Kubatanidza Mhirizhonga Yemagariro, Kusawirirana uye Kukuvadza Kwezvakatipoteredza
Abstract:
Chinyorwa ichi chinoongorora kuti kusaenzana mumagariro, zvematongerwo enyika, ehupfumi uye tsika masisitimu zvinokonzeresa sei kusawirirana kwezvimiro izvo zvinoratidzira kusimba kwepasirese. Senharaunda yepasi rose, takabatana zvakanyanya kupfuura nakare kose. Masangano enyika uye epasi rose anogadzira masangano nemitemo inoderedza ruzhinji asi ichibatsira vashoma haichagariki. Kukukurwa kwemagariro nekuda kwekusarudzika kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi kunotungamira kune kukakavara kwenguva refu, kutama kwevanhu vakawanda, uye kushatiswa kwenharaunda izvo zviri kutadza kugadzirisa neo-liberal yezvematongerwo enyika. Tichitarisa kuAfrica, bepa rinokurukura zvinokonzeresa mhirizhonga yezvimiro uye rinopa zano kuti rinogona kushandurwa sei kuita kugarisana kwakabatana. Rugare rwepasi rose runoda shanduko yeparadigm kune: (1) kutsiva nyika-centric chengetedzo paradigm nechengetedzo yakafanana, ichisimbisa kusimudzira kwakabatana kwevanhu kune vanhu vese, kunaka kwekugovana kwevanhu uye magumo akafanana; (2) gadzira hupfumi uye masisitimu ezvematongerwo enyika anoisa pamberi pevanhu uye kugara zvakanaka kwepasi pamusoro pepurofiti.
Dhaunirodha Ichi Chinyorwa
Yakanongedzwa Kuongorora:
Mayanja, ENB (2022). Kubatanidza mhirizhonga yezvimiro, kukakavara uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Nyaya Yekugara Pamwe Chete, 7(1), 15-25.
Ruzivo rweChinyorwa:
@Chinyorwa{Mayanja2022}
Title = {Kubatanidza Mhirizhonga Yemaitiro, Kusawirirana uye Kukuvadza Kwezvakatipoteredza}
Munyori = {Evelyn Namakula B. Mayanja}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/linking-structural-violence-conflicts-and-ecological-damages/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Dhinda); 2373-6631 (Pamhepo)}
Gore = {2022}
Zuva = {2022-12-10}
Journal = {Journal of Kugara Pamwe Chete}
Vhoriyamu = {7}
Nhamba = {1}
Mapeji = {15-25}
Muparidzi = {International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Kero = {White Plains, New York}
Edition = {2022}.
ziviso
Kusaruramisira kwezvimiro ndicho chisakiso cherwisano zhinji dzenguva refu dzomukati nedzepasi pose. Ivo vakanyudzwa mukusaenzana kwemagariro ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi masisitimu uye masisitimu anosimbisa kushandiswa uye kumanikidzwa nevakuru vezvematongerwo enyika, makambani emarudzi akawanda (MNCs), uye nyika dzine simba (Jeong, 2000). Ukoloni, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, capitalism, uye makaro zvakakurudzira kuparadzwa kwemasangano etsika netsika izvo zvakachengetedza zvakatipoteredza, uye kudzivirira uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana. Makwikwi emasimba ezvematongerwo enyika, ehupfumi, echiuto uye tekinoroji anobvisa vasina kusimba pane zvavanoda, uye zvinokonzeresa kuderedzwa uye kutyora chiremerera chavo uye kodzero. Munyika yose, masangano asina kushanda zvakanaka uye mitemo nematunhu makuru anosimbisa kushandiswa kwenyika dziri kure. Padanho renyika, udzvinyiriri, urudzi hunoparadza, uye zvematongerwo enyika edumbu, zvinochengetwa nekumanikidza uye mitemo inobatsira chete vezvematongerwo enyika, inobereka kuvhiringidzika, ichisiya vasina simba vasina sarudzo kunze kwekushandisa chisimba senzira yekutaura chokwadi kune. simba.
