Kuomarara muChiito: Kudyidzana Kwezvitendero uye Kuita Runyararo muBurma neNew York
ziviso
Zvakakosha kuti nharaunda inogadzirisa kusawirirana inzwisise kudyidzana kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvinosangana kuti zviunze kusawirirana pakati nepakati pemachechi. Kuongorora kuri nyore maererano nebasa rechitendero hakuna zvakunobatsira.
MuUSA ongororo yakashata iyi inoratidzwa munhaurwa yenhau maererano neISIS nekutambudza kwayo zvitendero zvidiki. Zvinogonawo kuonekwa mumatare ezvematongerwo enyika (nguva pfupi yapfuura muna Chikumi 2016) zvichipa nyanzvi dzemanyepo mukana wekutaura pamberi pevamiriri venyika. Zvidzidzo zvakaita se “Fear Inc.”[1] zvinoramba zvichiratidza kuti bapiro rekurudyi rezvematongerwo enyika rave richiwedzera sei network yevanofunga kusimudzira “hunyanzvi” hwakadaro munhau nezvematongerwo enyika, kunyange kusvika kuUnited Nations.
Hurukuro yeruzhinji iri kuramba ichisvibiswa nemaonero evasingafarire uye eruvengo, kwete muEurope neUSA chete asiwo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi. Semuenzaniso, muSouth neEast Asia Islamophobia yava kunyanya kuparadza simba rezvematongerwo enyika muMyanmar / Burma, Sri Lanka neIndia. Zvakakosha kuti vatsvakurudzi vasave nemukana we "Western" ruzivo rwemakakatanwa, gakava kana chitendero; zvakakosha zvakaenzana kusapa mukana kune zvitendero zvitatu zveAbhurahama kunze kwedzimwe tsika dzechitendero dzinogona kubirwawo nevenyika kana zvimwe zvezvematongerwo enyika.
Nekuenderera mberi kwechokwadi uye kunofungidzirwa kutyisidzira kwekukakavadzana uye kutyisa, kuchengetedzeka kwehurukuro yeruzhinji uye mutemo weruzhinji zvinogona kutungamirira kumaonero akamonyaniswa pamusoro pekukanganisa kwedzidziso yechitendero. Vamwe vayananisi vanogona kunyoresa nekuziva kana kusaziva kupfungwa dzekunetsana kwebudiriro kana kushorwa kwakakosha pakati penyika uye zvine musoro kune rimwe divi uye zvechitendero uye zvisina musoro kune rimwe.
Tisingashandisi kunyonganiso uye manyepo enhaurwa dzedziviriro dzakakurumbira, tingaongorora sei masisitimu ekutenda - zvese zvevamwe uye zvedu - kuti tinzwisise basa re "chinamato" mukugadzira maonero, kutaurirana, uye kugadzirisa runyararo?
Semubatsiri weFlushing Interfaith Council, nemakore ekushanda kwehutongi hwemagariro evanhu mukubatana kwezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana, ndinokurudzira kuongorora mhando dzakasiyana dzekubatana kwezvitendero muNew York City. SeMutungamiriri Wezvirongwa zveUN kuBurma Task Force, ndinokurudzira kuongorora kana mhando idzi dzichigona kuendeswa kune dzimwe tsika dzetsika, kunyanya muBurma neSouth Asia.
Kuomarara muChiito: Kudyidzana Kwezvitendero uye Kuita Runyararo muBurma neNew York
Hurukuro yeruzhinji iri kuramba ichishatiswa nemaonero evasingafarire uye eruvengo, kwete muEurope neUSA chete asiwo mune dzimwe nzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Semuenzaniso uchakurukurwa mupepa rino, muSouth East Asia Islamophobia yave kunyanya kuparadza muMyanmar / Burma. Ikoko, bato rine hutsinye reIslamophobic rinotungamirwa nemamongi echiBuddha anonyanyisa mukubatana nevekare vehudzvanyiriri hwemauto vakaita kuti vashoma veRohingya Muslim vasina nyika uye vaparadzwe.
Kwemakore matatu ndakashanda kuBurma Task Force seNew York uye UN Programs Director. Burma Task Force chirongwa cheMuslim America chekodzero dzevanhu chinomiririra kodzero dzevanhu veRohingya vanotambudzwa kuburikidza nekuunganidza nhengo dzenharaunda, kuita basa rakakura renhau nemisangano nevagadziri vemitemo.[2] Iri bepa kuyedza kubata mamiriro aripo ekubatana kwezvitendero muBurma uye kuongorora kugona kwayo kugadzira runyararo.
Nekugadzwa kwaApril 2016 kwehurumende itsva yeBurmese inotungamirwa naMupangamazano weHurumende Aung San Suu Kyi, zvechokwadi kune tarisiro itsva dzekuzogadziridza mutemo. Zvisinei, muna Gumiguru 2016 pakanga pasina matanho chaiwo ekudzorera chero kodzero dzevanhu kune mamiriyoni e1 Rohingya, avo vanoramba vachirambidzwa kufamba mukati meBurma, vanogamuchira dzidzo, vakasununguka kuumba mhuri pasina kupindira kwehurumende kana kuvhota. (Akbar, 2016) Mazana ezviuru zvevarume, vakadzi nevana vakadzingwa muIDP nemisasa yevapoteri. Vachitungamirirwa neaimbova Munyori Mukuru weUnited Nations Kofi Annan Komisheni yeAdvisory yakaitwa muna August 2016 kuti iongorore "mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma" sekudanwa naDaw Suu Kyi, asi Komisheni inosanganisira nhengo dzeRohingya. Zvichakadaro chirongwa cherunyararo chenyika chave chadaidzwa kuti chigadzirise mamwe makakatanwa akakomba, enguva refu yemadzinza munyika yose - asi haisanganisire vashoma veRohingya. (Myint 2016)
Tichifunga nezveBurma kunyanya, apo ruzhinji rwakakombwa, hukama hwezvitendero zvakasiyana hunokanganiswa sei munharaunda? Hurumende painotanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvegutsaruzhinji, maitiro api anobuda? Ndedzipi nharaunda dzinotungamira mukusandura mhirizhonga? Nhaurirano yezvitendero zvakasiyana inopinzwa mukuita runyararo here, kana kuti kune mimwe mienzaniso yekuvaka kuvimbana nekubatana zvakare?
Chinyorwa chimwe chete pamaonero: kwandakabva semuMuslim wekuAmerica muNew York City zvinokanganisa manzwisisiro andinoita uye kuronga mibvunzo iyi. Islamophobia yakave nemhedzisiro inosiririsa panhau dzezvematongerwo enyika uye nenhau mune post 9/11 USA. Nekuenderera mberi kwechokwadi uye kunofungidzirwa kutyisidzirwa kwekukakavadzana uye kutya, kuchengetedzwa kwehurukuro yeruzhinji uye mutemo wehurumende zvinogona kutungamirira kuongororo yakakanganiswa yemigumisiro yemafungiro echitendero. Asi pachinzvimbo chechikonzero chimwe chete — Islam – zvinhu zvakawanda zvemagariro netsika zvinosangana kuti zviunze kusawirirana pakati nepakati pemachechi. Ongororo yakareruka maererano nebasa redzidziso dzechitendero inopesana nekubudirira, ingave iri maererano neIslam kana Buddhism kana chimwe chitendero. (Jerryson, 2016)
Mupepa pfupi iri ndinokurudzira kutanga nekuongorora maitiro azvino mukubatanidzwa kwezvitendero zveBurmese, zvichiteverwa nekutarisa muchidimbu mienzaniso yepasirese yekubatanidzwa kwezvitendero muNew York City, inopihwa sechimiro chekuenzanisa nekufungisisa.
Nekuti parizvino pane diki data rinogoneka rinowanikwa kubva kuBurma, iyi yekutanga chidzidzo chakavakirwa panhaurirano nevanoshanda navo vakasiyana zvinotsigirwa nezvinyorwa uye online mishumo. Vese vachimiririra uye vachibatikana nenharaunda dzeBurmese dziri kunetseka, varume nevakadzi ava vari kuvaka chinyararire hwaro hweimba yeramangwana yerunyararo, mune inosanganisirwa pfungwa.
MaBaptist muBurma: Mazana Mazana Mamakore Mazana Eruwadzano
Muna 1813 veAmerican Baptists Adoniram naAnn Judson vakava mamishinari okutanga okuMadokero kugara uye kuita basa guru muBurma. Adoniram akagadzirawo duramazwi remutauro weBurma ndokushandura Bhaibheri. Pasinei zvapo nechirwere, mutorongo, hondo, uye kushaikwa kwefariro pakati pevoruzhinji vechiBuddha, mukati menhambo yamakore makumi mana vaJudson vakakwanisa kutanga kuvapo kwechibaptist muBurma. Makore makumi matatu Adoniram afa, Burma yakanga ine machechi echiKristu 63, mamishinari 163, uye vanopfuura 7,000 XNUMX vakanga vatendeuka vakabhabhatidzwa. Myanmar yava nenhamba yechitatu pakukura kwemaBaptist pasi rose, ichitevera USA neIndia.
VaJudson vakati vaida “kuparidza evhangeri, kwete kupikisa chiBuddha.” Zvisinei, kuzhinji kwokukura kweboka ravo kwakabva kumarudzi anotenda mweya, panzvimbo povoruzhinji vechiBuddha. Zvikurukuru, vatendeuki vakabva kuvanhu veKaren, vashomanene vaitambudzwa vane chiverengero chakati chetsika dzakare dzairatidzika kuva dzinotsinhirana neTestamente Yekare. Tsika dzavo dzesvikiro dzakanga dzavagadzirira kugamuchira mesiya aizouya nedzidziso yokuvaponesa.[3]
Nhaka yaJudson inogara muhukama hweBurmese hwekudyidzana. Nhasi muBurma Judson Research Center paMyanmar Theological Seminary inoshanda senzvimbo yenyanzvi dzakasiyana-siyana, vatungamiriri vezvitendero, uye vadzidzi vechitendero “kuti vatange nhaurirano nezviito kuti vagadzirise zviri kuitika kuti nzanga yedu ivandudzwe.” Kubva 2003 JRC yakaunganidza maforamu akateedzana achiunza maBhudha, maMuslim, maHindu nemaKristu pamwechete, "kuvaka hushamwari, kunzwisisana, kuvimbana uye kubatana." (Nhau neZviitwa, webhusaiti)
Maforamu aiwanzova nechinhu chinoshanda zvakare. Semuenzaniso, muna 2014 Center yakaita dzidziso yekugadzirira 19 vezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana kuti vave vatori venhau kana kushanda senzvimbo yemasangano enhau. Uye musi waNyamavhuvhu 28, 2015 pamusoro pevadzidzisi nevadzidzi ve160 vakapinda muAcademic Dialogue pakati peITBMU (International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University) neMIT (Myanmar Institute of Theology) padingindira rekuti “Kuongororwa Kwakakosha Kwekuyananisa kubva pamaonero echiBuddha nechiKristu.” Iyi Dialogue ndeyechitatu munhevedzano yakagadzirirwa kudzamisa kunzwisisana pakati penharaunda.
