Basa reDiplomacy, Kubudirira uye Dziviriro muKuona Runyararo uye Chengetedzo muMazhinji Ethnic uye Zvitendero Nyika: Nyaya Yekudzidza yeNigeria.

ngovepo

Icho chinhu chakatsvakurudzwa zvakanyanya uye chakanyatso nyorwa kuti simba nechiremera zvine nzvimbo dzazvo munzvimbo yeruzhinji nehurumende. Mapoka nevanhu vane simba vanonetseka kudzora nharaunda yeruzhinji kuti vawane simba nechiremera. Muono wehutongi muNigeria unoratidza kuti kupokana kwesimba nechiremera kuve nechokwadi chekushandiswa kwemasimba ehurumende uye zviwanikwa zvehupfumi zvehurumende zvezvikamu, zvedzinza uye zvemunhu. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti vanhu vashoma ndivo vanobudirira ukuwo kusimukira kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwenyika kuri kuderera. Izvi, zvisinei, hazvina kujairika kuNigerian state. Chikonzero chikuru chedambudziko munyika kuda kwevanhu nemapoka kutonga kana kuramba kuedza kwevamwe kuvatonga. Izvi zvinova pachena zvikuru munzanga dzemarudzi nezvitendero dzakasiyana-siyana umo mapoka emarudzi nezvitendero akasiyana anokwikwidzana nokuda kwekutonga kwezvematongerwe enyika nezvemari. Mapoka ane masimba anoshandisa masimba ekumanikidza kuti aenderere mberi nekutonga ukuwo mapoka akashongedzwa anoshandisawo mhirizhonga kuratidza kuzvitonga kwavo uye kutsvagawo kuwaniswa kwemasimba ezvematongerwo enyika nezviwanikwa zvehupfumi. Uku kuda kutonga kwemapoka makuru nemadiki nokudaro kunoparira mhirizhonga iyo inoratidzika kunge isina kutiza. Kuedza kwakasiyana-siyana kwehurumende kuti kuve nechokwadi chekugara kwerunyararo nechengeteko vachishandisa "nzimbe" (simba) kana "karoti" (diplomacy) nzira dzinowanzopa asi kuzorora kushoma. Kurudziro yenzira ye'3Ds' yekugadzirisa kusawirirana, munguva pfupi yapfuura, yakaburitsa mhedzisiro inokurudzira yekuti kunetsana kunogona kugadziriswa pasina chando uye kuti kugadzirisa kusawirirana kunogona kuunza kurunyararo rusingaperi. Nemienzaniso yakawandisa kubva kuNigerian state, chidzidzo ichi chinosimbisa kuti chokwadi chingori musanganiswa wehungwaru wediplomacy, budiriro, uye dziviriro sezvakarongwa mu '3Ds' nzira iyo inogona zvechokwadi kuvimbisa runyararo nerunyararo munyika dzemarudzi mazhinji.

ziviso

Sechivanhu, hondo nemakakatanwa zvinowanzopedzwa kana rimwe bato kana mamwe mapato ari mugakava awana chigaro uye achimanikidza mamwe mapato kuti agamuchire zvisungo zvekukanda mapfumo pasi izvo zvinowanzoiswa kuti zvivanyadzise uye kuti vasave nesimba muhondo uye kuti vatsamire mune zveupfumi kune vanenge vakunda. Zvisinei, rwendo rwomunguva yakapfuura rucharatidza kuti vavengi vakanyadziswa vanowanzoungana kuti varwise zvinotyisa uye kana vakakunda kana kuti vakakundwa, kurwisana kunoramba kuchiitika. Nokudaro, kukunda hondo kana kushandisa chisimba kupedza kukakavara haisi mamiriro akakwana erugare kana kugadzirisa kukakavara. Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga pakati pa1914 na1919 inopa muenzaniso unokosha. Germany yakakundwa zvakazara muhondo, uye dzimwe nyika dzeEurope dzakaisa pamigariro yayo yakarongedzerwa kuinyadzisa uye kuita kuti ishaye simba kubva pakuita chiito chipi nechipi chechisimba. Zvakadaro, mukati memakumi maviri emakore, Germany ndiyo yaive yanyanya kurwisa mune imwe hondo yaive yakanyanyisa maererano nehupamhi uye kurasikirwa kwevanhu uye pfuma kupfuura iyo yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.

