Hukama pakati peEthno-Religious Conflict uye Economic Growth: Kuongororwa kweScholarly Literature.
Abstract:
Tsvakurudzo iyi inoshuma pamusoro pekuongororwa kwetsvakiridzo yenyanzvi inotarisa hukama pakati pekupokana kwechitendero uye kukura kwehupfumi. Pepa racho rinozivisa vatori vechikamu vemusangano, vadzidzisi, vatungamiriri vebhizinesi, uye nhengo dzenharaunda nezve zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi uye maitiro ekutsvagisa anoshandiswa mukuongorora hukama pakati pekupokana kwechitendero uye kukura kwehupfumi. Nzira yakashandiswa mutsvakurudzo iyi yaiva ongororo yezvinyorwa zvemagazini, zvakaongororwa nevezera izvo zvakatarisa pakurwisana kwechitendero uye kukura kwehupfumi. Mabhuku ekutsvagisa akasarudzwa kubva kunyanzvi, dhatabhesi yepamhepo uye zvinyorwa zvese zvaifanira kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekuwongororwa nevezera. Chimwe nechimwe chezvinyorwa zvakaongororwa maererano nedheta uye / kana zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira kukakavara, kukanganisa kwehupfumi, nzira inoshandiswa pakuongorora hukama pakati pekupesana kwechitendero uye hupfumi, uye theoretical model. Sezvo kukura kwehupfumi kwakakosha pakuronga hupfumi uye kusimudzira mutemo, ongororo yezvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi ndeyekuita izvi. Kunetsana uye mari yekunetsana uku kunokanganisa kukura kwehupfumi munyika dzichiri kusimukira, uye inodzidzwa munyika dzakasiyana siyana nemamiriro ezvinhu, kusanganisira nharaunda dzevatorwa vekuChina, China-Pakistan, Pakistan, India nePakistan, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Israel, Osh kusawirirana, NATO, kutama, dzinza nehondo yevagari vemo, uye hondo nemusika wemasheya. Iri bepa rinopa chimiro chekuongorora chezvinyorwa zvemagazini enyanzvi maererano nehukama pakati pekupokana kwechitendero uye ruzivo rwekukura kwehupfumi nezve gwara rehukama. Uyezve, inopa muenzaniso wekuongorora kuwirirana kwekukakavadzana kwechitendero kana mhirizhonga uye kukura kwehupfumi. Zvikamu zvina zvinoratidzira dzimwe nyika nechinangwa chetsvakiridzo iyi.
Dhaunirodha Ichi Chinyorwa
Yakanongedzwa Kuongorora:
Kominkiewicz, FB (2022). Hukama pakati pekukakavadzana kwechitendero uye kukura kwehupfumi: Ongororo yezvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi. Nyaya Yekugara Pamwe Chete, 7(1), 38-57.
Ruzivo rweChinyorwa:
@Chinyorwa{Kominkiewicz2022}
Title = {Hukama pakati peEthno-Religious Conflious uye Kukura Kwehupfumi: Kuongororwa kweScholarly Literature}
Munyori = {Frances Bernard Kominkiewicz}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/relationship-between-ethno-religious-conflict-and-economic-growth-analysis-of-the-scholarly-literature/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Dhinda); 2373-6631 (Pamhepo)}
Gore = {2022}
Zuva = {2022-12-18}
Journal = {Journal of Kugara Pamwe Chete}
Vhoriyamu = {7}
Nhamba = {1}
Mapeji = {38-57}
Muparidzi = {International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Kero = {White Plains, New York}
Edition = {2022}.
ziviso
Kukosha kwekudzidza hukama pakati pekukakavadzana kwechitendero uye kukura kwehupfumi hakuna kupokana. Kuve neruzivo urwu kwakakosha mukushanda neveruzhinji kukanganisa kuvaka runyararo. Kusawirirana kunoonekwa se "simba rinoumba muhupfumi hwenyika" (Ghadar, 2006, p. 15). Kupokana kwemadzinza kana echitendero kunoonekwa seyakakosha hunhu hwekunetsana kwemukati menyika dzichiri kusimukira asi dzakanyanya kuomarara kuti dzidzidzwe semakakatanwa echitendero kana madzinza (Kim, 2009). Mhedzisiro yekukura kwehupfumi yakakosha kuongorora mukuenderera mberi nekuvaka runyararo. Mhedzisiro yekunetsana pamari yemuviri uye kugadzirwa, uye mutengo wehupfumi wekurwa chaiko, inogona kuve yekutanga kutarisa inoteverwa nechero shanduko yemamiriro ehupfumi anokonzerwa nekukonana kunogona kukanganisa hupfumi hwekunetsana mubudiriro yenyika ( Schein, 2017). Kuongororwa kwezvinhu izvi kwakakosha zvikuru pakuona mhedzisiro pahupfumi pane kana nyika ikakunda kana kurasikirwa nemakakatanwa (Schein, 2017). Haisi nguva dzose yakarurama kuti kukunda kukakavara kunogona kukonzera kuchinja kwakanaka mumamiriro ehupfumi, uye kurasikirwa nekukakavadzana kunoguma nemigumisiro yakaipa pamamiriro ehupfumi (Schein, 2017). Kupokana kunogona kuhwinwa, asi kana kukakavara kwakakonzera mhedzisiro yakaipa pamamiriro ehupfumi, hupfumi hunogona kukuvadzwa (Schein, 2017). Kurasikirwa nekupokana kunogona kukonzera kuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ehupfumi, uye nekudaro kusimukira kwenyika kunobatsirwa nekukonana (Schein, 2017).
Mapoka mazhinji anozviona senhengo dzetsika dzakafanana, ingave yechitendero kana dzinza, anogona kunge ari mukukonana kuti aenderere mberi nehutongi ihwohwo (Stewart, 2002). Mhedzisiro yehupfumi inoratidzwa muchirevo chekuti kukakavara nehondo kunokanganisa kugoverwa kwevanhu (Warsame & Wilhelmsson, 2019). Dambudziko guru revapoteri munyika dzine hupfumi huri nyore kuputsika seTunisia, Jordan, Lebanon, neDjibouti yakakonzerwa nehondo yevagari muIraq, Libya, Yemen, neSyria (Karam & Zaki, 2016).