Kusarongeka kwemaitiro uye mhirizhonga zvakawandisa sezvo danho rega rega rekunetsana richisanganisira zvimiro zvakamisikidzwa mumasisitimu uye masisitimu madiki apo mitemo inogadzirwa. Maire Dugan (1996), muongorori werunyararo uye nyanzvi yedzidziso, akagadzira 'nested paradigm' modhi uye akaziva nhanho ina dzemakakatanwa: nyaya dziri mukukonana; hukama hunobatanidzwa; subsystems umo dambudziko riripo; uye systemic zvimiro. Dugan anoti:
Kusawirirana kwemamiriro ekunze kunowanzo ratidza kusawirirana kwemamiriro ekunze, zvichiunza kusaenzana kwakadai serusaruraganda, rusaruraganda, rusaruraganda, uye homophobia kumahofisi nemafekitari atinoshandira, dzimba dzekunamatira dzatinonamatira, matare nemahombekombe atinotambira. , migwagwa yatinosangana nevavakidzani vedu, kunyange dzimba dzatinogara. Subsystem level matambudziko anogonawo kuvepo ega, asina kuburitswa neakawanda emagariro echokwadi. (p. 16)
Ichi chinyorwa chinobata kusarongeka kwepasirese uye kwenyika muAfrica. Walter Rodney (1981) anocherekedza manyuko maviri emhirizhonga yemuumbirwo weAfrica inodzora kufambira mberi kwekondinendi: “kushanda kwehurongwa hwemaumambo” hunopedza upfumi hweAfrica, zvichiita kuti kondinendi isakwanise kuvandudza zviwanikwa zvayo nekukurumidza; uye "avo vanonyengedza hurongwa uye avo vanoshanda sevamiririri kana vasingazivi zvavanoita zvehurongwa hwataurwa. Macapitalist ekumadokero kweEurope ndivo vakawedzera kushandiswa kwavo kubva mukati meEurope kuti vapedze Africa yese” (p. 27).
Nesumo iyi, bepa rinoongorora dzimwe dzidziso dzinotsigira kusaenzana kwezvimiro, zvichiteverwa neongororo yenyaya dzakakomba dzemhirizhonga dzinofanirwa kugadziriswa. Bepa rinopedzisa nemazano ekushandura mhirizhonga yezvimiro.
Theoretical Kufunga
Izwi rokuti mhirizhonga yemagariro rakaumbwa naJohan Galtung (1969) vachireva magariro evanhu: matongerwo enyika, hupfumi, tsika, chitendero, uye mitemo inodzivirira vanhu, nharaunda nemagariro kuti vaone kugona kwavo kuzere. Mhirizhonga yemaitiro "kukanganiswa kunodzivisika kwezvido zvevanhu zvakakosha kana ... kukanganisa kwehupenyu hwevanhu, izvo zvinodzikisira mwero chaiwo wekuti mumwe munhu akwanise kuita zvaanoda pasi pezvingave zvichibvira" (Galtung, 1969, p. 58) . Zvichida, Galtung (1969) akatora izwi kubva ku1960s yeLatin America dzidziso yerusununguko apo "zvimiro zvechivi" kana "chivi chemagariro" chaishandiswa kureva zvimiro zvakakonzera kusarongeka kwevanhu uye kurerutswa kwevarombo. Vatsigiri vedzidziso yerusununguko vanosanganisira Archbishop Oscar Romero naBaba Gustavo Gutiérrez. Gutiérrez (1985) akanyora kuti: “urombo hunoreva rufu… kwete muviri chete asi pfungwa netsika zvakare” (p. 9).
Zvimiro zvisina kuenzana ndizvo "zvinokonzeresa" zvekukakavadzana (Cousens, 2001, p. 8). Dzimwe nguva, mhirizhonga yemuzvimiro inonzi mhirizhonga yemasangano inokonzerwa ne“magariro, zvematongerwo enyika, uye zvimiro zveupfumi” izvo zvinobvumidza “kugoverwa kusina kuenzana kwesimba nezviwanikwa” (Botes, 2003, p. 362). Mhirizhonga yezvimiro inobatsira vashoma vane ropafadzo uye inodzvinyirira ruzhinji. Burton (1990) anobatanidza mhirizhonga yezvimiro nekusarongeka kwemasangano uye mitemo inotadzisa vanhu kuzadzisa zvido zvavo zveontological. Mamiriro emagariro anokonzerwa ne "dialectic, kana kupindirana, pakati pezvirongwa zvezvirongwa uye bhizinesi revanhu rekugadzira uye kuumba zvitsva zvezvimiro" (Botes, 2003, p. 360). Ivo vakaiswa mu "ubiquitous social structures, normalized ne masangano akadzikama uye nguva dzose zviitiko" (Galtung, 1969, p. 59). Nekuda kwekuti zvimiro zvakadaro zvinoratidzika sezvisingaite uye zvisingatyisi, zvinoramba zvisingaonekwe. Colonialism, kuchamhembe kwehemisphere kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zveAfrica uye zvichizokonzeresa kusasimukira, kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, rusaruraganda, hukuru hwevachena, neocolonialism, maindasitiri ehondo anobatsira chete kana paine hondo zhinji muGlobal South, kusabatanidzwa kweAfrica kubva mukuita sarudzo dzepasirese uye 14 West. Nyika dzemuAfrica dzinobhadhara mitero yekoloni kuFrance, ingori mienzaniso mishoma. Kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa semuenzaniso, kunokonzeresa kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kukakavara uye kutama kwevanhu vakawanda. Zvisinei, the kwenguva refu kushandisa zviwanikwa zveAfrica hakuonekwi sechikonzero chakakosha kudambudziko rakatekeshera rekutama kwevanhu vane hupenyu hwakaparadzwa nekukanganisa kwehupfumi hwenyika. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kutengeswa kwevaranda nekolonialism zvakapedza simba revanhu reAfrica uye zviwanikwa. Naizvozvo, mhirizhonga yemagariro muAfrica yakabatana neuranda uye colonial systemic kusarongeka kwevanhu, rusaruraganda, kushandiswa, kudzvinyirirwa, thingification uye commodification yeVatema.