Mushure mekurwiswa kwehugandanga kuUnited States musi waGunyana 11, 2001, hurumende yeAmerica yakazivisa hondo yepasi rose pamusoro pehugandanga uye yakazotumira mauto ayo kuti abatanidze hurumende yeTaliban yeAfghanistan, mauto eboka reAl Qaeda raipomerwa mhosva. kukonzeresa kurwiswa kwemagandanga kuUS MaTaliban neAl Qaeda akakundwa uye gare gare Osama bin Laden, mutungamiri weAl Qaeda, akabatwa akaurayiwa neUS Special Forces muPakistan, muvakidzani wepedyo weAfghanistan. Zvisinei nekukunda uku, hugandanga huri kuramba huchiwana nzvimbo yakawanda nekubuda kwemamwe mapoka emagandanga anouraya anosanganisira Islamic State of Iraq neSyria (ISIS), boka rinouraya reAlgerian Salafist rinozivikanwa seAl-Qaeda muIslam Maghreb (AQIM) uye Boko Haram boka rine hwaro hwaro kuchamhembe kweNigeria. Zvinofadza kuziva kuti mapoka emagandanga anowanzo kuwanikwa munyika dzichiri kusimukira asi mabasa avo anobata nzvimbo dzese dzepasi (Adenuga, 2003). Munzvimbo idzi, hurombo hunogara huripo, kusava nehanya kwehurumende, tsika nezvitendero zvinotendwa, kusagona kuverenga nekunyora nezvimwe zvehupfumi, zvemagariro, uye zvechitendero zvinobatsira kukurudzira hugandanga, hupanduki nemamwe marudzi emhirizhonga uye zvinoitawo kuti kurwa kudhure nekunetesa. kazhinji kudzoreredza zvakawanikwa pakukunda kwemauto.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko rataurwa pamusoro apa, masangano mazhinji epasi rose anosanganisira United Nations nemamwe masangano epamusoro-soro nenyika dzinosanganisira United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands neCanada vakatora "3Ds" senzira yavo yekugadzirisa kusawirirana pasi rose. . Maitiro e "3Ds" anosanganisira kushandiswa kwekutaurirana, kusimudzira uye kudzivirira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kunetsana hakusi kungogumiswa chete asi kunogadziriswa nenzira inogadzirisa izvo zvinokonzeresa izvo zvinogona kukonzera imwe denderedzwa remakakatanwa. Nokudaro, kupindirana pakati penhaurirano nekushandira pamwe pakati pemapato anobatanidzwa mukukakavadzana (diplomacy), kugadzirisa hupfumi, hwemagariro evanhu uye kunyange zvinhu zvechitendero zvinokonzera kukakavara (budiriro), uye kupiwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwakakwana (kudzivirirwa) kwakava US modus. operandi yekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Chidzidzo chenhoroondo chichasimbisawo nzira ye "3Ds" yekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Germany neUS mienzaniso. Kunyangwe Germany yakakundwa muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, nyika haina kunyadziswa, asi, US, kuburikidza neMarshall Plan nedzimwe nyika dzakabatsira kupa Germany madhipatimendi nezvemari kuti ive kwete hofori yehupfumi nemaindasitiri pasi rose asi. zvakare murevereri mukuru werunyararo nechengeteko yenyika. Maodzanyemba nekumaodzanyemba kweUS akarwawo hondo yakaipisisa yevagari vemo pakati pa1861 na1865 asi madhipatimendi ehurumende dzakatevedzana dzeAmerica, kuvakwazve kwenzvimbo dzakakanganiswa nehondo uye kushandiswa kwesimba rakasimba kutarisa zviitiko zvemapoka anopatsanura. yakavimbisa kubatana uye budiriro yese yeUS Zvinodzidzisa zvakare kuziva kuti US yakashandisawo nzira ye "3Ds" nzira yekumisa kutyisidzira kweSoviet Union muEurope mushure meHondo Yenyika yechipiri kuburikidza nekugadzwa. yeNorth Alliance Treaty Organisation (NATO), iyo yaimiririra hurongwa hwevamiriri nevechiuto kudzikamisa nekudzosera kumashure miganhu yecommunism, pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi dzeSoviet Union, uye kuvhurwa kweMarshall Plan kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvakwa patsva. nzvimbo dzakanga dzaparadzwa nemigumisiro yakaipa yehondo (Kapstein, 2010).

