rights Council akaremerwa NGOs, uye 119 mazita emazita akanyoreswa.[102]
EU DisinfoLab yakawana kuti magazini "yenhema", EP Nhasi, inotungamirwa nevaIndia vane chekuita, ine zvisungo kune yakakura network yekufunga matangi, NGOs, uye makambani kubva kuSrivastava Group.[103] Manomano akadaro akakwanisa “kukwezva nhamba iri kuramba ichikura yeMEPs muhurukuro yepro-India ne-anti-Pakistan, kazhinji vachishandisa zvikonzero zvakaita sekodzero dzevadiki nekodzero dzevakadzi sepokupinda napo.”
Muna 2019 nhengo makumi maviri nenomwe dzeparamende yeEuropean dzakashanyira Kashmir sevaenzi vesangano risingazivikanwe, Women's Economic and Social Think Tank, kana WESTT, sezviri pachena yakabatana neiyi pro-Modi network.[104] Vakasanganawo neMutungamiriri weNarendra Modi uye National Security Advisor Ajit Doval muNew Delhi. Kuwana uku kwakabvumidzwa kunyangwe yaramba hurumende yeModi kubvumidza Senator weUS Chris Van Hollen kushanya[105] kana kunyange UN Human Rights Council kutumira vamiririri vayo kunharaunda[106]. Ndivanaani vaiva vaenzi vakavimbika ava? Vanosvika makumi maviri nevaviri pamakumi maviri nevanomwe vaibva kumapato ari kure-kurudyi, akadai seFrance's National Rally, Poland's Law and Justice, neAlternative for Germany, inozivikanwa nemaonero akashata pamusoro pekupinda nekubuda kwevanhu munyika uye inonzi "Islamization of Europe".[107] Rwendo urwu rwe "mucherechedzi wemanyepo" rwakaratidza kukakavara, nekuti hazvina kungoitika chete apo vatungamiriri vazhinji veKashmiri vakaramba vakasungwa uye masevhisi einternet akamiswa, asiwo apo maMP eIndia mazhinji akarambidzwa kushanyira Kashmir.
Iyo EU Disinfo Lab NGO ine Twitter mubato we @DisinfoEU. Kugadzirisa zita nenzira inovhiringidza zvakafanana, muna Kubvumbi 2020 zvisinganzwisisike "Disinfolab" zvakaonekwa pa Twitter pasi pemubato @DisinfoLab. Pfungwa yekuti Islamophobia muIndia iri kusimuka inotsanangurwa se "nhau dzenhema" mukushandira zvido zvePakistan. Kudzokororwa mumatweets uye mishumo, zvinoita sekunge paine kushushikana neiyo Indian American Muslim Council (IAMC) uye Muvambi wayo, Shaik Ubaid, vachipa kwavari kusvika kunoshamisa uye pesvedzero.[108]
Muna 2021, DisinfoLab vakapemberera Dhipatimendi reHurumende reUS rakatadza kudoma India seNyika Inonyanya Kunetsekana[109] uye vakadzingwa mumushumo weUnited States Commission on International Religious Freedom se“sangano rinonyanya kunetseka” richikurudzira masangano anodzorwa neMuslim Brotherhood.[110]
Izvi zvinobata vanyori vechinyorwa chakareba ichi, nekuti muChitsauko chechina cheshumo rayo, "Disnfo Lab" inotsanangura sangano rekodzero dzevanhu ratinoshandira, Justice for All, rinoratidza NGO semhando yekubira zvinhu zvine hukama husina kujeka kuJamaat. /Muslim Brotherhood. Mhosva dzenhema idzi dzinodzokorora zvakaitwa mushure memusi wa9/11 apo Islamic Circle yekuNorth America (ICNA) nemamwe masangano echiMuslim America anochengetedza chitendero akasvibiswa sekurangana kukuru kweMuslim uye kunyombwa mumapepanhau ekurudyi mushure mekunge zviremera zvapedza kuferefeta kwavo.
