Radicalism uye hugandanga kuMiddle East uye sub-Saharan Africa
ngovepo
Kutangazve kweiyo radicalization mukati mechitendero cheIslam mu21st Century yakaratidza nenzira kwayo kuMiddle East nesub-Saharan Africa, kunyanya kutanga kubva mukupera kwema2000. Somalia, Kenya, Nigeria, neMali, kuburikidza neAl Shabab neBoko Haram, vanosimbisa zviitiko zvehugandanga zvinoratidzira uku. Al Qaeda neISIS vanomiririra sangano iri muIraq neSyria. MaRadical Islamist akatsigira maitiro asina simba ekutonga, masangano ehurumende asina kusimba, hurombo hwakapararira, uye mamwe mamiriro anosiririsa emagariro kutsvaga kuisa chiIslam muSouth Africa yeSahara uye Middle East. Kudzikira kwehunhu hwehutungamiriri, hutongi, uye masimba ekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasirese zvakurudzira kutangazve kwechiIslam fundamentalism munzvimbo idzi zvine chirevo chikuru chekuchengetedzwa kwenyika uye kuvaka nyika kunyanya munharaunda dzemarudzi mazhinji nezvitendero.
ziviso
Kubva kuBoko Haram, chikwata chemauto echiIslam chiri kushanda kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNigeria, Cameroon, Niger neChad kuenda kuAl Shabaab muKenya neSomalia, Al Qaeda neISIS muIraq neSyria, kumaodzanyemba kweSahara Africa neMiddle East vapinda muhutongi hwakaipisisa. Islamic radicalization. Kurwiswa kwemagandanga kumasangano ehurumende uye veruzhinji uye hondo yakazara muIraq neSyria yakatangwa neIslamic State muIraq neSyria (ISIS) yakakonzera kusagadzikana uye kusachengeteka munzvimbo idzi kwemakore akati wandei. Kubva pamavambo asina kujeka, aya mapoka evarwi akaiswa midzi sechikamu chakakosha chekuvhiringidza kuvakwa kwekuchengetedza kweMiddle East uye sub-Saharan Africa.
Midzi yemafambiro akadzama aya akaiswa muzvitendero zvechitendero zvakanyanyisa, zvichikonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa emagariro nehupfumi, masangano ehurumende asina simba uye asina kusimba, uye kutonga kusingashande. MuNigeria, kusaziva kwehutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika kwakabvumira kuviriswa kweboka kuita boka rinotyisa rine hukama hwekunze uye kudzika kwemukati kwakasimba zvakakwana kupikisa nyika yeNigeria zvakabudirira kubvira 2009 (ICG, 2010; Bauchi, 2009). Nyaya dzakasimba dzehurombo, kushayikwa kwehupfumi, kushaikwa kwevechidiki uye kusapihwa zviwanikwa zvehupfumi zvave zvikonzero zvakaorera zvekurera radicalism muAfrica neMiddle East (Padon, 2010).
Iri bepa rinopikisa kuti masangano ehurumende asina simba uye mamiriro ehupfumi anosiririsa mumatunhu aya uye kunoratidzika kunge kusiri kugadzirira kwehutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika kuti vapidigura maindices ekutonga, uye nekusimudzirwa nemasimba ekudyidzana kwepasi rose, chiIslam chakasimba chinogona kunge chiri pano kwenguva yakareba. Zvazvinoreva ndezvekuti kuchengetedzeka kwenyika uye runyararo rwepasi rose nekuchengetedzeka zvinogona kuwedzera, sezvo dambudziko revanotama muEurope richienderera mberi. Pepa rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakabatana. Nesumo yekuvhura yakabatana nekuongorora kwemafungiro pamusoro peIslamic radicalization, chikamu chechitatu nechina chinoburitsa pachena mafambiro akasimba muAfrica yekumaodzanyemba kweSahara neMiddle East zvakateerana. Chikamu chechishanu chinoongorora zvinorehwa nekufamba kwakanyanya pakuchengetedzwa kwedunhu nepasi rose. Sarudzo dzemitemo yekune dzimwe nyika uye nzira dzenyika dzakasungirirwa pakuguma.
Chii chinonzi Islamic Radicalization?
Kupisa kwezvematongerwo enyika nezvematongerwo enyika kunoitika kuMiddle East kana nyika yechiMuslim neAfrica itsigiro inotaura yekufanotaura kwaHuntington (1968) kwekunetsana kwebudiriro mu21.st Century. Nhaurirano dzenhoroondo pakati peWest neEast dzakaramba dzichisimbisa kuti nyika dzese hadzigone kubatanidzwa (Kipling, 1975). Makwikwi aya ndeezvakakosha: Conservative kana liberal. Nharo dzetsika nenzira iyi dzinobata vaMuslim seboka rakafanana kana vakasiyana chaizvo. Semuyenzaniso, mapoka akaita seSunni neShia kana maSalafi neWahabhi zviratidzo zviri pachena zvekupatsanuka pakati pemapoka echiMuslim.
Pakave nefungu remafambiro akasimba, ayo anowanzo shandura mauto munzvimbo idzi kubvira 19th zana remakore. Radicalization pachayo inzira inosanganisira munhu kana boka rakadzidziswa kune seti yezvitendero zvinotsigira zviito zvehugandanga zvinogona kuratidzwa mune maitiro nemaitiro emunhu (Rahimullah, Larmar & Abdalla, 2013, p. 20). Radicalism zvisinei haina kufanana nehugandanga. Kazhinji, radicalism inofanira kutangira hugandanga asi, magandanga anogona kunzvenga maitiro ekuita radicalization. Sekureva kwaRais (2009, p. 2), kusavapo kwebumbiro remitemo, rusununguko rwevanhu, kugovanisa hupfumi husina kuenzana, chimiro chemagariro akarerekera uye mutemo usina kusimba uye kurongeka kwemamiriro ezvinhu zvinogona kuunza mafambiro akasimba munharaunda chero ipi zvayo yakagadziridzwa kana kusimukira. Asi masangano ane masimba masimba angasave hazvo mapoka emagandanga. Kusawirirana naizvozvo kunoramba zvachose nzira dziripo dzekutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika pamwe nemasangano ezvemagariro evanhu, ezvehupfumi, uye ezvematongerwo enyika sedzisina kukwana kugadzirisa zvichemo zvevanhu. Saka, radicalism inorondedzera kana inokurudzirwa nekukwezva kweshanduko dzakakosha dzezvimiro muzvikamu zvese zvehupenyu hwevanhu. Uhu hunogona kunge huri hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Munzira idzi, radicalism inoita dzidziso itsva dzakakurumbira, inodenha kuve kwechokwadi uye kukosha kwedzidziso nezvitendero. Inobva yatsigira kuchinja kukuru senzira inovaka uye inofambira mberi yekuronga patsva nzanga.