Chidzidzo ichi chine chinangwa chekupa humwe huchokwadi kunzira ye "3Ds" seyakanakisa sarudzo yekugadzirisa kusawirirana nekuisa nyika yeNigeria pasi pekutsvaga kwekutsvaga. Nigeria inyika ine marudzi mazhinji uye ine zvitendero zvakasiyana uye yakaona nekugadzirisa kunetsana kwakawanda kungadai kwakaunza dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzakafanana dzine marudzi akasiyana-siyana uye zvitendero zvakasiyana. Makakatanwa aya anosanganisira hondo yevagari vekuNigeria ya1967-70, mauto eNiger Delta uye Boko Haram. Nekudaro, musanganiswa wekutaurirana, kusimudzira uye kudzivirira kwagara kuchipa nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana uku.

Theoretical Framework

Chidzidzo ichi chinotora dzidziso yemakakatanwa uye dzidziso yekugumbuka-hasha senheyo dzayo. Dzidziso yekunetsana inofunga kuti kukwikwidza nemapoka ekudzora zviwanikwa zvezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi munharaunda zvinogara zvichitungamira kumakakatanwa (Myrdal, 1944; Oyeneye & Adenuga, 2014). Dzidziso yekushungurudzika-yekushungurudza inotaura kuti kana paine mutsauko pakati pezvinotarisirwa uye zviitiko, vanhu, vanhu nemapoka vanovhiringidzika uye vanoburitsa kushushikana kwavo nekuva nehasha (Adenuga, 2003; Ilo & Adenuga, 2013). Dzidziso idzi dzinotsigira kuti kunetsana kune zvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi uye zvemagariro evanhu uye kusvikira nyaya idzi dzagadziriswa zvinogutsa, kusawirirana hakugoni kugadziriswa.

Conceptual Pfupiso ye "3Ds"

Sezvambotaurwa, nzira ye "3Ds", iyo inobatanidza diplomacy, kudzivirira uye kubudirira, haisi nzira itsva yekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Sezvakataurwa naGrandia (2009), nzira yakabatanidzwa yekuchengetedza runyararo nekuvaka runyararo kudzikamisa nekuvakazve nyika dzepashure nedzimwe nyika dzakazvimiririra uye masangano agara achishandisa nzira ye "3Ds", kunyangwe iri pasi pemazwi akasiyana. Van der Lljn (2011) anotaurawo kuti kuchinja kubva pakushandiswa kwechinyakare kwechiuto kusvika pakutorwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dze "3Ds" nzira kwakava kwakakosha nekuziva kuti pasina zvikonzero zvinokonzeresa kurwisana zvinogadziriswa zvakakwana kuburikidza nediplomacy. uye budiriro, mabasa ekuvaka runyararo kazhinji anozove maitiro asina maturo. Schnaubelt (2011) zvakare avers kuti NATO (uye nekuwedzera, mamwe masangano ese epasi rose) akaziva kuti kuti mishoni dzemazuva ano dzibudirire, shanduko kubva kunzira yechinyakare yechiuto kuenda kune yakawanda-dimensional nzira inosanganisira zvinhu zvediplomacy, kusimudzira uye kudzivirira kunofanirwa. kuitwa.

Mushure mekurwiswa kwehugandanga kuUS neboka reAl Qaeda musi waGunyana 11, 2001 uye kuziviswa kwehondo yehugandanga hwepasi rose neUS, hurumende yeAmerica yakagadzira zano renyika rekurwisa hugandanga nezvinangwa zvinotevera:

• Kunda magandanga nemasangano avo;

• Ramba rutsigiro, rutsigiro uye nzvimbo tsvene kune magandanga;

• Kuderedza mamiriro ezvinhu ari kudiwa nemagandanga; uye

• Dzivirira vagari vemuUS uye zvaunofarira kumba nekune dzimwe nyika

(Dhipatimendi reNyika reUS, 2008)

