Matarisiro eRunyararo neKuchengetedzeka muMazhinji-Ethnic uye Zvitendero Sosaiti: Nyaya Yechidzidzo chekare Oyo Empire muNigeria.

ngovepo                            

Mhirizhonga yazova sangano guru munyaya dzepasi rose. Kashoma kuti zuva ripere pasina nhau dzemagandanga, hondo, kubiwa kwevanhu, kusawirirana kwemarudzi, zvitendero, uye zvematongerwe enyika. Pfungwa inogamuchirwa ndeyokuti nzanga dzemarudzi nezvitendero dzinowanzoita mhirizhonga uye mhirizhonga. Nyanzvi dzinowanzo kurumidza kutaura nyika dzakaita seyaimbova Yugoslavia, Sudan, Mali neNigeria senyaya dzekutarisa. Kunyange zvazvo chiri chokwadi kuti nzanga ipi neipi ine zvimiro zvezvizhinji inogona kuva inokombamira kumasimba anokamuranisa, ichokwadiwo kuti vanhu vakasiyana, tsika, tsika nezvitendero zvinogona kuwiriraniswa kuva chinhu chimwe uye chine simba rose. Muenzaniso wakanaka iUnited States of America inova musanganiswa wavanhu vakawanda, tsika, uye kunyange zvitendero uye zviri pachena kuti ndiyo nyika ine simba zvikurusa pasi pano mukubatanidzwa kwose. Ndiko kumira kwebepa rino kuti pachokwadi, hapana nzanga inongori yedzinza rimwe chete kana zvechitendero. Masangano ese ari munyika anogona kuiswa mumapoka matatu. Chekutanga, kune nzanga dzine, kungave kuburikidza nekushanduka-shanduka kwehupenyu kana hukama hwakabatana hwakavakirwa pamisimboti yekushivirira, kururamisira, kururamisira uye kuenzana, dzakagadzira nyika dzine runyararo uye dzine simba umo dzinza, hukama hwemadzinza kana zvido zvechitendero zvinotamba chete mabasa ezita uye uko kune. kubatana mukusiyana. Chechipiri, kune nzanga umo kune mapoka ane masimba uye zvitendero zvinodzvinyirira vamwe uye kunze zvine chimiro chekubatana nekuwirirana. Zvisinei, nzanga dzakadaro dzinogara pachigadziko chepfuti uye dzinogona kukwira mumwoto werusaruraganda rwemadzinza nechitendero pasina nyevero ipi neipi yakakwana. Chechitatu, kune nzanga umo mapoka nezvitendero zvakawanda zvinorwira ukuru uye umo chisimba chinogara chiri chinhu chezuva nezuva. Pakati peboka rekutanga marudzi ekare eYoruba, kunyanya yekare Oyo Empire muNigeria isati yatanga koloni uye pamwero mukuru, marudzi eWestern Europe neUnited States of America. Nyika dzeEurope, United States nenyika zhinji dzeArab dzinowirawo muchikamu chechipiri. Kwemazana emakore, Europe yakabatanidzwa mukurwisana kwechitendero, kunyanya pakati pevaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi. Vachena muUnited States vaitongawo nekudzvinyirira mamwe mapoka emarudzi, kunyanya vatema, kwemazana emakore uye hondo yevagari vemo yakarwiwa kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa zvakaipa izvi. Zvisinei, kukurukurirana, kwete hondo, ndiyo mhinduro kumakakatanwa echitendero nemarudzi. Nigeria nenyika zhinji dzemuAfrica dzinogona kuiswa muboka rechitatu. Iri pepa rinoda kuratidzira, kubva kuOyo Empire ruzivo, tarisiro yakawanda yerunyararo nekuchengeteka munharaunda yemarudzi akawanda uye yechitendero.