Kune yakawanda ye20th zana remakore Burma yakatevera muenzaniso wedzidzo iyo hurumende yeBritain yekoloni yakanga yagadza uye yakamhanya zvikuru kusvika pakuzvitonga muna 1948. Mukati memakumi anoverengeka amakore akatevera hurongwa hwedzidzo hwakanga huri munyika uye hurombo hwakatsaura vamwe vanhu veBurma nokuzvidza madzinza asi vakakwanisa kutsungirira, kunyanya kumapoka evakuru. Zvakadaro, zvichitevera 1988 Democracy Movement hurongwa hwedzidzo yenyika hwakanyanya kuparadzwa mukati menguva refu yekudzvinyirirwa kwevadzidzi. Mumakore ekuma1990 mayunivhesiti akavharwa kwenguva dzinosvika makore mashanu uye pane dzimwe nguva gore redzidzo raipfupikiswa.
Kubva payakavambwa muna 1927, sangano revabereki veJRC Myanmar Institute of Theology (MIT) rakanga rangopa zvirongwa zvedhigirii rebhaibheri chete. Zvakadaro, mugore ra2000, mukupindura zvimhingamipinyi nezvido zvedzidzo zvenyika, Seminary yakatanga chirongwa cheLiberal Arts Programme chinonzi Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies (BARS) icho chakakwezva maMuslim nemaBhudha pamwe nemaKristu. Chirongwa ichi chakateverwa nehuwandu hwezvimwe zvirongwa zvitsva zvinosanganisira MAID (Master of Arts muInterfaith Studies uye Dialogue).
Mufundisi Karyn Carlo Kaputeni weMapurisa eGuta reNew York akarega basa akachinja kuva muparidzi, mudzidzisi, uye mumishinari weBaptist uyo akapedza mwedzi yakati wandei pakati pa2016 achidzidzisa paPwo Karen Theological Seminary pedyo neYangon muBurma. (Carlo, 2016) Kana tichienzanisa nevadzidzi 1,000 1897 vepaMyanmar Theological Seminary, seminari yake inopfuura chikamu chimwe chete muzvishanu pakukura, asiwo yakanyatsozivikanwa, yakatangwa muna 4 ichinzi “Chikoro cheBhaibheri cheKaren Woman.” Pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvouMwari, makirasi anosanganisira Chirungu, Unyanzvi hweKombuta uye Tsika dzaKaren.[XNUMX]
Vachiverengera kunosvika mamirioni manomwe, boka rerudzi rweKaren rakatamburawo zvakanyanya kubva mukukonana uye kusabatanidzwa pasi pemitemo ye "Burmanization" yakagadzirirwa kuvaisa parutivi. Kutambura kwakatora makore anopfuura makumi mana, nekukanganisa kukuru mukugarisana. Semuenzaniso, akarerwa naambuya vake panguva iyi yekusagadzikana, iyezvino Seminary President Rev Dr. Soe Thihan akadzidziswa kudya chikafu nekukurumidza kana achirwiswa, uye kugara akatakura mupunga muhomwe dzake kuti ararame mumasango achidya. zviyo zvishoma zuva rega rega. (kutaurirana naK. Carlo)
Pakati pa1968 na1988 hapana vokune dzimwe nyika vakabvumirwa muBurma, uye kuparadzaniswa uku kwakatungamirira kudzidziso youmwari yeBaptist kuoma nokufamba kwenguva. Nharo dzemazuva ano dzedzidziso dzebhaibheri dzakaita senyaya dzeLGBT neLiberation Theology dzaisazivikanwa. Zvakadaro, mumakumi emakore apfuura kwave nekubata kwakawanda pakati pevaseminari kana zvisiri padanho rechechi yeko, izvo zvinoramba zvakachengetedza zvakanyanya. Vachisimbisa kuti “Kukurukurirana kunokosha pakutenda kwechiKristu,” Rev. Carlo vakaunza nhauro yerunyararo neyepashure pekoloni kuSeminary curriculum.
Rev. Carlo vakaziva nyaya yaAdoniram Judson yaiitwa neudzori asi vakabvuma basa ravo mukuvamba chechi muBurma. Akati kwandiri, “Ndakaudza vadzidzi vangu kuti: Jesu akanga ari muAsia. Unogona kupemberera Judson- uku uchitora zvakare midzi yeAsia yekutenda kwechiKristu. " Akadzidzisawo kirasi "yakagamuchirwa zvakanaka" pamusoro pezvitendero zvakawanda uye vadzidzi vakati wandei vakaratidza kufarira kuita nhaurirano nevaMuslim. Pachikamu chechitendero vakabvumirana kuti, “Kana Mweya Mutsvene usingagoni kusungwa nechitendero, Mweya Mutsvene pakutaurawo nevaMuslim.”
Rev. Carlo vakamudzidzisawo maSeminari kubva mumabasa aReverend Daniel Buttry, munyori anozivikanwa uye mudzidzisi akabatana neInternational Ministries, anofamba pasi rose kuti adzidzise nharaunda mukusandura mhirizhonga, kusaita zvechisimba uye kuvaka runyararo. Kubva 1989, Rev. Buttry vakashanyira Burma kuti vape misangano yeboka pamusoro pekuongorora kusawirirana, kunzwisisa maitiro emakakatanwa emunhu, kutonga shanduko, kutonga kwakasiyana, masimba emasimba uye kuporesa kwekushungurudzika. Anogara achiruka zvinyorwa zveTestamente Yekare neTestamende itsva kuti atungamirire nhaurirano, se2 Samueri 21, Esteri 4, Mateu 21 naMabasa 6:1-7. Zvisinei, anoitawo neunyanzvi kushandisa zvinyorwa kubva mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana, sezvakadhindwa muunganidzwa wake wevhoriyamu mbiri pa "Interfaith Just Peacemaking" nemhando dzayo dze31 dzehutungamiriri hwemagariro kubva pasirese. (Buttry, 2008)
Achitaura zvitendero zvaAbrahamu sehama dziri kurwisana, Daniel Buttry akabatana neveMuslim kubva kuNigeria kuenda kuIndia, uye Detroit kuBurma. Muna 2007, nyanzvi dzechiMuslim dzinopfuura 150 dzakabudisa chiziviso chokuti “Shoko Rakafanana Pakati Pedu Newe” richida kuziva zvinhu zvakafanana kuti pave nekubatana kwezvitendero zvine rugare.[5] Sangano reAmerican Baptist Church rakarongawo misangano yeMuslim-Baptist yakatevedza gwaro iri. Pamusoro pekubatanidza chinyorwa ichi, Buttry akafananidza zvinyorwa zvechiKristu neMuslim nezvekuita runyararo panguva yake yaZvita 2015 kudzidziswa kuIONA Mosque muDetroit, mukubatana "kwakanyatsobudirira" naImam El Turk wekubatana kwehutungamiriri Council yeMetro Detroit. Mumazuva gumi ekudzidzisa vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vekuAmerica kubva kuBangladesh kuenda kuUkraine vakagovera zvinyorwa zvainangana nekururamisira kwevanhu, kunyangwe kusanganisira “Mharidzo yepaGomo” se“Jihad yaJesu.” (Butty 2015A)
Buttry's "interfaith Just Peacemaking" maitiro akateedzerwa pamisimboti gumi yesangano re "Just Peacemaking" rakagadzirwa nemumwe wake weBaptist Glen Stassen, uyo akagadzira maitiro chaiwo anogona kubatsira kuvaka runyararo pahwaro hwakasimba, uye kwete kungopikisa hondo. (Stassen, 10)
Munguva yekufamba kwake semupi wezano, Daniel Buttry blogs nezve kuyedza kwake munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. Imwe yerwendo rwake rwe2011 inogona kunge iri yekushanyira Rohingya[6]; zvese zvakatsanangurwa zvakakwenenzverwa kubva kuaccount, kunyangwe tsananguro ichiita seinokwana chaizvo. Uku kufungidzira; asi mune zvimwe zviitiko, anonyanya kutaura mumishumo yake yeruzhinji kubva kuBurma. MuChitsauko 23 (“Zvauri Kutaura Hazvibatsiri,” in Isu tiri Masokisi) muiti werunyararo anotaura nyaya yemusangano wekudzidzira muNorthern Burma, uko uto raiuraya vapanduki vemarudzi (rudzi rusina kudomwa). Kazhinji vadzidzi veBurma vanoremekedza murairidzi wavo zvekusvika pakusada kutaura pfungwa dzakazvimirira. Uyewo, sezvaanonyora, “kwakanga kune kutya kukuru kwechiuto saka vanhu vakawanda vaisazeza kutaura chinhu chipi nechipi mumusangano wacho. Vatori vechikamu vaive ne "comfort zone" diki uye yanga isiri kure ne "alarm zone" uko chaingove chega chekuzvichengetedza. Zvisinei, Buttry anotaura nezvemumwe mudzidzi akamupikisa zvikuru mupfungwa uye akati maitiro asina chisimba aizongoita kuti vose vaurayiwe. Mushure mekufungisisa, varairidzi vakakwanisa kutendeutsa izvozvo nokuratidza ushingi husingawanzoitiki hwomubvunzi; “Chii chinokupa simba rakadaro?” vakabvunza. Vakapa mubvunzi simba, vachibatanidza nehasha dzake pakusaruramisira uye nokudaro kupinda mukurudziro dzakadzama. Apo vakadzokera kunharaunda yacho mwedzi inoverengeka gare gare vakawana kuti mamwe amazano okusarwisana akanga aedzwa chaizvoizvo nenzira inobudirira nomukuru mukuru wehondo uyo akabvuma pokugara. Vatori vechikamu muwekishopu iyi vakati kakanga kari kekutanga kuwana kukunda kwerudzi rwupi zvarwo nemauto eBurmese. (Buttry, 2015)
Pasinei nemitemo yepamutemo, kukakavara nehurombo hunogona kunge hwakabatsira kuchengetedza pfungwa yakasimba yekudyidzana, kana kusiri kubatana. Mapoka ave kutodana kuti ararame. Vatungamiri veRohingya vandakabvunzurudza vose vanoyeuka nguva 30 makore apfuura apo kuroorana uye kushamwaridzana kwaive kwakawanda (Carroll, 2015). Karyn Carlo akandiudza kuti kune mosque iri pamusuwo weAlone Township muYangon, uye kuti mapoka akasiyana-siyana achiri kutengeserana uye kusangana mumisika yakashama. Akataurawo kuti vadzidzisi vechiKristu nevadzidzi vanobva kuSeminari vaizoshanyira nzvimbo yekudzokera yeBuddhist yeko kuti vafungisise. Yakanga yakavhurika kune vese.