Matambudziko Akakosha Emhirizhonga
Ndiani anowana chii uye kuti yakawanda sei yavanogashira yave sosi yekukonana munhoroondo yevanhu (Ballard et al., 2005; Burchill et al., 2013). Pane zviwanikwa zvokugutsa zvinodiwa nevanhu mabhiriyoni 7.7 vari panyika here? Chikamu chechina chehuwandu muGlobal North chinodya makumi masere muzana esimba nesimbi uye chinoburitsa mavhoriyamu akakwira kabhoni (Trondheim, 80). Semuyenzaniso, United States, Germany, China, neJapan dzinoburitsa inopfuura hafu yehupfumi hwenyika, ukuwo 2019% yevagari vemunyika dzisina kunyanya kusimukira vachidya 75%, asi vari kunyanya kukanganiswa nekudziya kwepasi (Bretthauer, 20; Klein, 2018) uye kukakavara-kwakavakirwa nezviwanikwa kunokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwecapitalist. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemaminerari akakosha anoonekwa seanoshandura mutambo mukuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze (Bretthauer, 2014; Fjelde & Uexkull, 2018). Africa, kunyangwe idiki inogadzira kabhoni inonyanya kukanganiswa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze (Bassey, 2012), uye mhedzisiro hondo nehurombo, zvichikonzera kutama kwevanhu vakawanda. Gungwa reMediterranean razova marinda emamiriyoni evechidiki vemuAfrica. Vaya vanobatsirwa kubva kune zvimiro zvinosvibisa nharaunda uye zvinounza hondo vanofunga kuti kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuve hoax (Klein, 2012). Zvakadaro, kusimudzira, kuvaka runyararo, marongero ekuderedza mamiriro ekunze uye tsvakiridzo inovatsigira zvese zvakagadzirirwa muGlobal North pasina kubatanidza mumiriri weAfrica, tsika nehunhu zvakatsigira nharaunda kwezviuru zvemakore. Sekutaura kunoita Faucault (2014, 1982), mhirizhonga yezvimiro inobatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzeruzivo rwesimba.
Kuparara kwetsika uye kukosha kwakasimudzwa nemafungiro echimanjemanje uye kudyidzana kwepasi rose kuri kukonzera kukakavara kwemaitiro (Jeong, 2000). Masangano echizvino-zvino anotsigirwa necapitalism, hutongi hwejekerere, kusimudzira maindasitiri uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi zvinogadzira mararamiro nebudiriro zvakateedzerwa nenyika dzekuMadokero, asi zvinoparadza tsika dzeAfrica, zvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Kunzwisisa kwakazara kwechimanjemanje uye kusimukira kunoratidzirwa maererano nevatengi, capitalism, dhorobha uye munhu wega (Jeong, 2000; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009).
Zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro, uye zvehupfumi zvinogadzira mamiriro ekugovanisa hupfumi husina kuenzana pakati nepakati penyika (Green, 2008; Jeong, 2000; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009). Hutongi hwepasi rose hunotadza kuita nhaurirano dzakaita seChibvumirano cheParis pamusoro pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kuita nhoroondo yehurombo, kusimudzira dzidzo yepasirese, kana kuita kuti zvibodzwa zvemireniyamu, uye zvibodzwa zvebudiriro zviwedzere. Vaya vanobatsirwa nehurongwa uhu havambozvizivi kuti iri kutadza kushanda zvakanaka. Kushungurudzika, nekuda kwemukana unowedzera pakati peizvo vanhu vanazvo nezvavanotenda kuti vanokodzera pamwe nekuderera kwehupfumi uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kuri kuwedzera kusarudzika, kutama kwevanhu vakawanda, hondo, uye hugandanga. Vanhu, mapoka, uye nyika dzinoda kuva pamusoro pehutungamiri hwemasimba emagariro evanhu, hwehupfumi, hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwetekinoroji uye hwemauto, hunosimudzira makwikwi echisimba pakati pemarudzi. Africa, yakapfuma nezviwanikwa zvinochiva nemasimba makuru, zvakare imusika wakaorera wemaindasitiri ehondo kutengesa zvombo. Sezvineiwo, hapana hondo inoreva kuti hapana purofiti kumaindasitiri ezvombo, mamiriro ezvinhu avasingagoni kugamuchira. Hondo ndiyo modus operandi kuti vawane zviwanikwa zveAfrica. Sezvo hondo dziri kurwiwa, maindasitiri ezvombo anoita purofiti. Mukuita izvi, kubva kuMali kuenda kuCentral African Republic, South Sudan, neDemocratic Republic of Congo, vechidiki vane hurombo uye vasina mabasa vanonyengerwa zviri nyore kugadzira kana kubatana nemapoka ane zvombo nemagandanga. Zvisingagutsikane zvinodiwa zvakakosha, pamwe nekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kuderedzwa, zvinotadzisa vanhu kuita zvavanogona uye zvinotungamira kumakakatanwa emagariro nehondo (Cook-Huffman, 2009; Maslow, 1943).
Kupamba nekurwisa Africa kwakatanga nekutengesa nhapwa nekolonialism, uye zvichiri kuenderera nanhasi. Iyo yepasirese hupfumi system uye zvinotendwa zvekuti musika wepasi rose, kutengeserana kwakavhurika uye mari yekunze inoenderera mberi nedemocracy inobatsira nyika dzepakati nemakambani anoshandisa zviwanikwa zvepasirese, achivagadzirisa kuti vatumire kunze zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa uye kunze kwenyika zvakagadziridzwa (Carmody, 2016; Southall & Melber, 2009 ) Kubva kuma1980, pasi pemubatanidzwa wepasi rose, shanduko yemusika wakasununguka, uye kubatanidza Africa muhupfumi hwenyika, World Trade Organisation (WTO) neInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) dzakaisa 'zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa zvimiro' (SAPs) uye inomanikidza Africa. nyika kuita zvakavanzika, kusunungura uye kumisa chikamu chemigodhi (Carmody, 2016, p. 21). Nyika dzinopfuura makumi matatu dzemuAfrica dzakamanikidzwa kugadzira patsva macode adzo emigodhi kuti afambise mari yekunze (FDI) nekutorwa kwezviwanikwa. "Kana nzira dzakapfuura dzekubatanidzwa kweAfrica muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwepasi rose dzaikanganisa, ... zvaizotevera zvine musoro kuti kutarisirwa kunofanirwa kutorwa mukuongorora kana pasina nzira yebudiriro yekubatanidzwa muhupfumi hwenyika hweAfrica, pane kuvhurira hupfumi hwenyika. kuwedzera kupamba” (Carmody, 30, p. 2016).
Dzichidzivirirwa nemitemo yepasi rose inomanikidza nyika dzemuAfrica kuti dzipinde mari yekunze uye dzichitsigirwa nehurumende dzemunyika dzadzo, makambani emunyika dzakawanda (MNCs) anoshandisa zvicherwa, oiri nezvimwe zviwanikwa zvemuAfrica anoita apo anopamba zviwanikwa pasina mhosva. . Vanopa chiokomuhomwe chevakuru vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vabatsire kunzvenga mutero, vavhare mhosva dzavo, vakuvadze nharaunda, vanyore invoice uye vanyepedzere ruzivo. Muna 2017, kubuda kweAfrica kwakasvika madhora mazana maviri nemazana matatu emadhora, uko madhora mazana matatu nemazana mana emadhora aive kuburikidza nehutsotsi hwemakambani emarudzi akawanda (Curtis, 203). Muna 32.4, makambani epasi rose akadzivirira mabhiriyoni makumi mana emadhora uye akabiridzira madhora mabhiriyoni gumi nerimwe kuburikidza nekutengesa zvisirizvo (Oxfam, 2017). Matanho ekushatisa kwezvakatipoteredza akagadzirwa nemakambani emarudzi akawanda ari kuita zvekushandisa zviwanikwa ari kuwedzera hondo dzezvakatipoteredza muAfrica (Akiwumi & Butler, 2010; Bassey, 40; Edwards et al., 11). Makambani emarudzi akawanda anounzawo hurombo kuburikidza nekutora ivhu, kutamiswa kwenharaunda uye vanochera migodhi kubva munzvimbo yavo yemahara uko semuenzaniso vanobira zvicherwa, oiri uye gasi. Zvese izvi zvinhu zviri kushandura Africa kuita musungo wekunetsana. Vanhu vakadziviswa vanosara vasina sarudzo kunze kweiyo yekuumba kana kujoinha mapoka ane zvombo kuti vararame.