ziviso

Munyika yose, kune nyonganyonga, dambudziko uye kusawirirana. Ugandanga, kupamba vanhu, kupamba, kuba nezvombo, kumukira nezvombo, uye nyongano yorudzidziso neyezvamatongerwe enyika zvazova nhevedzano yegadziriro yenyika yose. Kupondwa kwemarudzi kwazova sangano rinozivikanwa nekutsakatiswa kwemapoka zvichienderana nemadzinza nezvitendero. Kashoma kuti zuva ripere pasina nhau dzekurwisana kwemadzinza nezvitendero kubva kumativi akasiyana-siyana enyika. Kubva kunyika dziri muyaichimbova Yugoslavia kusvika kuRwanda neBurundi, kubva kuPakistan kusvika kuNigeria, kubva kuAfghanistan kusvika kuCentral African Republic, kurwisana kwemadzinza nechitendero kwakasiya zviratidzo zvisingadzimiki zvokuparadza nzanga. Sezvineiwo, marudzidziso mazhinjisa, kana asiri ose, anogoverana zvitendero zvakafanana, zvikurukuru muna mwari mukurusa akasika chisiko chapose pose navagari vacho uye vose vane mipimo yetsika pamusoro pokugarisana murugare navanhu vezvimwe zvitendero. Bhaibheri Dzvene, muna VaRoma 12:18, rinorayira vaKristu kuti vaite zvose zvavanogona kuti vagare murugare nevanhu vose pasinei nedzinza ravo kana zvitendero zvavo. Korani 5:28 inorairawo maMuslim kuratidza rudo netsitsi kuvanhu vezvimwe zvitendero. Munyori Mukuru weUnited Nations, VaBan Ki-moon, pakupemberera Zuva reVesak muna 2014, vanotsinhirawo kuti Buddha, muvambi wechiBuddha uye akakurudzira zvikuru zvimwe zvitendero zvakawanda pasi rose, akaparidza rugare, tsitsi, uye rudo. kuzvisikwa zvipenyu zvose. Zvisinei, chitendero, icho chinofungidzirwa kuva chinhu chinobatanidza nzanga, chazova nhau inokamuranisa iyo yakadzongonyedza nzanga dzakawanda uye yakaparira nzufu dzinosvika mamiriyoni uye kuparadzwa kwakashata kwezvinhu. Hazvisiwo kupokana kuti zvakawanda zvakanaka zvinowanikwa munharaunda ine madzinza akasiyana. Chokwadi, zvisinei, ndechekuti dambudziko remadzinza rakaramba richidzikatidza budiriro inotarisirwa yebudiriro inowanwa kubva kumagariro ane ruzhinji.

Humambo hwekare hweOyo, mukusiyana, hunopa mufananidzo wenzanga umo kusiyana kwezvitendero nemadzinza kwakawiriraniswa kuti kuve nechokwadi cherunyararo, chengeteko, nebudiriro. Umambo hwaisanganisira mapoka emarudzi akasiyana-siyana akadai seEkiti, Ijesha, Awori, Ijebu, nezvimwewo. Paivawo nemazana evamwari vainamatwa nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana muHumambo, asi hukama hwechitendero uye hwemadzinza hwakanga husina kuparadzanisa asi kubatanidza zvinhu muHumambo. . Iri bepa nekudaro rinotsvaga kupa mhinduro dzinodiwa kuti pave nerunyararo mumagariro emarudzi mazhinji uye ezvitendero zvinoenderana neiyo yekare Oyo Empire modhi.

Conceptual Framework

Rugare

The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English rinotsanangura rugare semamiriro ezvinhu pasina hondo kana kurwa. Collins English Dictionary inozviona sekusavapo kwemhirizhonga kana kumwe kuvhiringika uye kuvepo kwemutemo nekurongeka mukati menyika. Rummel (1975) anotiwo runyararo inyika inotevedzwa mutemo kana hurumende yevagari vemo, mamiriro ekururamisira kana kunaka uye zvinopesana nekurwisana kwemhirizhonga, mhirizhonga kana hondo. Chaizvoizvo, rugare runogona kurondedzerwa sokusavapo kwechisimba uye nzanga ine rugare inzvimbo inotonga kuwirirana.

chibatiso

Nwolise (1988) anotsanangura chengetedzo se“chengetedzo, rusununguko nedziviriro panjodzi kana njodzi. Iyo Funk uye Wagnall's College Standard Dictionary inotsanangurawo semamiriro ekuchengetedzwa kubva, kana kusaiswa munjodzi kana njodzi.

Kutarisa kwechimbichimbi patsananguro dzerunyararo nechengetedzo kucharatidza kuti pfungwa mbiri idzi mativi maviri emari imwe chete. Rugare runogona kuwanwa bedzi apo uye apo pane chengeteko nechengeteko imene inovimbisa kuvapo kworugare. Uko kune chengeteko isina kukwana, rugare rucharamba rusingabviri uye kusavapo kworugare kunoreva kusachengeteka.