Pane kudaro, akataura kuti vamwe vashandi vave kutya kuti nekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika kukanganisa kwekudyidzana kwepasi rose kunogona kupikisa pfungwa iyi yekubatana kwevanhu, sezvo ichikanganisa tsika yemhuri yemarudzi akawanda. Mushure memakumi emakore ehurumende neudzvinyiriri hwemauto, kuenzana pakati pekuchengetedza tsika uye kuvhurika kune yakafara nyika kunoita sekusina chokwadi uye kutyisa kune vazhinji vekuBurma, muBurma uye mudiaspora.
Diaspora uye Managing Change
Kubva 1995 Chechi yeMyanmar Baptist [7] yakagara muchivakwa chakakura cheTudor mumugwagwa une mashizha muGlendale, NY. Kune mhuri dzevaKaren dzinopfuura zviuru zviviri dzinopinda Tabernacle Baptist Church (TBC) kumusoro kuUtica, asi New York City yakavakirwa MBC yakanga yakazara kuminamato yeSvondo muna Gumiguru 2,000. Kusiyana neChechi yeUtica, ungano yeMBC ine marudzi akasiyana, ina Mon naKachin. uye kunyange mhuri dzeBurman dzinosangana zviri nyore naKaren. Mumwe murume muduku anondiudza kuti baba vake muBuddha uye amai vake vaKristu, uye kuti pasinei zvapo nokusava nechokwadi kuduku baba vake vakabvumirana nechisarudzo chavakaita mukusarudza Chechi yeBaptist. Ungano inoimba “Tinoungana Pamwe Chete” uye “Nyasha Dzinoshamisa” muchiBurmese, uye mufundisi wavo wenguva refu Mufundisi U Myo Maw anotanga mharidzo yake pamberi pegadziriro yemiti mitatu michena yemaorchid.
Mapfundo okusimbisa muchiNgezi akandibvumira kutevera mharidzo kusvikira kutambanuko yakati, asi pashure paikoko mutezo weungano naMufundisi amene vakatsanangurawo revo dzake. Musoro wemharidzo yacho wakanga uri “Danieri neShumba” uyo Mufundisi Maw akashandisa kujekesa denho yokumira akasimba nokuda kwetsika nekutenda, kungave pasi pokudzvinyirirwa kwechiuto muBurma kana kuti kunyura mukutsauswa kwetsika dzokuMadokero dzepasi rose. Sezvineiwo, danidzo yokuomerera kugamuchidzanwa yakaperekedzwawo nechiverengero chakati chetsinhiro dzokuonga kuva nezvizhinji zvorudzidziso. Mufundisi Maw vakatsanangura kukosha kwe“Qibla” mudzimba dzevaMuslim vokuMalaysia, kuti vayeuchidze nguva dzose nezvegwaro rokunangidzira minyengetero yavo kuna Mwari. Iye akarumbidzawo Zvapupu zvaJehovha kanopfuura kamwe nokuda kwokuzvipira kwazvo pachena kukutenda kwazvo. Mharidzo yakananga yaive yekuti tese tinogona kuremekedzana uye kudzidza kubva kune mumwe nemumwe.
Kunyange zvazvo Rev Maw aisakwanisa kutsanangura mabasa ezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana akanga aitwa neungano yake, akabvuma kuti mumakore 15 aave ari muNew York City, akaona kuwedzera kwemabasa eKudyidzana kwezvitendero semhinduro kuna 9/11. Akabvuma kuti ndaigona kuuya nevasiri vaKristu kuti vashanyire Chechi. Pamusoro peBurma, akataura tarisiro yokungwarira. Iye akacherekedza kuti Gurukota Rinoona Nezvechitendero akanga ari murume mumwe cheteyo wechiuto akabatira pasi pehurumende dzakapfuura asi kuti akaratidzika kuva akanga achangobva kuchinja ndangariro, achichinjira basa roUshumiri hwake kuti pakupedzisira ribatanidze kwete bedzi vaBuddha asi mamwe marudzidziso muBurma.
Baptists uye Runyararo Maitiro
Zvikoro zvebhaibheri zvebhaibheri, kunyanya zveBaptist, zvinoita kunge zvakaita hukama hwakasimba pakati pekuvaka kuvimbana kwezvitendero uye kuita runyararo. Kupindirana kwakasimba pakati pedzinza uye kuzivikanwa kwechitendero cheBaptist kungangove kwakabatsira kubatanidza zviviri izvi, nemhedzisiro inovaka yehutungamiriri hwekutenda mukuita runyararo.
Vakadzi vanongosanganisira gumi nenhatu muzana yevaBurmese vanobatanidzwa muNational Peace Process, iyo isingasanganisire maRohingya maMuslim. (Ona Josephson, 13, Win, 2016) Asi nerutsigiro kubva kuhurumende yeAustralia (kunyanya AUSAid) iyo N Peace Network, network yenyika dzakawanda yevamiriri verunyararo, yakashanda kusimudzira hutungamiriri hwevakadzi muAsia yose. (ona N Peace Fellows pa http://n-peace.net/videos ) Muna 2014 mambure akakudza vaviri veBurmese vanoita nekuyanana: Mi Kun Chan Non (an Ethnic Mon) uye Wai Wai Nu (mutungamiri weRohingya). Mushure meizvozvo network yakakudza Rakhine werudzi achipa zano kuArakan Liberation Army uye akati wandei akabatana neChechi yeKachin kusanganisira vakadzi vaviri vekuBurmese vanotungamira madzinza kuburikidza nerunyararo rwenyika uye vakabatana neShalom Foundation, iyo Burma yakavakirwa NGO yakavambwa naSenior Baptist Pastor Rev. Dr. Saboi Jum uye imwe mari inopihwa neEmbassy yeNorway, UNICEF neMercy Corps.
Mushure mekuvhura Peace Center yakapihwa mari nehurumende yeJapan, Shalom Foundation yakaumba Myanmar Ethnic Nationalities Mediators' Fellowship muna 2002, uye yakaunganidza Interfaith Cooperation Groups muna 2006. Yainyanya kutariswa pane zvinodiwa neKachin State, muna 2015 iyo Foundation yakashandura kusimbisa kune yavo Civilian. Ceasefire Monitoring chirongwa, muchikamu chichishanda kuburikidza nevatungamiriri vezvitendero vakasiyana, uye kuSpace for Dialogue chirongwa kugadzira rutsigiro rwerunyararo. Chirongwa ichi chaisanganisira vanhu 400 vakasiyana-siyana veBurma vakapinda mumunamato weInterfaith musi wa8 September 2015 munenge munzvimbo dzose dzeBurma kunze kweRakhine State. Mushumo wepagore weThe Foundation wegore iro unoverengera zviitiko makumi mana neshanu zvekusanganisa zvitendero zvakaita semitambo nezvimwe zviitiko zvekugarisana zvine 45 zviitiko zvekubatanidzwa kwevechidiki vechiBhudha, uye 526 uye 457 yevaKristu nevaMuslim zvichiteerana, nehukama hwepedyo hwevakadzi. [367]
Zvakanyanya kujeka kuti maBaptist akatora chinzvimbo chepamusoro mukukurukurirana kwezvitendero zvakasiyana uye kuita runyararo muBurma. Zvakadaro mamwe mapoka ezvitendero ari kufambirawo mberi.
Pluralism kana Globalization yeInterfaith Dialogue?
Kupindura nearamu kune kuwedzera kwe xenophobia uye kutambudzwa kwechitendero kunotarisana neRohingya mu2012, mapoka emarudzi akawanda akasvika kune vatungamiri vemunharaunda. Gore iroro, Zvitendero Zverugare zvakavhura 92 yayond chitsauko muBurma.[9] Izvi zvakaunza kutariswa nerutsigiro rwezvimwe zvitsauko zvedunhu zvakare, nekubvunzana kwazvino kuJapan. "Musangano weNyika we Zvitendero zveRunyararo akaberekerwa muJapan,” akadaro Dr. William Vendley, Munyori Mukuru we RfP “Japan ine nhaka yakasiyana nedzimwe yokubatsira vatungamiriri vezvitendero munyika dzine dambudziko.” Nhume dzacho dzakatobatanidza nhengo dzeboka reBuddha rinonyanyisa rinonzi Ma Ba Tha. (ASG, 2016)
Yakabatana neIslamic Center yeMyanmar, nhengo yekutanga Al Haj U aye Lwin yakandiudza munaSeptember 2016 nezvekuedza kunotungamirirwa neRFP Myanmar Myint Swe; VaMuslim nevechiBhudha vanga vachishanda nenharaunda dzavo kuti vape rubatsiro rwekubatsira vanhu vari munjodzi, kunyanya vana vanobatwa nemhirizhonga.
U Myint Swe, akazivisa kuti "nekuda kwekusawirirana kwenyika uye kusawirirana kwevanhu muMyanmar, RfP Myanmar yakatanga chirongwa chitsva "kugamuchira mumwe" munzvimbo dzakatarwa." Vatori vechikamu vakagadzirira kugadzirisa kusawirirana uye mabasa ekuvaka mabhiriji munharaunda. Musi wa28-29 Kurume 2016, U Myint Swe, Mutungamiriri weRfP Myanmar uye Rev. Kyoichi Sugino, Mutevedzeri weMunyori Mukuru weRfP International, vakashanyira Sittwe, Rakhine State, Myanmar, "nzvimbo yemhirizhonga huru pakati penharaunda."
Mutauro usina kujeka maererano ne "mhirizhonga munharaunda" hauwanzo kutsigirwa nevaBurmese maMuslim, vachifunga nezvekutambudza kwemaBhudha nemaune kwevashoma veRohingya. Al Haj U Aye Lwin, akawedzera kuti "RfP Myanmar inonzwisisa kuti vaRohingya vanokodzera kubatwa kwete chete nezvikonzero zvekubatsira vanhu asiwo zvakaringana uye zvakaringana zvinoenderana nemitemo inowirirana netsika nemaitiro epasi rose. RfP Myanmar ichatsigira hurumende yeDaw Aung San Suu Kyi mukugadzwa kwemitemo uye kodzero dzevanhu. Zvishoma nezvishoma, somuuyo, kodzero dzevanhu uye kusarura pamusana pedzinza nechitendero zvaizotevera.”