Radicalism haisi nenzira ipi zvayo yechitendero. Inogona kuitika mune chero mamiriro epfungwa kana enyika. Vamwe vatambi vanobatsira mukubuda kwechiitiko chakadai sehuori hwepamusoro. Tichitarisana nekushayiwa uye kushayiwa zvachose, kuratidzwa kwehupfumi kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakabva mukushungurudzwa, kutambisa uye kutsauswa kwezviwanikwa zvehurumende nekuda kwezvinangwa zvevakakwirira zvinogona kuunza mhinduro huru kubva kune chimwe chikamu chevanhu. Naizvozvo, kuvhiringidzika pakati pevakanyimwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ehurongwa hwenzanga kunogona kukonzera radicalism. Rahman (2009, p. 4) akapfupikisa zvinhu zvinobatsira pakuita radicalization se:
Deregulation uye kudyidzana kwepasi rose nezvimwe zvinhu zvakare zvinokonzera radicalization munharaunda. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganisira kushaikwa kweruramisiro, maitiro ekutsiva munharaunda, mitemo isina kururama yehurumende/nyika, kushandiswa kwesimba zvisina tsarukano, uye pfungwa yekushayiwa uye kukanganiswa kwayo mupfungwa. Kusarurana kwemapoka munharaunda kunopawo chiitiko chekuchinja kukuru.
Zvinhu izvi pamwe chete zvinogona kuumba boka rine maonero akanyanyisa pamusoro pehunhu hwechiIslam netsika nemaitiro avo vangatsvaga kukonzera shanduko huru kana huru. Ichi chimiro chechitendero cheIslam radicalism chinobva mukududzirwa kushoma kweKorani neboka kana munhu kuitira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakanyanya (Pavan & Murshed, 2009). Mafungiro evanyarikani ndeyekukonzera shanduko inoshamisa munzanga nekuda kwekusagutsikana kwavo nehurongwa huripo. Islamic radicalization inzira yekukonzeresa shanduko dzakangoerekana dzaitika munharaunda semhinduro kune yakaderera yemagariro nehupfumi uye tsika nhanho yeruzhinji rwevaMuslim nechinangwa chekuchengetedza kuomarara kwetsika muhunhu, maitiro uye tsika mukupesana nemazuva ano.
Islamic radicalization inowana kutaura kwakadzama mukusimudzira zviito zvechisimba zvakanyanyisa mukuunza shanduko huru. Uyu ndiwo musiyano unoshamisa kubva kune Islamic fundamentalist uyo anotsvaga kudzokera kune zvakakosha zveIslam pamberi pehuori pasina kushandisa chisimba. Maitiro ekuita radicalization anowedzera huwandu hwevanhu vechiMuslim, urombo, kushaikwa kwemabasa, kusagona kuverenga nekunyora uye kusarudzika.
Zvinhu zvine njodzi kune radicalism pakati pevaMuslim zvakaoma uye zvakasiyana. Imwe yeiyi yakabatana nekuvapo kwesangano reSalafi/Wahabi. Iyo jihadist vhezheni yesangano reSalafi inopikisa hudzvanyiriri hwekumadokero uye kuvepo kwemauto munyika yeIslam pamwe nehurumende dzekumadokero dziri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara Africa. Boka iri rinotsigira kupikisa kwezvombo. Kunyange zvazvo Nhengo dzesangano reWahabi dzinoedza kusiyana neSalafi, dzinowanzobvuma kusashivirira uku kwakanyanyisa kwevasingatendi (Rahimullah, Larmar naAbdalla, 2013; Schwartz, 2007). Chechipiri pesvedzero yevakuru vechiMuslim vakadai saSyeb Gutb, nyanzvi yeEgipita ine mukurumbira inotendwa kuva piyona mukuisa hwaro hwechiIslam chemazuva ano. Dzidziso dzaOsama bin Laden naAnwar Al Awlahi ndedzechikamu ichi. Chinhu chechitatu chekururamiswa kwehugandanga chakabva mukumukira kwechisimba kune hutongi, huwori uye hudzvanyiriri hurumende dzenyika dzichangozvimiririra mu20.th zana remakore kuMiddle East neNorth Africa (Hassan, 2008). Zvine hukama zvakanyanya nepesvedzero yenhamba dzakasimba ndicho chinhu chinoonekwa sechiremera chehunyanzvi icho maMuslim mazhinji anogona kunyengerwa kuti agamuchire sekududzira kwechokwadi kweKorani (Ralumullah, et al, 2013). Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose nekuvandudzwa kwemazuva ano kwakapawo pesvedzero huru pakuita radicalization yevaMuslim. Radical Islamic ideologies yakapararira nekukurumidza pasirese ichisvika maMuslim zviri nyore kuburikidza nehunyanzvi uye internet. Radical mindsets dzakabatirira kune izvi nekukurumidza zvine mhedzisiro yakakura paradicalization (Veldhius naStaun, 2009). Kuvandudzwa kwemazuva ano kwakasimudzira maMuslim mazhinji vanozviona sekumisikidzwa kwetsika dzeMadokero uye hunhu munyika yechiMuslim (Lewis, 2003; Huntington, 1996; Roy, 2014).
Nharo yetsika sehwaro hwe radicalism inopa tsika seyakamira uye chitendero se monolithic (Murshed naPavan & 20009). Huntington (2006) anoratidza kupesana kwebudiriro mumakwikwi epamusoro-akaderera pakati peWest neIslam. Mupfungwa iyi, Islamic radicalization inotsvaga kupikisa kushomeka kwesimba ravo nekusimudzira yavanofungidzira kuti tsika dzepamusoro dzinotongwa netsika dzekuMadokero dzinonzi dziri pamusoro. Lewis (2003) anoti vaMuslim vanosema hutongi hwavo hwetsika kuburikidza nenhoroondo kunyangwe setsika yepamusoro uye nekudaro ruvengo rweMadokero uye kutsunga kushandisa mhirizhonga kuunza shanduko huru. ChiIslam sechitendero chine zviso zvakawanda munhoroondo uye inoratidzwa munguva dzazvino mukuwanda kwekuzivikanwa padanho reMuslim remunhu uye kuunganidzwa kwavo. Saka, kuzivikanwa kweMuslim wega hako uye tsika ine simba, inoshanduka nemamiriro ezvinhu sezvaanochinja. Kushandisa tsika nechitendero sezvikonzero zvengozi kune radicalization kunofanirwa kuve nuanced kuti ive yakakosha.
Mapoka eRadicalized anotora nhengo kana mujahedeen kubva kwakasiyana siyana uye kwakasiyana. Boka guru rezvinhu zvakakosha rinotorwa kubva pakati pevechidiki. Ichi chikamu chezera chakazadzwa nemafungiro uye nekutenda utopian kuchinja nyika. Iyi potency yakashandiswa nemapoka makuru mukutsvaga nhengo itsva. Vatsamwiswa nekutaura kwepropagandist mumosque yemuno kana zvikoro, vhidhiyo kana matepi ekuteerera kana internet uye kunyangwe kumba, vamwe vechidiki vakajaira kunetsa tsika dzakasimbiswa dzevabereki vavo, vadzidzisi nenharaunda vanotora nguva yacho kuti vasimudzwe.