Methodology
Kuti titarise mhedzisiro yekukonana kwechitendero pakukura kwehupfumi, ongororo yezvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi zvakatangwa iyo yakanangana neiri izwi. Zvinyorwa zvakawanikwa zvaitaura nezvezvakasiyana zvakaita sehugandanga, hondo yehugandanga, uye kukakavara mune dzimwe nyika dzine chekuita nekunetsana kwemadzinza nechitendero, uye chete izvo zvinyorwa zvemupepanhau zvakaongororwa nevezera zvakatarisana nehukama hwemadzinza uye / kana kupesana kwechitendero nekukura kwehupfumi. inosanganisirwa muongororo yemabhuku ekutsvagisa.
Kudzidza mhedzisiro yehupfumi ye ethno-yechitendero zvinhu zvinogona kuve basa rakakura rakapihwa kuti kune akawanda mabhuku anogadzirisa nyaya munzvimbo iyi. Kuongorora huwandu hukuru hwekutsvagisa pamusoro pemusoro kwakaomera vaongorori vari kudzidza zvinyorwa (Bellefontaine & Lee, 2014; Glass, 1977; Light & Smith, 1971). Kuongorora uku kwakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa mubvunzo wekutsvakurudza wehukama hwemadzinza uye / kana kupesana kwechitendero nekukura kwehupfumi kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Tsvagiridzo yakaongororwa yaisanganisira nzira dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira yemhando, yehuwandu, uye yakasanganiswa nzira (unhu uye huwandu).
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- Kutsvaga Kwedzidzo Yekupedzisira
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Definition of Variables
Kukanganisa kwehupfumi hwekurwisana kwechitendero kunoda tsanangudzo dzezvakasiyana-siyana zvinotaridzirwa muongororo yezvinyorwa zvekutsvakurudza. Sezvo Ghadar (2006) anorondedzera, "Tsanangudzo yekurwisana pachayo iri kuchinja sezvo kuitika kwegakava repasi rose rinoramba richidzikira apo zviitiko zvehondo yevagari vemo uye hugandanga huchiwedzera" (p. 15). Izwi rekutsvaga rinotsanangurwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, uye naizvozvo tsanangudzo yemashoko ekutsvaga inokosha pakuongorora mabhuku. Mukuongorora zvinyorwa, tsananguro yakafanana ye "ethno-religious conflict" uye "kukura kwehupfumi" haina kuwanikwa. per se nemashoko iwayo chaiwo, asi mashoko akasiyana-siyana akashandiswa angareva zvakafanana kana kuti zvakafanana. Mazwi ekutsvaga ainyanya kushandiswa kutsvaga zvinyorwa aisanganisira "rudzi", "ethno", "chinamato", "chinamato", "hupfumi", "hupfumi", uye "kupesana". Izvi zvakabatanidzwa mumvumo dzakasiyana-siyana nemamwe mazwi ekutsvaga seBoolean mazwi ekutsvaga mumadhatabhesi.
Zvinoenderana neOxford English Dictionary Online, "ethno-" inotsanangurwa seinotevera ne "chinyakare", "chinyakare", uye "chisingawanzo" kupatsanurwa kwakabviswa nechinangwa chetsvagurudzo iyi: "Anoshandiswa mumashoko ane chekuita nekudzidza kwevanhu kana tsika. , yakanamirwa ku (a) kubatanidza zvimiro (seethnography n., ethnology n., zvichingodaro), uye (b) mazita (as ethnobotany n., ethnopsychology n., zvichingodaro), kana mabviro eizvi” ( Oxford English Dictionary , 2019e). "Ethnic" inotsanangurwa mune idzi tsananguro, zvakare kubvisa kupatsanura kusiri mukushandiswa kwese, "sezita: pakutanga uye zvikuru. Nhoroondo yechiGiriki yekare. Shoko rinoreva nyika kana nzvimbo yaakabva”; uye “pakutanga US Nhengo yeboka kana boka diki rinoonekwa sevanhu vedzinza rimwe chete, kana kuva netsika yakafanana yenyika kana tsika; esp. nhengo yedzinza duku.” Sechirevo chechirevo, "dzinza" rinotsanangurwa se "pakutanga Nhoroondo yechiGiriki yekare. Pashoko: rinoreva nyika kana kuti kwaanobva”; uye “Pakutanga: kana zvinechekuita nevanhu maererano nedzinza ravo (chaivo kana rinofungidzirwa). Iye zvino kazhinji: zve kana zvine chekuita nenyika kana tsika mavambo kana tsika”; "Kusarudza kana hukama pakati pemapoka akasiyana ehuwandu hwenyika kana dunhu, esp. uko kune ruvengo kana kukakavara; zvinoitika kana kuti zviripo pakati pemapoka akadai, emarudzi”; "Paboka revanhu: inoonekwa seine dzinza rakafanana, kana tsika yakafanana yenyika kana tsika"; “Kuronga kana zvine chekuita neunyanzvi, mimhanzi, kupfeka, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvetsika zvinoonekwa neboka renyika kana tsika kana tsika (esp. vasiri vekuMadokero); kuenzanisa kana kubatanidza zvinhu izvi. Saka: (colloquial) kunze kwenyika”; Kuronga kana kudyidzana neboka revanhu (mukati meboka renyika kana tsika) rinoonekwa serine dzinza rakafanana kana tsika yenyika kana tsika. MuUnited States dzimwe nguva tsananguro. kudoma nhengo dzemapoka evadiki vasiri vatema. Iye zvino kazhinji inofungidzirwa zvinogumbura”; "Kusarudza kwakabva kana kuzivikanwa kwenyika nekuzvarwa kana dzinza kwete nerudzi rwazvino" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019d).
Tsvagiridzo nezve kuti shanduko, "chinamato", inobatanidzwa sei mumhirizhonga ine zvikonzero zvina (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Nyaya yekutanga ndeyekuti pane zvinonetsa pakusarudza pakati pedzidziso dzinoedza kutsanangura kunetsana kunotyisa (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Muchinyorwa chechipiri, matambudziko anobva pamiganhu yakasiyana-siyana yetsanangudzo maererano nemhirizhonga nekunetsana (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Kusvikira ma1990s, hondo uye mhirizhonga dzepasi rose dzaive kunyanya munyaya yehukama hwepasi rose uye kuchengeteka uye zvidzidzo zvehutano kunyange zvazvo mhirizhonga yemhirizhonga mukati mehurumende yakawedzera zvikuru mushure me1960s (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Nyaya yechitatu ine chekuita nekushanduka kwezvimiro maererano nekunetseka kwepasi rose kwemhirizhonga munyika uye kushanduka kwemaitiro emakakatanwa aripo (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Nyaya yekupedzisira inoreva kudikanwa kwekusiyanisa pakati pemhando dzekukonzeresa sezvo mhirizhonga ine zvikamu zvakawanda zvakasiyana uye zvakabatana, zviri kuchinja, uye chigadzirwa chezvikonzero zvakawanda (Cederman & Gleditsch, 2009; Dixon, 2009; Duyvesteyn, 2000; Feliu & Grasa, 2013; Themnér & Wallensteen, 2012).