Ongororo yakakosha yezvinangwa zvakataurwa pamusoro peiyo zano icharatidza kuti iri kubva kune iyo "3Ds" nzira. Chinangwa chekutanga chinosimbisa kubuda kwehugandanga hwepasi rose uchishandisa mauto (defense). Chinangwa chechipiri chakanangana nekushandiswa kwemadiplomacy kuona kuti magandanga nemasangano avo haana nzvimbo yakachengeteka chero kupi zvako pasi rose. Zvinosanganisira kushamwaridzana nedzimwe nyika nemasangano kuti vadzivise hugandanga hwepasi rose kuburikidza nekumisa kutsigira mari netsika kumapoka emagandanga. Chinangwa chechitatu kucherechedzwa kwechokwadi chekuti pasina kunyatsogadzirisa zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemagariro nehupfumi zvinokurudzira hugandanga, hondo yekurwisa hugandanga haingambokundike (budiriro). Chinangwa chechina chinogona kuitika chete kana zvimwe zvinangwa zvitatu zvazadzikiswa. Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti chimwe nechimwe chezvinangwa hachina kuzvimiririra zvachose pane zvimwe. Vese vari kuteedzerana zvakare sezvo zvingatora kupindirana kwediplomacy, kudzivirira uye kusimudzira kuzadzisa chero chezvinangwa zvina. Nekudaro, American Academy of Diplomacy mugwaro rayo re2015 yakagumisa kuti US neAmerica zvino dzakachengeteka nekuda kwekubatana pakati pevamiriri, vashandi vemauto, nyanzvi dzebudiriro nevanhu vari muNGOs nemamwe mapato akazvimirira.

Grandia (2009) naVan der Lljn (2011) vanofunga diplomacy, mukugadzirisa runyararo, sekusimudzira kuvimba kwevanhu mukugona, kugona uye kugona kwehurumende mukugadzirisa kusawirirana murunyararo. Kudzivirirwa kunosanganisira kusimbiswa kwekugona kwehurumende inoda kupa kuchengetedzwa kwakakwana munzvimbo yayo yekutonga. Budiriro inosanganisira kupa rubatsiro rwezvehupfumi kubatsira hurumende yakadai kugadzirisa zvidikanwi zvemagariro, zvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika zvevagari izvo zvinowanzoumba zvikonzero zvinokonzeresa kunetsana.

Sezvambotaurwa, diplomacy, kudzivirira uye budiriro haisi pfungwa dzakazvimiririra, asi, idzo dzinoenderana. Utongi hwakanaka, uhwo hunoshanda sehwaro hwemadiplomacy, hunogona kuwanikwa chete kana kuchengetedzwa kwevagari kwavimbiswa uye uko zvinodiwa zvebudiriro zvevanhu zvinovimbiswa. Kuchengeteka kwakakwana kwakavakirwawo pakutonga kwakanaka uye hurongwa hwese hwebudiriro hunofanirwa kuve hwakanangana nekuona kuchengetedzwa uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu (Human Development Report, 1996).

Chiitiko cheNigerian

Nigeria ndeimwe yenyika dzine marudzi akasiyana-siyana pasi rose. Otite (1990) naSalawu & Hassan (2011) vanosimbisa kuti kune madzinza e374 muNigeria. Kuwanda kwechimiro chenyika yeNigerian kunoratidzwawo muhuwandu hwezvitendero zvinogona kuwanikwa mukati memiganhu yayo. Kune zvitendero zvikuru zvitatu, chiKristu, Islam uye African Traditional Religion, iyo pachayo inoumbwa nemazana nemazana evamwari vanonamatwa munyika yose. Zvimwe zvitendero, zvinosanganisira Hinduism, Bahia uye Grail Mharidzo zvakare ine vateveri mukati meNigerian state (Kitause & Achunike, 2013).

Kuwanda kwehuwandu hweNigeria kwagara kuchishandurirwa mumakwikwi emarudzi uye echitendero kuti awane simba rezvematongerwo enyika uye kutonga zviwanikwa zvehupfumi zvehurumende uye makwikwi aya anowanzokonzera kupolarizations uye kukakavara kwakanyanya (Mustapha, 2004). Ichi chinzvimbo chinotsigirwa zvakare naIlo & Adenuga (2013) vanofungidzira kuti mazhinji emakakatanwa munhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yeNigeria ane mavara emarudzi uye echitendero. Nekudaro, makakatanwa aya aive kana kuti ari kugadziriswa kuburikidza nekugamuchirwa kwemitemo nemaitiro anotambira huzivi hwe "3Ds" maitiro. Ichi chidzidzo chinozoongorora zvimwe zvemakakatanwa aya nemagadzirirwo aakaitwa kana ari kugadziriswa.