Vazhinji maJihadist ndevechitendero chenyika vakamanikidzwa kubuda munyika dzavo nehurongwa hwekuchengetedza hukasha. Munyika dzekunze, vanozivisa masisitimu echiIslam akasimba uye mabasa avo uye vobva vabata hutongi hweMuslim munyika dzavo.
Mukumuka kwaGunyana 11 kurwiswa kweUnited States, vazhinji vezvematongerwo enyika vakatsamwiswa nepfungwa yekusarongeka, kutya uye kutsamwa pamusoro peUS uye mumweya wehondo yekurwisa Islam yakagadzirwa naBin Laden, nharaunda dzeDiaspora dzakava nzvimbo huru yekutora vanhu. sema radicals akura kumba. VaMuslim muEurope neCanada vakanyoreswa kuti vabatane nemasimba ekupomera jihad yepasi rose. Diaspora Muslim inonzwa pfungwa yekunyadziswa kubva mukushayiwa uye rusarura muEurope (Lewis, 2003; Murshed naPavan, 2009).
Hushamwari uye hukama hwehukama hwakashandiswa semabviro chaiwo ekutsvaga. Izvi zvakashandiswa se "nzira yekuunza pfungwa dzakasimba, kuchengetedza kuzvipira kuburikidza nehukama mujihadism, kana kupa vanhu vanovimbwa navo nekuda kwekushanda" (Gendron, 2006, p. 12).
Shanduko kuIslam zvakare inzvimbo huru yekutora sevarwi vetsoka veAl Qaeda uye mamwe splinter network. Kujairana neEurope kunoita kuti vatendeuki vanovimbisa radicals nekuzvipira uye kuzvipira kudzidzo. Vakadzi vatovawo manyuko chaiwo ekutsvagirwa basa rekuzviuraya. Kubva kuChechnya kuenda kuNigeria nePalestine, vakadzi vakabudirira kutorwa uye kutumirwa mukuzviuraya.
Kubuda kwemapoka ane hutsinye uye anotyisa emhirizhonga muAfrica yekumaodzanyemba kweSahara uye kuMiddle East zvichipesana nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvese izvi zvinoda kuongororwa kwakadzama kwezviitiko zvinoratidza kusarudzika uye kusanzwisisika kweboka rega rega. Izvi zvinodikanwa kumisikidza nzira iyo Islamic radicalization inoshanda mune idzi climes uye zvinogona kuitika mukugadzikana kwepasirese uye kuchengetedzeka.
Radical Movements muSub-Saharan Africa
Muna 1979, maMuslim echiShia akapidigura Shah yeIran. Uku kumukira kweIran kwaive kutanga kwechiIslam radicalism yemazuva ano (Rubin, 1998). VaMuslim vakabatana nekuvandudzwa kwemukana wekudzoreredza nyika yeIslam yakachena ine huwori hwakatenderedza hurumende dzechiArab dziri murutsigiro rweWestern. Shanduko iyi yakave nemhedzisiro yakakura pakuziva kweMuslim uye pfungwa yekuzivikanwa (Gendron, 2006). Kutevera chimurenga cheShia kwaive kurwiswa nemauto eSoviet muAfghanistan muna 1979. Zviuru zvakawanda zvevaMuslim zvakatamira kuAfghanistan kunodzinga vatendi vechikominisiti. Afghanistan yakava mukana wakasimba wekudzidziswa kwejihadists. Vanoshuvira jihadists vakagamuchira kudzidziswa uye hunyanzvi munzvimbo yakachengeteka yekunetsekana kwavo kwenzvimbo. Makanga muri muAfghanistan umo jihadism yepasi rose yakaumbwa uye yakarerwa ichirasa Osama bin Laden's Salafi - Wahabist movement.
Afghanistan yaive kunyange nhandare huru umo pfungwa dzechiIslam dzakasimba dzakadzika midzi nehunyanzvi hwechiuto hwakawanikwa; dzimwe nhandare dzakaita seAlgeria, Egypt, Kashmir neChechnya dzakabudawo. Somalia neMali zvakare dzakapinda mumhirizhonga uye dzave nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzekudzidziswa kwezvinhu zvakakura. Al Qaeda yakatungamira kurwiswa kweUnited States musi waGunyana 11, 2001 ndiko kuzvarwa kweJihad yepasi rose uye mhinduro yeUS kuburikidza nekupindira muIraq neAfghanistan yaive nzvimbo chaiyo yekuti Ummah yepasi rose yakabatana kurwisa muvengi wavo. Mapoka emunharaunda akabatana mukurwisana mune idzi nedzimwe dzimba dzemitambo dzemunharaunda kuedza kukunda muvengi kubva kuMadokero nehurumende dzavo dzeArab dzinotsigira. Vanobatira pamwe nemamwe mapoka ari kunze kweMiddle East kuedza kutanga chiIslam chakachena mumativi eAfrica ari kumaodzanyemba kweSahara. Nekuputsika kweSomalia mukutanga kwema1990, ivhu rakaorera rakavhurika rekuvirisa kwechiIslam chakasimba muNyanga yeAfrica.
Radical Islam muSomalia, Kenya neNigeria
Somalia, iri muNyanga yeAfrica (HOA) inoganhurana neKenya kuEast Africa. Iyo HOA inzvimbo ine hunyanzvi, tsinga huru uye nzira yekufambisa kwepasirese mugungwa (Ali, 2008, p.1). Kenya, hupfumi hukuru muEast Africa zvakare ine hurongwa sehubhu yehupfumi hwedunhu. Nzvimbo iyi ine tsika dzakasiyana, nyika nezvitendero zvinoumba nharaunda ine simba muAfrica. Iyo HOA yaive nzira yekudyidzana pakati pevaAsia, maArabu neAfrica kuburikidza nekutengeserana. Nekuda kwekusimba kwetsika nechitendero mudunhu iri, kwakazara nekunetsana, kusawirirana kwenzvimbo, uye hondo dzevagari vemo. Somalia senyika semuenzaniso haisati yaziva runyararo kubva pakafa Siad Barrre. Nyika yakagurwa nepakati nepakati nekurwira pfuti kurwira matunhu. Kudonha kwechiremera chepakati hakusati kwawanikwa zvakare zvine mutsindo kubva kutanga kwema1990.
Kuwanda kwemhirizhonga uye kusagadzikana kwakapa nzvimbo yakaorera yeIslam radicalization. Ichi chikamu chakadzika midzi munhoroondo yemhirizhonga yekoloni uye nguva yeCold War, ichipa pachena mhirizhonga yemazuva ano mudunhu. Ali (2008) akataura kuti izvo zvave zvichionekwa setsika yakasimwa yemhirizhonga mudunhu iri chibereko chekuchinja kunogara kuchichinja mune zvematongerwo enyika munharaunda kunyanya mukukwikwidza masimba ezvematongerwo enyika. Islamic radicalization inoonekwa semudzi wekukurumidza kusimba uye yakadzikwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nematanho akasimbiswa emapoka akakura.