Shoko rokuti “chitendero” rinotsanangurwa sechirevamwene mumashoko aya ane kupatsanurwa kusingawanzoshandiswa kubviswa: “Yemunhu kana boka revanhu: vakasungwa nemhiko dzechitendero; verudzi rwemamongi, s. muChechi yeRoma Katurike”; “Pachinhu, nzvimbo, zvichingodaro: kuva kana kubatanidzwa nehurongwa hwemamongi; monastic”; “Pamusoro pemunhu: akazvipira kuchitendero; kuratidza mhedzisiro yemweya kana inoshanda yechitendero, ichitevera zvinodiwa nechitendero; vanonamata Mwari, vanotya Mwari”; "Zve, zvine hukama, kana kuti zvine chekuita nechitendero" uye "Kutendeseka, chaiko, kusimba, nehana. Mukutsanangura “zvechitendero” sezita, kupatsanurwa kunotevera kwekushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kunosanganisirwa: “Vanhu vakasungwa nemhiko dzemamongi kana kuti vakazvipira kuupenyu hwechitendero, sep. muChechi yeRoma Katurike” uye “Munhu akasungwa nemhiko dzechitendero kana kuti akazvipira kuupenyu hwechitendero, s. muChechi yeRoman Catholic” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019g).
“Rudzidziso” runorondedzerwa, rune mapoka okushandisawo zvawo achibatanidzwa, se“Chimiro choupenyu chinosungwa nemhiko dzorudzidziso; mugariro wokuva weboka rorudzidziso; “Chiito kana kuti mufambiro unoratidza kutenda, kuteerera, uye kuremekedza mwari, vamwari, kana kuti simba rinopfuura romunhu rakafanana; kuitwa kwemiitiro yorudzidziso kana kuti miitiro” kana yabatanidzwa na“Kudavira kana kuti kubvuma rimwe simba rinopfuura romunhu kana kuti masimba (es. mwari kana kuti vamwari) izvo zvinowanzoratidzirwa mukuteerera, rukudzo, uye kunamata; kutenda kwakadaro sechikamu chehurongwa hunotsanangura kodhi yekurarama, esp. senzira yokuwana nayo vandudziko yomudzimu kana kuti yokunyama”; uye "Imwe hurongwa hwekutenda nekunamata" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019f). Tsanangudzo yekupedzisira yakashandiswa mukutsvagisa mabhuku uku.
Mazwi ekutsvaga, "hupfumi" uye "hupfumi" akashandiswa mukutsvaga dhatabhesi. Izwi rekuti, "hupfumi", rinochengetedza gumi nerimwe (11) tsananguro muOxford English Dictionary (2019c). Tsanangudzo yakakodzera yekushandiswa kuongororo iyi ndeiyi inotevera: “Kurongeka kana mamiriro enharaunda kana nyika zvine chekuita nehupfumi, esp. kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu nemasevhisi uye kupihwa kwemari (ikozvino kazhinji ne ari); (zvakare) imwe hurongwa hwehupfumi ”(Oxford English Dictionary, 2019). Nezve izwi rekuti, "economic", tsananguro inotevera yakashandiswa mukutsvaga zvinyorwa zvakakodzera: "Zve, zvine chekuita ne, kana zvine chekuita nesainzi yezvehupfumi kana nehupfumi zvakazara" uye "zvinechekuita nekusimudzira uye kudzora zviwanikwa zvenharaunda kana nyika" (Chirungu Oxford Dictionary, 2019b).
Mazwi okuti, "kuchinja kwehupfumi", zvichireva kushanduka kudiki kwehuwandu mukati mehupfumi, uye "kuchinja kwehupfumi", zvichireva shanduko huru yechero rudzi / rudzi kune hupfumi hwakasiyana zvachose, aionekwawo semashoko ekutsvaga mukutsvaga (Cottey, 2018, peji 215). Nekushandisa aya mazwi, mipiro inosanganisirwa iyo isingawanzo kuverengerwa muhupfumi (Cottey, 2018).
Inofungidzirwa mukutsvakurudza uku kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemashoko ekutsvaga aive akananga uye asina kunanga mari yehupfumi hwekunetsana. Mutengo wakanangana nemitengo inogona kushandiswa ipapo ipapo pakukonana uye inosanganisira kukuvadza vanhu, kutarisira uye kugariswa patsva kwevanhu vakadzingwa, kuparadzwa nekukuvadzwa kwezviwanikwa, uye mari yepamusoro yemauto neyemukati yekuchengetedza (Mutlu, 2011). Mari isina kunanga inoreva mhedzisiro yekukonana sekurasikirwa kwehupfumi hwevanhu nekuda kwerufu kana kukuvara, kurasikirwa nemari inokonzerwa nekudyara mari, kubhururuka kwemari, kutama kwevashandi vane hunyanzvi, uye kurasikirwa kwemari inobvira yekune dzimwe nyika nemari yevashanyi (Mutlu, 2011) ). Vanhu vanobatanidzwa mukukonana vanogonawo kurasikirwa nekurasikirwa kunokonzerwa nekushungurudzika kwepfungwa uye kushungurudzika pamwe nekukanganiswa kwedzidzo (Mutlu, 2011). Izvi zvinoonekwa muongororo yeHamber and Gallagher (2014) yakawana kuti varume vechidiki vekuNorthern Ireland vakauya nenyaya dzehutano hwemagariro uye hwepfungwa, uye kuti nhamba inoshuma kuzvikuvadza, kunzwa pfungwa dzekuzviuraya, kuita hunhu hwekutora njodzi kana kuedza kuzviuraya. zvaityisa (p. 52). Maererano nevatori vechikamu, maitiro aya akashumwa akakonzerwa ne "kuora mwoyo, kushungurudzika, kuzvidya mwoyo, kupindwa muropa, kuonekwa sechinhu chisina maturo, kusazviremekedza, kushaya tarisiro yehupenyu, kunzwa uchiregeredzwa, kusava netariro, kupererwa uye kutyisidzira uye kutya kurwiswa kwemauto" (Hamber & Gallagher , 2014, peji 52).