Hondo yevagari vemuNigeria

Kuti tisvike kune zvikonzero zvehondo yevagari vemo zvinoda rwendo mukusikwa kwenyika yeNigeria pachayo. Zvisinei, sezvo iyi isiri iyo pfungwa yekudzidza uku, zvakakwana kutaura kuti zvinhu zvakakonzera kuparadzaniswa kwenharaunda yekumabvazuva kubva kuNigerian state nekuzivisa kwehurumende yeBiafra naColonel Odumegwu Ojukwu musi waMay 30, 1967 uye. kuziviswa kwehondo neFederal Government yeNigeria kuitira kuchengetedza kuperera kwedunhu reNigerian kunosanganisira kusaenzana kwehurongwa hwemubatanidzwa weNigerian, sarudzo dzemubatanidzwa dzine gakava zvikuru dze1964, sarudzo dzine gakava dzakaenzana kumadokero kweNigeria dzakakonzeresa. dambudziko guru mudunhu, coups d'état yaNdira 15 naChikunguru 29, 1966, kuramba kweOjukwu kubvuma Gowon semukuru mutsva wehurumende yemauto, kuwanikwa kwemafuta muhuwandu hunotengeswa muOloibiri mudunhu rekumabvazuva, iyo pogrom yevanhu veIgbo kutorwa kuchamhembe kweNigeria uye kuramba kweFederal Government kuita chibvumirano cheAburi (Kirk-Greene, 1975; Thomas, 2010; Falode, 2011).

Hondo, iyo yakatora nguva yemwedzi makumi matatu, yakamhan'arirwa zvine simba nemativi ese uye yakave nemhedzisiro yakaipa kwazvo kudunhu reNigerian nevanhu varo, kunyanya mudunhu rekumabvazuva, iro rainyanya nhandare yekunetsana. Hondo iyi, sehondo zhinji, yairatidzwa neshungu dzaiwanzoratidzwa mukupondwa kwakazara kwevanhu vasina pfuti, kurwadziswa nekuuraiwa kwemauto emuvengi akabatwa, kubatwa chibharo kwevasikana nevakadzi uye kumwe kubatwa zvisina tsitsi kwemauto emuvengi akabatwa uye vagari vemo (Udenwa, 30). Nekuda kwehasha dzinoratidza hondo dzevagari vemo, dzinoburitswa kunze uye dzinowanzopera nekupindira kweUnited Nations uye / kana mamwe masangano edunhu nepasirese.

Panguva ino, zvakakosha kuti pave nemusiyano pakati pehondo dzevagari vemo uye mabhindauko akakurumbira. Hondo dzevagari vemo dzinowanzorwiwa pakati pematunhu nemapoka ari mudunhu rimwechete ukuwo mabhindauko ari hondo dzinorwiwa pakati pemapoka evanhu munharaunda imwechete kuti pave nehurongwa hutsva hwemagariro nehupfumi munzanga dzakadai. Nokudaro, Revolution Yemaindasitiri, iyo yakanga isiri hondo yezvombo, inoonekwa sechimurenga nekuti yakachinja magariro nehupfumi hwemazuva iwayo. Kumukira kuzhinji kazhinji kunopedzisira kwava kukurumidzisa nzira dzekubatana kwenyika nekubatana munzanga sezvakapupurirwa muFrance mushure meChimurenga cheFrance cha1887 uye chiitiko cheRussia mushure meChimurenga cha1914. Zvisinei, hondo zhinji dzevagari vemo dzinoparadzanisa uye dzinowanzoguma mukudimbura mapfupa. yenyika sezvakapupurirwa mune yaimbova Yugoslavia, Ethiopia/Eritrea neSudan. Ikoko nyika isina kuparadzwa pakupera kwehondo, zvichida nekuda kwekuchengetedza runyararo, kuvaka runyararo uye kuchengetedza runyararo zveimwe nyika yakazvimirira uye masangano, kudzikama kusingafadzi, uko kunowanzo kuputirwa nekukakavadzana kwepakati, kunokunda. The Republic of Congo inopa chidzidzo chinonakidza. Zvakadaro, hondo yevagari vemuNigeria yaive isingawanzo kusara pahutongi sezvo yakagumiswa pasina kupindira kwakananga kwedzimwe nyika nemasangano uyezve mwero unoshamisa wekubatana kwenyika nekubatana wakavepo mushure mekunge hondo yapera musi wa15 Ndira 1970. Thomas (2010) anoti kubudirira uku kune "hapana mukundi, hapana akakundwa asi kukunda kwehungwaru uye kubatana kweNigeria" chiziviso cheFederal Government yeNigeria pakupera kwehondo uye zvakare kugamuchirwa kwemutemo weReconciliation, Rehabilitation. , uye Kuvakazve kukurumidza track kubatanidzwa uye kubatana. Pasinei nekusagadzikana kwake pamusoro pemamiriro aivepo mudunhu reNigeria nguva isati yatanga, panguva uye mushure mehondo yevagari, Effiong (2012) akatsinhirawo kuti chibvumirano cherunyararo pakupera kwehondo "chakawana danho rinoyemurika rekugadzirisa uye rakadzoreredza mwero wakadzama wemagariro. .” Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mukuru wehurumende yemubatanidzwa munguva yehondo yevagari vemo, Yakubu Gowon, akapokana kuti kwaive kugashira uye nemaune mutemo weReconciliation, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction wakabatsira kubatanidzwazve kwakazara kwedunhu rekumabvazuva mudunhu reNigeria. . Nemashoko ake, Gowon (2015) anoti:

panzvimbo pokunakidzwa nokufara kwatinofunga kuti takunda, takasarudza kufamba mumugwagwa usina kumbofambwa norudzi chero rupi zvarwo munhoroondo yehondo munyika. Takasarudza kuti pakanga pasina mhindu mukuunganidza zvakapambwa zvehondo. Pane kudaro, takasarudza kutarisana nebasa redu rakaoma zvikuru rekuwana kuyananiswa, kubatanidzwazve kwenyika mukati menguva pfupi zvikuru. Maonero enyika iwayo akaita kuti zvikwanisike kwatiri kuti tikurumidze uye nemaune kupa mushonga wekuporesa kurapa kukuvara uye maronda. Zvakasimbisa huzivi hwedu hweNo Victor, No Vanqushed uhwo hwandakataura mukutaura kwangu kurudzi mushure mekunge tanyararidza pfuti nekupeta maoko tichiisa maoko edu pagejo kuti tivakezve Nigeria. Kutsvaga kwedu mhinduro kumatambudziko emushure mehondo nekuparadzwa kwakaita kuti zvive zvakakosha kuti tigadzire seti yemisimboti inotungamira sezvitsigiso zvekufora kwedu kwakasimba. Iyi ndiyo yaive hwaro hwekusumwa kwedu kwe3Rs ... Reconciliation, (Reintegration) Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, iyo, yatinofanira, kunzwisisa haina kungoedza kukurumidza kugadzirisa nyaya dzezvinonetsa zvemagariro nehupfumi uye zvivakwa asi zvakasimbisa chiono changu cheramangwana. ; chiono cheNigeria huru, yakabatana umo munhu upi noupi, anobva Mabvazuva, Madokero, Maodzanyemba, uye Maodzanyemba aigona kushuva budiriro mundima ipi neipi yenhamburiko yomunhu.

Chidzidzo chemutemo weReconciliation, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (3Rs) icharatidza kuti inzira ye "3Ds" nzira. Kuyananisa kunoreva kugadzwa kwehukama huri nani uye hune mubairo pakati pevavengi vekare hunonyanya kutungamirwa nedhipatimendi. Kugadziriswa kunoreva nzira yekudzoreredza ibasa rekugona kwehurumende kuisa chivimbo muvanhu kuti vagadzirise kugona kwayo kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwavo uye kugara kwavo zvakanaka (kudzivirira). Uye kuvaka patsva kunoreva zvirongwa zvebudiriro zvekugadzirisa zvakasiyana siyana zvezvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro uye zvehupfumi pamudzi wekukonana. Kugadzwa kweNational Youth Service Corps (NYSC), kugadzwa kweZvikoro zveUnity uye kukurumidza kuvakwa, kupihwa kwezvivakwa uye zvivakwa muNigeria yose zvimwe zvezvirongwa izvi zvakatangwa nehutongi hweGowon.