Iyo radicalization maitiro munyanga yeAfrica inotungamirwa nehutongi husina kunaka. Vanhu nemapoka anosundwa mukuora mwoyo vanotendeuka kuti vagamuchire purist vhezheni yeIslam nekupandukira nyika iyo inokonesa vagari nekusarongeka kwese, huwori uye kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu (Ali, 2008). Vanhu vakasarudzika munzira mbiri huru. Chekutanga, vechidiki vanodzidziswa kududzira kwakadzama kweKorani nevadzidzisi veWahabist vakasimba vakadzidziswa kuMiddle East. Vachiri kuyaruka ava vakanyura mupfungwa iyi yechisimba. Chechipiri, kusimudzira nharaunda umo vanhu vanotarisana nekudzvinyirirwa, vakakuvadzwa uye kuraswa nemadzishe ehondo, Al Qaeda akafuridzira jihadist akadzidziswa kuMiddle East akadzokera kuSomalia. Zvirokwazvo, kubva kuEthiopia, Kenya Djibouti neSudan, hutongi husina kunaka nehutongi hwejekerere hwakasundidzira vagari kune avo vanonyanyisa vanoparidza purist Islam kuti vaunze shanduko nekodzero uye kumisa kururamisira.
Iyo Al-Shabaab, zvinoreva kuti 'Vechidiki' yakagadzirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro maviri aya. Nekuunza matanho anodiwa neveruzhinji akadai sekubvisa maroad blocks, kuchengetedza uye kuranga avo vaishandisa nharaunda dzenzvimbo, boka rakaonekwa sekuzadzisa zvaidiwa nevanhuwo zvavo vekuSomalia, chiitiko chakakwana kuti vawane rutsigiro. Iri boka rinofungidzirwa pamusoro penhengo dze1,000 dzakashonga dzine dziva rekuchengetedza vechidiki vanopfuura zviuru mazana matatu uye vanonzwira tsitsi (Ali, 3000). Nekukurumidza kuwedzera kwevaMuslim munharaunda yevarombo seSomalia, mamiriro ehupfumi nehupfumi anosiririsa ave kuda kukurumidza kusimudzira nharaunda yeSomalia. Kana utongi hwakanaka huchiita senge husina mukana wekukanganisa HoA, Islamic radicalization inoiswa kuti inyatsodzika midzi uye nekukwira uye inogona kuramba yakadaro kwenguva yakati mune ramangwana. Iyo radicalization process yakapihwa kukwidziridzwa nejihad yepasi rose. Terevhizheni yeSatellite yanga iri mukana wekupesvedzera kune vanonyanyisa mudunhu kuburikidza nemifananidzo yehondo muIraq neSyria. Indaneti ikozvino ndiyo tsime guru rekuita radicalization kuburikidza nekugadzirwa uye kugadziriswa kwemasaiti nemapoka anonyanyisa. Kutumirwa kwemari yemagetsi kwakakurudzira kukura kweiyo radicalization, nepo kufarira kwemasimba ekunze muHoA kwakatsigira mufananidzo wekutsamira uye kudzvanyirira kunomiririrwa nechiKristu. Iyi mifananidzo yakakurumbira munyanga yeAfrica kunyanya muOgaden, Oromia neZanzibar.
MuKenya masimba ekusimudzira musanganiswa wakaomarara wezvimiro uye masangano zvinhu, zvichemo, mutemo wekunze nemauto, uye jihad yepasirese (Patterson, 2015). Masimba aya haakwanise kuita zvine musoro kurondedzero yekurudzka pasina kutariswa kune chaiyo yenhoroondo maonero emagariro nemagariro akasiyana eKenya uye nekuva pedyo kwayo neSomalia.
Vagari vechiMuslim veKenya vangangoita mamirioni mana nemazana matatu. Izvi zvingangoita gumi muzana yehuwandu hweKenya hwe4.3 miriyoni maererano ne10 census (ICG, 38.6). Ruzhinji rwevaMuslim veKenya vanogara munzvimbo dzemahombekombe eMahombekombe neEast matunhu pamwe neNairobi kunyanya nharaunda yeEastleigh. MaMuslim eKenya musanganiswa wakakura zvikuru wechiSwahili kana maSomalia, maArabu nemaAsia. Contemporary Islamic radicalization muKenya inotora kurudziro yakasimba kubva mukusimuka kunoshamisa kweAl-Shabaab kusvika pakuve nemukurumbira muSouthern Somalia muna 2009. Kubva ipapo yaratidza kushushikana pamusoro pemaitiro uye tempo yekusagadzikana muKenya uye zvakanyanya kukosha, sekutyisidzira kuchengetedzeka nekugadzikana kwe. HoA. MuKenya, boka rakasimba uye rinoshanda reSalafi Jihadi rinoshanda padhuze neAl - Shabaab rabuda. Iyo Kenya-yakavakirwa Muslim Youth Center (MYC) chikamu chinotyisa chetiweki iyi. Iri boka revarwi rakura rinorwisa kuchengetedzwa kwemukati meKenya nerutsigiro runoshanda kubva kuAl-Shabaab.
Al-Shabaab yakatanga seboka remauto muMubatanidzwa wematare echiIslam uye yakasimuka kupikisa nechisimba kutorwa kweEthiopia kweSouthern Somalia kubva muna 2006 kusvika 2009 (ICG, 2012). Zvichitevera kubviswa kwemauto eEthiopiya muna 2009, boka racho rakakurumidza kuzadza nzvimbo uye rakatora vazhinji vekumaodzanyemba nepakati peSomalia. Mushure mekunge vazvisimbisa muSomalia, boka rakapindura kusimba kwezvematongerwo enyika uye rakatumira radicalism yavo kuKenya iyo yakavhurika muna 2011 zvichitevera kupindira kwemauto ekudzivirira muSomalia.
Contemporary radicalization muKenya yakadzika midzi munhoroondo yekufungidzira iyo yakakanda chiitiko muchimiro chayo chine njodzi kubva kutanga kwa1990 kusvika kuma2000. VaMuslim vekuKenya vakasangana nezvichemo zvakaunganidzwa zvizhinji zvacho ndezvenhoroondo. Somuenzaniso, kutonga kweBritain kwoutongi hwevaMuslim kwaizvidza vaMuslim uye kusavabata sevaSwahili kana kuti vasiri zvizvarwa zvemo. Gwaro iri rakavasiya vari pamupendero wehupfumi hweKenya, zvematongerwo enyika nemagariro. Mushure mekusununguka kwaDaniel Arab Moi akatungamira hurumende kuburikidza neKenyan African National Union (KANU), senyika ine bato rimwe chete yakatsigira kushorwa kwevaMuslim mune zvematongerwo enyika munguva yehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekumiririra mune zvematongerwo enyika, kushaikwa kwehupfumi, dzidzo nemimwe mikana inokonzerwa nerusarura rwehurongwa, pamwe nekudzvinyirirwa kwenyika nenzira yekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye mutemo unorwisa hugandanga uye maitiro, mamwe maMuslim akakurudzira mhinduro yechisimba kune wekuKenya. nyika uye nzanga. Mahombekombe nematunhu ekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva nenzvimbo yeEastleigh munharaunda yeNairobi inotakura nhamba yepamusoro yevasina mabasa, vazhinji vacho vari maMuslim. VaMuslim muLamu County nenzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa vanonzwa kuparadzaniswa uye kuvhiringidzika nehurongwa hunovashayisa mweya uye vakagadzirira kugamuchira maonero anonyanyisa.