In The Shock Doctrine, Naomi Klein (2007) anofumura kuti, kubva ku1950s, mitemo yemahara-yemusika yakadzora pasi rose kuendesa njodzi dzinovhundutsa. Kutevera Gunyana 11, Hondo yepasi rose yeUnited States pamusoro pehugandanga yakatungamira kukupinda kweIraq, zvichizoguma nemutemo wakabvumira Shell neBP kutonga kushandiswa kwemafuta eIraq uye kuti maindasitiri ehondo eAmerica awane pundutso kubva mukutengesa zvombo zvavo. Dzidziso imwechete yekuvhundutsa yakashandiswa muna 2007, pakagadzirwa US Africa Command (AFRICOM) kurwisa hugandanga nemakakatanwa mukondinendi. Hugandanga uye kurwisana kwepfuti kwawedzera kana kuderedzwa kubva 2007? Vadyidzani veUnited States nevavengi vese vari kumhanya nechisimba kudzora Africa, zviwanikwa zvayo uye musika. The Africompublicaffairs (2016) yakabvuma dambudziko reChina neRussia sezvinotevera:
Dzimwe nyika dziri kuramba dzichidyara mari munyika dzemuAfrica kuti dzifambise zvinangwa zvadzo, China yakatarisana nekuwana zviwanikwa uye zviwanikwa zvinodiwa kutsigira kugadzira ukuwo China neRussia vachitengesa masystem ezvombo uye kutsvaga kumisa zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana nekudzivirira muAfrica. Sezvo China neRussia dzichiwedzera simba radzo muAfrica, nyika dzose dziri mbiri dziri kuedza kuwana 'simba rakapfava' muAfrica kusimbisa simba radzo mumasangano epasi rose. (p. 12)
Makwikwi eAmerica panyaya dzezviwanikwa zvemuAfrica akaonekwa apo hutungamiriri hwaClinton hwakavamba mutemo weAfrica Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), uyo wakanzi unopa Africa mukana wekutengesa misika yekuAmerica. Chaizvoizvo, Africa inotumira kunze oiri, zvicherwa uye zvimwe zviwanikwa kuUS uye inoshanda semusika wezvigadzirwa zveUS. Muna 2014, sangano revashandi reUnited States rakashuma kuti "mafuta negasi zvinoumba pakati pe80% ne90% yezvose zvinotengeswa kunze kweAGOA" (AFL-CIO Solidarity Center, 2014, p. 2).
Kucherwa kwezviwanikwa zvemuAfrica kunouya nemutengo mukuru. Zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvinotonga kuongorora zvicherwa neoiri hazvimboshandiswi munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Hondo, kutamiswa, kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kushungurudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nechiremerera ndiyo modus operandi. Nyika dzakapfuma muzviwanikwa zvakadai seAngola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Mali, nedzimwe nyika dziri muWestern Sahara dziri muhondo dzinowanzonzi 'dzedzinza' nevakuru vehondo vanopamba. Muzivi weSlovenia uye nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu, Slavoj Žižek (2010) akacherechedza kuti:
Pasi pemamiriro ehondo yemarudzi, isu … tinoona mashandiro e global capitalism… Mumwe nemumwe wevakuru vehondo ane hukama nekambani yekune dzimwe nyika kana mubatanidzwa unonyanya kushandisa hupfumi hwemigodhi mudunhu. Urongwa uhwu hunokodzera mapato ese: makambani anowana kodzero dzemigodhi pasina mutero uye zvimwe zvinonetsa, ukuwo vakuru vehondo vachipfuma. ... kanganwa nezvehunhu hwehutsinye hwevagari veko, ingobvisa makambani ekunze ehunyanzvi hwepamusoro kubva kuequation uye nhandare yese yehondo yemarudzi inokurudzirwa nezvishuwo zvekare inoparara…Kune rima rakakura kwazvo musango gobvu reCongo asi Zvikonzero zviri kumwewo, mumahofisi evakuru anopenya emabhangi edu nemakambani ehunyanzvi hwepamusoro. (p. 163-164)
Hondo nekushandisa zviwanikwa zvinowedzera kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kubviswa kwemaminerari neoiri, kudzidziswa kwemauto, uye zvinosvibisa zvombo zvinoparadza zvipenyu, zvinosvibisa mvura, nyika nemhepo (Dudka & Adriano, 1997; Lawrence et al., 2015; Le Billon, 2001). Kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza kuri kuwedzera hondo dzezviwanikwa uye kutama kwevanhu vakawanda sezvo zviwanikwa zvekurarama zviri kushomeka. Huwandu hwechangobva kuitika hweUnited Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation hunoratidza kuti vanhu vanosvika 795 miriyoni vari kufa nenzara nekuda kwehondo dzepasi rose nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze (World Food Program, 2019). Vagadziri vemitemo pasi rose havana kumbobvira vadaidza makambani emigodhi nemaindasitiri ehondo kuti azvidavirire. Havaoni kushandisa zviwanikwa sechisimba. Kukanganisa kwehondo uye kubviswa kwezviwanikwa hazvina kana kutaurwa muchibvumirano cheParis uye Kyoto Protocol.