Dambudziko reNiger Delta

Sekureva kwaOkoli (2013), iyo Niger Delta inoumbwa nematunhu matatu makuru anosanganisira Bayelsa, Delta uye Rivers nyika uye nhanhatu dzakatenderedza nyika, dzinoti Abia, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Edo, Imo neOndo. Vanhu veNiger Delta vanga vachitambura nekushandiswa kubva panguva yekoloni. Dunhu iri rakanga riri mugadziri mukuru wemafuta emichindwe uye rakanga richiita mabasa ekutengeserana nenyika dzeEurope nguva yeukoloni isati yasvika. Nekuuya kwekolonialism, Britain yakatsvaga kutonga nekushandisa zviitwa zvekutengeserana munharaunda uye izvi zvakasangana nekupikisa kwakasimba kubva kuvanhu. MaBritish aitofanira kutonga dunhu iri nechisimba kuburikidza nenzendo dzechiuto uye nekudzingwa kwevamwe vatongi vechivanhu vaive nemukurumbira vaive pamberi pakupikisa vaisanganisira Sabhuku Jaja weOpobo naKoko wekuNembe.

Mushure mekunge Nigeria yawana kuzvitonga muna 1960, kuwanikwa kweoiri muhuwandu hunotengeswa kunze kwenyika kwakawedzerawo kushandiswa kwedunhu pasina budiriro yedunhu. Kusarongeka kwaifungidzirwa uku kwakakonzera kumukirana kwapachena pakati pemakore ekuma1960 kwaitungamirwa naIsaac Adaka Boro akazivisa dunhu rakasununguka. Kupandukira kwakabviswa mushure memazuva gumi nemaviri nekusungwa, kupomerwa uye kuurayiwa kwaBoro. Kudzvinyirirwa uye kuderedzwa kwenzvimbo iyi zvakadaro kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi. Pasinei nenyaya yekuti dunhu ndiro goose rinokandira zai regoridhe kuhupfumi hweNigeria, inzvimbo yakasvibiswa uye yakashungurudzwa, kwete muNigeria chete asiwo muAfrica yese (Okoli, 2013). Afinotan and Ojakorotu (2009) vanoshuma kuti dunhu iri rinodarika makumi masere muzana ezvehupfumi muNigeria (GDP), asi vanhu vemudunhu iri vanowirwa nehurombo hwakaipisisa. Mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzerwa nenyaya yekuti mari inotorwa mudunhu iri inoshandiswa kusimudzira mamwe matunhu munyika asi paine mauto anorema mudunhu iri kuitira kuti arambe achidzvinyirirwa (Aghalino, 80).

Kushungurudzika kwevanhu veNiger Delta pamusoro pekuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa uye kuderedzwa kwenharaunda yavo kwaiwanzoratidzwa mumhirizhonga yechisimba kuitira kururamisira asi izvi zvinoshungurudza zvaiwanzosangana nezviito zvehondo nehurumende. Mukutanga kwema1990, bato reMovement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSSOB), iro raive semutungamiri waro, Ken Saro-Wiwa, shasha yekunyora mabhuku, yakatyisidzira kukanganisa kutsvaga nekushandiswa kwemafuta mudunhu kana zvinodiwa nevanhu. hazvina kusangana. Kazhinji, hurumende yakapindura nekusunga Ken Saro-Wiwa nevamwe vatungamiri vakuru veMOSSOB uye vakaurayiwa zvachose. Kuturikwa kwe'Ogoni 9' kwakaratidza hupanduki hwakanga husati hwamboitika mudunhu iri hwakaratidzwa mukuparadza nekuparadza zvivakwa zveoiri, kubiwa kwemafuta, kupambwa kwevashandi vemafuta mudunhu iri, kuwanda kwehumbavha mumakova uye. makungwa marefu. Zviitwa izvi zvakakanganisa zvikuru kugona kwehurumende kuongorora mafuta mudunhu uye hupfumi hwakakanganiswawo zvakanyanya. Matanho ese ekumanikidza akatorwa kumisa chimurenga akakundikana, uye hutsinye muNiger Delta hwakaenderera mberi kusvika Chikumi 2009 apo Mutungamiriri Akadzoka Umaru Yar'Adua akazivisa hurongwa hwekuregerera huchapa kudzivirirwa kubva pakumhan'arirwa kune chero murwi weNiger Delta akazvipira kuisa maoko ake nechido mukati. 60-mazuva nguva. Mutungamiri akagadzirawo gurukota reNiger Delta kuti rikurumidze budiriro mudunhu. Kusikwa kwemikana yemabasa kune vechidiki vedunhu uye kuwedzera kukuru kwemari inowanikwa kumatunhu mudunhu iri zvakare chikamu chechibvumirano chakaiswa nehurumende yeYar'Adua kudzoreredza runyararo mudunhu uye zvechokwadi kuitwa kweizvi. zvirongwa zvakasimbisa rugare rwunodiwa mudunhu (Okedele, Adenuga naAborisade, 2014).