Kenya, sedzimwe nyika dziri muHoA, inoratidzirwa nehutongi husina kusimba. Masangano ehurumende akakosha haana simba sehurongwa hwehutongi hwemhosva. Kusarangwa inzvimbo yakajairika. Kuchengetedzwa kwemuganho hakuna kusimba uye kufambiswa kwemabasa neveruzhinji kwakashata zvikuru. Huwori hwatekeshera munyika hwave kukanganisa masangano ehurumende ayo ari kutadza kuita mabasa ehurumende anosanganisira kuchengetedzwa pabhodha nezvimwe zvekushandisa kuvagari. Yakanyanya kurova chikamu chevanhu vechiMuslim chenharaunda yeKenya (Patterson, 2015). Kutora mukana weiyo isina kusimba hurongwa hwemagariro, iyo Madrassas Muslim system yedzidzo inodzidzisa pwere mumaonero akanyanyisa vanova vakanyanya kunyanyisa. Vechidiki vakakwenenzverwa saka vanosimudzira hupfumi hweKenya uye zvivakwa zvekufamba, kutaurirana uye kuwana zviwanikwa uye radical network yezviitwa zvakakura. Hupfumi hweKenya hune zvivakwa zvakanakisa muHoA izvo zvinobvumidza radical network kushandisa internet kuwana kuunganidza nekuronga zviitiko.
Mitemo yemauto nekunze kweKenya inoshatirisa vagari vemo vechiMuslim. Semuenzaniso, hukama hwepedyo hwenyika neUS neIsrael hahugamuchirwe kune vagari vemo vechiMuslim. Kubatanidzwa kweUS muSomalia semuenzaniso kunoonekwa sekunangana nehuwandu hweMuslim (Badurdeen, 2012). Mauto eKenya paakabatana neFrance, Somalia, neEthiopia kurwisa Al-Shabaab yakabatana neAl Qaeda muna 2011 kumaodzanyemba nepakati peSomalia, boka revarwi rakapindura nekurwiswa kwakatevedzana muKenya (ICG, 2014). Kubva pakarwiswa magandanga munaGunyana 2013 paWestgate shopping mall muNairobi kusvika kuGarisa University neLamu County, Al-Shabaab yakaregererwa munharaunda yeKenya. Kusvika kwenzvimbo yeKenya neSomalia kunopa kufarira kwakanyanya. Zviripachena kuti radicalization yechiIslam muKenya iri kuwedzera uye inogona kusapera nekukurumidza. Maitiro ekurwisa hugandanga anotyora kodzero dzevanhu uye anoita kuti vanhu vafunge kuti maMuslim eKenya ndivo vari kutariswa. Kusasimba kwemasangano uye kwemaitiro ane zvichemo zvekare zvinoda kutariswa nekukurumidza mune reverse gear kuti ishandure mamiriro akanakira radicalization yevaMuslim. Kusimudzira kumiririrwa kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yehupfumi nekugadzira mikana inobata vimbiso yekudzosera kumashure maitiro.
Al Qaeda uye ISIS muIraq neSyria
Kusashanda zvakanaka kwehurumende yeIraqi inotungamirwa naNuri Al Maliki uye kudzikisirwa kwakasarudzika kwevaSunni uye kubuda kwehondo muSyria zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvinoita sekunge zvakakonzera kumukazve kwehutsinye hweIslam State of Iraq (ISI) uye Syria (ISIS) (Hashim, 2014). Pakutanga yaive yakabatana neAl Qaeda. ISIS iuto reSalafist- jihadist uye rakavapo kubva kuboka rakavambwa naAbu Musab al-Zarqawi muJorodhani (AMZ). Chinangwa che AMZ chepakutanga chaive chekurwisa hurumende yeJordani, asi zvakakona uye ndokutamira kuAfghanistan kunorwa nevamujahidin vachipesana nemasoviet. Pakubuda kweSoviets, kudzokera kwake kuJoridhani kwakatadza kumutsiridza hondo yake neJordanian Monarchy. Zvakare, akadzokera kuAfghanistan kuti atange musasa wekudzidzisa mauto echiIslam. Kupinda kweUS muIraq muna 2003 kwakakwezva AMZ kuti iende kunyika iyi. Kudonha kwaSaddam Hussein kwakazoita hupanduki hunosanganisira mapoka mashanu akasiyana anosanganisira AMZ's Jamaat-al-Tauhid Wal-Jihad (JTJ). Chinangwa chayo chaive chekuramba mauto emubatanidzwa nemauto eIraq nemauto eShia vobva vagadza Islamic State. Maitiro anotyisa eAMZ anoshandisa mabhomba ekuzviuraya akanangana nemapoka akasiyana. Maitiro ayo anotyisa akanangana nemauto eShia, zvivakwa zvehurumende uye akagadzira dambudziko revanhu.
Muna 2005, sangano reAMZ rakabatana neAl Qaeda muIraq (AQI) uye vakagovana pfungwa dzekupedzisira kubvisa-polytheism. Maitiro ayo ehutsinye zvakadaro akaodza moyo uye akaparadzanisa vanhu veSunni vaisema mwero wavo unosemesa wekuuraya nekuparadza. AMZ yakazourayiwa muna 2006 nemauto eUS uye Abu Hamza al-Muhajir (aka Abu Ayub al-Masri) akakwidziridzwa kumutsiva. Yakanga ichangopera chiitiko ichi apo AQI yakazivisa kugadzwa kweIslam State yeIraq pasi pehutungamiriri hwaAbu Omar al-Baghdadi (Hassan, 2014). Kusimukira uku kwakanga kusiri kwechinangwa chekutanga chebato. Tichifunga nezvekubatanidzwa kukuru mukutsigira kwekuedza mukuzadzikiswa kwechinangwa yakange isina zviwanikwa zvakakwana; uye kushata kwehurongwa hwehurongwa hwakakonzera kukundwa kwayo muna 2008. Zvinosuruvarisa, kufara kwekupemberera kukundwa kweISI kwaiva kwechinguva. Kubviswa kwemauto eUS muIraq, kuchisiya basa rakakura rekuchengetedza nyika kuuto reIraq rakagadziridzwa zvakaratidza kuve nebasa uye ISI yakadzokororwa, ichishandisa kusasimba kwakagadzirwa nekubviswa kweUS. Pakazosvika Gumiguru 2009, ISI yakange yakanganisa zvivakwa zveveruzhinji kuburikidza nehutongi hwehugandanga.