Ethnicity

The Collins English Dictionary rinotsanangura dzinza se“rine chokuita kana kuti unhu hweboka revanhu vane rudzi, chitendero, mutauro uye humwe unhu hwakafanana.” Peoples and Bailey (2010) vanoonesa kuti dzinza rinotemerwa madzitateguru akagovaniswa, tsika nemagariro uye nhoroondo izvo zvinosiyanisa boka revanhu kubva kune mamwe mapoka. Horowitz (1985) anotiwo dzinza rinoreva zvirevo zvakaita seruvara, chimiro, mutauro, chinamato nezvimwe, izvo zvinosiyanisa boka kubva kune vamwe.

chitendero

Hapana tsanangudzo imwe chete inogamuchirwa yechitendero. Inotsanangurwa maererano nemaonero uye ndima yemunhu arikuitsanangura, asi zvakanyanya chitendero chinoonekwa sekutenda kwemunhu uye maitiro kune mashura anoonekwa seanoyera (Appleby, 2000). Adejuyigbe naAriba (2013) vanozvionawo sekutenda muna Mwari, musiki uye mutongi wepasirese. The Webster's College Duramazwi rinozvitsanangura muchidimbu seseti yezvitendero zvine chekuita nechikonzero, hunhu, uye chinangwa chepasirese, kunyanya kana zvichionekwa sekusikwa kwesangano rinopfuura munhu kana masangano, anosanganisira zvekunamata uye zvetsika, uye kazhinji zvine tsika. mutemo unodzora mafambisirwo ezvinhu evanhu. Kune Aborisade (2013), chitendero chinopa nzira dzekusimudzira runyararo rwepfungwa, kudzidzisa hunhu hwemagariro, kusimudzira kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu, pakati pevamwe. Kwaari, rudzidziso runofanira kupesvedzera nenzira yakanaka gadziriro dzezvemari nedzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Theoretical Nzvimbo

Chidzidzo ichi chakavakirwa padzidziso dzeFunctional and Conflict. The Functional theory inotaura kuti hurongwa hwese hwekushanda hunoumbwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvinoshanda pamwechete kuitira kunaka kwehurongwa. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, nzanga inoumbwa nemadzinza akasiyana uye mapoka ezvitendero anoshanda pamwechete kuona budiriro yenharaunda (Adenuga, 2014). Muenzaniso wakanaka ndewekare weOyo Empire apo mapoka emarudzi akasiyana-siyana uye mapoka ezvitendero aivapo murugare uye apo mafungiro emarudzi uye echitendero akaiswa pasi pezvido zvevanhu.

The Conflict theory, zvisinei, inoona kurwira kusingaperi kwesimba nekutonga nemapoka makuru uye ari pasi munharaunda (Myrdal, 1994). Izvi ndizvo zvatinowana munharaunda dzakawanda dzemarudzi nezvitendero nhasi. Kurwira simba nekutonga nemapoka akasiyana kazhinji kazhinji kunopiwa zvikonzero zvedzinza nechitendero. Mapoka makuru edzinza nezvitendero anoda kuramba achitonga nokudzora mamwe mapoka nepo mapoka maduku achirambawo kudzorwa kunopfuuridzirwa kwamapoka mazhinji, kuchitungamirira kuhondo isingaperi yesimba nokudzora.

Iyo Old Oyo Empire

Maererano nenhoroondo, yekare Oyo Empire yakatangwa naOranmiyan, muchinda weIle-Ife, imba yemadzitateguru evanhu veYoruba. Oranmiyan nevakoma vake vaida kuenda kunotsiva kutukwa kwakaitwa baba vavo nevavakidzani vavo vokuchamhembe, asi vari munzira, hama dzakapopotedzana uye mauto akaparadzana. Simba raOranmiyan raive diki zvekuti haakwanise kurwa hondo uye nekuti aisada kudzokera kuIle-Ife asina kunzwa nezvemushandirapamwe wakabudirira, akatanga kutenderera nemahombekombe ekumaodzanyemba kweRwizi Niger kusvika asvika kuBussa uko kwakapa mukuru weko. iye nyoka huru ine shavi yemashiripiti yakanamatira pahuro yayo. Oranmiyan akarairwa kutevera nyoka iyi uye kumisa humambo chero kwayakanyangarika. Akatevera nyoka kwemazuva manomwe, uye maererano nemirairo yakapiwa, akamisa humambo panzvimbo iyo nyoka yakanyangarika pazuva rechinomwe (Ikime, 1980).