“Kukonana” kunotsanangurwa se "kusangana nemaoko; kurwa, hondo”; “kurwa kwenguva refu”; kurwa, kukakavara nezvombo, kurwisana”; “kunetsana kwepfungwa kana kwemweya mukati memunhu”; "kupesana kana kusiyana kwemisimboti inopokana, zvirevo, nharo, nezvimwe."; “kupikisa, mumunhu, kwezvishuwo zvisingaenderani kana zvinodiwa zvesimba rakaenzana; uyewo, chimiro chendangariro chinotambudza chinobva muchishoro chakadaro”; uye "kumhanya pamwe chete, kudhumhana, kana mhirizhonga kuwirirana kwemiviri yenyama" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019a). "Hondo" uye "hugandanga" zvakashandiswawo semashoko ekutsvaga ane mazwi ekutsvaga ambotaurwa.
Grey mabhuku haana kushandiswa mukuongorora mabhuku. Zvinyorwa zvizere-zvinyorwa pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvakanga zvisina kuzara-zvinyorwa, asi kusangana netsanangudzo dzezvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaongororwa. Chikwereti che interlibrary chakashandiswa kuodha zvinyorwa zvejenari zvenyanzvi, zvakaongororwa nevezera zvanga zvisina kuzara mudura rezvidzidzo zvepamhepo.
Nigeria neCameroon
Dambudziko muAfrica, maererano naMamdani, zviratidzo zvekutambudzika kwemashure ehurumende (2001). Colonialism yakaparadzanisa kubatana pakati pevaAfrica ndokuitsiva nemiganhu yemadzinza neyenyika (Olasupo, Ijeoma, & Oladeji, 2017). Boka rinotonga nyika rinotonga zvakanyanya, uye nekudaro nyika mushure mekuzvitonga yakadonha nekuda kwekunetsana kwemadzinza nemukati memarudzi (Olasupo et al., 2017).
Chitendero chaive chinhu chakakosha mukukonana kwakawanda muNigeria kubva payakawana kuzvitonga kuzere muna 1960 (Onapajo, 2017). Pamberi pehondo yeBoko Haram, zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti Nigeria yaive imwe yenyika dzemuAfrica dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwemakakatanwa echitendero (Onapajo, 2017). Mabhizinesi mazhinji akavharwa muNigeria nekuda kwemhirizhonga yechitendero uye mazhinji akapambwa kana kuparadzwa nevaridzi vawo vakaurayiwa kana kutamiswa (Anwuloorah, 2016). Sezvo mabhizinesi mazhinji epasi rese uye emarudzi akawanda aienda kune dzimwe nzvimbo uko kuchengetedzeka isiri nyaya, vashandi vakashaya basa uye mhuri dzakakanganiswa (Anwulorah, 2016). Foyou, Ngwafu, Santoyo, and Ortiz (2018) vanokurukura nezvehupfumi hwehugandanga hweNigeria neCameroon. Vanyori vanotsanangura mapindiro akaita Boko Haram vachiyambuka miganhu vachipinda kuchamhembe kweCameroon "zvakakonzera kudzikira kwehupfumi husina kusimba hwakatsigira matunhu matatu ekuchamhembe kweCameroon [North, Far North, neAdamawa] uye kutyisidzira kuchengetedzwa kwe. vanhu vasina rubatsiro mudunhu rino” (Foyou et al, 2018, p. 73). Mushure mekunge Boko Horam mhirizhonga yakayambuka muNorthern Cameroon uye zvikamu zveChad neNiger, Cameroon yakazobatsira Nigeria (Foyou et al., 2018). Hugandanga hweBoko Haram muNigeria, hwakakonzera kufa kwezviuru zvevanhu kusanganisira maMuslim nemaKristu, uye kuparadzwa kwemidziyo, zvivakwa uye zvirongwa zvebudiriro, zvinotyisidzira "kuchengetedzwa kwenyika, kukonzeresa njodzi yevanhu, kushungurudzika kwepfungwa, kukanganisa mabasa echikoro, kushaya mabasa. , uye kuwedzera kwehurombo, zvichikonzera hupfumi husina simba "(Ugorji, 2017, p. 165).
Iran, Iraq, Turkey, uye Syria
Hondo yeIran neIraq yakatanga kubva muna 1980 kusvika muna 1988 nemutengo wehupfumi hwenyika dzese dziri mbiri dzemadhora 1.097 matiriyoni, inoverengwa setiriyoni imwe nemabhiriyoni makumi mapfumbamwe nemanomwe emadhora (Mofrid, 1). Nekupinda Iran nechisimba, "Saddam Hussein akatsvaga kugadzirisa zvibodzwa nemuvakidzani wake nekuda kwekusaenzana kunofungidzirwa kwechibvumirano cheAlgiers, chaakange ataurirana naShah weIran muna 97, uye nerutsigiro rwaAyatollah Khomeini kumapoka anopikisa echiIslam aipikisa hurumende yeIraq" (Parasiliti, 1990, peji 1975).
Iyo Islamic State muIraq neSyria (ISIS) yakapihwa simba nekunetsana uye kusagadzikana uye ikava sangano rakazvimirira (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). ISIS yakabata hutongi hwenzvimbo dziri kunze kweSyria, yakafambira mberi muIraq neRebhanoni, uye mukurwisana kwechisimba, vakauraya vanhuwo zvavo (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Paive nemishumo ye "kuurayiwa kwevazhinji nekubatwa chibharo kwevaShi'is, maKristu, nemamwe madzinza nezvitendero zvidiki" neISIS (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015. p. 1). Zvakaonekwa zvakare kuti ISIS yaive nehurongwa hwaipfuura chirongwa chekuparadzanisa, uye izvi zvaive zvakasiyana nemamwe mapoka emagandanga munharaunda yeIran (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Mazhinji akasiyana mukuwedzera kune ekuchengetedza matanho anokanganisa kukura kweguta, uye izvi zvinosanganisira mhando yezviyero zvekuchengetedza, hupfumi uye huwandu hwevanhu, uye mukana wekutyisidzira (Falah, 2017).