Kubuda patsva kweISI kwakapikiswa zvakabudirira neUS apo vatungamiriri vayo vakateverwa nekuuraiwa. Musi waApril 28, Abu Ayub-Masri naAbu Umar Abdullal al Rashid al Baghdadi vakaurayiwa mukurwiswa kweJoint-US-Iraq muTikrit (Hashim, 2014). Dzimwe nhengo dzehutungamiri hweISI dzakateverwawo uye dzakabviswa kuburikidza nechisimba chakasimba. Hutungamiri hutsva pasi peIbrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al Samarrai (aka Dr. Ibrahim Abu Dua) akabuda. Abu Dua akabatana naAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi kufambisa kubuda zvakare kweISI.
Nguva 2010-2013 yakapa boka renyeredzi rezvinhu zvakaona kumutsiridzwa kweISI. Sangano rakagadziridzwa uye masimba aro echiuto uye ekutonga akavakwa patsva; kurwisana kuri kuramba kuchikura pakati pehutungamiri hweIraqi nehuwandu hwevanhu veSunni, kuderera kwe al-Qaeda uye kubuda kwehondo muSyria kwakagadzira mamiriro akanaka ekumukazve kweISI. Pasi peBaghdadi, chinangwa chitsva cheISI chaive kutaura kwekupidigurwa kwehurumende dzisiri pamutemo kunyanya hurumende yeIraq uye kusikwa kwehutongi hwechiIslam kuMiddle East. Sangano rakashandurwa zvakarongeka kuita Islamic caliphate muIraq uye yakazopinda muIslam State yaisanganisira Syria. Sangano panguva iyoyo rakagadziridzwa kuti rive simba rinonyatsodzidziswa, rinochinjika uye rakabatana.
Kubuda kwemauto eUS kubva kuIraq kwakasiya nzvimbo huru yekuchengetedza. Huori, kurongeka kwakashata, uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwaioneka zvikuru. Ipapo akapinda mugove wakakomba pakati pevaShia neSunni. Izvi zvakaburitswa kubva mukusarudzika kwehutungamiriri hweIraq kwevaSunni mukumiririra zvematongerwo enyika nemauto nemamwe masevhisi ekuchengetedza. Manzwiro erusarura akaendesa maSunni kuISIS, sangano ravakambosema nekushandisa kwayo chisimba chechisimba pazvinangwa zvevanhu kurwisa hurumende yeIraq. Kudzikira kwesimba reAl Qaeda nehondo muSyria kwakavhura muganho mutsva wezviitwa zvine mutsindo mukubatanidzwa kweIslamic State. Hondo muSyria payakatanga muna Kurume 2011, mukana wekutora uye hukuru hwekuvandudza network wakavhurwa. ISIS yakapinda muhondo yekurwisa hutongi hweBashar Assad. Baghdadi, mutungamiri weISIS, akatumira zvakanyanya varwi veSyria senhengo dzeJabhat al-Nusra kuSyria avo vakanyatsotora mauto eAssad uye vakagadzira "inoshanda uye ine hunhu hwakarongeka hwekugovera chikafu nemishonga" (Hashim, 2014 , p.7). Izvi zvakafadza vaSyria vaisemwa nehutsinye hweFree Syrian Army (FSA). Kuedza kwaBaghdadi kusanganisa unilaterally neal Nusra kwakarambwa uye hukama hwakaputsika hwaramba. Muna Chikumi 2014, ISIS yakadzokera kuIraq nechisimba ichirwisa mauto eIraqi uye nzvimbo dzakamira. Kubudirira kwayo kwese muIraq neSyria kwakawedzera hutungamiriri hweISIS hwakatanga kuzvidaidza senyika yechiIslam kubva 29 Chikumi, 2014.
Boko Haram uye Radicalization muNigeria
Northern Nigeria musanganiswa wakaoma wechitendero netsika. Nzvimbo dzinoumba kuchamhembe kwakanyanyisa dzinosanganisira Sokoto, Kano, Borno, Yobe neKaduna idzo dzese dzakaoma tsika uye dzinosanganisira kupatsanura kwechiKristu-Muslim. Huwandu hwevanhu vanonyanya kuve vechiMuslim muSokoto, Kano neMaiduguri asi vakapatsanurwa zvakaenzana muKaduna (ICG, 2010). Nzvimbo idzi dzakasangana nemhirizhonga nenzira yekunetsana kwezvitendero kunyangwe nguva nenguva kubva kuma1980. Kubva 2009, Bauchi, Borno, Kano, Yobe, Adamawa, Niger nePlateau nyika uye Federal Capital Territory, Abuja vakasangana nemhirizhonga yakarongwa neboka reBoko Haram.
Boko Haram, bato rechiIslam rinonyanya kuzivikanwa nezita rechiArabic - Jama'tu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati Wal-Jihad zvinoreva - Vanhu vakazvipira kuparadzira kweMuporofita Dzidziso uye Jihad (ICG, 2014). Zvakashandurwa, Boko Haram zvinoreva kuti "Dzidzo yekuMadokero inorambidzwa" (Campbell, 2014). Iri sangano reIslamist rakasimba rakaumbwa nenhoroondo yehutongi husina kunaka hweNigeria nehurombo hwakanyanya kuchamhembe kweNigeria.
Nemaitiro uye maitiro, Boko Haram yemazuva ano yakabatana neMaitatsine (uyo anotuka) boka rakasimba rakabuda muKano mukupera kwema1970. Mohammed Marwa, mudiki weCameroonia akabuda muKano uye akagadzira zvinotevera kuburikidza nepfungwa yeIslam yakasimba achizvikwidziridza semusununguri ane hukasha hwekupokana nehunhu hwekumadokero uye pesvedzero. Vateveri vaMarwa vaive boka guru revechidiki vasingashandi. Kunetsana nemapurisa kwaingogara kuchiita hukama hweboka nemapurisa. Chikwata ichi chakaita mhirizhonga nemapurisa muna 1980 pamusangano wakarongwa nechikwata ichi zvakakonzera mhirizhonga huru. Marwa akafa mumhirizhonga iyi. Mhirizhonga iyi yakatora mazuva akati wandei nerufu rwakakura uye kuparadzwa kwemidziyo (ICG, 2010). Boka reMaitatsine rakaparara mushure memhirizhonga uye rinogona kunge rakaonekwa nevakuru veNigeria sechiitiko chimwe chete. Zvakatora makumi emakore kuti sangano rakafanana rakanyanya kubuda muMaiduguri muna 2002 se 'Nigerian Taliban'.
Mabviro emazuva ano eBoko Haram anogona kuteverwa kuboka revechidiki rakasimba rainamata kuAlhaji Muhammadu Ndimi Mosque muMaiduguri pasi paMohammed Yusuf mutungamiri wavo. Yusuf akasimudzirwa naSheikh Jaffar Mahmud Adam, nyanzvi ine mukurumbira uye muparidzi. Yusuf pachake, ari muparidzi ane mutsa, akakurudzira kududzira kwake kwakakura kweKorani iyo yaisema tsika dzekuMadokero kusanganisira zviremera zvenyika (ICG, 2014).