Africa zvakare inzvimbo yekurasa uye mutengi wekuramba kwekumadokero. Muna 2018, apo Rwanda yakaramba kupinza zvipfeko zvechipiri zveUS kunetsana kwakatevera (John, 2018). US inoti AGOA inobatsira Africa, asi hukama hwekutengeserana hunobatsira zvido zveAmerica uye hunoderedza mukana weAfrica wekufambira mberi (Melber, 2009). Pasi peAGOA, nyika dzemuAfrica dzinosungirwa kusaita zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvido zveUS. Kushomeka kwekutengeserana uye kubuda kwemari kunotungamira mukusagadzikana kwehupfumi uye kunetsa mararamiro evarombo (Carmody, 2016; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009). Vadzvanyiriri vehukama hwekutengeserana muGlobal North vanoita zvese zvavanoda uye vanonyaradza hana dzavo nerubatsiro rwekunze, rwunodaidzwa kuti Easterly (2006) semutoro wevachena.
Senguva yehukoloni, capitalism uye kushandiswa kwehupfumi hweAfrica kunoramba kuchiparadza tsika nehunhu hwechivanhu. Semuyenzaniso, African Ubuntu (humanness) uye nehanya kune vese zvakanaka kusanganisira zvakatipoteredza zvakatsiviwa necapitalist makaro. Vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika vari mushure mekuzvikudza uye kwete kushandira vanhu (Utas, 2012; Van Wyk, 2007). Ali Mazrui (2007) anoti kunyangwe mhodzi dzehondo dzakatekeshera "dziri muhutsvina hwemagariro akagadzirwa nekolonialism muAfrica nekuparadza" tsika nemagariro kusanganisira "nzira dzekare dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana pasina kugadzira [vatsivi] vanobudirira munzvimbo yavo" (p. 480). Saizvozvovo, nzira dzechinyakare dzekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza dzaionekwa sedzemweya uye dzadhiabhorosi, uye dzakaparadzwa muzita rekunamata Mwari mumwe. Apo masangano etsika netsika zvinoparara, pamwe chete nourombo, kurwisana hakudzivisiki.
Panyika, mhirizhonga yezvimiro muAfrica yakabatanidzwa mune izvo Laurie Nathan (2000) akadanwa kuti "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (p. 189) - hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, kusabatanidzwa kwevanhu mukutonga nyika dzavo, hurombo hwemagariro evanhu uye kusaenzana kunosimbiswa ne huwori nerusarura, uye nyika dzisingashande dzine masangano ane urombo anotadza kusimbisa hutongi hwejekerere. Kutadza kwehutungamiriri kune mhosva yekusimbisa 'Vatasvi Vemabhiza Vana'. Munyika zhinji dzemuAfrica, hofisi yeruzhinji inzira yekukudza munhu. Homwe yenyika, zviwanikwa uye kunyange rubatsiro rwekunze runongobatsira vezvematongerwo enyika chete.
Rondedzero yekusarongeka kwakakomba kwezvimiro padanho renyika nepasirese hariperi. Kuwedzera kusaenzana kwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika uye kwehupfumi kuchawedzera kusawirirana uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Hapana anoda kuve ari pasi, uye vane ropafadzo havadi kugovera chikamu chepamusoro chehutungamiri hwemagariro evanhu kuitira kuvandudza kunaka kwevose. Vakadzikiswa vanoda kuwana simba rakawanda uye kudzosera kumashure hukama. Mhirizhonga yezvimiro ingashandurwa sei kugadzira rugare rwenyika nepasirese?