Mushure meIran, Iraq ine huwandu hukuru hwepasirese hwechiShi'i hunosanganisira 60-75% yevaIraqis, uye zvakakosha kuhurongwa hwechitendero hweIran (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Huwandu hwekutengeserana pakati peIraq neIran hwaive $13 bhiriyoni (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Kukura kwekutengeserana pakati peIran neIraq kwakauya kuburikidza nekusimbiswa kwehukama pakati pevatungamiriri venyika mbiri idzi, maKurds, uye madiki maShi'i (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015).
MaKurds mazhinji anogara munharaunda iri muIraq, Iran, Turkey, neSyria inonzi Kurdistan (Brathwaite, 2014). MaOttoman, British, Soviet, uye French masimba emambo akatonga nzvimbo iyi kusvika pakupera kweWWII (Brathwaite, 2014). Iraq, Iran, Turkey, neSyria vakaedza kudzvinyirira vashoma veKurdish kuburikidza nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yakaguma nemhinduro dzakasiyana kubva kumaKurds (Brathwaite, 2014). Vagari vekuSyria vekuKurd havana kupanduka kubva ku1961 kusvika pakumukira kwePKK muna 1984 uye hapana kukakavara kwakapararira kubva kuIraq kuenda kuSyria (Brathwaite, 2014). MaKurds eSyria akabatana nemadzinza avo mukupokana kwavo neIraq neTurkey pachinzvimbo chekutanga kupokana neSyria (Brathwaite, 2014).
Dunhu reIraqi Kurdistan (KRI) rakasangana nekuchinja kukuru kwehupfumi mumakore gumi apfuura, kusanganisira kuwedzera kwenhamba yevakadzoka kubva 2013, gore rakaona kukura kwehupfumi muIraqi Kurdistan (Savasta, 2019). Inokanganisa mafambiro ekufambisa muKurdistan kubvira pakati pe1980s kutama panguva yeAnfal mushandirapamwe muna 1988, kudzoka kwekutama pakati pa1991 na2003, uye kuguta kwemadhorobha mushure mekudonha kwehutongi hweIraq muna 2003 (Eklund, Persson, & Pilesjö, 2016). Imwe nzvimbo yekurima yechando yakarongedzerwa seyakashanda panguva yekuvaka patsva ichienzaniswa neiyo post-Anfal nguva inoratidza kuti imwe nyika yakasiiwa mushure memushandirapamwe weAnfal wakadzoserwa panguva yekuvaka patsva (Eklund et al., 2016). Kuwedzera kwekurima hakugone kuitika mushure mekutengesa zvirango panguva ino iyo inogona kutsanangura kuwedzera kwezvirimwa zvechando (Eklund et al., 2016). Dzimwe nzvimbo dzaimbove dzisina kurimwa dzakava minda yezvirimwa zvemuchando uye pakave nekuwedzera kwakarekodhwa zvirimwa zvechando makore gumi mushure mekunge nguva yekuvaka yapera uye hutongi hweIraq hwakadonha (Eklund et al., 2016). Nekukakavadzana pakati peIslamic State (IS) nehurumende yeKurdish neIraqi, mhirizhonga panguva ye2014 inoratidza kuti nzvimbo iyi inoramba ichikanganiswa nemakakatanwa (Eklund et al., 2016).
Hondo yeKurdish muTurkey ine nhoroondo midzi muOttoman Empire (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2017). Vatungamiri vemadzinza uye vezvitendero vanofanirwa kuverengerwa mukunzwisisa iyi Kurdish gakava (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2017). Maonero evaKurds pamakakatanwa ari muTurkey uye kunzwisisa kwevanhu veTurkey pamwe chete uye mamwe madzinza muTurkey akakosha kunzwisisa kusawirirana munharaunda ino (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2016). Kurdish kupandukira musarudzo dzemakwikwi eTurkey kunoratidzwa muna 1950 (Tezcur, 2015). Kuwedzera kwechisimba uye kusina chisimba cheKurdish kufamba muTurkey kunowanikwa munguva yepashure-1980 apo PKK (Partiya Karkereˆn Kurdistan), boka revapanduki reKurdish, rakatanga hondo yechibhunu muna 1984 (Tezcur, 2015). Kurwa kwakaramba kuchikonzera kufa mushure memakumi matatu emakore mushure mekutanga kwehupanduki (Tezcur, 2015).
Kurwisana kweKurdish muTurkey kunoonekwa se "mumiririri wehondo dzemarudzi ethno-nationalist" nekutsanangura hukama pakati pehondo dzemarudzi ethno-nationalist uye kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza sezvo hondo dzevagari vemo dzinogona kunge dzakaparadzaniswa uye dzichibvumira hurumende kuti iite hurongwa hwayo hwekuparadza. kupandukira (Gurses, 2012, p.268). Mari inofungidzirwa yehupfumi iyo Turkey yakapinda mukukonana nevaKurdish separatists kubvira 1984 uye kusvika pakupera kwe2005 yakasvika madhora 88.1 bhiriyoni mumitengo yakananga uye isina kunanga (Mutlu, 2011). Mutengo wakananga unobva wakonzerwa nekukonana ukuwo mitengo isina kunanga iri mhedzisiro yakadai sekurasikirwa nehupfumi hwevanhu nekuda kwekufa kana kukuvara kwevanhu, kutama, kubhururuka kwemari uye kusiiwa kwekudyara (Mutlu, 2011).
Izirayeri
Israeri nhasi inyika yakakamurwa nechitendero uye dzidzo (Cochran, 2017). Pakave pedyo nekukakavadzana kunoramba kuripo pakati pemaJuda nemaArabu muIsrael kutanga muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri uye kuenderera mberi nekutanga kwezana ramakore remakumi maviri nerimwe (Schein, 2017). MaBritish akakunda nyika kubva kumaOttomans muHondo Yenyika I uye dunhu rakava nzvimbo huru yekugovera mauto eBritish muWWII (Schein, 2017). Yakasimbiswa pasi pehurumende yeBritish uye hurumende yeIsrael, Israel yakapa zviwanikwa zvakaparadzana asi zvisina kuenzana uye mukana wekuwana hurumende nedzidzo yechitendero kubva ku1920 kusvika ikozvino (Cochran, 2017).