Chinangwa chikuru cheBoko Haram kumisa nyika yechiIslam yakavakirwa pakutevedzwa kwakasimba kumisimboti nehunhu hwechiIslam hunogadzirisa huwori nehutongi hwakaipa. Mohammed Yusuf akatanga kurwisa kugadzwa kweIslam muMaiduguri se "Uori uye usingadzikinuriki" (Walker, 2012). MaNigerian Taliban seboka rake rakazodaidzwa kuti zvine hungwaru akabuda kubva kuMaiduguri payakatanga kukwezva ziviso yevakuru nezvemaonero ayo akadzama, kumusha weKanama muYobe State padhuze nemuganhu weNigeria neNiger ndokumisa nharaunda inotungamirwa nekunyatsotevedzera Islamic. nheyo. Boka iri rakanetsana nevagari veko pamusoro pekodzero dzekuredza, izvo zvakakwezva mapurisa. Mukurwisana uku, boka racho rakapwanywa nechisimba nevakuru vemauto, kuuraya mutungamiri wavo Muhammed Ali.
Vakasara veboka vakadzokera kuMaiduguri uye vakaungana zvakare pasi paMohammed Yusuf uyo aive neanetiweki akawedzera kune dzimwe nyika dzakadai seBauchi, Yobe neNiger States. Zviito zvavo zvaisaonekwa kana kufuratirwa. Hurongwa hwehutano hwekugovera chikafu, Pekugara, uye zvimwe zvinopihwa zvakakwezva vanhu vazhinji, kusanganisira nhamba huru yevasina mabasa. Zvakawanda sezviitiko zveMaitatsine muKano muZ1980s, hukama pakati peBoko Haram neMapurisa hwakawedzera kuva mhirizhonga nguva dzose pakati pe2003 ne2008. Izvi kurwisana kwechisimba kwakaguma muna July 2009 apo nhengo dzeboka dzakaramba mutemo wekupfeka helmets dzemudhudhudhu. Pavakarwiswa panzvimbo inoongororwa vanhu, kurwisana pakati peMapurisa neboka iri kwakaitika zvichitevera kupfurwa kwakaitwa mapurisa panzvimbo yekuongorora. Mhirizhonga iyi yakaramba ichienderera kwemazuva ndokupararira kuBauchi naYobe. Masangano ehurumende, kunyanya mapurisa, akarwiswa zvisina tsarukano. Mohammed Yusuf natezvara vake vakasungwa nemauto ndokuendeswa kumapurisa. Vese vari vaviri vakaurayiwa zvisiri pamutemo. Buji Foi, aimbova komisheni wezvechitendero uyo akaudza mapurisa ega akaurayiwa zvakafanana (Walker, 2013).
Zvinhu zvakakonzera kuti Islamic radicalization muNigeria isanganiswa yakaoma yemamiriro ehupfumi nehupfumi, masangano ehurumende asina simba, hutongi hwakaipa, kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, uye pesvedzero yekunze uye kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji. Kubva 1999, nyika dzemuNigeria dzakagamuchira mari yakawanda kubva kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa. Nezviwanikwa izvi, kushaikwa kwemari uye kushamisira kwevakuru vakuru vehurumende kwakawedzera. Kushandisa mavhoti edziviriro, kushungurudzwa kwemari yehurumende pamwe nehurumende dzematunhu nevatsigiri zvakawedzerwa, zvichidzika kupambadzwa kwezviwanikwa zveveruzhinji. Migumisiro yacho kuwedzera kwehurombo ne70 muzana yevaNigeria vanowira muurombo hwakanyanya. Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, pakati pezviitwa zveBoko Haram, kwanyanya kurohwa nehurombo hunosvika zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana (NBS, 90).
Kunyange hazvo mari dzemihoro nedzema allowance dzakwira, kushaikwa kwemabasa kwakwirawo. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekuparara kwezvivakwa, kushomeka kwemagetsi kwenguva refu uye zvinhu zvakachipa zvekunze izvo zvavhiringa maindasitiri. Zviuru zvepwere kubatanidza vakapedza kufunda hazvishandi uye zvisingabatsiri, zvakakangaidzika, zvakaodzwa mwoyo, uye somuuyo, vanopinzwa nyore nyore nokuda kwemasimba masimba.
Masangano ehurumende muNigeria akaneteswa zvine hurongwa nehuwori uye kusarangwa. Hurongwa hwehutongi hweutsotsi hunogara huchikanganiswa. Kushaikwa kwemari nehurongwa hwechiokomuhomwe zvakaparadza mapurisa nematare edzimhosva. Semuenzaniso, kakawanda Muhammed Yusuf akasungwa asi asina kupomerwa mhosva. Pakati pe2003 ne2009, Boko Haram iri pasi paYusuf yakaunganidzazve, yakabatana, uye yakagadzira kutengesa kune dzimwe nyika, uye yakagamuchira mari nekudzidziswa kubva kuSaudi Arabia, Mauritania, Mali, neAlgeria pasina kuonekwa, kana nyore, kuchengetedzwa kweNigeria uye masangano ehungwaru haana hanya. ivo. (Walker, 2013; ICG, 2014). Muna 2003, Yusuf akaenda kuSaudi Arabia pasi pechivharo chezvidzidzo uye akadzoka nemari kubva kumapoka eSalafi kuti awane mari yerubatsiro runosanganisira chirongwa chechikwereti. Mipiro kubva kumabhizinesi emunharaunda yakatsigirawo boka uye nyika yeNigeria yakatarisa imwe nzira. Mharidzo dzake dzakasimba dzaitengeswa pachena uye dzakasununguka kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye nharaunda yehungwaru kana nyika yeNigeria yaisagona kuita.
Iyo incubation nguva yeboka inotsanangura kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika pakubuda kweboka rakasimba rakasimba zvakakwana kuti riwedzere mauto edziviriro yenyika. Masangano ezvematongerwo enyika akambundira boka iri kuitira sarudzo. Achiona vechidiki vakakura vachitevera kushandiswa naYusuf, Modu Sheriff, aimbova Senator, akapinda chibvumirano naYusuf kuti atore mukana wekukosha kwesarudzo yeboka. Mukudzoka Sheriff aifanira kuita Sharia uye kupa kugadzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kunhengo dzeboka. Paakakunda musarudzo, Sheriff akasiya chibvumirano, achimanikidza Yusuf kuti atange kurwisa Sheriff nehurumende yake mumharidzo dzake dzakasimba (Montelos, 2014). Mamiriro ekunze ekuwedzera radicalization akapomerwa uye boka racho rakapfuura kutonga kwehurumende yenyika. Buji Foi, mudzidzi waYusuf akapihwa kugadzwa seCommissioner for Religious Affairs uye akashandiswa kuendesa mari kuboka asi izvi zvakagara kwenguva pfupi. Mari iyi yakashandiswa kuburikidza natezvara vaYusuf, Baba Fugu, kuwana zvombo kunyanya kubva kuChad, mhiri kwemuganhu weNigeria (ICG, 2014).