Kusiyana kwakadaro kwemaonero uye kutumira mameseji hakuna kumisa Zvitendero zveRugare muMyanmar. Nemumwe mushandi anobhadharwa asi pasina rubatsiro rwehurumende, muna 2014 bapiro rekusimudzira vakadzi rakatanga “Women of Faith Network” yakabatana neGlobal Women of Faith Network. Muna 2015 vechidiki nemapoka evakadzi vakaronga mhinduro yekuzvipira kune mafashama muMektila, muRakhine State yakasarudzika. Nhengo dzakaita misangano yakaitwa neMyanmar Institute of Theology uye vakapindawo mumhemberero dzechitendero dzemumwe nemumwe, kusanganisira Mhemberero dzeZuva rekuzvarwa kweMuprofita uye Hindu Diwali.
Pamwe chete nemumwe wake U Myint Swe, Al Haj U Aye Lwin akakumbirwa kuti apinde muboka reAdvisory Commission rine gakava iro rakapihwa basa rekuongorora "Rakhine Issues" kusanganisira Rohingya Mubvunzo" uye akapomedzerwa nevamwe nekusamanikidza nyaya ye iyo inonetsa Race uye Chitendero Mitemo inotarisa kodzero dzeRohingya. (Akbar 2016) Nekudaro, Aye Lwin akandiudza kuti akange anyora uye akagovera nemari yake bhuku rairamba dambudziko reRace and Religion Laws. Kuti abvise zvimwe zvezvitendero zviri pasi pekuwedzera kweIslamophobia, akatarisa kuvimbisa vamwe vake vechiBuddha. Achipikisa maonero enhoroondo akagovanwa kuti maMuslim anokunda nyika dzechiBhudha, akaratidza kuti zvinonzwisiswa nemazvo, "dawah" yechiIslam kana basa remamishinari haringasanganisiri kumanikidza.
Zvitendero zveRunyararo vatori vechikamu vakabatsirawo kumisa huwandu hwekudyidzana. Somuenzaniso, muna 2013 panzvimbo yeInternational Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), International Movement for a Just World (JUST), uye Religions for Peace (RfP) VaAye Lwin vakabatsira kuunganidza mubatanidzwa wevatungamiri veMuslim neBuddhist. kubva kumativi ese edunhu vachiuya pamwechete kuti vatsigire 2006 Dusit Declaration. Declaration yakakurudzira vezvematongerwo enyika, vezvenhau nevadzidzisi kuti vafunge zvakanaka uye varemekedze kusiyana kwezvitendero. (Paramende Blog 2013)
Muna 2014 Interfaith for Children yakauya pamwe chete mukutsigira kuchengetedzwa kwevana, kurarama uye dzidzo. Uye nerutsigiro kubva kuChitendero cheRunyararo mubatsiri weRatana Metta Organisation (RMO) nhengo dzechiBhudha, dzechiKristu, dzechiHindu nedzechiMuslim dzeboka iri dzakataurawo sarudzo dza2015 dzisati dzaitwa vachiona nzanga inoshivirira inoremekedza kusiyana kwezvitendero nemarudzi. Bertrand Bainvel weUNICEF akati: “Zvakawanda zveramangwana reMyanmar zvinoenderana nezvichakwanisa kuitirwa vana vemuMyanmar iye zvino. Sarudzo dziri kuuya inguva yakanaka kwete chete yekuzvipira kumitemo mitsva, zvinangwa uye zviwanikwa zvevana, asiwo kusimbisa kukosha kwerunyararo nekushivirira izvo zvakakosha mukukura kwavo kwakabatana. "
Vechidiki vekuBurmese vakapinda muZvitendero zveRunyararo "Global Interfaith Youth Network", vachidana kuti pave nePeace Parks, dzidzo yekodzero dzevanhu, pamwe nemikana yekutsinhana kwevechidiki semotokari yekudyidzana kwepasi rose uye kufamba kwevanhu. Vechidiki vekuAsia vakaronga "Nzvimbo Yekuenzanisa Kudzidza Kwezvitendero uye Tsika dzeAsia." [10]
Zvichida kunyanya kune vechidiki, kuvhurwa kwenzanga yeBurma kunopa nguva yetariro. Asi mukupindura, vatungamiriri vezvitendero vakasiyana vari kupawo miono yavo yerunyararo, kururamisira uye budiriro. Vazhinji vavo vanounza maonero epasirese pamwe chete nezviwanikwa zvekudyara muhupfumi hwehunhu huri kunetsekana hweBurma. Mimwe mienzaniso inotevera.
Entrepreneurs of Peace: Buddhist uye Muslim Initiatives
Dharma Master Hsin Tao
Master Hsin Tao akaberekerwa kuvabereki vechiChinese kuUpper Burma asi akatamira kuTaiwan achiri mukomana. Sezvo akave Mudzidzisi weBuddha ane hunyanzvi hwekuita Chan, akachengetedza hukama netsika dzeTheravāda neVajrayāna, dzinozivikanwa nevese Supreme Patriarch weBurma uye Nyingma Kathok mutsara weTibetan Buddhism. Iye anosimbisa nheyo inobvumirana yezvikoro zvose zvechiBuddha, chimiro chomuitiro chaanonongedzera kwachiri so“kubatana kwemotokari nhatu.”
Kubva pavakabuda mukugara kwenguva refu muna 1985 Master Tao haana kungowana imba yemamongi chete asi akatangawo zvirongwa zvechiono zvekuvaka runyararo, zvakagadzirirwa kukurudzira kugarisana kwevanhu. Sekutaura kwaanoita pawebhusaiti yake, “Zvandakakurira munzvimbo ine hondo, ndinofanira kuzvipira kubvisa kutambura kunokonzerwa nemakakatanwa. Hondo haigoni kuunza rugare; rugare rukuru bedzi runokwanisa kugadzirisa kusawirirana kukuru.” [11]
Kuwedzera kudzikama, kuvimba uye tsitsi, Master Tao anoita seanoshanda kungoita shamwari. Anofamba zvakanyanya seMumiriri weInterfaith unity uye akabatana neElijah Institute. Yakatangwa naRabhi Dr. Alon Goshen-Gottstein muna 1997 Eriya "anoswedera kumabasa ekubatana kwezvitendero kubva pachikoro chezvidzidzo", nepamusoro-soro nzira yekururamisira kwevanhu, "kutanga nevakuru vezvitendero, vachienderera mberi nevadzidzisi uye kusvika munharaunda yose. ” Master Tao akatungamirawo nhaurirano pamusangano weParamende yeNyika yeZvitendero. Ndakasangana naye kuUnited Nations panguva yehurukuro dzezvitendero zvakasiyana mukupera kwezhizha ra2016.
Akatanga hurukuro yeMuslim-Buddhist dialogue, iyo maererano nesaiti yake "yakaitwa kagumi mumaguta mapfumbamwe akasiyana." [12] Anowana maMuslim "vanhu vanyoro kana vasina zvematongerwo enyika" uye ane shamwari muTurkey. Akapa "Mitemo Mishanu yeBuddhism" muIstanbul. Tenzi Tao akacherekedza kuti marudzidziso ose anogona kushatiswa nezvimiro zvokunze. Akawedzera kuti kuBurmese, urudzi hauna kukosha pane kuzivikanwa kwedzinza.
Muna 2001 Master Tao akazarura "Museum of World Religions" muTaiwan, ine zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvekusimudzira "kudzidza kwehupenyu." Akagadzirawo mabasa ekubatsira; Mhuri yake yeGlobal of Love and Peace yakagadzira musha wenherera muBurma pamwe ne "international eco farm" muBurma's Shan State, iyo inorima zvirimwa zvakakosha zvakadai se citronella uye vetiver, vachishandisa mbeu dzisiri dzeGMO nezvirimwa. [13]
Master Hsin Tao parizvino anokurudzira kubatana kwezvitendero "University of World Religions" kudzidzisa hukama hwemagariro uye pamweya mudzidziso nekuita. Sezvaakandiudza, "Iye zvino tekinoroji uye pesvedzero yekumadokero zviri kwese kwese. Munhu wese ari panharembozha nguva dzese. Kana tine unhu hwakanaka hwetsika hunochenesa pfungwa. Kana vakarasa tsika vanorasa hunhu netsitsiwo. Saka tichadzidzisa zvinyorwa zvitsvene zvese pachikoro chePeace University.
Munzira dzakawanda, mapurojekiti eDharma Master anofambirana nebasa reJudson Research Center yeMyanmar Theological Seminary, nedambudziko rekuwedzera rekutanga zvese kubva mukutanga.
Imam Malik Mujahid
Imam Malik Mujahid ndiye mutungamiri wekutanga weSoundvision. Yakavambwa muna 1988 muChicago, isangano risingabatsiri rinogadzira zvechiIslam midhiya, kusanganisira Radio Islam hurongwa, uku ichikurudzira runyararo nekururamisira. Imam Mujahid akaona nhaurirano nekushandira pamwe semidziyo yekuita zvakanaka. MuChicago akanga apinda machechi, mamosque nemasinagogi achishanda pamwe chete kuti vanhu vashanduke. Akacherekedza "Illinois yaimbove pachinzvimbo chechi47th pakati pematunhu maererano nehutano hwehutano. Nhasi, inobata nzvimbo yechipiri munyika, nekuda kwesimba renhaurirano dzezvitendero zvakasiyana… mukuita. ” (Mujahid 2011)
Zvichienderana nekuedza uku kwenzvimbo, Imam Mujahid anotungamira Burma Task Force inova chirongwa chikuru cheNGO Justice for All. Akagadzira mishandirapamwe yekutsigira maMuslim madiki muBurma, akatevedzera zvaakamboita akamiririra maBosnia panguva ye "kucheneswa kwemadzinza" muna 1994.
Nezvekodzero dzevashoma muBurma, uye vachitsoropodza hurumende itsva yaApril 2016 overtures kumamongi anonyanyisa, Imam Malik akadana kutsigirwa kwakakwana kwezvizhinji uye rusununguko rwechitendero; "Ino inguva yekuti Burma ivhurwe kune vese veBurma." (Mujahid 2016)
Imam Mujahid anga achishanda nemubatanidzwa wezvitendero zvepasi rose kubvira 1993 Paramende yeZvitendero zveNyika yakamutsiridzwa. Akashanda seMutungamiri weParamende kwemakore mashanu, kusvika muna Ndira 2016. Paramende inoshanda "kutarisira zvitendero nemarudzi achishanda pamwe chete mukuwirirana nokuda kwezvakanaka zvevanhu" uye misangano yegore negore inokwezva vanenge 10,000 vatori vechikamu vakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira Master Hsin. Tao, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa.