Ongororo yakaitwa naSchein (2017) yakawana kuti hapana kana imwe chete mhedzisiro mhedzisiro yehondo pahupfumi hweIsrael. WWI, WWII, uye Hondo Yemazuva matanhatu yaibatsira kuhupfumi hweIsrael, asi "'kumukira kweArab' kwe1936-1939, hondo yevagari muna 1947-1948, hondo yekutanga yeArab-Israel yevaArab vagari vekuMandatory. Palestine, uye maitifadha maviri aya aive nemhedzisiro yakaipa pahupfumi” (Schein, 2017, p. 662). Mhedzisiro yehupfumi yehondo mu1956 uye yekutanga uye yechipiri hondo yeRebhanoni yaive "inogumira kana yakanaka kana yakaipa" (Schein, 2017, p. 662). Sezvo misiyano yenguva refu yemamiriro ehupfumi kubva kuhondo yekutanga yeArab-Israel yevagari vechiJudha veMandatory Palestine uye Yom Kippur War uye misiyano yenguva pfupi yemamiriro ehupfumi kubva kuHondo yeAttrition haigone kutsanangurwa, mhedzisiro yehupfumi. haigone kugadziriswa (Schein, 2017).
Schein (2017) inokurukura pfungwa mbiri mukuverenga hupfumi hwehondo: (1) chinonyanya kukosha mukuverenga uku kushanduka kwemamiriro ehupfumi kubva muhondo uye (2) kuti hondo dzemukati kana dzevagari vemo dzinokonzera kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kwehupfumi. kukura zvichienzaniswa nekurasikirwa nemari kubva kuhondo kubva hupfumi hwamira panguva yehondo dzemukati kana dzevagari vemo. WWI muenzaniso wekuchinja kwemamiriro ehupfumi kubva kuhondo (Schein, 2017). Kunyangwe WWI yakaparadza guta rekurima muIsrael, shanduko yemamiriro ehupfumi nekuda kweWWI yakaunza kukura kwehupfumi mushure mehondo, uye nekudaro WWI yakave nesimba rakanaka pakukura kwehupfumi muIsrael (Schein, 2017). Pfungwa yechipiri ndeyekuti hondo dzemukati kana dzevagari vemo, dzakaenzanisirwa neaviri intifadas uye 'Arab Revolt', umo kurasikirwa kwakakonzerwa nehupfumi husina kushanda kwenguva yakareba, kwakakonzera kukuvadza kukuru mukukura kwehupfumi pane kurasikirwa kune capital capital kubva kuhondo. Schein, 2017).
Mafungiro ane chekuita nehupfumi hwehondo kwenguva refu uye kwenguva pfupi anogona kushandiswa muchidzidzo chakaitwa naEllenberg et al. (2017) maererano nehombe huru dzemitengo yehondo semashandisirwo echipatara, masevhisi ehutano hwepfungwa kudzikamisa kushushikana kwakanyanya, uye kutevera ambulatory. Chidzidzo ichi chaive mwedzi gumi nemasere yekutevera kwevagari veIsrael mushure mehondo ye18 muGaza panguva iyo vaongorori vakaongorora mitengo yekurapa ine chekuita nekurwiswa kweroketi uye vakaongorora huwandu hwevakabatwa vakamhan'ara mhosva yekuremara. Iyo yakawanda yemitengo mukati megore rekutanga yaive yakabatana nekuiswa muchipatara uye rubatsiro rwekunetsekana (Ellenberg et al., 2014). Mari yeambulatory uye yekuvandudza yakawedzera mukati megore rechipiri (Ellenberg et al., 2017). Migumisiro yemari yakadaro pamamiriro ehupfumi haina kuitika chete mugore rokutanga asi yakaramba ichikura munguva refu.
Afuganisitani
Kubva pakupidigura kwemauto eCommunist People's Democratic Party yeAfghanistan muna 1978 uye nekupinda kweSoviet muna 1979, maAfghan vakawana makore makumi matatu emhirizhonga, hondo yevagari vemo, hudzvanyiriri, nekucheneswa kwemadzinza (Callen, Isaqzadeh, Long, & Sprenger, 2014). Kunetsana kwemukati kunoramba kuchikanganisa kusimukira kwehupfumi hweAfghanistan uko kwakadzikira kukosha kwekudyara kwakavanzika (Huelin, 2017). Zvakasiyana zvezvitendero uye zvemadzinza zviripo muAfghanistan ine madzinza gumi nematatu ane zvitendero zvakasiyana achikwikwidza kutonga kwehupfumi (Dixon, Kerr, & Mangahas, 2014).
Kukanganisa mamiriro ehupfumi muAfghanistan ndeye feudalism sezvo iri kupesana nekufambira mberi kwehupfumi hweAfghan (Dixon, Kerr, & Mangahas, 2014). Afghanistan inoshanda sesosi ye87% yepasirese opium uye heroin pasirese kubva payakashora maTaliban muna 2001 (Dixon et al., 2014). Iine angangoita 80% yevagari veAfghan vanoita zvekurima, Afghanistan inoonekwa seyakanyanya hupfumi hwekurima (Dixon et al., 2014). Afghanistan ine misika mishoma, ine opium iri hombe (Dixon et al., 2014).
MuAfghanistan, nyika yasakadzwa nehondo ine zviwanikwa zvinogona kubatsira Afghanistan kuti isanyanya kutsamira parubatsiro, vanoisa mari nenharaunda vari kutarisana nematongerwo ekusawirirana kubva kuhurumende nevanoisa mari (del Castillo, 2014). Kudyira kunze kwakananga kwekunze (FDI) muzvicherwa uye minda yekurima, uye marongero ehurumende ekutsigira kudyara uku, zvakonzera kusawirirana nenharaunda dzakadzingwa (del Castillo, 2014).
Zvinofungidzirwa neMutengo weHondo chirongwa kuWatson Institute for International Studies kuti kushandisa kweUS kubva ku2001 kusvika 2011 kuburikidza nekupinda muIraq, Afghanistan, nePakistan kwakasvika madhora mazana matatu nemakumi mana kusvika kumadhora mazana mana ayo aive katatu fungidziro yepamutemo (Masco, 3.2). Mari idzi dzaisanganisira hondo chaidzo, mari dzekurapa dzevarwi vehondo, bhajeti redziviriro, Dhipatimendi reHurumende mapurojekiti ekubatsira, uye Homeland Security (Masco, 4). Vanyori vanonyora kuti pedyo ne2013 US mauto uye makondirakiti vakaurayiwa uye 2013 zvichemo zvekuremara zvakaendeswa kuVeteran Affairs naGunyana 10,000 (Masco, 675,000). Vanhu vakakuvara muIraq, Afghanistan, nePakistan vanofungidzirwa kuti vangangoita 2011, nevapoteri vanopfuura mamirioni mazana matatu nemazana maviri kubva kuIraq vava kutamiswa mudunhu rese (Masco, 2013). Iyo Mutengo weHondo purojekiti yakadzidzawo mamwe akawanda mari anosanganisira mutengo wezvakatipoteredza uye mutengo wemukana (Masco, 137,000).