Nekusimbisa, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti nzira dzechinyakare dzekushandisa mauto kuita runyararo dzakakundikana muNiger Delta kudzamara musanganiswa wakasimba wedhipatimendi (chirongwa chekuregererwa), kusimudzira nekudzivirira kwakaitwa (kunyangwe, mauto eNigeria nemauto achienderera mberi. kufamba-famba muNiger Delta kubvisa mamwe zvikwata zvematsotsi izvo zvaisakwanisa kuvanda pasi pezita revarwi vehondo yekururamisira mudunhu).

Dambudziko reBoko Haram

Boko Haram, izvo zvinoreva kuti 'dzidzo yekumavirira yakaipa' iboka remagandanga kuchamhembe kweNigeria iro rakatanga mukurumbira muna 2002 richitungamirwa naUstaz Muhammed Yusuf uye iro rine chinangwa chayo chikuru, kusikwa kwenyika yechiIslam munyika. . Boka racho rakakwanisa kubudirira kuchamhembe kweNigeria nekuda kwehuwandu hwekusagona kuverenga, hurombo hwakapararira uye kushayikwa kwemikana yehupfumi munharaunda (Abubakar, 2004; Okedele, Adenuga naAborisade, 2014). Ikerionwu (2014) inoshuma kuti boka racho, kuburikidza nemabasa ehugandanga, rakakonzera kufa kwemakumi ezviuru zvevaNigeria uye kuparadzwa kwezvivako zvakakosha mabhiriyoni emadhora.

Mugore ra2009, hurumende yeNigerian yakashandisa mauto kugadzirisa zvine mutsindo danho nefaira reboka reBoko Haram. Yusuf nevamwe vatungamiri vechikwata ichi vakaurayiwa uye vazhinji vakaiswa muhusungwa kana kuti vakatizira kuChad, Niger neCameroon kuitira kuti vasasungwa. Zvakadaro, boka iri rakadzokera kumashure rakarongeka zvirinani uye nekusimbaradzwa zvekuti pakazosvika 2014 rakange ratora matunhu makuru kuchamhembe kweNigeria uye rakazivisa caliphate yakazvimirira kubva kuNigerian state, danho rakamanikidza hurumende kuti izivise mamiriro enjodzi. mumatunhu matatu ekuchamhembe kweAdamawa, Borno neYobe (Olafioye, 2014).

Pakazosvika pakati pegore ra2015, nzvimbo yaitongwa neboka iri yainge yave kusango reSambisa nemamwe masango kuchamhembe kweNigeria. Hurumende yakakwanisa sei kuita izvi? Chekutanga, yakashandisa diplomacy nekudzivirira nekutanga chibvumirano chekudzivirira nevavakidzani vayo kuburikidza nebumbiro reMulti-National Joint Taskforce inoumbwa nemauto eNigeria, Chadian, Cameroonian neNigerien kudzinga boka reBoko Haram kubva munzvimbo dzavakahwanda munyika ina dzese idzi. Chechipiri, yakave nechokwadi chekusimudzirwa kwekuchamhembe kweNigeria kuburikidza nekumisikidzwa nekukurumidza kwezvikoro kuderedza kusagona kuverenga uye kugadzwa kwezvirongwa zvakawanda zvekupa masimba kuderedza hurombo.

mhedziso

Iyo nzira iyo kukakavara kukuru, inokwanisa kuputsa nzanga dzakawanda, yaive uye ichiri kutarisirwa muNigeria inoratidza kuti kuwirirana kunoenderana kwedhipatimendi, kusimudzira nekudzivirira (iyo 3Ds) inogona kubatsira kugadzirisa kusawirirana murunyararo.

Mazano

Maitiro e "3Ds" anofanirwa kuitwa nzira inosarudzika yekuchengetedza runyararo nekuvaka runyararo, uye hurumende dzematunhu ane mhirizhonga, kunyanya nyika dzemarudzi mazhinji uye zvitendero zvakasiyana, dzinofanira kukurudzirwa kutora nzira iyi sezvo ichitamba zvakare. basa mukubvisa kunetsana mubud kusati kwazara.

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