Muna Chivabvu 2015 Paramende yakakudza mamongi matatu eBurma pamusangano wemazuva matatu weOslo wekugumisa kutambudzwa kwevaRohingya kweMyanmar. Varongi veWorld Harmony Award vane chinangwa chekupa kusimbisa kwakanaka kune maBhudha uye kuvakurudzira kuti varambe bato rinopesana neMuslim Ma Ba Tha re monk U Wirathu. Mamongi aya aive U Seindita, muvambi weAsia Light Foundation, U Zawtikka, naU Withudda, akachengetedza mazana evarume vechiMuslim, vakadzi nevana mumusha wake wemamongi panguva yekurwiswa kwaKurume 2013.
Mushure mekushanda seri kwezviitiko kwemakore kuti vaone kuti vatungamiri veBuddhist vakaita saDalai Lama vaizotaura vachipikisa kukanganisa kweBuddhism uye kutambudzwa kweRohingya, muna July 2016 akafara kuona Sangha (State Buddhist Council) pakupedzisira yakaramba. uye akashora Ma Ba Tha anonyanyisa.
Sezvaakacherekedza pamutambo wemibayiro, “Buddha akazivisa kuti tinofanira kuda nokutarisira zvisikwa zvose. Muporofita Muhammad, Rugare Ngaruve Kwaari, vakati hapana mumwe wenyu ari vatendi vechokwadi kunze kwekunge muchishuvira mumwe zvamunoda imi. Dzidziso idzi ndidzo musimboti wezvitendero zvedu zvose, uko kunobva kunaka kwechitendero.” (Mizzima News Chikumi 4, 2015)
Cardinal Charles Maung Bo
Musi waKukadzi 14, 2015 Charles Maung Bo akava Cardinal wekutanga weBurma, nekuraira kwaPope Francis. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, akaudza Wall Street Journal kuti aida kuva “izwi revasina kutaura.” Akapikisa pachena Mitemo yeRace and Religion yakadzikwa muna 2015, achiti “Tinoda runyararo. Tinoda kuyananiswa. Tinoda chiziviso chakagovaniswa uye nechivimbo sevagari verudzi rwetariro ...
Kwapera gore rapfuura, Kadhinari Bo akaita rwendo rwepasi rose muzhizha ra2016 kuti ataure nezvetariro nemikana zvichitevera kusarudzwa kwehurumende itsva yeNLD. Aiva nemashoko anofadza: Pakati pokudzvinyirirwa, akati Chechi yeKaturike muMyanmar yakava “chechi duku uye ine simba.” "Chechi yakakura kubva kumadhiocese matatu chete kusvika kumadhiocese gumi nematanhatu," Cardinal Bo akadaro. “Kubva pavanhu 16 100,000, takatendeka vanopfuura 800,000 160, kubva kuvaprista 800 kusvika kuvaprista 300, kubva pa2,200 vechitendero zvino tava 60 40 vechitendero uye XNUMX muzana vavo vari pasi pemakore XNUMX.”
Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo isingakonzeri hutsinye hwakafanana nekutambudzwa kweRohingya, mamwe mapoka echiKristu muBurma akatarirwa uye machechi akapiswa mumakore akawanda apfuura. MuChinyorwa chayo chegore ra2016, Komisheni yeUS yeRusununguko rweKunamata Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose yakashuma nyaya dzakawanda dzekushungurudzwa, kunyanya mudunhu reKachin, nemitemo yakanangana nekumisikidzwa kwemichinjikwa pamachechi. USCIRF yakataurawo kuti kurwisana kwemadzinza kwagara kwenguva refu, “kunyange kusiri kwechitendero, kwakanganisa zvikuru nzanga dzechiKristu nedzezvimwe zvitendero, kusanganisira nekuvatadzisa kuwana mvura yakachena, utano, utsanana uye utsanana, nezvimwe zvinodiwa zvinokosha.” Cardinal Bo vashorawo huori.
Bo akawedzera mumharidzo ye2016, "Nyika yangu iri kubuda kubva muhusiku hurefu hwemisodzi nekusuwa kusvika mambakwedza matsva. Mushure mekutambudzika nekurovererwa serudzi, tave kutanga kumuka kwedu. Asi hutongi hwedu hwegutsaruzhinji husina kusimba, uye kodzero dzevanhu dziri kuramba dzichishungurudzwa nekutyorwa. Tiri rudzi rwakakuvara, rudzi runobuda ropa. Kuvanhu vashoma vemadzinza nezvitendero, ichi ichokwadi, ndokusaka ndichipedzisa nekusimbisa kuti hapana nzanga inogona kuva yegutsaruzhinji, yakasununguka uye ine runyararo kana isingaremekedzi - uye kunyange kupemberera - kusiyana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kwemarudzi uye zvitendero, pamwe chete chengetedza kodzero dzevanhu dzemunhu wese, pasinei nedzinza, chitendero kana kuti murume kana mukadzi... (WorldWatch, Chivabvu 2016)
Cardinal Bo ndiye muvambi weZvitendero zveRunyararo Myanmar. MuKudonha kwa2016 akabatana naAlissa Wahid, mwanasikana weaimbove mutungamiriri weIndonesia, kuita munyori pamwe neOp Ed yakasimba yakaburitswa muWall Street Journal (9/27/2016) ichidaidza rusununguko rwechitendero muBurma neIndonesia. Vakanyevera pamusoro pezvido zvemauto zvinoda kudzora nyika dzavo, uye vakadana kubviswa kwe "chitendero" kubva muzvitupa. Semubatanidzwa weChristian-Muslim vakadaidzira kuti ese ari maviri shumiro yeReligious Affairs avandudzwe kuitira kuchengetedza tsika dzese zvakaenzana. Pamusoro pezvo, vakawedzera kuti, “vatevedzeri vemutemo vakaisa pamberi pekugarisana kwevanhu kunyangwe zvichireva kudzvanyirira vashoma. Maonero aya anofanira kutsiviwa nechinzvimbo chitsva chekuchengetedza rusununguko rwechitendero sekodzero yemunhu…” (Wall Street Journal, Gunyana 27, 2016)
Kudyidzana uye Kutsigira
Yakavambwa neAustria, Spain neSaudi Arabia, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Center for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue (KAICIID) yakatsigira zvirongwa zvakarongwa neParamende yeWorld Religions and Religions for Peace. Vakatsigirawo “Chirongwa chemwedzi mitatu chekudzidzisa vechidiki muMyanmar, chinosanganisa kushanya kunzvimbo dzekunamatira dzechitendero” pamwe nemisangano yakawanda yakaita seyaSeptember 2015 Dialogue pakati pevaMuslim nevaKristu muGreece. Mukubatana naArya Samaj, KAICIID yakapa musangano we "Image of the Other" muIndia iyo yakakurudzira kubatanidzwa kweInterfaith programming nedzidzo yerunyararo nebudiriro, kudzivirira "maitiro anokwikwidza." Vatori vechikamu vakakumbirawo tsananguro yemashoko echitendero kuti ibatsire pakukurukurirana uye kuwedzera kushandura uye kudzidzisa vadzidzisi.
Muna Kubvumbi 2015 KAICIID yakaronga musangano weASEAN nemamwe masangano ehurumende, masangano anobatsira vanhu nekodzero dzevanhu, vezvemabhizimisi munharaunda, uye vatungamiri vezvitendero vematunhu, vakaungana muMalaysia "kukurukura nzira dzekuti masangano evanhu nevatungamiriri vezvitendero vabatsire kwakavandudza hukama hweBuddhist-Muslim muMyanmar nenharaunda… Muchiziviso, Roundtable yakarangarira kuti sezvo “ASEAN Human Rights Declaration inosanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero yerusununguko rwechitendero, pane kudikanwa kunoenderera mberi kwekufambisa kubatana kwezvitendero uye nhaurirano. mukati meMyanmar uye munzvimbo yakafara”. (KAIICID, Kubvumbi 17, 2015)
KAICIID yakatsigira vatungamiriri vezvitendero vanogarisana nevamwe kuburikidza nekuyanana uye mibairo. Muchinoitika cheBurma, ikoku kwakareva kuziva vatungamiriri vaduku vechiBuddha vakagadzirira kusimudzira zvitendero zvakawanda.[14] (Somuenzaniso, Kuwadzana kwakapiwa kumumongi wechiBhudha weBurma Ven Acinna, achidzidzira dhigirii rake paPostgraduate Institute of Buddhist and Pali Studies, University of Kelaniya muSri Lanka. “Mukati mezvidzidzo zvake, akapinda mumisangano inoverengeka ine chokuita nokugarisana kwevanhu. Akazvipira zvikuru kumabasa echitendero chemagariro evanhu uye kugadzira mhoteredzo ine runyararo munharaunda yake, umo ruzhinji rwevaBhudha uye chikamu chikuru chevaMuslim veMyanmar vari kugara pamwe chete.
Kumwe kuyanana kwakapiwa kuna Ashin Mandalarlankara dzidziso yechidiki yechiBuddha mune imwe imba yemamongi yeBurma. Mushure mekupinda musangano weIslam wakaitwa naFr Tom Michael, muprista weCatholic uye nyanzvi yezvidzidzo zveIslam kubva kuUS, vakasangana nevatungamiriri vechiMuslim uye “vakavaka hushamwari hwakawanda. Akatorawo kosi yeIPACE yeConflict Transformation neChirungu paJefferson Center muMandalay.” (KAIICID Fellows)
Imwezve kuyanana yakapihwa muvambi weTheravada Dhamma Society of America, the Venerable Ashin Nyanissara Mudzidzisi weBuddhism uye anobatsira vanhu, ndiye "muvambi weBBM College muLower Myanmar uye aive nebasa rekuvaka nzira yekupa mvura. iyo zvino inopa mvura yokunwa yakachena kuvagari vanopfuura zviuru zvisere pamwe chete nechipatara chazvino uno muBurma chinobatira vanhu vanopfuura 250 pazuva.”
Nekuti KAICIID inopa kuyanana kwakawanda kumaMuslim mune dzimwe nyika, kukosha kwayo kungangove kuri kutsvaga maBhudha anovimbisa uye ane hunyanzvi muBurma. Nekudaro, munhu anogona kutarisira kuti mune ramangwana mamwe maMuslim echiBurmese achazivikanwa neSaudi inotungamirwa Center.