Iyo yekare Oyo Empire ingangove yakavambwa mu14^th zana remakore asi rakazongova simba guru pakati pe17^th zana uye pakupera kwe18^th zana remakore, Humambo hwakanga hwafukidza dzinenge dzese Yorubaland (inova iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweNigeria yemazuva ano). MaYoruba akatorawo dzimwe nzvimbo kuchamhembe kwenyika uye akawedzerawo kusvika kuDahomey yaive munzvimbo yava kunzi Republic of Benin (Osuntokun naOlukojo, 1997).

Mubvunzurudzo yakapihwa kuFocus Magazine mu2003, iyezvino Alaafin weOyo akabvuma chokwadi chekuti Empire yekare yeOyo yakarwa hondo zhinji kunyangwe nemamwe madzinza eYoruba asi akasimbisa kuti hondo dzaisave dzedzinza kana zvechitendero. Humambo hwakanga hwakakomberedzwa nevavakidzani vane utsinye uye hondo dzakarwiwa kuti dzidzivirire kurwisa kwekunze kana kuchengetedza kuperera kwenzvimbo yeHumambo kuburikidza nekurwisa kuedza kupatsanurwa. Isati yasvika 19^th zana remakore, vanhu vaigara muumambo hwacho vakanga vasingadanwe kuti vaYoruba. Paiva nemapoka akasiyana-siyana emarudzi akasiyana-siyana aisanganisira Oyo, Ijebu, Owu, Ekiti, Awori, Ondo, Ife, Ijesha, etc. Izwi rokuti 'Yoruba' rakagadzirwa pasi pehutongi hwekoloni kuratidza vanhu vaigara muOyo Empire yekare (Johnson). , 1921). Zvisinei neizvi, zvisinei, dzinza harina kumbobvira rakurudzira mhirizhonga sezvo boka rega rega raifarira chinzvimbo chekuzvitonga uye raive nemusoro waro wezvematongerwo enyika uyo aive pasi peAlaafin yeOyo. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobatanidza zvakaitwawo kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuti maiva nemweya wakajeka weukama, kuva munhu, uye kubatana muUmambo. Oyo "akatengesa" akawanda ehutsika hwayo kune mamwe mapoka muHumambo, ukuwo akanyura akawanda ehutsika hwemamwe mapoka. Pagore negore, vamiririri vanobva kumativi ose eEmpire vakaungana muOyo kuzopemberera mutambo weBere neAlaafin uye yakanga iri tsika kuti mapoka akasiyana-siyana atumire varume, mari, uye zvinhu zvekubatsira Alaafin kupomera hondo dzake.

Iyo yekare Oyo Empire yaivewo nyika ine zvitendero zvakawanda. Fasanya (2004) anoti kune vamwari vakawanda vanonzi 'orishas' muYorubaland. Vamwari ava vanosanganisira ifa (mwari wokuuka), sango (mwari wekutinhira), Ogun (mwari wesimbi), Saponna (mwari wechibhokisi), Lace (mwarikadzi wemhepo), Yemoja (mwarikadzi werwizi), etc. Kunze kweizvi orishas, taundi riri rose kana kuti musha weYoruba wakanga unewo vamwari varo chaiwo kana kuti nzvimbo dzarainamatira. Somuenzaniso, Ibadan, sezvo yaiva nzvimbo ine zvikomo zvikuru, yainamata zvakawanda zvezvikomo. Hova nenzizi muYorubaland zvainamatwawo sezvinhu zvokunamatwa.

Pasinei nokuwanda kwezvitendero, vamwari navamwarikadzi muUmambo, rudzidziso rwakanga rwusiri chinhu chinokamuranisa asi chinhu chinobatanidza sezvo kwakanga kune kudavira kuvapo kwamwari Mukurusa anonzi “Olodumare” kana kuti “Olorun” (musiki nomuridzi wedenga). ) The orishas vaionekwa sevatumwa uye mikoto kune uyu Humwari Mukuru uye chitendero chese chakabvumwa sechimiro chekunamata. Olodumare. Kwakanga kusatiwo kuri kwechienzi kuti musha kana kuti taundi rive navamwari navamwarikadzi vazhinji kana kuti mhuri kana kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe abvume zvakasiana zveizvi. orishas sezvisungo zvavo kunaMwari Mukuru. Saizvozvowo, the Ogboni fraternity, iro rakanga riri dare repamusoro-soro rezvokunamata muHumambo uye raivawo nemasimba makuru ezvematongerwe enyika, raiumbwa nevanhu vakakurumbira vaiva vemapoka ezvitendero zvakasiyana. Neiyi nzira, rudzidziso rwakanga rwuri chisungo pakati pavanhu vamwe navamwe namapoka muUmambo.