Kukurukurirana uye Mhedziso
Kukakavadzana kwechitendero kunoratidzika kunge kuchikanganisa nyika, vanhu, uye mapoka munzira dzehupfumi dzakananga uye dzisina kunanga. Mutengo iwoyo unogona kuteverwa kune mutengo wakananga, sekuonekwa muzvinyorwa zvakaongororwa muchidzidzo ichi, pamwe chete zvisina kunanga, sekuenzanisirwa neongororo yakanangana nematunhu matatu ekumaodzanyemba kweThailand - Pattani, Yala, neNarathiwat (Ford, Jampaklay, & & Chamratrithirong, 2018). Muchidzidzo ichi chaisanganisira 2,053 vechiMuslim vechidiki vane makore 18-24 ezera, vatori vechikamu vakashuma kuderera kwezviratidzo zvepfungwa kunyangwe chikamu chidiki chakataura "nhamba huru yakakwana yekuve nehanya" (Ford et al., 2018, p. 1). Zvimwe zviratidzo zvepfungwa uye mazinga akaderera emufaro akawanikwa mune vatori vechikamu vaida kutamira kunoshanda kune imwe nzvimbo (Ford et al., 2018). Vazhinji vatori vechikamu vakatsanangura kushushikana pamusoro pemhirizhonga muhupenyu hwavo hwemazuva ese uye vakataura zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda mukutsvaga dzidzo, kusanganisira kushandisa zvinodhaka, mutengo wehupfumi wedzidzo, uye kutyisidzira kwemhirizhonga (Ford, et al., 2018). Kunyanya, vatori vechikamu vechirume vakaratidza kushushikana pamusoro pekufungira kupindira kwavo mumhirizhonga uye kushandisa zvinodhaka (Ford et al., 2018). Urongwa hwekutama kana kunogara muPattani, Yala neNarathiwat hwaive hwakabatana nebasa rakarambidzwa uye kutyisidzira kwemhirizhonga (Ford et al., 2018). Zvakaonekwa kuti kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vevechidiki vanofambira mberi nehupenyu hwavo uye vazhinji vanoratidza kugara kune mhirizhonga, kuora mwoyo kwehupfumi kunokonzerwa nechisimba uye kutyisidzirwa kwechisimba zvinowanzokanganisa mararamiro avo ezuva nezuva (Ford et al., 2018). Mari yezvemari isina kunanga yaisagona kuverengerwa zviri nyore mumabhuku.
Dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzehupfumi hwekunetsana kwechitendero kunoda kumwe kutsvagisa, kusanganisira tsvakiridzo yakanangana nekuverenga kuwirirana maererano nemakakatanwa echitendero nemhedzisiro pahupfumi, nyika dzakawedzerwa uye dzakananga uye matunhu, uye kureba kwekupokana nemhedzisiro yaro. zvehupfumi. Sezvo Collier (1999) akarondedzera, "Runyararo runodzoreredza shanduko dzakakonzerwa nehondo yevagari vemo. Zvazvinoreva ndezvekuti mushure mekupera kwehondo dzakareba zviitiko zvisingagone kurwiswa nehondo zvinokura nekukurumidza: chikamu cherunyararo chinowedzerwa neshanduko yezvinyorwa” (p. 182). Pakuedza kuvaka runyararo, tsvakiridzo inoenderera mberi munzvimbo iyi yakakosha zvikuru.
Mazano eKumwe Kutsvagisa: Maitiro eInterdisciplinary muKuvaka Runyararo
Pamusoro pezvo, kana imwe tsvakiridzo ichidanwa mukuedza kuvaka runyararo sezvakakurukurwa kare maererano nekukonana kwechitendero, ndeipi nzira, maitiro, uye maitiro edzidziso anobatsira mukutsvagisa ikoko? Kukosha kwekubatana kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana hakugone kuregererwa mukuvaka runyararo sezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira, asi zvisingarevi kune, basa rezvemagariro evanhu, sociology, economics, hukama hwepasi rose, zvidzidzo zvechitendero, zvidzidzo zvevakadzi, nhoroondo, anthropology, zvidzidzo zvekutaurirana, uye sainzi yezvematongerwo enyika, huya nzira yekuvaka runyararo ine nzira dzakasiyana siyana uye maitiro, kunyanya maitiro edzidziso.
Kuratidza kugona kudzidzisa kugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kuvaka runyararo kuitira kuvaka kururamisira kwemarudzi, magariro, zvakatipoteredza, uye hupfumi hwakakosha kune undergraduate uye vakapedza kudzidza social work curriculum. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa mukudzidzisa kugadzirisa kusawirirana, uye kubatana kwezvirango izvozvo kunogona kusimbisa nzira yekuvaka runyararo. Tsvakurudzo yekuongorora zvemukati haina kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwakadzama kwemabhuku akaongororwa nevezera ayo aitaura nezve dzidziso kugadzirisa kusawirirana kubva kune yepakati-nyanzvi maonero, kusanganisira multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity uye transdisciplinarity maonero, maonero anobatsira mukudzika, hupamhi, uye hupfumi hwekugadzirisa kusawirirana uye. nzira dzekuvaka runyararo.
Yakagamuchirwa nebasa rebasa revanhu, maonero eecosystems akagadzirwa kubva kune system theory uye akapa fungidziro yekukura kweiyo generalist nzira mumagariro ekuita basa (Suppes & Wells, 2018). Iyo generalist maitiro inotarisa pamatanho akawanda, kana masisitimu, ekupindira, kusanganisira munhu, mhuri, boka, sangano, uye nharaunda. Munzvimbo yekuvaka runyararo nekugadzirisa kukakavara, nyika, nyika, uye pasi rose zvinowedzerwa semazinga ekupindira kunyangwe mazinga aya achiwanzo shanda sesangano uye nharaunda. In Mufananidzo 1 pazasi, nyika, nyika, uye yepasirese inoshandiswa senhanho dzakasiyana (masystem) ekupindira. Iyi pfungwa inobvumira dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana neruzivo uye hunyanzvi mukuvaka runyararo nekugadzirisa kusawirirana kuti vapindire pamwe chete pamatanho chaiwo, zvichikonzera kuti chirango chega chega chipe masimba azvo mukuvaka runyararo nekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Sezvakatsanangurwa mu Mufananidzo 1, nzira yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana haingobvumiri chete, asi inokurudzira, dzidziso dzose kuti dzitore chikamu mukugadzirisa runyararo nekugadzirisa kusawirirana kunyanya mukushanda nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana semukurwisana kwechitendero.