Nezvimwe zvishoma zvatotaurwa, kubatanidzwa kweBurmese Muslim mumabasa ekubatana kwezvitendero hakuna kusimba. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zvingave zviri kukonzera izvi. VaMuslim veRohingya vakarambidzwa kufamba mukati meBurma, uye mamwe maMuslim ane shungu yekuchengeta chimiro chakaderera. Kunyangwe muYangon yakapiswa mosque panguva yeRamadan 2016. Masangano echiMuslim ave achirambidzwa kushanda muBurma, uye pakunyora uku chibvumirano chekubvumidza hofisi yeOrganization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) hachisati chaitwa, kunyangwe izvi. zvinotarisirwa kuchinja. Masangano anoshuvira kubatsira maMuslim eRohingya anofanirwa kubatana nevamwe vanopa rubatsiro vakapihwa mukana. Zvakare, muRakhine State, zvine chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika kushandira nharaunda yeRakhine zvakare. Zvese izvi zvinotora zviwanikwa kubva kuMuslim institution kuvaka.
Gwaro rakadeuka kubva muzvirongwa zveOSF zvaGeorge Soros, izvo zvakapa mari kuBurma Relief Center yekubatana pakati pemasangano emarudzi, yakaratidza kuzvipira kwekuchenjerera kugadzirisa kusarura kunyange kudzidzisa vashandi vezvenhau uye kukurudzira hurongwa hwedzidzo hunobatanidza; uye kutarisa mishandirapamwe inopikisa maMuslim pasocial media uye kuvabvisa pazvinogoneka. Gwaro iri rinoenderera mberi richiti, "Tinoisa panjodzi kumira kwesangano muBurma uye kuchengetedzeka kwevashandi vedu nekutevera iyi (anti Hate Speech) Pfungwa. Hatitore njodzi idzi zvishoma uye tichashandisa pfungwa iyi nekuchenjerera kukuru. " (OSF, 2014) Kunyangwe kufunga nezveSoros, Luce, Global Human Rights mari shoma yakaenda zvakananga kumapoka evagari veRohingya. Chinonyanya kusarudzika, Wai Wai Nu anoyemurika Women Peace Network-Arakan, anoshandira Rohingya asi anogona zvakare kuiswa muchikamu senetiweki yekodzero dzevakadzi.
Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda nei vapi vepasi rese vasina kukoshesa kusimbisa masangano eMuslim Burmese, kana kukwanisa kuwana vatungamiriri vechiMuslim. Chekutanga, kushungurudzika kwekutamiswa kunoreva kuti zvinyorwa hazvigone kuchengetwa uye mishumo kune vanopa-inopihwa haigone kunyorwa. Chechipiri, kugara mukurwisana hakuiti nguva dzose kuti pave nokuvimbana kunyange mukati meboka rinotambudzwa. Kudzvinyirirwa kunogona kuitwa mukati. Uye sezvandakaona mumakore matatu apfuura, vatungamiriri veRohingya vanowanzo kwikwidzana. Kuzivikanwa kwavo kunoramba kusingagamuchirwe zviri pamutemo, kana kusawirirana zvakanyanya, pahurukuro yavose. Zvisinei nekodzero yavo yekuzvizivisa, Aung San Suu Kyi pachake akakumbira masangano anobatsira nehurumende dzekunze kuti vasatomboshandisa zita ravo. Vanoramba vasiri vanhu.
Uye mugore resarudzo tsvina yakapararira kune vese maMuslim eBurma. Sezvakataurwa neUSCIRF, panguva ye2015, "vaBhudha vemunyika vakanyora mazita evamiriri uye mapato ezvematongerwo enyika 'pro-Muslim' kusvibisa zita ravo nekusarudzika." Nekuda kweizvozvo kunyangwe bato rakakunda reNLD musarudzo rakaramba kukwikwidza chero maMuslim. Naizvozvo, kunyangwe kune vasiri maMosiremu eRohingya, kwave nekunzwa kwekukomba uko kungave kwakachengeta vatungamiriri vazhinji vechiMuslim mune basa rekuchenjerera uye risingaite. (USCIRF, 2016)
Mukutaurirana kwemunhu (Gumiguru 4, 2016) Mana Tun, waanoshanda naye anodzidzisa kuMyanmar Theological Seminary anoti Liberal Arts Chirongwa chavo chinogashira vadzidzi zvisinei nechitendero, dzinza uye murume kana murume uye ane nhamba yakati wandei yevadzidzi vechiBuddha-vanogona kunge vari 10-20% yeboka revadzidzi- asi vashoma kwazvo vadzidzi vechiMuslim, 3-5 vadzidzi kubva 1300 vadzidzi.
Nei vashoma kudaro? Vamwe vaMuslim vakadzidziswa kudzivisa migariro yenzanga ingakanganisa mirangariro yokuva nomwero kana kuti kuchena. Vamwe vangadzivisa kunyoresa pachikoro chechiKristu vachitya ‘kurasikirwa nechitendero chavo. Muslim Insularity dzimwe nguva inogona kubva kune dzimwe dudziro dzeIslam. Zvisinei, sezvo nharaunda yeMuslim muBurma pachayo yakasiyana zvikuru, kwete chete dzinza, asi muchitendero chayo, zvingave zviri nani kufunga nezvematambudziko makuru emagariro evanhu, ehupfumi uye ezvematongerwo enyika sekunyanya kukoshesa.
New York City Kuenzanisa
Ini ndichapedzisa bepa rino nekuenzanisa ongororo yeInterfaith work muNew York, nekusimbisa kubatanidzwa kweMuslim kunoenderana neruzivo rwemunhu. Chinangwa ndechekujekesa maitiro eIslamophobia mumhando dzayo dzakasiyana, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita setsika uye tekinoroji.
Kubva pakurwiswa kwehugandanga kwaGunyana 11, 2001, kudyidzana nekudyidzana kwakawedzera muNew York City, padanho rehutungamiriri uye sesangano repasi rakabatana nebasa rekuzvipira uye zvirongwa zvekururamisira munharaunda. Vazhinji vatori vechikamu vanowanzove vanofambira mberi mune zvematongerwo enyika, pane dzimwe nyaya, uye nharaunda dzechiKristu dzeOrthodox, dzechiJudha neSalafi Muslim dzinowanzobuda.
Islamophobic backlash yaenderera mberi, yakatowedzera mumakore achangopfuura, ichitsigirwa uye ichitsigirwa nevezvenhau nemapoka ezvematongerwo enyika. Kudzokera shure kunotsigirwa nekusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kutsamwa pamusoro pekusimuka kweISIS, kusimuka kweareactionary wing populism, uye kusanzwisisana kwakapararira kwemaitiro echiIslam. (CAIR, 2016)
Maonero echiIslam sechinhu chiripo chekutyisidzira akapararira muEurope, pamwe neUSA, achigadzira chirango uye chekupindura kune kuvepo kwehuwandu hukuru hwevaMuslim. Masangano anopikisa maMuslim akapararirawo muIndia, musha wevashoma pasi rose vechiMuslim vanosvika mamiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu, pamwe neThailand neSri Lanka. Iyi tsika yevatorwa iri pachena zvakare mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeyaimbova Soviet Union neChina. Vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vanga vachishora vadiki vechiMuslim muzita rekuchena kwechitendero, kunzwisisa kusiri kwehuwandu hwekuzivikanwa kwenyika, uye kuchengetedzwa kwenyika.
MuNew York City, nyaya dzekuchengetedza "dzakawedzera" dzimwe nzira dzekurwiswa, kunyangwe kuedza kwakafanana kwakaitwawo kugadzirisa tsika dzechinyakare dzekuzvininipisa sehudzvanyiriri hwevakadzi uye kuzvidza rusununguko. MaMosque nemamwe masangano echiMuslim aifanira kumirira smear mishandirapamwe pasocial media uye mumapepanhau etabloid, pamwe nekutariswa kwakanyanya nevanokwikwidza masangano ezvemitemo.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, nhaurirano dzezvitendero zvakasiyana pamwe nekushandira pamwe zvakapa mukana wakakosha mukugamuchirwa munharaunda, zvichibvumira vatungamiriri vechiMuslim nevaratidziri kuti vabude mukuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye nguva nenguva vachipfuura chinzvimbo che "akabatwa" kuburikidza nekubatana kwechiuto. Zviitwa zvezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira kuedza kuvaka kuvimbana kuburikidza nenhaurirano dzemashoko pamusoro pehukoshero hwakagovanwa; kushamwaridzana munguva dzezororo rechitendero; kusikwa kwenzvimbo dzakachengeteka, dzisina kwayakarerekera dzakadai semubatanidzwa wekutsigirana pakati pevavakidzani vakasiyana; uye mapurojekiti ebasa ekudyisa vane nzara, kutsigira runyararo, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvimwe zvinonetsa magariro.
Kuenzanisira (kana isiri mepu) mamiriro emuno ekubatana kwezvitendero, ndichatsanangura muchidimbu mapurojekiti maviri andakabatana nawo. Ose ari maviri anogona kunzwisiswa semhinduro kune iyo 9/11 kurwiswa.
Chirongwa chekutanga mubatanidzwa wezvitendero zvakasiyana pa9/11 mhinduro yenjodzi, pakutanga yaizivikanwa semubatanidzwa weNYDRI yakabatana neNew York City Council of Churches, ndokuzotsiviwa neNew York Disaster Interfaith Services (NYDIS)[15]. Rimwe dambudziko nekutanga kudzokororwa kwaive kusanzwisisa kwakasiyana uye kwakaganhurwa hunhu hwehutungamiriri hwechiMuslim, izvo zvakaita kuti pasave nekusabatanidzwa. Yechipiri vhezheni, inotungamirwa naPeter Gudaitis kubva kuChechi yeEpiscopal uye inoratidzirwa nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro, yakaratidza kusanganisa zvakanyanya. NYDIS yakabatana nemasangano emaguta kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti vanhu vari munjodzi nemapoka (kusanganisira vasina kunyoreswa vanobva kune dzimwe nyika) havangaite zvese nemumikaha mumabasa ekuyamura. NYDIS yakaunganidza “Unmet Needs Roundtable” iyo yakapa 5 miriyoni emadhora mukuyamura kunhengo dzenharaunda dzakasiyana, dzine zvidikanwi zvakaunzwa nevashandi vematare kubva kunharaunda dzechitendero dzakasiyana. NYDIS zvakare yakatsigira masevhisi ehufundisi uye yakagadzirisa "Njodzi inoenderana nekudzokera shure." Mushure mekudzikisa vashandi vayo, yakadzokorora zvakare masevhisi mushure meDutu reSandy muna 2012, ichipa rubatsiro rwemamiriyoni masere nemazana mashanu.