Chitendero hachina kumboshandiswa sechikonzero chekuuraya rudzi kana chero hondo yekupokana nekuti Olodumare aionekwa semunhu ane simba zvikuru uye kuti aikwanisa, kugona uye kugona kuranga vavengi vake uye kupa mubayiro vanhu vakanaka (Bewaji, 1998). Nokudaro, kurwa hondo kana kuti kutongesa hondo kuti abetsere Mwari “kuranga” vavengi Vake kunoreva kuti Iye haakwanisi kuranga kana kuti mubayiro uye kuti Iye anofanira kuvimba navanhu vasina kukwana navanofa kuti vamurwire. Mwari, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, haana changamire uye haana simba. Zvisinei, Olodumare, muzvitendero zveYoruba, anoonekwa semutongi wekupedzisira anodzora uye anoshandisa magumo emunhu kumubairo kana kumuranga (Aborisade, 2013). Mwari vanogona kuronga zviitiko kuti vape munhu mubayiro. Anogonawo kukomborera mabasa emaoko ake nemhuri yake. Mwari anorangawo vanhu nemapoka kuburikidza nenzara, kusanaya kwemvura, nhamo, denda, kusabereka kana rufu. Idowu (1962) inotora muchidimbu hunhu hweYoruba Olodumare nokutaura nezvake “somunhu ane simba guru, asina chinhu chikuru kana chiduku zvikuru kwaari. Anokwanisa kuita chero chaanoda, ruzivo rwake haruna kuenzana narwo uye haruna anoenzana narwo; mutongi akanaka uye asingasaruri, mutsvene uye ane mutsa uye anotonga zvakarurama nokururamisira zvine tsitsi.”

Nharo yaFox (1999) yekuti chitendero chinopa kukosha-kwakaremerwa kutenda system, iyo inozopa zviyero uye maitiro ehunhu, inowana yayo yechokwadi kutaura muOyo Empire yekare. Rudo uye kutya kwe Olodumare akaita kuti vagari veHumambo vateerere mutemo uye vave nemafungiro epamusoro etsika. Erinosho (2007) akatsigira kuti vaYoruba vakanga vakanaka kwazvo, vane rudo uye vane mutsa uye kuti huipi hwemagariro evanhu hwakadai sehuori, kuba, hupombwe uye zvakafanana zvaive zvisingawanzoitiki muOyo Empire yekare.

mhedziso

Kusachengeteka uye mhirizhonga iyo inowanzo ratidza nzanga dzemarudzi mazhinji uye ezvitendero zvinowanzo kuverengerwa kuhuwandu hwavo uye kutsvakwa kwemarudzi akasiyana uye mapoka ezvitendero ku "kona" zviwanikwa zvevanhu uye kutonga nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika mukukuvadza kwevamwe. . Kurwisana uku kunowanzoruramiswa pazvikonzero zvechitendero (kurwira Mwari) uye hukuru hwemadzinza kana rudzi. Zvisinei, chiitiko chekare cheOyo Empire chinoratidza kuti tarisiro inowanda yekugara pamwe chete murunyararo uye nekuwedzera, chengetedzo munharaunda zhinji kana kuvaka kwenyika kuchiwedzerwa uye kana dzinza nezvitendero zvichitamba mabasa ezita chete.