Kuchinja Kwemaitiro
Maitiro akajairwa ekugadzirisa kusawirirana, kuvaka runyararo, uye kudzikisira kwezvakatipoteredza kumatanho makuru uye madiki enzanga ari kutadza nekuti haagadzirise maitiro emhirizhonga. Kutumira, zvisungo zveUN, zviridzwa zvepasi rose, zvibvumirano zvorugare zvakasainwa, uye bumbiro remitemo yenyika zvinogadzirwa pasina chinjo chaiyoiyo. Zvimiro hazvichinji. Shanduko yeStructural (ST) "inounza mukutarisa kwatinoenda - kuvakwa kwehukama hune hutano nenharaunda, munharaunda uye pasi rose. Ichi chinangwa chinoda shanduko chaiyo munzira dzedu dzazvino dzehukama” (Lederach, 2003, p. 5). Shanduko inofungidzira uye inopindura "kuderera uye kuyerera kwekukakavadzana kwevanhu semikana inopa hupenyu yekugadzira maitiro ekuchinja anovaka anoderedza mhirizhonga, kuwedzera kururamisira mukudyidzana kwakananga uye magariro emagariro, uye kupindura kumatambudziko chaiwo ehupenyu muhukama hwevanhu" (Lederach, 2003, p.14).
Dugan (1996) anoratidza iyo nested paradigm modhi yekuchinja kwemaitiro nekugadzirisa nyaya, hukama, masisitimu, uye subsystems. Körppen and Ropers (2011) vanoratidza "nzira yose yehurongwa" uye "kuoma kufunga semeta-framework" (p. 15) kushandura zvinodzvinyirira uye zvisingabatsiri zvivako uye maitiro. Shanduko yezvimiro ine chinangwa chekudzikisa mhirizhonga yezvimiro uye kuwedzera kururamisira kune nyaya, hukama, masisitimu uye masisitimu anoita hurombo, kusaenzana, uye kutambura. Inopawo vanhu simba rekuona kugona kwavo.
KuAfrica, ndinokurudzira dzidzo semusimboti weshanduko yezvimiro (ST). Kudzidzisa vanhu vane hunyanzvi hwekuongorora uye ruzivo rwekodzero dzavo neruremekedzo zvinovagonesa kukudziridza ruzivo rwakakosha uye kuziva nezvemamiriro ekusarongeka. Vanhu vakadzvinyirirwa vanozvisunungura kuburikidza nehana yekutsvaga rusununguko uye kuzvisimbisa (Freire, 1998). Shanduko yezvimiro haisi nzira asi shanduko yepfungwa “kutarisa nekuona …kupfuura matambudziko aripo kuenda kune yakadzama maitiro ehukama, …pasi pemaitiro nemamiriro ezvinhu…, uye hurongwa hwepfungwa (Lederach, 2003, pp. 8-9). Semuenzaniso, maAfrica anofanirwa kuve nehana pamusoro pemaitiro ekudzvinyirira uye hukama hunoenderana pakati peGlobal North neGlobal South, kushandiswa kwekolonial uye neocolonial, rusaruraganda, kuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa uye kuderedzwa kunovabvisa mukugadzira mitemo yenyika. Kana vanhu vemuAfrica mukondinendi yese vakaziva nezve njodzi yekushandiswa kwemakambani uye kurwiswa nemauto nemasimba eWestern, uye nekuratidzira kondinendi yakakura, kushungurudzwa ikoko kwaizomira.
Zvakakosha kuti vanhu vari pasi pasi vazive kodzero dzavo nemabasa avo senhengo dzenharaunda yepasi rose. Kuziva kwezviridzwa zvepasi rose nekondinendi uye masangano akadai seUnited Nations, African Union, UN charter, Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) uye Africa charter yekodzero dzevanhu inofanirwa kuve ruzivo rwese rwunogonesa vanhu kuti vade kushanda kwavo zvakaenzana. . Saizvozvovo, dzidzo muhutungamiriri uye nehanya nezvakanaka zvinofanirwa kuve zvinosungirwa. Hutungamiri husina kunaka chiratidzo chezvave nzanga dzemuAfrica. Ubuntu (unhu) uye kutarisira zvakanaka zvakatsiviwa nemakaro ecapitalist, udzvanyiriri uye kutadza zvachose kukoshesa nekupemberera Africanism uye magadzirirwo etsika dzenzvimbo izvo zvakagonesa nzanga muAfrica kurarama nerufaro kwezviuru zvemakore.