Ndakanga ndiri nhengo yebhodhi reNYDIS kubva pakuvambwa kwayo, ndichimirira Islamic Circle (ICNA Relief USA) nerekodhi yayo refu yekuyamura munjodzi. Mushure mekusiya ICNA pakupera kwa2005 ndakamiririra Muslim Consultative Network kwemakore akati wandei, uye muchidimbu ndakabatsira NYDIS munharaunda data mapurojekiti mushure meHurricane Sandy. Munguva yese iyi, ndakaona kunaka kwekubatanidzwa pamwe chete nevatungamiriri vezvitendero kubva kutsika dzechitendero dzakarongeka uye zvirongwa zvenyika zvine zviwanikwa. Pasinei nekumanikidzwa kune vamwe vanobatana, kunyanya masangano echiJudha ekuAmerica, kuti vasiyane nemapoka echiMuslim, kuvaka kuvimba uye maitiro akanaka ekutonga zvakabvumira kubatana kuenderera mberi.
Kubva 2005 kusvika 2007 iyo "Livingroom Project," kuedza kusimudzira hukama pakati peanotungamira masangano echiJudha uye NYC Muslim vagari vemo, yakapera mukuodzwa mwoyo uye nekumwe mhirizhonga. Mapundu akadai akawedzera muna 2007 panguva yekurwiswa kwenhau kune vepedyo vechiMuslim vaaishanda navo saDebbie Almontaser, akatanga mukuru wechikoro cheKahlil Gibran, apo vaaitaura navo vakatadza kumudzivirira pachena kana kupikisa pachena manyepo nekunyepa. Kupindirana kwezvitendero pakurwiswa kwe2010 paPark 51 (iyo inodaidzwa kuti "mosque paground zero") yaive nani asi yakasanganiswa. Mishumo muna 2007 ine chekuita nekukanganisa uye yakawandisa kuongororwa kwemapurisa echiMuslim radicalization yakateverwa nezvakazarurwa muna 2011-12 maererano nehuwandu hwekuongororwa kwemapurisa kuNew York City-based Muslim vatungamiriri uye nharaunda nharaunda. Hukama nevatambi veNew York City simba rezvematongerwo enyika netsika rakatambura.
Pamberi peiyi simba, hutungamiriri hweMuslim muNew York hwakakamura kuita misasa miviri. Iyo musasa inogarwa nezvematongerwo enyika inosimbisa kubatanidzwa, nepo musasa wevaratidziri unoisa pamberi. Mumwe anogona kuona kuchinjika kwemagariro-vanofunga magariro emaimam emuAfrica uye varatidziri vechiArab kune rimwe divi, uye vakasiyana-siyana vanorwira kune rimwe divi. Zvisinei, kusiyana kwezvematongerwe enyika neunhu hakusi kupesana kwakanaka. Kana imwe musasa inochengetedza magariro kana zvechitendero kupfuura imwe. Zvakadaro, padanho rehutungamiriri hukama hweMuslim hwemukati mekutenda hwakagumburwa pamusoro pesarudzo yehunyanzvi pakati pe "kutaura chokwadi kune simba" uye tsika yekuratidza rukudzo nekuvaka mibatanidzwa kumativi ese ezvematongerwo enyika. Makore mashanu apfuura, bhurugwa iri harina kuporeswa.
Kusiyana kweunhu kwakakonzera kusawirirana uku. Zvakadaro misiyano chaiyo yemafungiro nemafungiro yakabuda maererano nehukama hwakakodzera nehurumende yeUS. Kusavimbana kwakamuka maererano nevavariro dzevaya vaizviisa pedyo nemapurisa uye vaiita sevaibvumirana nokudiwa kwokuongororwa kwakapararira. Muna 2012 rimwe bato rakaronga kuramwa kwekudya kwemangwanani kwepagore kweNew Mayor Bloomberg, [16] kuratidza kutsigira kwake hurongwa hweNYDP. Kunyange izvi zvaikwezva vezvenhau, kunyanya kwegore rekutanga rekuramwa, mamwe misasa yakaramba ichienda kuchiitiko ichi, sezvakaita ruzhinji rwevatungamiriri vezvitendero zvakasiyana kubva muguta.
Vamwe vatungamiriri vechiMuslim nevaratidziri vanonzwisisa tsika dzavo sedzinopikisa simba renyika nemasimba enyika pamwe nesarudzo dzemitemo yekunze dzekuMadokero. Maonero aya akakonzera zano rekuchengetedza miganhu nedzimwe nharaunda, pamwe nekutarisa mhosva dzeruvengo uye kudzivirira zvido zveMuslim panguva yekurwiswa. Kudyidzana kwezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana hakurambidzwe- asi kunosarudzwa kana zvichibatsira pazvinangwa zvekururamisira munharaunda.
Ini zvakare ndiri nhengo yeFlushing Interfaith Council[17], iyo yakatanga sechikamu cheFlushing Interfaith Unity Walk. Iyo Walk pachayo yakavakirwa paVana vaAbraham Interfaith Peace Walk, yakavambwa muna 2004 naRabbi Ellen Lippman naDebbie Almontaser kuitira kuvaka mabhiriji ekunzwisisa pakati pevagari veBrooklyn munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Pfungwa iyi ndeyekugadziriswa kweiyo yakavhurika imba modhi, nekushanya, nhaurirano uye snacks padzimba dzakasiyana dzekunamatira munzira. Muna 2010 iyo Brooklyn-based Walk yakaguma panzvimbo yemosque yakarongwa muSheepshead Bay iyo yakakwezva varatidziri vanopikisa maMuslim, uye vatori vechikamu veWalk vakapa maruva kune mhomho yakatsamwa. Kushandira dunhu reQueens, iyo Flushing Walk yakatanga muna 2009 uye yapukunyuka gakava, sezvo ichigadzirisa modhi yezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana kuti ibatanidze nharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvikuru dzeAsia kusanganisira maHindu, maSikh nemaBhudha eFlushing. Kunyange zvazvo yakasvika kune iyi kusiyana-siyana kweKufamba nemamwe mabasa, panguva imwe cheteyo, Kanzuru yakaramba yakasimbiswa nokutora rutivi kwenhengo dze“chechi yorugare”—Quakers and Unitarian.
Munharaunda yeQueens, Flushing, NY zvakare inzvimbo ye1657 Flushing Remonstrance, gwaro rekutanga rerusununguko rwechitendero muUS. Panguva iyoyo, Peter Stuyvesant, panguva iyoyo Gavhuna weyaimbonzi New Netherlands, akanga arambidza zviri pamutemo tsika yezvitendero zvose zviri kunze kweDutch Reformed Church. VaBaptist neveQuaker vakasungirwa miitiro yavo yechitendero munharaunda yeFlushing. Mukupindura, boka revagari veChirungu rakaungana kuti risayine Remonstrance, kudana kwokuti kwete chete maQuaker asi “vaJudha, vaTurkey nevaIjipiti, sezvavanorangarirwa kuva vanakomana vaAdhamu.”[18] Vatsigiri vakazoiswa mujeri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. uye mumwe murume wechiRungu John Bowne akaendeswa kuHolland, kunyange zvazvo akanga asingataure chiDutch. Kupwanya uku kwakapedzisira kwadzorera Stuyvesant apo Dutch West India Company yakatsigira vapikisi.
Kupemberera nhaka iyi, muna 2013 iyo Flushing Interfaith Council yakagadziridza Remonstrance kuti igadzirise anti-Muslim uye anti-Kuruboshwe ongororo mitemo muNew York City. Rakashandurirwa mumitauro gumi neimwe yemuno, gwaro idzva rakataura naMayor Michael Bloomberg zvakananga nezvichemo zvine chekuita nekuongorora uye kumisa uye frisk mitemo.[11] Dare rinoramba richiratidza kubatana neQueens maMuslim, avo vakanangwa nemhosva dzeruvengo uye kunyange Kuuraya muna 19. Muzhizha re2016 Kanzuru yakatsigira hurukuro dzevanyori vechiMuslim uye boka rekuverenga. The Pluralism Project paHarvard yakacherechedza Flushing interfaith Council's "promising practices" nekuda kwekubatana kwayo kwekutanga kunhaka inokosha yaFlushing yezvizhinji.[2016]
Kunze kweiyi mienzaniso miviri iyo New York cityscape yekubatana kwezvitendero zvinosanganisira masangano nezvirongwa zvakabatana neUnited Nations (zvakadai seAlliance of Civilizations, Religions for Peace, Temple of Understanding) pamwe nekubatana kwenzvimbo pakati pedzimba dzekunamatira uye kunyangwe makirabhu evadzidzi. Pakati pepakati, kubva zvakamuka muna1997 kubva muhurongwa hwaRev James Parks Morton hwakafemerwa hwekusanganisa zvitendero paCathedral yeSt John the Divine, Interfaith Center yeNew York yakapa masemina uye dzidziso pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana dzemagariro e "vafundisi, vadzidzisi vezvitendero, vatungamiriri vezvitendero. , vanopa rubatsiro rwemagariro evanhu, uye chero ani zvake ari kuita basa reutungamiri kushandira nharaunda dzezvitendero.
MuNew York City, Union Theological uye mamwe maseminari, Tanenbaum Center of Interreligious Understanding, Foundation for Ethnic Understanding (FFEU), Center for Ethnic, Religious and Racial Understanding (CERRU) Interfaith Worker Justice, uye Intersections International yose inopindirana mukuronga nenharaunda yechitendero. nhengo.
Mazhinji emaNGOs aya akadzokera kumashure achipokana nekupararira kweIslamophobia, achitsigira hurongwa hwenyika hwakadai se "Kubata Pafudzi."[21] Pakavewo nenhamba yekukurudzira yakarongwa kwete chete nemasangano echiMuslim akadai seCAIR neMPAC neSoundvision, asi kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekushandisa zvakaita seMuvakidzani Wangu muMuslim, gwaro rezvidzidzo rine zvikamu zvinomwe rakabudiswa munyika yose neLutheran Social Service yekuMinnesota, uye zvidzidzo zvePeace and Unity Bridge zvakagadzirirwa neUnitarian Universalist Church yeVermont.[22] MunaGunyana 2016 iyo Unitarian Universalist Church (UUSC) yaisanganisirawo "Muslim Solidarity Chiitiko" muchirongwa chavo chekuita chakabatanidzwa nefirimu reKen Burns pamusoro pekuedza kweUnitarian kuponesa vanhu kubva kumaNazi. Kubatana kwacho kwaienderana nenhoroondo. Kuchiri kukurumidza kuziva kuti vangani vachashandisa zviwanikwa izvi.