Pasi rose, mhirizhonga nehugandanga zviri kutyisidzira kugarisana murunyararo kwerudzi rwevanhu, uye kana huchenjeri dzikasatorwa, zvinogona kutungamirira kune imwe hondo yenyika yehukuru husina kumboitika. Icho chiri mukati mechirevo ichi kuti nyika yose inogona kuonekwa yakagara pahomwe yepfuti-upfu iyo, kana kutarisirwa uye chiyero chakakwana chisina kutorwa, chinogona kuputika chero nguva kubva ikozvino. Saka ipfungwa yevanyori vebepa rino kuti masangano epasi rose akaita seUN, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, African Union nezvimwe, anofanira kusangana kuti agadzirise nyaya yemhirizhonga yezvitendero nemarudzi nechinangwa chimwe chete chekuwana mhirizhonga. mhinduro dzinogamuchirika kumatambudziko aya. Kana vakanzvenga chokwadi ichi, vanenge vachingosendeka mazuva akaipa.

Mazano

Vatungamiriri, zvikuru avo vanenge vari pazvigaro zvehurumende, vanofanira kukurudzirwa kuti vacherechedze zvitendero nemarudzi evamwe vanhu. MuEmpire yekare yeOyo, maAlaafin aionekwa sababa kune vese zvisinei nedzinza revanhu kana mapoka ezvitendero. Hurumende dzinofanirwa kururamisira kumapoka ese munharaunda uye hadzifanirwe kuonekwa sedzakarerekera kuboka chero ripi zvaro. Dzidziso yeConflict inotaura kuti mapoka anoramba achitsvaga kutonga zviwanikwa zvehupfumi uye masimba ezvematongerwo enyika munharaunda asi apo hurumende inoonekwa seine ruramisiro uye isina kururamisira, kurwira kutonga kunoderera zvakanyanya.

Somuuyo wezviri pamusoro apa, pane dikanwo yokuti vatungamiriri vedzinza nevezvitendero varambe vachikurudzira vateveri vavo kuti Mwari rudo uye haashiviriri kudzvinyirirwa, kunyanya kune vamwe vanhu. Zvikuva mumakereke, mamosque nemamwe magungano ezvinamato anofanira kushandiswa kuparidza chokwadi chekuti Mwari ane masimba ose anogona kurwa hondo dzake pachake asingabatanidzi vanhu vasina maturo. Rudo, kwete kunyanyisa kunonangidzirwa zvisiri izvo, ndirwo runofanira kuva dingindira guru remashoko echitendero needzinza. Zvakadaro, basa riri pamapoka mazhinji kuti riite zvido zvemapoka madiki. Hurumende dzinofanira kukurudzira vatungamiri vemapoka ezvinamato akasiyana siyana kuti vadzidzise nekuita mitemo uye/kana mirairo yaMwari mumabhuku avo matsvene maererano nerudo, ruregerero, kushivirira, kuremekedza hupenyu hwevanhu, nezvimwewo. Hurumende dzingaronga semina nemisangano pamusoro pezvinokonzeresa mhedzisiro yezvinamato. uye dambudziko remadzinza.

Hurumende dzinofanira kukurudzira kuvaka nyika. Sezvakaonekwa munyaya yekare yeOyo Empire apo mabasa akasiyana-siyana akaita semitambo yeBere, akaitwa kuti asimbise chisungo chekubatana muHumambo, hurumende dzinofanirawo kugadzira mabasa akasiyana-siyana uye masangano achacheka mitsara yemadzinza uye yechitendero uye izvo zvichaita. kushanda sezvisungo pakati pemapoka akasiyana munharaunda.

Hurumende dzinofanirawo kuumba makanzuru anoumbwa nevanhu vane mukurumbira uye vanoremekedzwa vanobva muzvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana nemarudzi uye dzinofanira kupa masimba makanzuru aya kuti agadzirise nyaya dzechitendero nemarudzi mumweya wezvitendero. Sezvambotaurwa, the Ogboni fraternity yaive imwe yemasangano anobatanidza muOyo Empire yekare.

Panofanirawo kuva nebumbiro remitemo nemirau rinotaura zvirango zvakajeka uye zvinorema kumunhu chero upi zvake kana mapoka evanhu vanokurudzira kusawirirana kwemarudzi nezvitendero munzanga. Izvi zvichashanda senzira yekudzivirira kune vanoita zvakaipa, vanobatsirika mune zvehupfumi uye nezvematongerwo enyika kubva mumatambudziko akadaro.

Munhau yenyika, kurukurirano yakaunza rugare runodikanwa zvikuru, umo hondo nechisimba zvakakundikana zvinosuruvarisa. Naizvozvo, vanhu vanofanira kukurudzirwa kushandisa nhaurirano kwete mhirizhonga nehugandanga.

References

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