Zvakakoshawo kudzidzisa mwoyo, "pakati pemanzwiro, maonero, uye hupenyu hwemweya ... nzvimbo yatinobuda uye kwatinodzokera kuti tiwane hutungamiri, chekudya, uye gwara" (Lederach, 2003, p. 17). Mwoyo wakakosha pakushandura hukama, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye denda rehondo. Vanhu vanoedza kushandura nzanga kuburikidza nekumukira kwechisimba nehondo sezvinoratidzwa muzviitiko zvehondo dzenyika nedzevagari vemo, uye kumukirana kwakadai seSudan neAlgeria. Musanganiswa wemusoro nemoyo ungaratidza kusakosha kwemhirizhonga kwete nekuti haina hunhu chete, asi mhirizhonga inobereka mhirizhonga yakawanda. Kusaita mhirizhonga kunobva pamwoyo unosundwa netsitsi netsitsi. Vatungamiriri vakuru vakaita saNelson Mandela vakabatanidza musoro nemoyo kuita shanduko. Nekudaro, pasi rose takatarisana nekushaikwa kwehutungamiriri, masisitimu edzidzo akanaka, uye mienzaniso. Nokudaro, dzidzo inofanira kubatsiridzwa nekugadzirisa zvinhu zvose zvehupenyu (tsika, hukama hwemagariro evanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, maonero atinoita uye kurarama mumhuri uye munharaunda).
Kutsvaka rugare kunofanira kukosheswa pamativi ose enzanga. Kuvakwa kwehukama hwakanaka hwevanhu chinhu chinodiwa pakuvaka runyararo tichitarisa shanduko yemasangano nemagariro. Sezvo kukakavara kuchiitika munzanga dzevanhu, unyanzvi hwekukurukurirana, kusimudzirwa kwekunzwisisana pamwe chete nemafungiro ekukunda mukugadzirisa nekugadzirisa kusawirirana kunoda kusimudzirwa kubva paudiki. Shanduko yezvimiro pamazinga makuru uye madiki enharaunda inodiwa nekukurumidza kugadzirisa kushata kwemagariro mumasangano makuru nehunhu. "Kugadzira nyika isina mhirizhonga kunotsamira pakubviswa kwekusarongeka kwevanhu uye hupfumi uye kushungurudzwa kwezvakatipoteredza" (Jeong, 2000, p. 370).
Shanduko yezvimiro chete haitungamiri kurunyararo, kana ikasateverwa kana kutangirwa neshanduko yemunhu neshanduko yemoyo. Shanduko yemunhu chete ndiyo inogona kuunza shanduko yezvimiro inodiwa kune rugare nechengeteko yenyika nepasirese. Kuchinja kubva pamakaro ecapitalist, kukwikwidzana, kusarurana uye rusaruraganda pamwoyo wezvirongwa, masisitimu uye masisitimu anobiridzira nekudzikisira avo vari kumahombekombe emunyika nemukati menyika kunobva mukurangwa kwakasimba uye kunogutsa kwekuongorora munhu wemukati uye kunze kwechokwadi. Zvikasadaro, masangano uye masisitimu acharamba akatakura uye nekusimbisa matambudziko edu.
Mukupedzisa, kuda kwerunyararo rwepasi rose nekuchengetedzeka kunodzoka pakatarisana nemakwikwi ecapitalist, dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza, hondo, kupambwa kwezviwanikwa zvemakambani emarudzi akawanda, uye kuwedzera kurudzi. Vakasarirwa vanosiiwa vasina sarudzo kunze kwekungotama, kuita kurwisana nehugandanga. Mamiriro ezvinhu anoda masangano ehutongi hwemagariro kuti ade kupera kwezvinotyisa izvi. Inodawo zviito zvinozoita kuti zvidikanwi zvemunhu wese zvazadzikiswa, kusanganisira kuenzana uye kupa simba kuvanhu vese kuti vaone zvavanogona. Mukushaikwa kwehutungamiriri hwepasirese uye hwenyika, vanhu vanobva pasi vanobatwa nechisimba chemaitiro (SV) vanofanirwa kudzidziswa kutungamira shanduko. Kubvisa makaro anokonzerwa necapitalism nemitemo yepasi rose inosimbisa kushandiswa kweAfrica nekudzikisirwa mberi kuchasimudzira kurwira kumwe kurongeka kwenyika kune hanya nezvinodiwa nekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vese nenharaunda.
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