Zvisinei nemhepo yekupokana ichienderera mberi mukati memwaka wesarudzo wa2016, pane hukama huri pachena huri kuramba huchienderera mberi nemaMuslim, zvisina kudzika uye zvakadzika, pakati pevechitendero. Asi zvakare, seBurma, vaMuslim vanoshaya zviwanikwa uye sangano uye zvichida chido chekutora basa rinotungamirira mukubatana kwezvitendero. Chimiro chehutungamiriri hwechiMuslim chichiri chemhando ye "charismatic", iyo inovaka hukama hwemunhu asi isingagoveri kana kukudziridza kugona kwemasangano. Vazhinji vevanhu vakafanana vanobatikana zvakanyanya munhaurirano dzezvitendero zvakasiyana asi havagone kana kusaunza vatori vechikamu vatsva. Kune vakati wandei vakanaka vatauri vechiMuslim pane vakanaka maneja kuti vawane ma grants uye kuchengetedza kubatanidzwa. Kupinda muMosque hakuna kukwira, uye kunyangwe vakagamuchira chiziviso chechitendero nenzira yakasimba, vechidiki vechiMuslim vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanoramba nzira dzevabereki vavo.
Kuzivikanwa kwevanhu kwakaoma uye kwakasiyana-siyana, asi nhaurirano dzezvematongerwo enyika uye dzakakurumbira pamusoro pedzinza, hupfumi, chitendero uye murume kana mukadzi dzinowanzorerutsa. Mari inotevera mafambiro ekufarirwa kwakakurumbira, senge Black Lives Matter, asi haiwanzo kupa simba kune avo vanonyanya kukanganiswa.
Muna 2008 Kusumita Pederson akati, “Chokwadi chinhu chinonyanya kushamisa uye chakakosha chebato rezvitendero zvakasiyana nhasi… Uyu ndiwo musiyano mukuru kumakumi emakore ekutanga esangano, uye zvinoita kunge zvichiratidza chikamu chitsva. " Izvi zvanga zviri zvechokwadi muNew York City sekuonekwa mune dzakawanda zvirongwa zvemuno kubvira 9/11. Dzimwe nhamburiko dzomunzvimbomo “dzinooneka” zvikuru kupfuura dzimwe. Chero zvazvingave, ichi chikamu chepasi chave chakaomeswa nekukanganiswa kwevanhu vetekinoroji nyowani. Nekusimuka kwesocial media kwakawanda "nhaurirano" ikozvino inotora online, ine miriyoni yevasingazivi vari vega. Upenyu hwemagariro eNew York ikozvino hwakarevererwa zvakanyanya, uye kutengesa nyaya, rondedzero, chirevo chesimba, chikamu chemakwikwi ehupfumi hwehupfumi. (Pederson, 2008)
Ehe, mafoni akangwara ari kupararira muBurma zvakare. Ko facebook-yakavakirwa pasocial media mapurojekiti akadai seyeShamwari Yangu Campaign[23], inopemberera ushamwari pakati pevaBurmese vemarudzi akasiyana, ichabudirira mukuvaka tsika inopemberera zvese zvakaenzana? Uku ndiko “kuvaka rugare rwezvitendero zvakasiyana” zvenguva yemberi here? Kana kuti nharembozha dzichava zvombo mumaoko emhomho dzinenge dzichida mhirizhonga, sezvatoitika? (Baker, 2016, Holland 2014)
Xenophobia uye kutamiswa kwevanhu vakawanda zvinogadzira kutenderera kwakashata. Nepo kuwanda kwe "zvisiri pamutemo" kuri kukurukurwa muUSA, uye kuchiitwa muBurma, kusachengeteka kunosimudzirwa nehurukuro iyi kunobata munhu wese. Pamwe chete nemapoka evanhu vari munjodzi anoparadza, dambudziko riripo kune chitendero nemarudzi akawanda chiratidzo chekutama kukuru kwetsika nemweya kune chekuita nehupfumi hwenyika.
Mugore ra2000, Mark Gopin akati, “Kana ukada kufambisa tsika yechitendero, kana tsika chero ipi zvayo, kune imwe hupfumi hutsva kana zvematongerwo enyika, senge democracy kana musika wakasununguka, usafambe pamusoro pasina pasi, pasi pasina kumusoro, kana kunyange pakati, kunze kwekunge wakagadzirira kukonzera kudeuka kweropa…Tsika dzechitendero hadzingoitirwe kubva kumusoro zvichidzika. Kutaura zvazviri, kune simba rinoshamisa riri kupararira, ndosaka vatungamiriri vachimanikidzwa zvakadaro. " (Gopin, 2000, peji 211)
Gopin anobva awedzerawo kune yake yambiro- kugashira yakafara-based maitiro ekuchinja; kusabvisa rimwe boka rechitendero kana dzinza pasina rimwe; uye usambofa wakaita kuti rwisano iwedzere kuipa nokusimbisa rimwe boka rechitendero kana kuti retsika pane rimwe, “zvikurukuru nokushandisa mari.
Nehurombo, United States - uye nharaunda dzepasirese zvakare - vakaita izvo chaizvo sechikamu chemitemo yekune dzimwe nyika kuzvizvarwa zvakawanda, uye zvechokwadi zvakaenderera mberi mumakore kubvira Gopin akanyora mazwi iwayo. Imwe nhaka yekupindira kwekunze uku kusavimbana kwakadzama, kuchiri kukanganisa hukama hwezvitendero zvakasiyana muNew York nhasi, zvakanyanya muhukama pakati pemasangano echiMuslim nemaJuda anoti anomiririra zvido zvenharaunda yakakura. Kutya kweMuslim neArab kwekubatana uye kunyangwe kubatanidzwa kunodzika zvakadzika. Kusachengeteka kwemaJuda uye kushushikana kuri kuitika zvinhu zvakare zvinonetsa. Uye ruzivo rweAfrica muAmerica rweuranda uye kusarudzika kunotowedzera kukura. Nhepfenyuro dzakapararira dzakatipoteredza dzinobvumira nyaya idzi kuti dzikurukurwe kwenguva refu. Asi sezvakacherechedzwa, zvinogona kungoshungurudza zvakare, kupatsanura uye kuita zvematongerwo enyika.
Asi tinoita sei kana tika“sanganisa zvitendero”? Inguva dzose chikamu chemhinduro, uye kwete dambudziko here? Mana Tun akacherechedza kuti muBurma, vatori vechikamu mukukurukurirana kwezvitendero zvakasiyana vanoshandisa shoko reChirungu rokuti “interfaith” seshoko rokukwereta. Izvi zvinopa pfungwa yekuti vanoita runyararo veBaptist muBurma vari kuunza nekumisikidza dzidziso dzenhaurirano dzinobuda kubva kuOrientalizing, neo-colonial kutarisa kwemumishinari wekuMadokero? Izvi zvinoreva here kuti vatungamiriri veBurmese (kana veNew York) vanogashira mikana yekuita runyararo vanotora mukana? Aihwa; zvinogoneka kurangarira yambiro yaGopin pamusoro pekupindira kune vavariro yakanaka mukufambiswa kwenharaunda asi tichifunga nezvekuchinjana kwakakosha uye kwakakosha kwevanhu kunoitika munhaurirano kana mavara nemafungiro akaraswa.
Kutaura zvazviri, muNew York City kubatikana kwezvitendero zvakawanda kwave kusina dzidziso zvachose. Kukosha kwedzidziso kunogona kuuya gare gare, apo chizvarwa chechipiri chinodzidziswa kuti chienderere mberi nenhaurirano, zvichibvumira varairidzi vatsva kuti vanyatsoziva nezvekuchinja kweboka uye dzidziso dzekuchinja.
Vashandi vanozarura ivo pachavo kune zvitsva zvingangoitika. Pasinei nekusagadzikana kwechiitiko changu chechiJudha -Muslim nhaurirano muNew York, mumwe weavo vadyidzani venhaurirano akaramba ari shamwari uye munguva pfupi yapfuura akaumba mubatanidzwa wechiJudha kutsigira kodzero dzeRohingya Muslim muBurma. Nekuda kwekunzwira tsitsi vakadzingwa nevashoma vane madhimoni, vane ruzivo rwakaratidza kutyisa kwemaJuda muna 1930s kuEurope, Mubatanidzwa wemaJuda weConcern Over Burma (JACOB) wakasaina masangano echiJuda anosvika makumi maviri kuti amiririre maMuslim anotambudzwa.
Tinogona kutarisana neramangwana rekudyidzana kwepasi rose (uye kusagutsikana kwaro) netariro kana kukahadzika kwakadzama. Chero nzira, kune simba mukushanda pamwe chete kune chimwe chikonzero. Pamwe chete nekunzwira tsitsi mutorwa, uye vamwe vanhu vari munjodzi, vanonamata vanogovana kutya kwakadzama nehutsinye hwehugandanga hwakanangana nevanhuwo zvavo, kusanganisira mapoka evamwe vanhu vasingagarombundirwa zvizere nevemachechi, sevarume nevakadzi veLGBT. . Nekuti nharaunda dzezvitendero dzakasiyana zvino dzatarisana nekudiwa kwekukurumidzira kwekugadziriswa kwemukati mekutenda uye pekugara pakati pe "pamusoro" nepasi" yehutungamiriri, pamwe nezvibvumirano zvekusabvumirana uye kupatsanurana pazvinhu zvakadaro zvemagariro, chikamu chinotevera chekubatana kwezvitendero chinovimbisa kuve. zvakaoma zvikuru- asi nemikana mitsva yetsitsi dzakagoverana.
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Notes
[1] Ona zvinyorwa Ali, W. (2011) Zvekutya Inc. 2.0 ona www.americanprogress.org
[2] www.BurmaTaskForce.org
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoniram_Judson
[4] Ona webhusaiti yeSeminary http://www.pkts.org/activities.html
[5] Ona http;//www.acommonword.org
[6] Ona Kubvumbi 1, 2011 Blog Entry http://dbuttry.blogspot.com/2011/04/from-undisclosed-place-and-time-2.html
[7] www.mbcnewyork.org
[8] Ona Chirevo Chegore cheShalom Foundation
[9] Ona http://rfp-asia.org/
[10] Ona mareferensi eRFP eParis Statement. Kuti uwane zvinongedzo kune zvese zviitiko zvevechidiki zveRFP ona http://www.religionsforpeace.org/
[11] “Dialogues” http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=136
[12] Semuyenzaniso, Pakistan: http://www.gflp.org/WeekofDialogue/Pakistan.html
[13] Ona www.mwr.org.tw ne http://www.gflp.org/
[14] KAIICID Video Documentation https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1OLXWr_zK71qC6bv6wa8-Q/videos)
[15] www.nydis.org
[16] BBC Zvita 30, 2011
[17] https://flushinginterfaithcouncil.wordpress.com/
[18] http://flushingfriends.org/history/flushing-remonstrance/
[19] http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2013/50/flushingremonstrance_bt_2013_12_13_q.html
[20] The Interfaith Infrastructure Study http://pluralism.org/interfaith/report/
[21] http://www.shouldertoshouldercampaign.org/
[22] http://www.peaceandunitybridge.org/programs/curricula/
[23] Ona https://www.facebook.com/myfriendcampaign/