Imwezve ongororo yekugadzirisa kukakavara kwedzidzo uye kutsanangura kosi yekuvaka runyararo uye nzira dzekudzidzisa mune zvekugarisana nevamwe zvinokurudzirwa semaitiro akanakisa ekuvaka runyararo anogona kutsanangurwa zvakadzama nekuongororwa mabasa ekuvaka runyararo. Zvikamu zvakadzidzwa zvinosanganisira mipiro uye foci yezvidzidzo zvinodzidzisa makosi ekugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kuita kwevadzidzi mukugadzirisa kusawirirana kwepasi rose. Chirango chebasa rekugarisana nevamwe, semuenzaniso, chinotarisa kururamisira kwevanhu, rudzi, hupfumi, uye kwezvakatipoteredza mukugadzirisa kusawirirana sezvakataurwa muCouncil on Social Work Education 2022 Educational Policy uye Accreditation Standards yeBaccalaureate uye Master's Programs (p. 9, Council on Social Education 2022) Dzidzo Yebasa, XNUMX):
Kugona 2: Kufambisira mberi Kodzero dzevanhu uye Zvemagariro, Rudzi, Zveupfumi, uye Ruramisiro yezvakatipoteredza
Vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu vanonzwisisa kuti munhu wese pasinei nechinzvimbo munzanga ane kodzero dzevanhu dzinokosha. Vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu vane ruzivo pamusoro pekupindirana kwepasi rose uye kusaruramisira kunoramba kuripo munhoroondo yose inoguma nekudzvinyirirwa uye rusaruraganda, kusanganisira basa rebasa revanhu uye mhinduro. Vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu vanoongorora zvakanyanya kugoverwa kwemasimba uye ropafadzo munharaunda kuitira kukurudzira kururamisira kwevanhu, rudzi, hupfumi, uye kwezvakatipoteredza kuburikidza nekuderedza kusaenzana uye kuve nechokwadi chekuremekedzwa nekuremekedzwa kune vose. Vashandi vezvemagariro evanhu vanotsigira uye vanoita mazano ekubvisa zvipingamupinyi zvinodzvinyirira zvehutano kuti vaone kuti zviwanikwa zvevanhu, kodzero, uye mabasa zvinogoverwa zvakaenzana uye kuti kodzero dzevanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi, hupfumi, uye tsika dzevanhu dzakachengetedzwa.
Social workers:
a) kumiririra kodzero dzevanhu pamunhu, mhuri, boka, sangano, uye nharaunda hurongwa hwehurongwa; uye
b) kuita maitiro anosimudzira kodzero dzevanhu kusimudzira magariro, marudzi, hupfumi, uye kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza.
Ongororo yezvirimo, yakaitwa kuburikidza nemuenzaniso wakasarudzika wezvidzidzo zvekugadzirisa kusawirirana kuburikidza nemayunivhesiti uye ekoreji zvirongwa muUnited States uye pasi rose, zvakaona kuti kunyangwe makosi achidzidzisa pfungwa dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana, makosi kazhinji haapihwe aya mazita mukuranga kwesocial work uye mu zvimwe zvidzidzo. Tsvagiridzo yakawanazve kusiyana kukuru munhamba yezvirango zvinosanganisirwa mukugadzirisa kusawirirana, kutariswa kwezvirango izvozvo mukugadzirisa kusawirirana, nzvimbo yemakosi ekugadzirisa kusawirirana uye zvirongwa mukati meyunivhesiti kana koreji, uye nhamba nemhando dzekosi dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana nekutarisa. Tsvagiridzo inowanikwa zvakasiyana, yakasimba, uye inodyidzana pakati-nyanzvi maitiro uye maitiro ekugadzirisa gakava nemikana yekuwedzera tsvakiridzo nekukurukurirana muUnited States nepasirese (Conrad, Reyes, & Stewart, 2022; Dyson, del Mar Fariña, Gurrola, & Cross-Denny, 2020; Friedman, 2019; Hatiboğlu, Özateş Gelmez, & Öngen, 2019; Onken, Franks, Lewis, & Han, 2021).
Basa rezvemagariro evanhu sevanovaka runyararo uye vashandi vekugadzirisa kukakavara vaizoshandisa iyo ecosystems theory mumaitiro avo. Semuyenzaniso, akasiyana matekiniki evapanduki anoshandiswa ayo asiri echisimba muzvisikwa (Ryckman, 2020; Cunningham, Dahl, & Frugé 2017) akatsvagwa (Cunningham & Doyle, 2021). Vashandi vekuvaka runyararo pamwe nenyanzvi vakatarisa kutonga kwevapanduki (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021). Cunningham naLoyle (2021) vakawana kuti tsvakiridzo ine chekuita nemapoka evapanduki yakatarisana nemaitiro uye zviitiko zvinoratidzwa nevapanduki vasiri muchikwata chekugadzira hondo, kusanganisira kuvaka masangano emuno nekupa masevhisi (Mampilly, 2011; Arjona, 2016a; Arjona. , Kasfir, & Mampilly, 2015). Kuwedzera kune ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva muzvidzidzo izvi, tsvakiridzo yakanangana nekuongorora maitiro anosanganisira aya maitiro ekutonga munyika dzakawanda (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021; Huang, 2016; Heger & Jung, 2017; Stewart, 2018). Nekudaro, zvidzidzo zvehutongi hwevapanduki zvinowanzo ongorora nyaya dzehutongi sechikamu chekugadzirisa kusawirirana kana kungotarisa pamaitiro echisimba (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021). Kushandiswa kwemaitiro eecosystem kwaizobatsira mukushandisa ruzivo nehunyanzvi hwemarudzi akasiyana mukuvaka runyararo nekugadzirisa kusawirirana.
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