Kubva 2013 ndakashanda semuongorori weJustice for All, NGO yakavambwa panguva yekuuraya rudzi rweBosnia kupindura kutambudzwa kwevadiki vechiMuslim. Yakamutsiridzwa muna 2012 kuti itarise nezve "kupisa zvishoma nezvishoma" kuurayiwa kweRohingya, zvirongwa zvekusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu zvakawedzera kusanganisira maUyghur neIndia madiki, pamwe nevaMuslim muKashmir neSri Lanka. Pakangotanga zvirongwa zveIndia neKashmir, kutsika uye disinformation kwakawedzera.
Sachigaro weJustice for All, Malik Mujahid, anoratidzwa seanosanganisa hukama neICNA, chiri kure nechokwadi, sezvaakatyora nesangano makore makumi maviri apfuura.[111] Kushanda sesangano reMuslim America rine hunhu hwakasimba hwekushandira nharaunda, ICNA yakashorwa zvakanyanya neIslamophobic think tanks mumakore apfuura. Sezvizhinji zve "zvidzidzo" zvavo, "Disinfo study" ingasekeka kana ikange isinawo mukana wekukuvadza hukama hwakakosha hwekushanda, kuvaka kusavimba uye kuvhara hukama hwaigona kuitika uye mari. Iwo "affinity mepu" machati paKashmir neIndia anogona kukwezva kutarisa asi asingareve chinhu.[112] Aya anoshanda seanozevezera ekuona, asi zvinosuruvarisa kuti haana kubviswa kubva paTwitter zvisinei nekusvibisa kwavo zvinyorwa uye mukana wekukuvadza mukurumbira. Zvakadaro, Justice for All haina kuodzwa mwoyo uye yakawedzera davidzo yayo kumitemo yeIndia iri kuramba ichiparadzanisa uye ine ngozi.[113] Iri bepa rakanyorwa rakazvimiririra kubva kuchirongwa chenguva dzose.
Chii Chaiyo?
SevaMuslim vanogara kuNorth America, vanyori vanocherekedza kusanzwisisika kuti muchinyorwa chino tiri kuteedzera matinji evanoshanda vanokurudzirwa nechitendero. Tinozvibvunza isu: tiri kuvaongorora nenzira dzakafanana neIslamophobes '"kuferefeta" kwemasangano eMuslim America? Isu tinorangarira machati ari kurerutsa eMuslim Students Associations uye avo anofungidzirwa kuti "manongedzo" kuIslam Society yekuNorth America. Isu tinoziva kuti makirabhu evadzidzi echiMuslim akadzikisirwa sei kazhinji (asina kana cheni yekuraira) uye tinoshamisika kana isu tiri kuwedzeredza kubatana kweHindutva network yakurukurwa mumapeji apfuura.
Kuongorora kwedu hukama pakati pemapoka eHindutva kunovaka mepu yehukama inopfuudza kunetseka kwedu? Sezviri pachena sedzimwe nzanga dzakavatangira, vaMuslim vanobva kune dzimwe nyika uye vaHindu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanotsvaka chengeteko huru pamwe chete nomukana. Pasina kupokana, Hinduphobia iripo, sezvinoita Islamophobia uye Antisemitism uye mamwe marudzi ekurerekera. Havasi vazhinji vanovenga vanokuchidzirwa nekutya uye kutsamwira munhu upi noupi akasiyana, asingatsauri pakati pemuHindu, Sikh kana muMuslim akapfeka zvechinyakare here? Chokwadi hapana nzvimbo yezvikonzero zvakafanana here?
Nepo nhaurirano dzezvitendero zvakasiyana dzichipa nzira inogona kuita kuti pave nerunyararo, takaonawo kuti mamwe mibatanidzwa yezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana yakatsigira vasingazive zvakataurwa neHindutva kuti kushoropodza Hindutva kunoenzana neHinduphobia. Semuenzaniso, muna 2021 tsamba yakanyorwa neInterfaith Council yeMetropolitan Washington yaida kuti mayunivhesiti abve pakutsigira musangano weDismantling Hindutva. Dare reInterfaith Council rinowanzoshanda mukupikisa ruvengo uye kusarura. Asi kuburikidza nemishandirapamwe yedisinformation, ine nhengo huru uye kuve nekubatanidzwa muhupenyu hweveruzhinji, masangano eAmerican Hindutva anoshanda zvakajeka zvido zvesangano rakarongeka repamusoro-soro rakavakirwa muIndia rinoshanda kudzikamisa ruzhinji uye democracy kuburikidza nekusimudzira ruvengo.