Islamic radicalization kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNigeria neBoko Haram yakasimudzirwa zvikuru kuburikidza nehukama hwekunze. Sangano iri rakabatana neAl Qaeda neAfghan Taliban. Mushure mekumukira kwaChikunguru 2009, vazhinji venhengo dzavo vakatizira kuAfghanistan kunodzidziswa (ICG, 2014). VaOsama Bin Laden ndivo vakapa mari yebasa rekusimuka kweBoko Haram kuburikidza naMohammed Ali avo vaakasangana navo kuSudan. Ali akadzoka kumba achibva kuzvidzidzo muna 2002 ndokuita chirongwa chekugadzira masero neUS $3 miriyoni bhajeti raitsigirwa naBin Laden (ICG, 2014). Nhengo dzekapoka dzakasimba dzakadzidziswawo muSomalia, Afghanistan, neAlgeria. Miganho ine porous neChad neNigeria yakafambisa kufamba uku. Kubatana neAnsar Dine (Vatsigiri veKutenda), Al Qaeda muMaghreb (AQIM), uye Movement for Oneness uye Jihad (MUJAD) yakasimbiswa. Vatungamiri vemapoka aya vakapa dzidziso uye mari kubva kuzvigaro zvavo kuMauritania, Mali, neAlgeria kunhengo dzeboka reBoko-Haram. Aya mapoka akasimudzira zviwanikwa zvemari, kugona kwemauto, uye zvivakwa zvekudzidzisa zvinowanikwa kune bato rinotyisa muNigeria (Sergie naJohnson, 2015).
Hondo yekurwisa hupanduki inosanganisira mutemo unopokana nemagandanga uye kurwisana pakati peboka neveNigerian vemutemo. Mutemo wekurwisa hugandanga wakaunzwa muna 2011 uye wakagadziridzwa muna 2012 kuti upe kurongeka kwepakati kuburikidza nehofisi yeNational Security Adviser (NSA). Izvi zvanga zviri zvekubvisawo mainter-security agency mukurwa. Mutemo uyu unopa masimba akasarudzika ekusunga nekuvharirwa. Zvisungo izvi uye kurwisana nemauto zvakakonzera kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kusanganisira kuurayiwa kwenhengo dzebato dzakasungwa. Nhengo dzine mukurumbira dzeboka iri dzinosanganisira Mohammed Yusuf, Buji Foi, Baba Fugu, Mohammed Ali, nevamwe vazhinji vakaurayiwa nenzira iyi (HRW, 2012). Bato reJoint Military Task Force (JTF) rinosanganisira mauto, mapurisa nevasori vakasunga muchivande nekuchengetedza vanofungidzirwa kuti nhengo dzeboka iri, vakashandisa chisimba chakanyanyisa uye vakauraya vanhu vakawanda vachipomerwa mhosva. Uku kushungurudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakabvisa uye kwakanangana nenharaunda yeMuslim uku vachikanganisa boka rinonyanya kukanganiswa nenyika. Rufu rwevarwi vanopfuura 1,000 XNUMX vari muchitokisi rwakatsamwisa nhengo dzavo kuti dziite utsinye.
Boko Haram yakatora nguva kusimba nekuda kwekunyunyuta pamusoro pehutongi husina kunaka uye kusaenzana kuchamhembe kweNigeria. Zviratidzo pamusoro pekuputika kwemasimba zvakabuda pachena muna 2000. Nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, nzira yekugadzirisa kubva kuhurumende yakanonoka. Mushure mekumukira muna 2009, mhinduro yehurumende isina kurongeka haina kukwanisa kuita zvakawanda uye marongero nemaitiro akashandiswa zvakawedzera nharaunda izvo zvakatowedzera kugona kwehunhu hwakanyanya. Zvakatora Mutungamiri Goodluck Jonathan kusvika 2012 kuti vagamuchire njodzi inounzwa nekapoka mukupona kweNigeria nedunhu. Nehuwori huri kuramba huchikwira uye hupfumi hwepamusoro, hurombo huri kuwedzera, nharaunda yakanyatsogadzirirwa zviitiko zvechisimba uye Boko Haram yakatora mukana wakanaka wemamiriro ezvinhu uye yakashanduka seboka rinotyisa kana rakasimba reIslam rinoronga kurwiswa kwehugandanga kumasangano ehurumende, machechi, mapaki emotokari, nezvimwe zvinhu.
mhedziso
Islamic radicalization kuMiddle East uye sub-Saharan Africa ine simba guru pakuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Kutaura uku kunobva pakuti kusagadzikana kuri kukonzerwa nezviito zvechisimba zveISIS, Boko Haram, neAl-Shabaab zvinotekeshera pasi rose. Masangano aya haana kubuda mugwara. Mamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa emagariro nehupfumi akavasika achiripo uye zvinoita sekunge hapana zvakawanda zviri kuitwa kuzvigadzirisa. Semuenzaniso, hutongi hwakaipa huchiri hunozivikanwa munzvimbo idzi. Chero chimiro chedemocracy hachisati chabata zvakanyanya pamhando yekutonga. Kusvikira mamiriro emagariro mumatunhu aya avandudzwa zvakanyanya, radicalization inogona kunge iri pano kwenguva yakareba.
Zvakakosha kuti nyika dzekuMadokero dziratidze kushushikana nemamiriro akaita zvinhu mumatunhu aya zvakanyanya kupfuura zvanga zvichionekwa. Dambudziko revapoteri kana vanotama muEurope nekuda kwekuita kweISIS muIraq nehondo yeSyria inongedzo kune ichi chinodikanwa chekukurumidzira zviito nenyika dzekuMadokero kugadzirisa kuchengetedzeka uye kusagadzikana kunetseka kwakagadzirwa neIslam radicalization kuMiddle East. Vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanogona kunge vari zvinhu zvakakura. Zvinogoneka kuti nhengo dzemasekete akakasharara aya chikamu chevanotamira kuEurope. Kana vachinge vagara muEurope, vanogona kutora nguva kugadzira maseru uye radical network izvo zvaizotanga kutyisa Europe nepasirese.
Hurumende dziri mumatunhu aya dzinofanirwa kutanga kumisa mamwe matanho anosanganisirwa mukutonga. VaMuslim muKenya, Nigeria, uye maSunni muIraq vane nhoroondo yezvichemo nehurumende dzavo. Zvichemo izvi zvakadzika midzi mukumiririrwa kwevasingatarisirwi mumapazi ese anosanganisira zvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi, nemauto nekuchengetedzwa. Mazano anosanganisira anovimbisa kuwedzera pfungwa yekuve wevamwe uye basa rekubatana. Zvinhu zviri pakati nepakati zvinozoiswa zvirinani kuti vatarise maitiro akasimba pakati pemapoka avo.
Mudunhu, nzvimbo dziri muIraq neSyria dzinogona kuwedzera pasi peISIS. Zviito zvechiuto zvinogona kukonzera kupera kwenzvimbo asi zvinokwanisika kuti chikamu chenzvimbo chirambe chiri pasi pesimba ravo. Mundima iyoyo, kupinza vanhu basa, kudzidziswa, uye kudzidziswa kuchabudirira. Kubva pakuchengetedza nharaunda yakadaro, kupinda munyika dzakavakidzana kwaigona kuvimbiswa kuti zvirambe zvichitumirwa kunze kwenyika zvinhu zvakakasharara.
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