Mamwe mapoka ezvitendero zvakavhengana anoona ngozi yomukurumbira mukutsoropodza Hindutva. Kune zvakare zvimwe zvinokanganisa: semuenzaniso, kuUnited Nations, India yakavhara mamwe mapoka eDalit kubva mukubvumidzwa kwemakore mazhinji. Zvakadaro, muna 2022 mamwe mapoka ezvitendero zvakawanda akatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kuita zvekukurudzira. Nechekare, Coalition Against Genocide[114] Yakagadzirwa mushure memhirizhonga muGujarat (2002) apo Modi aive gurukota guru renyika, achiwana mvumo kubva kuTikkun neInterfaith Freedom Foundation. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kuburikidza nepesvedzero yeUSCIRF, pakati pevamwe, International Religious Freedom Roundtable yakaronga mapfupi, uye muna Mbudzi 2022 Zvitendero zveRunyararo (RFPUSA) yakabata nhaurirano ine musoro. Kukurudzira veruzhinji kunogona kupedzisira kwakurudzira vanogadzira mitemo muWashington DC kuti vatarise matambudziko ehudzvanyiriri pakati pevamiriri veAmerican geopolitical seIndia.
Democracy yeAmerica inoonekwawo yakakombwa - seCapitol Building muna Ndira 6, 2021 - kumukira kwaisanganisira Vinson Palathingal, murume wekuIndia wekuAmerica akatakura mureza weIndia, mutsigiri waTrump uyo anonzi anga agadzwa kuPresident's Export Council.[115] Chokwadi kune vazhinji veHindu vekuAmerica vanotsigira Trump uye vanoshandira kudzoka kwake.[116] Sezvo isu tiri kuwana nehukama pakati pemauto ekurudyi nemapurisa uye nhengo dzemauto, panogona kunge paine zvakawanda zviri kuitika pasi pepamusoro uye zvisingaonekwe.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vamwe vaevhangeri vokuAmerica vakanyomba magamuchidzanwa echiHindu, uye muIndia, maKristu eEvangelical anowanzoshorwa uye kunyange kurwiswa. Pane kupatsanurwa kuri pachena pakati pesangano reHindutva nekodzero yemaKristu evhangeri. Nekudaro, nharaunda idzi dzinosangana mukutsigira rudyi-bapiro renyika, kumbundirana nemutungamiri ane masimba, uye Islamophobia. Kwave kune vamwe vausingazivi.
Salman Rushdie akadana Hindutva "Crypto Fascism"[117] uye akashanda kupikisa kufamba munyika yake yekuzvarwa. Isu tinorasa here kuedza kwekuronga kwaSteve Bannon, achifemerwa nemafungiro eesoteric nationalism anoratidzwa na Fascist Traditionalists, yakavakirwa pafungidziro dzechisarura dzeAryan kuchena?[118] Panguva ine njodzi munhoroondo, chokwadi nemanyepo zvinovhiringika uye kuvhiringika, uye internet inoumba nzvimbo yemagariro inodzora uye nekukanganisa zvine njodzi.
- Rima rinodonha zvakare; asi zvino ndoziva
- Makore makumi maviri iwayo ehope dzematombo
- Vakanetswa nekurota hope dzinotyisa nemubhedha unozunguza,
- Uye chikara chakakasharara, nguva yacho yasvika pakupedzisira,
- Kunyura kwakananga kuBhetrehema kunoberekwa?
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[111] Isu tinoshanda naVaMujahid veBurma Task Force, vachipokana neIslamophobia, uye tinoshora manzwiro avo. kusvibiswa.
[112] Mapeji ewebhu akabviswa painternet, DisinfoLab, Twitter, Nyamavhuvhu 3, 2021 & Chivabvu 2, 2022.
[113] Semuenzaniso, hurukuro nhatu dzepaneru muJFA's Hindutva muNorth America series muna 2021
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